101
|
Bitto A, Crowe EP, Lerner C, Torres C, Sell C. The senescence arrest program and the cell cycle. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1170:145-154. [PMID: 24906313 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0888-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
All living organisms are subject to progressive loss of function and damage to their tissues, a process known as aging. At the cellular level, the accumulation of damage to DNA, proteins, and organelles induces cellular senescence, a stress-response pathway that likely influences the aging process. Although the senescence arrest program was initially described in vitro, accumulating evidence suggests that this damage response program occurs in a variety of pathologic settings. This review discusses aspects of the senescence program, their interrelationships with damage arrest pathways, the cell cycle, and the impact of senescence in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bitto
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Health Science Building D-514, Seattle, 357470, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
102
|
Marcoux S, Le ONL, Langlois-Pelletier C, Laverdière C, Hatami A, Robaey P, Beauséjour CM. Expression of the senescence marker p16INK4a in skin biopsies of acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors: a pilot study. Radiat Oncol 2013; 8:252. [PMID: 24171943 PMCID: PMC3827993 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-8-252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most childhood cancer survivors will develop ionizing radiation treatment-related health conditions that, in many instances, resemble age-associated pathologies. Treatment-induced premature senescence could be an underlying mechanism. Findings Here we wanted to know whether the expression of p16INK4a, a senescence/aging biomarker, is increased in skin biopsies of acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors (ALL), previously exposed to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Several years post-treatments, we found p16INK4a mRNA levels are 5.8 times higher in scalp skin biopsies (targeted by cranial irradiation therapy) compared to buttocks skin biopsies (n = 10, p = 0.01). Conclusions These results demonstrate for the first time that premature senescence is induced in pediatric cancer survivors and that p16INK4a expression could be used as a potential biomarker in this population.
Collapse
|
103
|
Radiation-induced senescence in securin-deficient cancer cells promotes cell invasion involving the IL-6/STAT3 and PDGF-BB/PDGFR pathways. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1675. [PMID: 23591770 PMCID: PMC3628221 DOI: 10.1038/srep01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Securin overexpression correlates with poor prognosis in various tumours. We have previously shown that securin depletion promotes radiation-induced senescence and enhances radiosensitivity in human cancer cells. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the paracrine effects remain unknown. In this study, we showed that radiation induced senescence in securin-deficient human breast cancer cells involving the ATM/Chk2 and p38 pathways. Conditioned medium (CM) from senescent cells promoted the invasion and migration of non-irradiated cancer and endothelial cells. Cytokine assay analysis showed the up-regulation of various senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASPs). The IL-6/STAT3 signalling loop and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)/PDGF receptor (PDGFR) pathway were important for CM-induced cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, CM promoted angiogenesis in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane though the induction of IL-6/STAT3- and PDGF-BB/PDGFR-dependent endothelial cell invasion. Taken together, our results provide the molecular mechanisms for radiation-induced senescence in securin-deficient human breast cancer cells and for the SASP responses.
Collapse
|
104
|
How to measure RNA expression in rare senescent cells expressing any specific protein such as p16Ink4a. Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 5:120-9. [PMID: 23454889 PMCID: PMC3616199 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe a carefully optimized method for the preparation of high quality RNA by flow sorting of formaldehyde fixed senescent cells immunostained for any intracellular antigen. Replicative cellular senescence is a phenomenon of irreversible growth arrest triggered by the accumulation of a discrete number of cell divisions. The underlying cause of senescence due to replicative exhaustion is telomere shortening. We document here a spontaneous and apparently stochastic process that continuously generates senescent cells in cultures fully immortalized with telomerase. In the course of studying this phenomenon we developed a preparative fluorescence activated flow sorting method based on immunofluorescent staining of intracellular antigens that can also deliver RNA suitable for quantitative analysis of global gene expression. The protocols were developed using normal human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) and up to 5×107 cells could be conveniently processed in a single experiment. The methodology is based on formaldehyde crosslinking of cells, followed by permeabilization, antibody staining, flow sorting, reversal of the crosslinks, and recovery of the RNA. We explored key parameters such as crosslink reversal that affect the fragmentation of RNA. The recovered RNA is of high quality for downstream molecular applications based on short range sequence analysis, such qPCR, hybridization microarrays, and next generation sequencing. The RNA was analyzed by Affymetrix Gene Chip expression profiling and compared to RNA prepared by the direct lysis of cells. The correlation between the data sets was very high, indicating that the procedure does not introduce systematic changes in the mRNA transcriptome. The methods presented in this communication should be of interest to many investigators working in diverse model systems.
