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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Sharma
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri.
| | - Philip Katz
- Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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102
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Comment on "impairment of chemical clearance is relevant to the pathogenesis of refractory reflux oesophagitis" by Marzio Frazzoni et al. [Digestive and Liver Disease 2014;46:596-602]. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46:1052. [PMID: 25081845 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Frazzoni M, Piccoli M, Conigliaro R, Frazzoni L, Melotti G. Laparoscopic fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:14272-14279. [PMID: 25339814 PMCID: PMC4202356 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition that develops when the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus leads to troublesome symptoms and/or complications. Heartburn is the cardinal symptom, often associated with regurgitation. In patients with endoscopy-negative heartburn refractory to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy and when the diagnosis of GERD is in question, direct reflux testing by impedance-pH monitoring is warranted. Laparoscopic fundoplication is the standard surgical treatment for GERD. It is highly effective in curing GERD with a 80% success rate at 20-year follow-up. The Nissen fundoplication, consisting of a total (360°) wrap, is the most commonly performed antireflux operation. To reduce postoperative dysphagia and gas bloating, partial fundoplications are also used, including the posterior (Toupet) fundoplication, and the anterior (Dor) fundoplication. Currently, there is consensus to advise laparoscopic fundoplication in PPI-responsive GERD only for those patients who develop untoward side-effects or complications from PPI therapy. PPI resistance is the real challenge in GERD. There is consensus that carefully selected GERD patients refractory to PPI therapy are eligible for laparoscopic fundoplication, provided that objective evidence of reflux as the cause of ongoing symptoms has been obtained. For this purpose, impedance-pH monitoring is regarded as the diagnostic gold standard.
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104
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The effects of baclofen for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2014; 2014:307805. [PMID: 25389436 PMCID: PMC4217339 DOI: 10.1155/2014/307805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. Baclofen can relieve gastroesophageal reflux-related symptoms in healthy subjects and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients by reducing the incidence of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of baclofen for the treatment of GERD. Methods. We systematically searched randomized controlled trials published prior to November 2013 from PubMed, Medline, Embase, ScienceDirect, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the Cochrane Central Register of Randomized Controlled Trials. We performed a meta-analysis of all eligible trials. Results. Nine studies were identified with a total of 283 GERD patients and healthy subjects. Comparative analysis provided high quality data supporting the ability of baclofen to promote a short-term decrease in the number of reflux episodes per patient, the average length of reflux episodes, and the incidence of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. No serious adverse events or death events were reported, and there were no significant differences in the overall adverse events between baclofen and placebo. All reported side effects of baclofen were of mild-to-moderate intensity, and the drug was well tolerated. Conclusion. Abundant evidence suggests that baclofen may be a useful approach for the treatment of GERD patients; however, a larger well-designed research study would further confirm this recommendation.
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105
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Izawa S, Funaki Y, Iida A, Tokudome K, Tamura Y, Ogasawara N, Sasaki M, Kasugai K. The role of gastroesophageal reflux in relation to symptom onset in patients with proton pump inhibitor-refractory nonerosive reflux disease accompanied by an underlying esophageal motor disorder. Digestion 2014; 89:61-7. [PMID: 24458115 DOI: 10.1159/000356222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The symptom improvement rate is low with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in nonerosive reflux disease (NERD). The underlying pathogenic mechanism is complex. Esophageal motility disorders (EMDs) are thought to be a factor, but their prevalence, type, symptoms and the role played by gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in symptom onset have not been fully investigated. AIM To investigate the role of GER in symptom onset in PPI-refractory NERD patients with EMDs. METHODS This study comprised 76 patients with PPI-refractory NERD. Manometry was performed during PPI treatment and patients were divided into an EMD group and normal motility (non-EMD) group. Then, multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring was performed and medical interviews were conducted. RESULTS Nineteen patients (25%) had an EMD. Data were compared between 17 patients, excluding 2 with achalasia and 57 non-EMD patients. No significant differences were observed between groups in 24-hour intraesophageal pH <4 holding time (HT), mean number of GER episodes or mean number of proximal reflux episodes. The reflux-related symptom index (≥50%) showed a relationship between reflux and symptoms in 70.5% of EMD patients and 75% of non-EMD patients. In the EMD group, the score for FSSG (Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of GERD) question (Q)10 was significantly correlated with the number of GER episodes (r = 0.58, p = 0.02) and the number of proximal reflux episodes (r = 0.63, p = 0.02). In addition, the score for Q9 tended to be correlated with the number of GER episodes (r = 0.44, p = 0.06). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that some PPI-refractory NERD patients have EMDs, and that GER plays a role in symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Izawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
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Khan MQ, Alaraj A, Alsohaibani F, Al-Kahtani K, Jbarah S, Al-Ashgar H. Diagnostic Utility of Impedance-pH Monitoring in Refractory Non-erosive Reflux Disease. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 20:497-505. [PMID: 25273120 PMCID: PMC4204403 DOI: 10.5056/jnm14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Approximately one-third of non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) patients are refractory to proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and face a therapeutic challenge. Therefore, it is important to differentiate between pathological and non-pathological reflux utilizing multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH (MII-pH) to analyze symptom-reflux association and diagnose true NERD versus hyper-sensitive esophagus (HE) and functional heartburn (FH). Herein, we evaluated the diagnostic yield of MII-pH in refractory NERD and sub-classified it based on quantity and quality of acid/non-acid reflux and reflux-symptom association. Methods Sixty symptomatic NERD patients on twice daily PPI for > 2 months were prospectively evaluated by MII-pH. Distal and proximal refluxes, bolus exposure time (BET), esophageal acid exposure time, symptom index (SI) and symptom association probability (SAP) were measured. Results Thirty-two (53%) patients had BET > 1.4% (MII-pH positive-true NERD), while 28 (47%) had BET < 1.4% (MII-pH negative NERD) where SI and SAP were negative in 15/60 (25%; categorized as FH) and SI or SAP were positive in 13/60 (22%; identified as HE). Thirty-eight (63%) patients reported significant SI or SAP parameters where > 80% of symptoms were associated with non-acid reflux. The number of distal refluxes in true NERD versus FH or HE were significantly different, but not between FH and HE. Conclusions Approximately 60% of refractory PPI NERD patients had positive reflux-symptom association, primarily due to non-acid reflux. Nearly half of NERD patients on PPI had normal MII-pH monitoring, sub-divided further into FH and HE equally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Q Khan
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alaraj
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alsohaibani
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Al-Kahtani
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar Jbarah
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Al-Ashgar
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Cho YK. Impedance pH Guided Approach to Proton Pump Inhibitor-refractory Non-erosive Reflux Disease. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 20:419-20. [PMID: 25273113 PMCID: PMC4204407 DOI: 10.5056/jnm14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kyung Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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108
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The pathogenesis of persistent non-erosive reflux disease treated with proton-pump inhibitors as measured with the Symptom Index. Esophagus 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10388-014-0452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
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109
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Comparison of light and electron microscopy in measurement of esophageal intercellular space in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 59:232-6. [PMID: 24647333 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A good objective marker of esophageal mucosal damage from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is lacking in children. Increased esophageal epithelial intercellular (EEIC) space measured using electron microscopy (EM) has been proposed as a surrogate of esophageal mucosal damage in adults with GERD. The aim of the present study was to compare EEIC space measured using EM and light microscopy (LM) in children with nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) with asymptomatic controls. METHODS Distal esophageal mucosal biopsy was used to measure EEIC space using EM in 35 NERD subjects and 8 controls. In a subset of these patients we used phase contrast LM to measure EEIC space area (26 NERD subjects and 8 controls). RESULTS The median (range) EEIC space measured using EM in the NERD group was 1.15 (0.74-1.64) μm compared with 0.93 (0.67-1.11) μm in the control group (P = 0.002). The median (range) EEIC space measured using LM was 14.4% (9.6%-26.3%) in the NERD group and 9.6% (8.5%-17.2%) in controls (P = 0.003). Using a cutoff value of 1.02 μm for normal EEIC space measured by EM, we obtained 73% sensitivity and 75% specificity to distinguish the NERD group from the control group, and using a cutoff value of 11.1% for EEIC space measured by LM, we obtained 96% sensitivity and 75% specificity. CONCLUSIONS EEIC space is increased in children with NERD compared with that in controls, suggesting that changes in EEIC space can be a useful marker of esophageal mucosal injury in children with NERD. Our results suggest that the accuracy of EM and LM to evaluate EEIC space changes in NERD is comparable, and LM may be a more cost-effective option.