Collapse
|
105
|
Giardi MT, Touloupakis E, Bertolotto D, Mascetti G. Preventive or potential therapeutic value of nutraceuticals against ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress in exposed subjects and frequent fliers. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:17168-92. [PMID: 23965979 PMCID: PMC3759958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140817168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are constantly exposed to ionizing radiation deriving from outer space sources or activities related to medical care. Absorption of ionizing radiation doses over a prolonged period of time can result in oxidative damage and cellular dysfunction inducing several diseases, especially in ageing subjects. In this report, we analyze the effects of ionizing radiation, particularly at low doses, in relation to a variety of human pathologies, including cancer, and cardiovascular and retinal diseases. We discuss scientific data in support of protection strategies by safe antioxidant formulations that can provide preventive or potential therapeutic value in response to long-term diseases that may develop following exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleftherios Touloupakis
- Biosensor, Via Olmetti 44 Formello, Rome 00060, Italy; E-Mail:
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, Voutes-Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Delfina Bertolotto
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Viale Liegi 26, Rome 00198, Italy; E-Mails: (D.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Gabriele Mascetti
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Viale Liegi 26, Rome 00198, Italy; E-Mails: (D.B.); (G.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Senescent human periodontal ligament fibroblasts after replicative exhaustion or ionizing radiation have a decreased capacity towards osteoblastic differentiation. Biogerontology 2013; 14:741-51. [PMID: 23934584 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-013-9449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Loss of teeth increases with age or after genotoxic treatments, like head and neck radiotherapy, due to periodontium breakdown. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts represent the main cell type in this tissue and are crucial for the maintenance of homeodynamics and for its regeneration. Here, we have studied the characteristics of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLF) that became senescent after replicative exhaustion or after exposure to ionizing radiation, as well as their ability for osteoblastic differentiation. We found that senescent hPDLF express classical markers of senescence, as well as a catabolic phenotype, as shown by the decrease in collagen type I and the increase of MMP-2 expression. In addition, we observed a considerably decreased expression of the major transcription factor for osteoblastic differentiation, i.e. Runx2, a down-regulation which was found to be p53-dependent. In accordance to the above, senescent cells have a significantly decreased alkaline phosphatase gene expression and activity, as well as a reduced ability for osteoblastic differentiation, as found by Alizarin Red staining. Interestingly, cells from both type of senescence express similar characteristics, implying analogous functions in vivo. In conclusion, senescent hPDLF express a catabolic phenotype and express a significantly decreased ability towards an osteoblastic differentiation, thus probably affecting tissue development and integrity.
Collapse
|
107
|
Laberge RM, Adler D, DeMaria M, Mechtouf N, Teachenor R, Cardin GB, Desprez PY, Campisi J, Rodier F. Mitochondrial DNA damage induces apoptosis in senescent cells. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e727. [PMID: 23868060 PMCID: PMC3730395 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Senescence is a cellular response to damage and stress. The senescence response prevents cancer by suppressing the proliferation of cells with a compromised genome and contributes to optimal wound healing in normal tissues. Persistent senescent cells are also thought to drive aging and age-associated pathologies through their secretion of inflammatory factors that modify the tissue microenvironment and alter the function of nearby normal or transformed cells. Understanding how senescent cells alter the microenvironment would be aided by the ability to induce or eliminate senescent cells at will in vivo. Here, we combine the use of the synthetic nucleoside analog ganciclovir (GCV) with herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk) activity to create or eliminate senescent human cells. We show that low concentrations of GCV induce senescence through the accumulation of nuclear DNA damage while higher concentrations of GCV, similar to those used in vivo, kill non-dividing senescent cells via mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Using this system, we effectively eliminated xenografted normal human senescent fibroblasts or induced senescence in human breast cancer cells in vivo. Thus, cellular senescence and mtDNA damage are outcomes of synthetic nucleoside analog treatment, indicating that the GCV-HSVtk combination can be used effectively to promote the targeted formation or eradication of senescent cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R-M Laberge
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
108
|
Seol MA, Jung U, Eom HS, Kim SH, Park HR, Jo SK. Prolonged expression of senescence markers in mice exposed to gamma-irradiation. J Vet Sci 2013; 13:331-8. [PMID: 23271173 PMCID: PMC3539117 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2012.13.4.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ionizing radiation is known to induce cellular senescence in vitro and in vivo, its long-term in vivo effects are not well defined. In this study, we examined the prolonged expression of senescence markers in mice irradiated with single or fractionated doses. C57BL/6 female mice were exposed to 5 Gy of γ-rays in single or 5, 10, 25 fractions. At 2, 4, and 6 months after irradiation, senescence markers including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) common deletion, p21, and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA β-gal) were monitored in the lung, liver, and kidney. Increases of mtDNA deletion were detected in the lung, liver, and kidney of irradiated groups. p21 expression and SA β-gal staining were also increased in the irradiated groups compared to the non-irradiated control group. Increases of senescence markers persisted up to 6 months after irradiation. Additionally, the extent of mtDNA deletion and the numbers of SA β-gal positive cells were greater as the number of radiation fractions increased. In conclusion, our results showed that ionizing radiation, especially that delivered in fractions, can cause the persistent upregulation of senescence marker expression in vivo. This should be considered when dealing with chronic normal tissue injuries caused by radiation therapy or radiation accidents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-A Seol
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 580-185, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Davalos AR, Kawahara M, Malhotra GK, Schaum N, Huang J, Ved U, Beausejour CM, Coppe JP, Rodier F, Campisi J. p53-dependent release of Alarmin HMGB1 is a central mediator of senescent phenotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:613-29. [PMID: 23649808 PMCID: PMC3653366 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201206006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence irreversibly arrests proliferation in response to potentially oncogenic stress. Senescent cells also secrete inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, which promote age-associated inflammation and pathology. HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1) modulates gene expression in the nucleus, but certain immune cells secrete HMGB1 as an extracellular Alarmin to signal tissue damage. We show that nuclear HMGB1 relocalized to the extracellular milieu in senescent human and mouse cells in culture and in vivo. In contrast to cytokine secretion, HMGB1 redistribution required the p53 tumor suppressor, but not its activator ATM. Moreover, altered HMGB1 expression induced a p53-dependent senescent growth arrest. Senescent fibroblasts secreted oxidized HMGB1, which stimulated cytokine secretion through TLR-4 signaling. HMGB1 depletion, HMGB1 blocking antibody, or TLR-4 inhibition attenuated senescence-associated IL-6 secretion, and exogenous HMGB1 stimulated NF-κB activity and restored IL-6 secretion to HMGB1-depleted cells. Our findings identify senescence as a novel biological setting in which HMGB1 functions and link HMGB1 redistribution to p53 activity and senescence-associated inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert R Davalos
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Manning CM, Johnston CJ, Hernady E, Miller JNH, Reed CK, Lawrence BP, Williams JP, Finkelstein JN. Exacerbation of lung radiation injury by viral infection: the role of Clara cells and Clara cell secretory protein. Radiat Res 2013; 179:617-29. [PMID: 23621375 DOI: 10.1667/rr3279.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections have been associated with exacerbation of disease in human cases of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Since pulmonary fibrosis is a common outcome after irradiation to the lung, we hypothesized that viral infection after radiation exposure would exacerbate radiation-induced lung injury. Epithelial injury, a frequent outcome after infection, has been hypothesized to contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and bronchiolar epithelial Clara cells participate in epithelial repair. Therefore, it was further hypothesized that altered responses after irradiation involve the bronchiolar epithelial Clara cells. C57BL/6J or CCSP(-/-) mice were irradiated with 0 (sham), 5, 10 or 15 Gy to the whole thorax. At ten weeks post-irradiation, animals were mock infected or infected with influenza A virus and body weight and survival were monitored. Pulmonary function was assessed by whole-body plethysmography. The Clara cell markers, CCSP and Cyp2f2, were measured in the lung by qRT-PCR, and protein expression was visualized in the lung by immunofluorescence. Following pulmonary function tests, mice were sacrificed and tissues were collected for pathological analysis. In 15 Gy irradiated animals infected with influenza A virus, accelerated respiratory rates, reduced pulmonary function, and exacerbated lung pathology occurred earlier post-irradiation than previously observed after irradiation alone, suggesting infection accelerates the development of radiation injury. After irradiation alone, CCSP and Cyp2f2 mRNA levels were reduced, correlating with reductions in the number of Clara cells lining the airways. When combined with infection, these markers further declined and an apparent delay in recovery of mRNA expression was observed, suggesting that radiation injury leads to a chronic reduction in the number of Clara cells that may potentiate the epithelial injury observed after influenza A virus infection. This novel finding may have considerable therapeutic implications with respect to both thoracic tumor patients and recipients of bone marrow transplants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Manning