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110
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pH-Impedance Findings and proton pump inhibitors-responsiveness in patients with typical gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms in a large single-center Italian series. J Clin Gastroenterol 2014; 48:613-9. [PMID: 24326754 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A multicenter study with a limited sample size found that absence of esophagitis, presence of functional digestive disorders, and overweight were associated with proton pump inhibitors (PPI) failure. AIM To assess clinical and reflux patterns associated with PPI-responsiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with typical gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD) symptoms had 24 hours pH-impedance monitoring off therapy. Responders had <2 days of symptoms per week while on standard-dose/double-dose PPI. Clinical and reflux parameters were considered for analysis. RESULTS A total of 514 patients were included (267 women), 185 patients were considered PPI responders, and 329 were considered nonresponders. In the whole population, the only significant factor in the prediction of responsiveness to PPI at the multivariate analysis was the presence of esophagitis (P=0.028). The factors identified as significant in patients with a pathologic acid exposure (142 patients) in the prediction of responsiveness to PPI were overweight (body mass index >25 kg/m(2)) and the presence of esophagitis (P=0.019 and 0.043, respectively). CONCLUSIONS We confirm that no reflux pattern demonstrated by 24 hours pH-impedance monitoring is associated to PPI response in GORD patients. Presence of esophagitis in the whole population and overweight in patients with pathologic GORD, but not dyspepsia, are strongly associated with PPI-responsiveness.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the last decade, with the advent of new oesophageal testing [i.e. 24-h impedance-pH monitoring, combined impedance-manometry, high-resolution manometry (HRM)], relevant progress in understanding the mechanisms contributing to the development of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) has been made, allowing a better management of patients with this disorder. The aim of our review is to report the state-of-the-art about oesophageal motor disorders in patients with reflux disease and to stimulate new research in this field. RECENT FINDINGS Hypotensive lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS), transient LOS relaxations, impairment of oesophagogastric junction including hiatal hernia, oesophageal bolus transit abnormalities and presence of ineffective oesophageal motility have been strongly implicated in GORD development. In particular, the majority of recent studies carried out with HRM and impedance-pH testing reported that these motor abnormalities are increasingly prevalent with increasing severity of GORD, from nonerosive reflux disease and erosive oesophagitis to Barrett's oesophagus. SUMMARY Defining and characterizing oesophageal dysmotility in patients with reflux disease is of maximum importance in order to properly diagnose these patients and to treat them with the best management of care. New studies are needed in order to better understand the physiomechanic basis of oesophageal dysmotility in GORD patients.
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112
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Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms not responding to proton pump inhibitor: GERD, NERD, NARD, esophageal hypersensitivity or dyspepsia? Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 28:335-41. [PMID: 24719900 PMCID: PMC4072238 DOI: 10.1155/2014/904707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a common gastrointestinal process that can generate symptoms of heartburn and chest pain. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the gold standard for the treatment of GER; however, a substantial group of GER patients fail to respond to PPIs. In the past, it was believed that acid reflux into the esophagus causes all, or at least the majority, of symptoms attributed to GER, with both erosive esophagitis and nonerosive outcomes. However, with modern testing techniques it has been shown that, in addition to acid reflux, the reflux of nonacid gastric and duodenal contents into the esophagus may also induce GER symptoms. It remains unknown how weakly acidic or alkaline refluxate with a pH similar to a normal diet induces GER symptoms. Esophageal hypersensitivity or functional dyspepsia with superimposed heartburn may be other mechanisms of symptom generation, often completely unrelated to GER. Detailed studies investigating the pathophysiology of esophageal hypersensitivity are not conclusive, and definitions of the various disease states may overlap and are often confusing. The authors aim to clarify the pathophysiology, definition, diagnostic techniques and medical treatment of patients with heartburn symptoms who fail PPI therapy.
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113
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Patel A, Sayuk GS, Gyawali CP. Acid-based parameters on pH-impedance testing predict symptom improvement with medical management better than impedance parameters. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109:836-44. [PMID: 24732868 PMCID: PMC4104528 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2014.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES pH-impedance testing detects reflux events irrespective of pH, but its value in predicting treatment outcome is unclear. We prospectively evaluated subjects treated medically after pH-impedance testing to determine predictors of symptom improvement. METHODS Subjects referred for pH-impedance testing completed questionnaires in which dominant symptoms and global symptom severity (GSS) were recorded. Acid-reflux parameters (acid-exposure time, AET; symptom association by Ghillebert probability estimate, GPE; symptom index, SI) and impedance reflux parameters (reflux-exposure time, RET; number of reflux events; GPE and SI with impedance data) were extracted. Symptoms and GSS were prospectively reevaluated after medical therapy. Univariate and multivariate analyses determined predictors of GSS improvement following medical management. RESULTS Over 5 years, 128 subjects (mean 53.3±1.3 years, 66.4% female; typical symptoms 57.0%, 53.9% tested on therapy) underwent pH-impedance testing and subsequent medical therapy for reflux symptoms, and completed required questionnaires. On follow-up 3.35±0.14 years later, mean GSS declined by 45.0%, with 42.2% patients reporting ≥50% GSS improvement. On univariate analysis, total AET, AET≥4.0%, and GPE for all reflux events predicted both linear and ≥50% GSS improvement, but RET and number of reflux events did not. On multivariate analysis, controlling for testing on or off therapy, only AET (P=0.003) and GPE for all reflux events (P=0.029) predicted GSS improvement. CONCLUSIONS Acid-based reflux parameters offer greater value over impedance-based nonacid-reflux parameters in predicting symptomatic responses to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. Our findings support conducting pH-impedance studies off PPI therapy to maximize clinical utility in predicting outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gregory S. Sayuk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - C. Prakash Gyawali
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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Tenca A, Campagnola P, Bravi I, Benini L, Sifrim D, Penagini R. Impedance pH Monitoring: Intra-observer and Inter-observer Agreement and Usefulness of a Rapid Analysis of Symptom Reflux Association. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 20:205-11. [PMID: 24840372 PMCID: PMC4015199 DOI: 10.5056/jnm.2014.20.2.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Symptom reflux association analysis is especially helpful for evaluation and management of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) re-fractory patients. An accurate calculation requires manual editing of 24-hour multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH (MII-pH) tracings after automatic analysis. Intra- and inter-observer agreement as well as reliability of rapid editing confined to the time around symptomatic episodes are unknown. Aim of this study was to explore these topics in a prospective multicenter study. METHODS Forty consecutive patients who were off PPI therapy underwent MII-pH recordings. After automatic analysis, their tracings were anonymized and randomized. Three experienced observers, each one trained in a different European center, independently per-formed manual editing of 24-hour tracings on 2 separate occasions. Values of symptom index and symptom association proba-bility for acid and non acid reflux were transformed into binary response (i.e., positive or negative). RESULTS Intra-observer agreement on symptom reflux association was 92.5% to 100.0% for acid and 85.0% to 97.5% for non-acid reflux. Inter-observer agreement was 100.0% for acid and 82.5% to 95.0% for non-acid reflux. Values for symptom index and symptom association probability were similar. Concordance between 24-hour and rapid (2 minutes-window before each symp-tomatic episode) editings for symptom reflux association occured in 39 to 40 patients (acid) and in 37 to 40 (non-acid), de-pending on the observer. CONCLUSIONS Intra- and inter-observer agreement in classifying patients with or without symptom reflux association at manual editing of 24-hour tracings was high, especially for acid reflux. Classifying patients according to a rapid editing showed excellent con-cordance with the 24-hour one and can be adopted in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tenca
- Gastroenterology Unit 2, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS "Ca' Granda" - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Campagnola
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università degli Studi di Verona and Policlinico GB Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Ivana Bravi
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Luigi Benini
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università degli Studi di Verona and Policlinico GB Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Daniel Sifrim
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Roberto Penagini
- Gastroenterology Unit 2, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS "Ca' Granda" - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Martinucci I, Bortoli ND, Giacchino M, Bodini G, Marabotto E, Marchi S, Savarino V, Savarino E. Esophageal motility abnormalities in gastroesophageal reflux disease. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2014; 5:86-96. [PMID: 24868489 PMCID: PMC4023328 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v5.i2.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal motility abnormalities are among the main factors implicated in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The recent introduction in clinical and research practice of novel esophageal testing has markedly improved our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease, allowing a better management of patients with this disorder. In this context, the present article intends to provide an overview of the current literature about esophageal motility dysfunctions in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Esophageal manometry, by recording intraluminal pressure, represents the gold standard to diagnose esophageal motility abnormalities. In particular, using novel techniques, such as high resolution manometry with or without concurrent intraluminal impedance monitoring, transient lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxations, hypotensive LES, ineffective esophageal peristalsis and bolus transit abnormalities have been better defined and strongly implicated in gastroesophageal reflux disease development. Overall, recent findings suggest that esophageal motility abnormalities are increasingly prevalent with increasing severity of reflux disease, from non-erosive reflux disease to erosive reflux disease and Barrett’s esophagus. Characterizing esophageal dysmotility among different subgroups of patients with reflux disease may represent a fundamental approach to properly diagnose these patients and, thus, to set up the best therapeutic management. Currently, surgery represents the only reliable way to restore the esophagogastric junction integrity and to reduce transient LES relaxations that are considered to be the predominant mechanism by which gastric contents can enter the esophagus. On that ground, more in depth future studies assessing the pathogenetic role of dysmotility in patients with reflux disease are warranted.
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116
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EAES recommendations for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Surg Endosc 2014; 28:1753-73. [PMID: 24789125 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-014-3431-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most frequent benign disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Management of GERD has always been controversial since modern medical therapy is very effective, but laparoscopic fundoplication is one of the few procedures that were quickly adapted to the minimal access technique. The purpose of this project was to analyze the current knowledge on GERD in regard to its pathophysiology, diagnostic assessment, medical therapy, and surgical therapy, and special circumstances such as GERD in children, Barrett's esophagus, and enteroesophageal and duodenogastroesophageal reflux. METHODS The European Association of Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) has tasked a group of experts, based on their clinical and scientific expertise in the field of GERD, to establish current guidelines in a consensus development conference. The expert panel was constituted in May 2012 and met in September 2012 and January 2013, followed by a Delphi process. Critical appraisal of the literature was accomplished. All articles were reviewed and classified according to the hierarchy of level of evidence and summarized in statements and recommendations, which were presented to the scientific community during the EAES yearly conference in a plenary session in Vienna 2013. A second Delphi process followed discussion in the plenary session. RESULTS Recommendations for pathophysiologic and epidemiologic considerations, symptom evaluation, diagnostic workup, medical therapy, and surgical therapy are presented. Diagnostic evaluation and adequate selection of patients are the most important features for success of the current management of GERD. Laparoscopic fundoplication is the most important therapeutic technique for the success of surgical therapy of GERD. CONCLUSIONS Since the background of GERD is multifactorial, the management of this disease requires a complex approach in diagnostic workup as well as for medical and surgical treatment. Laparoscopic fundoplication in well-selected patients is a successful therapeutic option.