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Franzese O, Tricarico M, Starace G, Pepponi R, Bonmassar L, Cottarelli A, Fuggetta MP. Interferon-Beta combined with interleukin-2 restores human natural cytotoxicity impaired in vitro by ionizing radiations. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:308-18. [PMID: 23421371 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that ionizing radiations induce a marked downregulation of antigen-dependent and natural immunity for a prolonged period of time. This is due, at least in part, to radiation-induced apoptosis of different lymphocyte subpopulations, including natural killer (NK) cells. Aim of this study was to investigate the capability of Beta Interferon (β-IFN) and Interleukin-2 (IL2), alone or in combination, to restore the functional activity of the natural immune system. Mononuclear cells (MNCs) obtained from intact or in vitro irradiated human peripheral blood were treated in vitro with β-IFN immediately before or at the end of the 4-day treatment with IL2. Time-course analysis was performed on the NK activity, the total number and the apoptotic fraction of CD16+ and CD56+ cells, the 2 main NK effector cell subpopulations. The results indicate that radiation-induced impairment of natural cytotoxicity of MNC could be successfully antagonized by the β-IFN+IL2 combination, mainly when exposure to β-IFN preceded IL2 treatment. This radioprotective effect is paralleled by lower levels of radiation-induced apoptosis and increased expression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein. Since natural immunity can play a significant role in antitumor host's resistance, these results could provide the rational basis for a cytokine-based pharmacological strategy able to restore immune responsiveness and to afford possible therapeutic benefits in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Franzese
- Department of Neuroscience, Chair of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Rossiello F, Fumagalli M, di Fagagna F. ImmunoFISH for Mice and Baboons Frozen Sections. Bio Protoc 2013. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
113
|
Naylor RM, Baker DJ, van Deursen JM. Senescent cells: a novel therapeutic target for aging and age-related diseases. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012; 93:105-16. [PMID: 23212104 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2012.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is the main risk factor for most chronic diseases, disabilities, and declining health. It has been proposed that senescent cells--damaged cells that have lost the ability to divide--drive the deterioration that underlies aging and age-related diseases. However, definitive evidence for this relationship has been lacking. The use of a progeroid mouse model (which expresses low amounts of the mitotic checkpoint protein BubR1) has been instrumental in demonstrating that p16(Ink4a)-positive senescent cells drive age-related pathologies and that selective elimination of these cells can prevent or delay age-related deterioration. These studies identify senescent cells as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of aging and age-related diseases. Here, we describe how senescent cells develop, the experimental evidence that causally implicates senescent cells in age-related dysfunction, the chronic diseases and disorders that are characterized by the accumulation of senescent cells at sites of pathology, and the therapeutic approaches that could specifically target senescent cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Naylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
114
|
1 0 7. Cancer Biomark 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b14318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
115
|
Klement K, Melle C, Murzik U, Diekmann S, Norgauer J, Hemmerich P. Accumulation of annexin A5 at the nuclear envelope is a biomarker of cellular aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2012; 133:508-22. [PMID: 22728018 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a permanent cell cycle arrest induced by short telomeres or oncogenic stress in vitro and in vivo. Because no single of the established biomarkers can reliably identify senescent cells, the application of new ones may aid the diagnosis of aged cells. Here we show that annexin A5 accumulates at the nuclear envelope during replicative and drug-induced cellular senescence in primary human fibroblasts. This new cellular aging phenotype that we have termed SA-ANX5 (senescence-associated accumulation at the nuclear envelope of annexin A5) is as efficient and quantitative as the well-established senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity assay and p21 immunoreactivity. SA-ANX5 is also observed in aged human skin where is exclusively detected in DNA damage foci-positive/Ki-67-negative cells. We also observed that depletion of annexin A5 by siRNA in human fibroblasts accelerates premature senescence through the p38MAP kinase pathway. These observations establish SA-ANX5 as a new biomarker for cellular aging and implicate a functional role for annexin A5 in cellular senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Klement