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Martinucci I, de Bortoli N, Savarino E, Piaggi P, Bellini M, Antonelli A, Savarino V, Frazzoni M, Marchi S. Esophageal baseline impedance levels in patients with pathophysiological characteristics of functional heartburn. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:546-55. [PMID: 24433456 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, it has been suggested that low esophageal basal impedance may reflect impaired mucosal integrity and increased acid sensitivity. We aimed to compare baseline impedance levels in patients with heartburn and pathophysiological characteristics related to functional heartburn (FH) divided into two groups on the basis of symptom relief after proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). METHODS Patients with heartburn and negative endoscopy were treated with esomeprazole or pantoprazole 40 mg daily for 8 weeks. According to MII-pH (off therapy) analysis, patients with normal acid exposure time (AET), normal reflux number, and lack of association between symptoms and refluxes were selected; of whom 30 patients with a symptom relief higher than 50% after PPIs composed Group A, and 30 patients, matched for sex and age, without symptom relief composed Group B. A group of 20 healthy volunteers (HVs) was enrolled. For each patient and HV, we evaluated the baseline impedance levels at channel 3, during the overnight rest, at three different times. KEY RESULTS Group A (vs Group B) showed an increase in the following parameters: mean AET (1.4 ± 0.8% vs 0.5 ± 0.6%), mean reflux number (30.4 ± 8.7 vs 24 ± 6.9), proximal reflux number (11.1 ± 5.2 vs 8.2 ± 3.6), acid reflux number (17.9 ± 6.1 vs 10.7 ± 6.9). Baseline impedance levels were lower in Group A than in Group B and in HVs (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Evaluating baseline impedance levels in patients with heartburn and normal AET could achieve a better understanding of pathophysiology in reflux disease patients, and could improve the distinction between FH and hypersensitive esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Martinucci
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
Detection of acid and nonacid reflux using esophageal reflux monitoring, which includes conventional and wireless pH monitoring and pH impedance, can be a valuable diagnostic tool when used appropriately in the assessment of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Reflux monitoring may be especially helpful if a management change is desired, such as when initial or empirical treatment is ineffective. However, each of these methods has its limitations, which need to be accounted for in their clinical use. Indications, test performance, interpretation, and clinical applications of esophageal reflux monitoring, as well as their limitations, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin A Carlson
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St Clair Street, Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John E Pandolfino
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St Clair Street, Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Forcelini CM, Tomiozzo JC, Farré R, Van Oudenhove L, Callegari-Jacques SM, Ribeiro M, Madalosso BH, Fornari F. Effect of nortriptyline on brain responses to painful esophageal acid infusion in patients with non-erosive reflux disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:187-95. [PMID: 24188252 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) patients generally present with heartburn as the main symptom. Antidepressants might help to relieve heartburn by acting on the esophagus-brain axis. We aimed to assess the effect of nortriptyline on behavioral and brain responses to painful esophageal acid infusion in NERD patients evaluated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHODS In a randomized double-blind crossover design, 20 NERD patients off proton pump inhibitors (36.1 ± 9.3 years, 75% women) were assigned to 21 days of nortriptyline and placebo, in counterbalanced order, with a 21 days washout period in between both treatment periods. Changes in acid-induced brain response on fMRI and heartburn perception were assessed and at the end of each treatment. KEY RESULTS Nortriptyline significantly reduced the acid-induced brain response in prefrontal cortex (median [IQR]: -1.9 [-4.5 to -0.1] vs -0.3 [-2.5 to 2.3]; p = 0.050), caudate (-3.0 [-5.1 to -0.01] vs 0.48 [-1.9 to 3.1]; p = 0.029), insula (-2.4 [-4.8 to -0.6] vs -0.2 [-1.5 to 1.5]; p = 0.029), cingulate (-4.2 [-8.8 to -0.1] vs -0.6 [-1.8 to 3.0]; p = 0.017), and hippocampus (-2.7 [-6.0 to 0.5] vs -0.04 [-2.3 to 1.9]; p = 0.006) in comparison with placebo. However, there was no significant difference between nortriptyline and placebo in clinical outcomes and side effects. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Nortriptyline decreased the brain response to esophageal acid infusion more markedly than placebo, but without clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Forcelini
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação: Ciências em Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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120
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Savarino E, Zentilin P, Furnari M, Bodini G, Marabotto E, Savarino V. Not All Patients With Non-erosive Reflux Disease Share Psychological Distress as Main Mechanism of Disease. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 20:129-30. [PMID: 24466456 PMCID: PMC3895601 DOI: 10.5056/jnm.2014.20.1.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Savarino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zentilin
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Manuele Furnari
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bodini
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisa Marabotto
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Savarino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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121
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de Bortoli N, Martinucci I, Savarino E, Bellini M, Bredenoord AJ, Franchi R, Bertani L, Furnari M, Savarino V, Blandizzi C, Marchi S. Proton pump inhibitor responders who are not confirmed as GERD patients with impedance and pH monitoring: who are they? Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:28-35. [PMID: 23992024 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A short-course of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is often used to confirm gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, some patients with PPI responsive heartburn do not seem to have evidence of GERD on impedance-pH monitoring (MII-pH). The aim of the study was to evaluate patients with reflux symptoms and a negative endoscopy, who well respond to PPIs with MII-pH. METHODS We enrolled 312 patients with GERD symptoms and negative endoscopy: 144 reported well-controlled symptoms after 8-week PPIs and 155 were non-responders. Symptom relief was evaluated with GERD Impact Scale and visual analog scale score. All patients underwent MII-pH off-therapy. Thirteen patients were excluded from analysis. Patients were grouped as follows: non-erosive reflux disease (NERD; increased acid exposure time, AET); hypersensitive esophagus (HE; normal AET, positive symptom association, SI/SAP); MII-pH-/PPI+ (normal AET, negative SI/SAP) in the responder group; MII-pH-/PPI- in non-responders. KEY RESULTS MII-pH in PPI responders (symptom relief during PPI therapy > 75%) showed: 79/144 NERD (54.9%); 37/144 HE (25.7%); 28/144 MII-pH-/PPI+ (19.4%). MII-pH-/PPI+ patients reported the same symptom relief when compared with NERD and HE. In non-responder (symptom relief during PPI therapy < 50%) group, 27/155 patients were NERD (17.4%); 53/155 were HE (34.2%); 75/155 were MII-pH-/PPI- (48.4%). NERD diagnosis was significantly higher in responder group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES In a substantial subgroup of patients responding to PPI with typical reflux symptoms, the diagnosis of GERD cannot be confirmed with pH-impedance monitoring. Proton pump inhibitor response and presence of typical symptoms are thus not reliable predictors of the diagnosis and antireflux surgery should always be preceded by reflux monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- N de Bortoli
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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122
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Emerenziani S, Ribolsi M, Guarino MPL, Balestrieri P, Altomare A, Rescio MP, Cicala M. Acid reflux episodes sensitize the esophagus to perception of weakly acidic and mixed reflux in non-erosive reflux disease patients. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:108-14. [PMID: 24118616 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) patients are more sensitive than erosive esophagitis patients to weakly acidic reflux and to the presence of gas in the refluxate. Intra-esophageal acid perfusion sensitizes esophageal receptors to mechanical and chemical stimuli. METHODS To establish whether acid sensitization plays a role in the perception of weakly acidic and mixed reflux episodes, 29 NERD patients, responders and 14 non-responders to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), underwent pH-impedance monitoring. Non-responders repeated the study while on PPIs. To assess the effect of acid exposure on symptom perception, the time period with pH below 4 was measured in 15- and 30-minute time-windows preceding the onset of each reflux episode. KEY RESULTS Considering weakly acidic and mixed refluxes, both in responder and non-responder patients (off PPIs), the symptomatic refluxes were preceded by a significantly higher cumulative acid exposure than the asymptomatic refluxes. In all patients, following acid reflux, the percentage of symptomatic weakly acidic reflux episodes was significantly higher than that of asymptomatic refluxes. Non-responder patients, off-treatment, were characterized by a lower proportion of weakly acidic reflux and mixed reflux episodes. In the non-responder patients on PPI, only mixed and weakly symptomatic reflux episodes were preceded by a higher cumulative acid exposure. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES In NERD patients, spontaneous acid reflux enhances subsequent reflux perception, regardless of acidity or liquid/mixed composition of episodes; in non-responder patients on PPIs, only the perception of mixed and weakly acidic reflux episodes seems to be mediated by a preceding acid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Emerenziani
- Unit of Digestive Disease, Campus Bio Medico University, Roma, Italy
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Dulbecco P, Savarino V. Therapeutic potential of curcumin in digestive diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:9256-9270. [PMID: 24409053 PMCID: PMC3882399 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i48.9256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a low-molecular-weight hydrophobic polyphenol that is extracted from turmeric, which possesses a wide range of biological properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative and anti-microbial activities. Despite its diverse targets and substantial safety, clinical applications of this molecule for digestive disorders have been largely limited to case series or small clinical trials. The poor bioavailability of curcumin is likely the major hurdle for its more widespread use in humans. However, complexation of curcumin into phytosomes has recently helped to bypass this problem, as it has been demonstrated that this new lecithin formulation enables increased absorption to a level 29-fold higher than that of traditional curcuminoid products. This allows us to achieve much greater tissue substance delivery using significantly lower doses of curcumin than have been used in past clinical studies. As curcumin has already been shown to provide good therapeutic results in some small studies of both inflammatory and neoplastic bowel disorders, it is reasonable to anticipate an even greater efficacy with the advent of this new technology, which remarkably improves its bioavailability. These features are very promising and may represent a novel and effective therapeutic approach to both functional and organic digestive diseases.
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DeVault K, McMahon BP, Celebi A, Costamagna G, Marchese M, Clarke JO, Hejazi RA, McCallum RW, Savarino V, Zentilin P, Savarino E, Thomson M, Souza RF, Donohoe CL, O'Farrell NJ, Reynolds JV. Defining esophageal landmarks, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Barrett's esophagus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1300:278-295. [PMID: 24117649 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The following paper on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett's esophagus (BE) includes commentaries on defining esophageal landmarks; new techniques for evaluating upper esophageal sphincter (UES) tone; differential diagnosis of GERD, BE, and hiatal hernia (HH); the use of high-resolution manometry for evaluation of reflux; the role of fundic relaxation in reflux; the use of 24-h esophageal pH-impedance testing in differentiating acid from nonacid reflux and its potential inclusion in future Rome criteria; classification of endoscopic findings in GERD; the search for the cell origin that generates BE; and the relationship between BE, Barrett's carcinoma, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barry P McMahon
- Trinity Academic Gastroenterology Group, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Altay Celebi
- Kocaeli University Medical Facility, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Guido Costamagna
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Marchese
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - John O Clarke
- Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Reza A Hejazi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas
| | - Richard W McCallum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas
| | - Vincenzo Savarino
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Edoardo Savarino
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mike Thomson
- Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rhonda F Souza
- Departments of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and the VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
| | - Claire L Donohoe
- Trinity College Dublin/St James' Hospital, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Naoimh J O'Farrell
- Trinity College Dublin/St James' Hospital, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John V Reynolds
- Trinity College Dublin/St James' Hospital, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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125
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Diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013; 2013:709620. [PMID: 24307894 PMCID: PMC3836293 DOI: 10.1155/2013/709620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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126
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Chiu CT, Hsu CM, Wang CC, Chang JJ, Sung CM, Lin CJ, Chen LW, Su MY, Chen TH. Randomised clinical trial: sodium alginate oral suspension is non-inferior to omeprazole in the treatment of patients with non-erosive gastroesophageal disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38:1054-64. [PMID: 24024757 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is increasing in the Asia area and the majority of GERD patients have non-erosive reflux disease (NERD). AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sodium alginate suspension compared to omeprazole in adult subjects with NERD. METHODS In this 4-week, double-blind, parallel study, 195 NERD subjects were randomised to one of two treatment groups: sodium alginate suspension 20 mL three times a day and omeprazole 20 mg once daily. The primary efficacy endpoint was the percentage of patients achieving adequate heartburn or regurgitation relief at day 28 assessed by patient diary. The secondary efficacy endpoints included percentage of patients achieving adequate heartburn or regurgitation relief, change from baseline of the Reflux Disease Questionnaire total score at day 14 and 28 from baseline, and patients' overall satisfaction. RESULTS In this study, 183 subjects were included in the intent-to-treat population, and 172 subjects were included in the per-protocol population. Non-inferiority of sodium alginate to omeprazole was demonstrated in the intent-to-treat population [difference, 2.7% (53.3% vs. 50.5%, P = 0.175), 95% lower confidence interval -11.9%, above the preset margin of -19%]. All of the secondary efficacy endpoints were comparable between two groups. The incidence of adverse event was relatively low and there was no difference between the two groups (5.4% vs. 5.5% for sodium alginate vs. omeprazole). No severe adverse event was noted in this study. CONCLUSION The study showed that sodium alginate was as effective as omeprazole for symptomatic relief in patients with non-erosive reflux disease (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01338077).
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Affiliation(s)
- C-T Chiu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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127
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Not all anti-reflux treatment failures are due to persistence of abnormal esophageal acid exposure. Surg Endosc 2013; 28:1382-3. [PMID: 24162141 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-013-3291-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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128
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Cicala M, Emerenziani S, Guarino MPL, Ribolsi M. Proton pump inhibitor resistance, the real challenge in gastro-esophageal reflux disease. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:6529-6535. [PMID: 24151377 PMCID: PMC3801364 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i39.6529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases. Although proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) represent the mainstay of treatment both for healing erosive esophagitis and for symptom relief, several studies have shown that up to 40% of GERD patients reported either partial or complete lack of response of their symptoms to a standard PPI dose once daily. Several mechanisms have been proposed as involved in PPIs resistance, including ineffective control of gastric acid secretion, esophageal hypersensitivity, ultrastructural and functional changes in the esophageal epithelium. The diagnostic evaluation of a refractory GERD patients should include an accurate clinical evaluation, upper endoscopy, esophageal manometry and ambulatory pH-impedance monitoring, which allows to discriminate non-erosive reflux disease patients from those presenting esophageal hypersensitivity or functional heartburn. Treatment has been primarily based on doubling the PPI dose or switching to another PPI. Patients with proven disease, not responding to PPI twice daily, are eligible for anti-reflux surgery.