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Freund A, Laberge RM, Demaria M, Campisi J. Lamin B1 loss is a senescence-associated biomarker. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:2066-75. [PMID: 22496421 PMCID: PMC3364172 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-10-0884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 637] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a potent tumor-suppressive mechanism that arrests cell proliferation and has been linked to aging. However, studies of senescence have been impeded by the lack of simple, exclusive biomarkers of the senescent state. Senescent cells develop characteristic morphological changes, which include enlarged and often irregular nuclei and chromatin reorganization. Because alterations to the nuclear lamina can affect both nuclear morphology and gene expression, we examined the nuclear lamina of senescent cells. We show here than lamin B1 is lost from primary human and murine cell strains when they are induced to senesce by DNA damage, replicative exhaustion, or oncogene expression. Lamin B1 loss did not depend on the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor-κB, ataxia telangiectasia-mutated kinase, or reactive oxygen species signaling pathways, which are positive regulators of senescent phenotypes. However, activation of either the p53 or pRB tumor suppressor pathway was sufficient to induce lamin B1 loss. Lamin B1 declined at the mRNA level via a decrease in mRNA stability rather than by the caspase-mediated degradation seen during apoptosis. Last, lamin B1 protein and mRNA declined in mouse tissue after senescence was induced by irradiation. Our findings suggest that lamin B1 loss can serve as biomarker of senescence both in culture and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Freund
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | | - Marco Demaria
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945
| | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Fumagalli M, Rossiello F, Clerici M, Barozzi S, Cittaro D, Kaplunov JM, Bucci G, Dobreva M, Matti V, Beausejour CM, Herbig U, Longhese MP, d'Adda di Fagagna F. Telomeric DNA damage is irreparable and causes persistent DNA-damage-response activation. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:355-65. [PMID: 22426077 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The DNA-damage response (DDR) arrests cell-cycle progression until damage is removed. DNA-damage-induced cellular senescence is associated with persistent DDR. The molecular bases that distinguish transient from persistent DDR are unknown. Here we show that a large fraction of exogenously induced persistent DDR markers is associated with telomeric DNA in cultured cells and mammalian tissues. In yeast, a chromosomal DNA double-strand break next to a telomeric sequence resists repair and impairs DNA ligase 4 recruitment. In mammalian cells, ectopic localization of telomeric factor TRF2 next to a double-strand break induces persistent DNA damage and DDR. Linear, but not circular, telomeric DNA or scrambled DNA induces a prolonged checkpoint in normal cells. In terminally differentiated tissues of old primates, DDR markers accumulate at telomeres that are not critically short. We propose that linear genomes are not uniformly reparable and that telomeric DNA tracts, if damaged, are irreparable and trigger persistent DDR and cellular senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Fumagalli
- IFOM Foundation-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, Milan 20139, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Ionizing radiation–induced expression of INK4a/ARF in murine bone marrow–derived stromal cell populations interferes with bone marrow homeostasis. Blood 2012; 119:717-26. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-06-361626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Alterations of the BM microenvironment have been shown to occur after chemoradiotherapy, during aging, and after genetic manipulations of telomere length. Nevertheless, whether BM stromal cells adopt senescent features in response to these events is unknown. In the present study, we provide evidence that exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) leads murine stromal BM cells to express senescence markers, namely senescence-associated β-galactosidase and increased p16INK4a/p19ARF expression. Long (8 weeks) after exposure of mice to IR, we observed a reduction in the number of stromal cells derived from BM aspirates, an effect that we found to be absent in irradiated Ink4a/arf-knockout mice and to be mostly independent of the CFU potential of the stroma. Such a reduction in the number of BM stromal cells was specific, because stromal cells isolated from collagenase-treated bones were not reduced after IR. Surprisingly, we found that exposure to IR leads to a cellular nonautonomous and Ink4a/arf-dependent effect on lymphopoiesis. Overall, our results reveal the distinct sensitivity of BM stromal cell populations to IR and suggest that long-term residual damage to the BM microenvironment can influence hematopoiesis in an Ink4a/arf-dependent manner.
Collapse
|
119
|
Kazakov A, Müller P, Jagoda P, Semenov A, Böhm M, Laufs U. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase of the bone marrow regulates myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and angiogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 93:397-405. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
120
|
Wang Y, Liu L, Zhou D. Inhibition of p38 MAPK attenuates ionizing radiation-induced hematopoietic cell senescence and residual bone marrow injury. Radiat Res 2011; 176:743-52. [PMID: 22014293 DOI: 10.1667/rr2727.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to a moderate or high total-body dose of radiation induces not only acute bone marrow suppression but also residual (or long-term) bone marrow injury. The induction of residual bone marrow injury is primarily attributed to the induction of hematopoietic cell senescence by ionizing radiation. However, the mechanisms underlying radiation-induced hematopoietic cell senescence are not known and thus were investigated in the present study. Using a well-established long-term bone marrow cell culture system, we found that radiation induced hematopoietic cell senescence at least in part via activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38). This suggestion is supported by the finding that exposure to radiation selectively activated p38 in bone marrow hematopoietic cells. The activation was associated with a significant reduction in hematopoietic cell clonogenic function, an increased expression of p16(INK4a) (p16), and an elevated senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity. All these changes were attenuated by p38 inhibition with a specific p38 inhibitor, SB203580 (SB). Selective activation of p38 was also observed in bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) after mice were exposed to a sublethal total-body dose (6.5 Gy) of radiation. Treatment of the irradiated mice with SB after total-body irradiation (TBI) increased the frequencies of HSCs and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) in their bone marrow and the clonogenic functions of the irradiated HSCs and HPCs. These findings suggest that activation of p38 plays a role in mediating radiation-induced hematopoietic cell senescence and residual bone marrow suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Sabin RJ, Anderson RM. Cellular Senescence - its role in cancer and the response to ionizing radiation. Genome Integr 2011; 2:7. [PMID: 21834983 PMCID: PMC3169443 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9414-2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a normal biological process that is initiated in response to a range of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that functions to remove irreparable damage and therefore potentially harmful cells, from the proliferative pool. Senescence can therefore be thought of in beneficial terms as a tumour suppressor. In contrast to this, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that senescence is also associated with the disruption of the tissue microenvironment and development of a pro-oncogenic environment, principally via the secretion of senescence-associated pro-inflammatory factors. The fraction of cells in a senescent state is known to increase with cellular age and from exposure to various stressors including ionising radiation therefore, the implications of the detrimental effects of the senescent phenotype are important to understand within the context of the increasing human exposure to ionising radiation. This review will discuss what is currently understood about senescence, highlighting possible associations between senescence and cancer and, how exposure to ionising radiation may modify this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Sabin
- Centre for Cell and Chromosome Biology and Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, Division of Biosciences, Brunel University, West London, UB8 3PH, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Kreiling JA, Tamamori-Adachi M, Sexton AN, Jeyapalan JC, Munoz-Najar U, Peterson AL, Manivannan J, Rogers ES, Pchelintsev NA, Adams PD, Sedivy JM. Age-associated increase in heterochromatic marks in murine and primate tissues. Aging Cell 2011; 10:292-304. [PMID: 21176091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin is highly dynamic and subject to extensive remodeling under many physiologic conditions. Changes in chromatin that occur during the aging process are poorly documented and understood in higher organisms, such as mammals. We developed an immunofluorescence assay to quantitatively detect, at the single cell level, changes in the nuclear content of chromatin-associated proteins. We found increased levels of the heterochromatin-associated proteins histone macro H2A (mH2A) and heterochromatin protein 1 beta (HP1β) in human fibroblasts during replicative senescence in culture, and for the first time, an age-associated increase in these heterochromatin marks in several tissues of mice and primates. Mouse lung was characterized by monophasic mH2A expression histograms at both ages, and an increase in mean staining intensity at old age. In the mouse liver, we observed increased age-associated localization of mH2A to regions of pericentromeric heterochromatin. In the skeletal muscle, we found two populations of cells with either low or high mH2A levels. This pattern of expression was similar in mouse and baboon, and showed a clear increase in the proportion of nuclei with high mH2A levels in older animals. The frequencies of cells displaying evidence of increased heterochromatinization are too high to be readily accounted for by replicative or oncogene-induced cellular senescence, and are prominently found in terminally differentiated, postmitotic tissues that are not conventionally thought to be susceptible to senescence. Our findings distinguish specific chromatin states in individual cells of mammalian tissues, and provide a foundation to investigate further the progressive epigenetic changes that occur during aging.