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129
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Savarino E, Zentilin P, Savarino V, Tenca A, Penagini R, Clarke JO, Bravi I, Zerbib F, Yüksel ES. Functional testing: pharyngeal pH monitoring and high-resolution manometry. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1300:226-235. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Savarino
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Tenca
- Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Scienze Mediche; Milan Italy
| | - Roberto Penagini
- Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Scienze Mediche; Milan Italy
| | - John O. Clarke
- Division of Gastroenterology; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Ivana Bravi
- Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Scienze Mediche; Milan Italy
| | - Frank Zerbib
- Department of Gastroenterology; Saint Andre Hospital; Bordeaux France
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130
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de Bortoli N, Martinucci I, Bellini M, Savarino E, Savarino V, Blandizzi C, Marchi S. Overlap of functional heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease with irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:5787-5797. [PMID: 24124323 PMCID: PMC3793133 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i35.5787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies indicate a significant degree of overlap between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Likewise, both functional heartburn (FH) and IBS are functional digestive disorders that may occur in the same patients. However, data establishing a solid link between FH and IBS are lacking, mainly because the clinical definition of FH has undergone substantial changes over the years. The available literature on the overlap between GERD or FH and IBS highlights considerable heterogeneity in terms of the criteria and diagnostic procedures used to assess heartburn and IBS. In particular, several epidemiological studies included patients with concomitant IBS and GERD without any attempt to distinguish FH (as defined by the Rome III criteria) from GERD via pathophysiological investigations. Independent of these critical issues, there is preliminary evidence supporting a significant degree of FH-IBS overlap. This underscores the need for studies based on updated diagnostic criteria and accurate pathophysiological classifications, particularly to distinguish FH from GERD. This distinction would represent an essential starting point to achieving a better understanding of pathophysiology in the subclasses of patients with GERD and FH and properly assessing the different degrees of overlap between IBS and the subcategories of heartburn.The present review article intends to appraise and critically discuss current evidence supporting a possible concomitance of GERD or FH with IBS in the same patients and to highlight the pathophysiological relationships between these disorders.
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131
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de Bortoli N, Martinucci I, Marchi S, Savarino E. Symptom analysis improves GERD diagnosis and may be helpful to define a successful surgical approach. Surg Endosc 2013; 28:698-9. [PMID: 23996339 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-013-3174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola de Bortoli
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine and New Technology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy,
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132
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Ottonello A, Savarino V, Savarino E. Non-erosive reflux disease patients are more complex than the sole endoscopy tells us. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 17:1965-6. [PMID: 23929362 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ottonello
- Sezione di Clinica Odontostomatologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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133
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Savarino E, Giacchino M, Savarino V. The importance of subgrouping refractory NERD patients according to esophageal pH-impedance testing. Surg Endosc 2013; 27:3503-4. [PMID: 23846361 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-013-3039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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134
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Current advances in the diagnosis and treatment of nonerosive reflux disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013; 2013:653989. [PMID: 23935610 PMCID: PMC3725792 DOI: 10.1155/2013/653989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) is a distinct pattern of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It is defined as a subcategory of GERD characterized by troublesome reflux-related symptoms in the absence of esophageal mucosal erosions/breaks at conventional endoscopy. In clinical practice, patients with reflux symptoms and negative endoscopic findings are markedly heterogeneous. The potential explanations for the symptom generation in NERD include microscopic inflammation, visceral hypersensitivity (stress and sleep), and sustained esophageal contractions. The use of 24-hour esophageal impedance and pH monitoring gives further insight into reflux characteristics and symptom association relevant to NERD. The treatment choice of NERD still relies on acid-suppression therapy. Initially, patients can be treated by a proton pump inhibitor (PPI; standard dose, once daily) for 2–4 weeks. If initial treatment fails to elicit adequate symptom control, increasing the PPI dose (standard dose PPI twice daily) is recommended. In patients with poor response to appropriate PPI treatment, 24-hour esophageal impedance and pH monitoring is indicated to differentiate acid-reflux-related NERD, weakly acid-reflux-related NERD (hypersensitive esophagus), nonacid-reflux-related NERD, and functional heartburn. The response is less effective in NERD as compared with erosive esophagitis.
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Frazzoni M, Piccoli M, Conigliaro R, Manta R, Frazzoni L, Melotti G. Reply to "the importance of subgrouping refractory NERD patients according to esophageal pH-impedance testing". Surg Endosc 2013; 27:4403-5. [PMID: 23760944 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-013-3041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marzio Frazzoni
- Fisiopatologia Digestiva, Nuovo Ospedale S. Agostino, Viale Giardini 1355, 41100, Modena, Italy,
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Savarino E, Zentilin P, Savarino V. NERD: an umbrella term including heterogeneous subpopulations. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10:371-80. [PMID: 23528345 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) represents the more common phenotypic presentation of GERD and comprises patients who have typical symptoms without any mucosal breaks at endoscopy. However, these patients are markedly heterogeneous from a pathophysiological point of view and should be correctly classified by means of 24 h impedance-pH testing, which enables detection of both acidic and weakly acidic reflux and correlation with symptoms. This technique is able to identify two subsets of NERD (that is, patients with an excess of acid or with a hypersensitive oesophagus to both acid and weakly acidic reflux) and patients with functional heartburn (who do not have any kind of reflux underlying their symptoms and must be excluded from the realm of GERD). The mechanisms of symptom generation are not clear in patients with NERD, but the presence of microscopic oesophagitis, including the dilation of intercellular spaces, seems to have a relevant role. Patients with NERD in whom acid is the main pathogenetic factor respond successfully to PPI therapy, while those with hypersensitive oesophagus to weakly acidic reflux need to be treated with reflux inhibitors or surgery, although the experience in this field is very scant. Patients with functional heartburn should undergo therapy with pain modulators, but large placebo-controlled trials are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Savarino
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
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Niu XP, Yu BP, Wang YD, Han Z, Liu SF, He CY, Zhang GZ, Wu WC. Risk factors for proton pump inhibitor refractoriness in Chinese patients with non-erosive reflux disease. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:3124-3129. [PMID: 23716993 PMCID: PMC3662953 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i20.3124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze risk factors for refractoriness to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD).
METHODS: A total of 256 NERD patients treated with the PPI esomeprazole were enrolled. They were classified into symptom-free and residual symptoms groups according to Quality of Life in Reflux and Dyspepsia (QolRad) scale. All subjects completed questionnaires on psychological status (self-rating anxiety scale; self-rating depression scale) and quality of life scale (Short Form 36). Multivariate analysis was used to determine the predictive factors for PPI responses.
RESULTS: According to QolRad, 97 patients were confirmed to have residual reflux symptoms, and the remaining 159 patients were considered symptom free. There were no significant differences between the two groups in lifestyle factors (smoking and alcohol consumption), age, Helicobacter pylori infection, and hiatal hernia. There were significant differences between the two groups in relation to sex, psychological distress including anxiety and depression, body mass index (BMI), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis found that BMI < 23, comorbid IBS, anxiety, and depression were major risk factors for PPI resistance. Symptomatic patients had a lower quality of life compared with symptom-free patients.
CONCLUSION: Some NERD patients are refractory to PPIs and have lower quality of life. Residual symptoms are associated with psychological distress, intestinal disorders, and low BMI.