Collapse
|
123
|
Kreiling JA, Tamamori-Adachi M, Sexton AN, Jeyapalan JC, Munoz-Najar U, Peterson AL, Manivannan J, Rogers ES, Pchelintsev NA, Adams PD, Sedivy JM. Age-associated increase in heterochromatic marks in murine and primate tissues. Aging Cell 2011. [PMID: 21176091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00666.x.age-associated] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin is highly dynamic and subject to extensive remodeling under many physiologic conditions. Changes in chromatin that occur during the aging process are poorly documented and understood in higher organisms, such as mammals. We developed an immunofluorescence assay to quantitatively detect, at the single cell level, changes in the nuclear content of chromatin-associated proteins. We found increased levels of the heterochromatin-associated proteins histone macro H2A (mH2A) and heterochromatin protein 1 beta (HP1β) in human fibroblasts during replicative senescence in culture, and for the first time, an age-associated increase in these heterochromatin marks in several tissues of mice and primates. Mouse lung was characterized by monophasic mH2A expression histograms at both ages, and an increase in mean staining intensity at old age. In the mouse liver, we observed increased age-associated localization of mH2A to regions of pericentromeric heterochromatin. In the skeletal muscle, we found two populations of cells with either low or high mH2A levels. This pattern of expression was similar in mouse and baboon, and showed a clear increase in the proportion of nuclei with high mH2A levels in older animals. The frequencies of cells displaying evidence of increased heterochromatinization are too high to be readily accounted for by replicative or oncogene-induced cellular senescence, and are prominently found in terminally differentiated, postmitotic tissues that are not conventionally thought to be susceptible to senescence. Our findings distinguish specific chromatin states in individual cells of mammalian tissues, and provide a foundation to investigate further the progressive epigenetic changes that occur during aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Kreiling
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an important mechanism for preventing the proliferation of potential cancer cells. Recently, however, it has become apparent that this process entails more than a simple cessation of cell growth. In addition to suppressing tumorigenesis, cellular senescence might also promote tissue repair and fuel inflammation associated with aging and cancer progression. Thus, cellular senescence might participate in four complex biological processes (tumor suppression, tumor promotion, aging, and tissue repair), some of which have apparently opposing effects. The challenge now is to understand the senescence response well enough to harness its benefits while suppressing its drawbacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Rodier
- The Research Centre of the University of Montreal Hospital Centre/Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
Rodier F, Muñoz DP, Teachenor R, Chu V, Le O, Bhaumik D, Coppé JP, Campeau E, Beauséjour CM, Kim SH, Davalos AR, Campisi J. DNA-SCARS: distinct nuclear structures that sustain damage-induced senescence growth arrest and inflammatory cytokine secretion. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:68-81. [PMID: 21118958 PMCID: PMC3001408 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.071340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage can induce a tumor suppressive response termed cellular senescence. Damaged senescent cells permanently arrest growth, secrete inflammatory cytokines and other proteins and harbor persistent nuclear foci that contain DNA damage response (DDR) proteins. To understand how persistent damage foci differ from transient foci that mark repairable DNA lesions, we identify sequential events that differentiate transient foci from persistent foci, which we term 'DNA segments with chromatin alterations reinforcing senescence' (DNA-SCARS). Unlike transient foci, DNA-SCARS associate with PML nuclear bodies, lack the DNA repair proteins RPA and RAD51, lack single-stranded DNA and DNA synthesis and accumulate activated forms of the DDR mediators CHK2 and p53. DNA-SCARS form independently of p53, pRB and several other checkpoint and repair proteins but require p53 and pRb to trigger the senescence growth arrest. Importantly, depletion of the DNA-SCARS-stabilizing component histone H2AX did not deplete 53BP1 from DNA-SCARS but diminished the presence of MDC1 and activated CHK2. Furthermore, depletion of H2AX reduced both the p53-dependent senescence growth arrest and p53-independent cytokine secretion. DNA-SCARS were also observed following severe damage to multiple human cell types and mouse tissues, suggesting that they can be used in combination with other markers to identify senescent cells. Thus, DNA-SCARS are dynamically formed distinct structures that functionally regulate multiple aspects of the senescent phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Rodier
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Denise P. Muñoz