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138
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Savarino E, de Bortoli N, Brunacci M, Savarino V. Letter: symptom indexes in reflux monitoring - two are better than one. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:918. [PMID: 23551159 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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139
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Savarino E, Zentilin P, Galeazzi F, Savarino V. Symptom association analysis is important in GERD patients undergoing endoscopic therapy. Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 77:832. [PMID: 23582538 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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140
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Esophageal acid exposure still plays a major role in patients with NERD. J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:552-3. [PMID: 23381100 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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141
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Savarino E, Zentilin P, Mastracci L, Dulbecco P, Marabotto E, Gemignani L, Bruzzone L, de Bortoli N, Frigo AC, Fiocca R, Savarino V. Microscopic esophagitis distinguishes patients with non-erosive reflux disease from those with functional heartburn. J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:473-82. [PMID: 23001252 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-012-0672-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microscopic esophagitis (ME) is common in patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD), and dilation of intercellular spaces (DIS) has been regarded as the potential main mechanism of symptom generation. We aimed to compare these histological abnormalities in healthy volunteers (HVs) and patients with erosive esophagitis (EE), NERD, and functional heartburn (FH). METHODS Consecutive patients with heartburn prospectively underwent upper endoscopy and impedance-pH off-therapy. Twenty EE patients and fifty-seven endoscopy-negative patients (NERD), subclassified as 22 with pH-POS (positive for abnormal acid exposure), 20 with hypersensitive esophagus (HE; normal acid/symptom association probability [SAP]+ or symptom index [SI]+), and 15 with FH (normal acid/SAP-/SI-/ proton pump inhibitor [PPI] test-), were enrolled. Twenty HVs were also included. In each patient/control, multiple specimens (n = 5) were taken from the distal esophagus and histological alterations were evaluated. ME was diagnosed when the global histological score was >0.35. RESULTS The prevalence of ME was higher (p < 0.0001) in EE (95 %), pH-POS (77 %), and HE (65 %) NERD patients than in FH patients (13 %) and HVs (15 %). Also, basal cell hyperplasia (p < 0.0023), DIS (p < 0.0001), and papillae elongation (p < 0.0002) showed similar rates of prevalence in the above populations (p < 0.0001). ME, including each histological lesion, had similar low frequencies in FH and HVs (p = 0.9990). Considering the histological abnormalities together, they permitted us to clearly differentiate EE and NERD from FH and HVs (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The lack of ME in the esophageal distal biopsies of FH patients indicates a limited role of these histological abnormalities in symptom generation in them. ME can be considered as an accurate and reliable diagnostic marker for distinguishing FH patients from GERD patients and has the potential to be used to guide the correct therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Savarino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35121, Padua, Italy.
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Jung HK, Hong SJ, Jo YJ, Jeon SW, Cho YK, Lee KJ, Lee JS, Park HJ, Shin ES, Lee SH, Han SU. [Updated guidelines 2012 for gastroesophageal reflux disease]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2013; 60:195-218. [PMID: 23089906 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2012.60.4.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In 2010, a Korean guideline for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was made by the Korean Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, in which the definition and diagnosis of GERD were not included. The aim of this guideline was to update the clinical approach to the diagnosis and management of GERD in adult patients. This guideline was developed by the adaptation process of the ADAPTE framework. Twelve guidelines were retrieved from initial queries through the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II process. Twenty-seven statements were made as a draft and revised by modified Delphi method. Finally, 24 consensus statements for the definition (n=4), diagnosis (n=7) and management (n=13) of GERD were developed. Multidisciplinary experts participated in the development of the guideline, and the external review of the guideline was conducted at the finalization phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyung Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Quigley EMM, Lacy BE. Overlap of functional dyspepsia and GERD--diagnostic and treatment implications. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10:175-86. [PMID: 23296247 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
GERD and functional dyspepsia are the two most prevalent upper gastrointestinal disorders. Gastro-oesophageal reflux is most commonly diagnosed using the cardinal symptoms of heartburn and regurgitation. Patients might also be diagnosed using a questionnaire, after empiric treatment with an acid suppressant, after upper endoscopy or by pH testing. Functional dyspepsia is best diagnosed using symptoms outlined by the Rome committee in conjunction with a normal upper endoscopy. Theoretically, distinguishing these two populations should be easy for all health-care providers. In reality, however, carefully separating out these two populations can be quite difficult, as substantial overlap exists epidemiologically, symptomatically and even diagnostically. This overlap renders precise diagnosis a challenge; given the limited treatment options, the primary goal is to identify those patients who will respond to acid suppressive therapy. Despite the frequency with which functional dyspepsia and GERD overlap, remarkably few studies have investigated this overlap. Most recommendations are based on data derived from separate studies of functional dyspepsia and GERD. A further limitation of existing studies is their failure to differentiate between the various diagnostic categories into which the individual presenting with heartburn might belong.
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144
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with heartburn and normal upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, normal oesophageal acid exposure, no symptom-reflux association and who fail to respond to a proton-pump inhibitor are classified as having functional heartburn (FH). This study aimed (i) to characterize the symptoms and functional abnormalities of patients with FH and (ii) to describe their clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Among all patients referred for 24 h multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH (MII-pH), patients with FH were identified. The clinical characteristics and high-resolution oesophageal pressure topography recordings of FH patients were analyzed at the time of the 24-h MII-pH test. A symptom-related and health-related quality-of-life questionnaire was then sent to FH patients to assess the long-term outcome. RESULTS Forty patients fulfilled the criteria for FH, representing 8.5% of the referred population. Twenty-two months after initial testing, 66% of patients still suffered from heartburn. The rate of mixed reflux (liquid/gas) was higher in patients with persisting heartburn at the final evaluation (63 vs. 50%, P=0.04). Sixty-six per cent of patients had one or more manometric abnormalities. Acid clearance time in MII-pH was significantly higher in patients with weak peristalsis than patients with normal peristalsis (60 ± 45 vs. 31 ± 19 s, P=0.03). A high rate of mixed reflux and/or a manometric abnormality were associated with a higher risk of persistent heartburn. CONCLUSION FH is a chronic disorder with persisting symptoms in two-thirds of patients. An increased rate of mixed reflux and/or the presence of manometric abnormalities are associated with a higher risk of persisting symptoms and may help to identify the population with unmet therapeutic needs.
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145
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Prolonged 2-day esophageal pH-metry with impedance monitoring improves symptom-reflux association analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:2556-63. [PMID: 23589144 PMCID: PMC3766517 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The day-to-day variability in the number of reflux episodes and symptoms of gastro-esophageal reflux disease is high; therefore, the assessment of reflux disease based on 24-h monitoring may be inaccurate. AIMS The aim of the study was to compare prolonged (48 h) and standard (24 h) pH-impedance monitoring (pH-MII). METHODS Fifty-four consecutive patients with typical and atypical reflux symptoms underwent 48-h pH-MII. Acid exposure time (AET), total number of reflux episodes (TR), number of symptoms, and symptom association probability (SAP) were analyzed after the first 24 h and compared with the results obtained during 48 h of monitoring. RESULTS The differences between the fractions of patients with normal and abnormal total AET and TR on both days were not significant. The percentage of patients with positive SAP was 57.9% at 24 h and 71.9% at 48 h (difference: 14.81%, 95% CI 0.7-21.29, P<0.05). There were ten patients (10/54, 18.5%) with positive SAP after 48 h that had been negative in the first 24 h. In comparison to 24 h monitoring, patients reported a significantly increased number of various symptoms correlated with reflux after 48 h. CONCLUSIONS Extending pH-MII monitoring to 48 h does not improve the detection of abnormal acid exposure. However, it does increase the fraction of patients with positive symptom-reflux association by as much as 18.5%.