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Robert Teachenor
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Victoria Chu
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Oanh Le
- CHU Ste-Justine, Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Montréal, 3175 Cote Ste-Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Dipa Bhaumik
- The Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Coppé
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Eric Campeau
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Christian M. Beauséjour
- CHU Ste-Justine, Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Montréal, 3175 Cote Ste-Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Sahn-Ho Kim
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Albert R. Davalos
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Judith Campisi
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Nishioka T, Yasuda M, Takeshima T, Haga H, Miyai Y, Shibata KI, Yamazaki R, Shirato H, Teduka M, Date H. Radiation-induced cancer cell repopulation: a possible mechanism implied by experiments using transplantable mouse-derived sarcoma cell line. Cell Struct Funct 2010; 36:13-20. [PMID: 21206131 DOI: 10.1247/csf.10008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatment with any cytotoxic agent can trigger surviving cells in a tumor to divide faster than before. This phenomenon is widely recognized as "repopulation". To better clarify the mechanism, gene expression profiling and pathological experiments were performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS A mouse fibrosarcoma cell line, QRsP, was used. Cells were irradiated with 10 Gy. Colony assay and cloning were performed. Six clones were established. cDNA analysis was performed on the clone that showed the largest number of colonies on the 2nd 10 Gy irradiation. Mouse transplantation experiment was then carried out. RESULTS cDNA analysis showed that cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p16 and p57 were down-regulated; 14.8- and 12.0-fold, respectively for the tolerant clone. Matrix metalloproteinase 3 and 13 were up-regulated; 22.5- and 25.8-fold, respectively. Transplantation ratio was 100% (5/5) for the tolerant clone whereas it was 40% (2/5) for the parent. Under light microscope, the mean mitotic cell number was 4.0+/-3.9 for the parent, and 12.8+/-3.4 for the tolerant clone (p<0.01, Student's t-test). CONCLUSIONS This study implies that repopulation is not a temporary reaction to irradiation. It is caused probably by "clonal" gene-expression changes, though it remains unknown whether the changes are attributable to tolerant cell selection or to gene mutation/modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nishioka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Health Science, Hokkaido University, N12-W5, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
127
|
Park HR, Jo SK. Lasting effects of an impairment of Th1-like immune response in γ-irradiated mice: A resemblance between irradiated mice and aged mice. Cell Immunol 2010; 267:1-8. [PMID: 21092942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although one of the several chronic effects of ionizing radiation is aging, there are no experimental data on radiation-induced immunological aging. The most interesting change in aging was a helper T (Th) 1/Th2 imbalance. We investigated chronic effect on immune responses after ionizing radiation and its effects in irradiated mice were compared with those of aged mice. The 2-month-old mice received a whole-body irradiation of 5Gy. At 6months after irradiation, we compared the immune functions of the irradiated mice with those of normal mice of the same age and with those of older. Interferon (IFN)-γ and antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G2a level were lower in the irradiated mice than in normal mice of same age, showing similar levels to those of old normal mice. In contrast, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 and antigen-specific IgG1 level were increased in irradiated mice when compared with the same aged-normal mice. Next, we investigated the low expression of IL-12p70, IL-12 receptors and IL-18 receptors in irradiated and old mice. Also, the decrease of natural killer cell activity was intensified in the irradiated mice, showing lower than values to those of old mice. Interestingly, in irradiated mice, the absolute numbers and the percentages of natural killer (NK) cells was extremely decreased. But the absolute numbers of Th cells and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells in old mice were significantly decreased. In conclusion, an immunological imbalance by the whole-body irradiation of 5Gy induces to persist in the long term, resulting in the similar results with aging. Our results suggest that the downregulation of the Th1-like immune response shown in old mice rapidly occurred through exposure of ionizing radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Ran Park
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Jeongeup Campus of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), 1266 Sinjeong-dong, Jeongeup-si Jeonbuk 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|