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146
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Lee H, Lee SK, Park JC, Shin SK, Lee YC. Effect of acid swallowing on esophageal contraction in patients with heartburn related to hypersensitivity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28:84-9. [PMID: 22988979 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM There are heterogeneous subgroups among those with heartburn, and data on these individuals are relatively scant. We aimed to evaluate the effect of acid challenge on the segmental contractions of esophageal smooth muscle in endoscopy-negative patients with normal esophageal acid exposure. METHODS High-resolution esophageal manometry (HRM) was performed on 30 endoscopy-negative patients with heartburn accompanied by normal esophageal acid exposure using 10 water swallows followed by 10 acidic pomegranate juice swallows. Patients were classified into functional heartburn (FH) and hypersensitive esophagus (HE) groups based on the results of 24-hr impedance pH testing. HRM topographic plots were analyzed and maximal wave amplitude and pressure volumes were measured for proximal and distal smooth muscle segments. RESULTS The pressure volume of the distal smooth muscle segment in the HE group measured during acidic swallows was higher than during water swallows (2224.1 ± 68.2 mmHg/cm per s versus 2105.6 ± 66.4 mmHg/cm per s, P = 0.027). A prominent shift in the pressure volume to the distal smooth muscle segment was observed in the HE group compared with the FH group (segmental ratio: 2.72 ± 0.08 versus 2.39 ± 0.07, P = 0.005). Manometric measurements during acidic swallows revealed that this shift was augmented in the HE group. The optimal ratio of pomegranate juice swallowing for discrimination of FH from HE was 2.82, with a sensitivity of 88.9% and a specificity of 100%. CONCLUSIONS Hypercontractile response of distal smooth muscle segment to acid swallowing was more prominent in the HE group than the FH group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Viazis N, Keyoglou A, Kanellopoulos AK, Karamanolis G, Vlachogiannakos J, Triantafyllou K, Ladas SD, Karamanolis DG. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of hypersensitive esophagus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107:1662-7. [PMID: 21625270 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2011.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ambulatory 24-h pH-impedance monitoring can be used to assess the relationship of persistent symptoms and reflux episodes, despite proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. Using this technique, we aimed to identify patients with hypersensitive esophagus and evaluate the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on their symptoms. METHODS Patients with normal endoscopy and typical reflux symptoms (heartburn, chest pain, and regurgitation), despite PPI therapy twice daily, underwent 24-h pH-impedance monitoring. Distal esophageal acid exposure (% time pH <4) was measured and reflux episodes were classified into acid or non-acid. A positive symptom index (SI) was declared if at least half of the symptom events were preceded by reflux episodes. Patients with a normal distal esophageal acid exposure time, but with a positive SI were classified as having hypersensitive esophagus and were randomized to receive citalopram 20 mg or placebo once daily for 6 months. RESULTS A total of 252 patients (150 females (59.5%); mean age 55 (range 18-75) years) underwent 24-h pH-impedance monitoring. Two hundred and nineteen patients (86.9%) recorded symptoms during the study day, while 105 (47.9%) of those had a positive SI (22 (20.95%) with acid, 5 (4.76%) with both acid and non-acid, and 78 (74.29%) with non-acid reflux). Among those 105 patients, 75 (71.4%) had normal distal esophageal acid exposure time and were randomized to receive citalopram 20 mg (group A, n=39) or placebo (group B, n=36). At the end of the follow-up period, 15 out of the 39 patients of group A (38.5%) and 24 out of the 36 patients of group B (66.7%) continue to report reflux symptoms (P=0.021). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with SSRIs is effective in a select group of patients with hypersensitive esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Viazis
- 2nd Department of Gastroenterology, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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148
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Savarino E, Zentilin P, Savarino V. It is time to plan clinical trials on true NERD patients. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24:885-6; author reply 887. [PMID: 22908863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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149
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de Bortoli N, Nacci A, Savarino E, Martinucci I, Bellini M, Fattori B, Ceccarelli L, Costa F, Mumolo MG, Ricchiuti A, Savarino V, Berrettini S, Marchi S. How many cases of laryngopharyngeal reflux suspected by laryngoscopy are gastroesophageal reflux disease-related? World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:4363-70. [PMID: 22969200 PMCID: PMC3436052 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i32.4363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in patients with a laryngoscopic diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR).
METHODS: Between May 2011 and October 2011, 41 consecutive patients with laryngopharyngeal symptoms (LPS) and laryngoscopic diagnosis of LPR were empirically treated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for at least 8 wk, and the therapeutic outcome was assessed through validated questionnaires (GERD impact scale, GIS; visual analogue scale, VAS). LPR diagnosis was performed by ear, nose and throat specialists using the reflux finding score (RFS) and reflux symptom index (RSI). After a 16-d wash-out from PPIs, all patients underwent an upper endoscopy, stationary esophageal manometry, 24-h multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH (MII-pH) esophageal monitoring. A positive correlation between LPR diagnosis and GERD was supposed based on the presence of esophagitis (ERD), pathological acid exposure time (AET) in the absence of esophageal erosions (NERD), and a positive correlation between symptoms and refluxes (hypersensitive esophagus, HE).
RESULTS: The male/female ratio was 0.52 (14/27), the mean age ± SD was 51.5 ± 12.7 years, and the mean body mass index was 25.7 ± 3.4 kg/m2. All subjects reported one or more LPS. Twenty-five out of 41 patients also had typical GERD symptoms (heartburn and/or regurgitation). The most frequent laryngoscopic findings were posterior laryngeal hyperemia (38/41), linear indentation in the medial edge of the vocal fold (31/41), vocal fold nodules (6/41) and diffuse infraglottic oedema (25/41). The GIS analysis showed that 10/41 patients reported symptom relief with PPI therapy (P < 0.05); conversely, 23/41 did not report any clinical improvement. At the same time, the VAS analysis showed a significant reduction in typical GERD symptoms after PPI therapy (P < 0.001). A significant reduction in LPS symptoms. On the other hand, such result was not recorded for LPS. Esophagitis was detected in 2/41 patients, and ineffective esophageal motility was found in 3/41 patients. The MII-pH analysis showed an abnormal AET in 5/41 patients (2 ERD and 3 NERD); 11/41 patients had a normal AET and a positive association between symptoms and refluxes (HE), and 25/41 patients had a normal AET and a negative association between symptoms and refluxes (no GERD patients). It is noteworthy that HE patients had a positive association with typical GERD-related symptoms. Gas refluxes were found more frequently in patients with globus (29.7 ± 3.6) and hoarseness (21.5 ± 7.4) than in patients with heartburn or regurgitation (7.8 ± 6.2). Gas refluxes were positively associated with extra-esophageal symptoms (P < 0.05). Overall, no differences were found among the three groups of patients in terms of the frequency of laryngeal signs. The proximal reflux was abnormal in patients with ERD/NERD only. The differences observed by means of MII-pH analysis among the three subgroups of patients (ERD/NERD, HE, no GERD) were not demonstrated with the RSI and RFS. Moreover, only the number of gas refluxes was found to have a significant association with the RFS (P = 0.028 and P = 0.026, nominal and numerical correlation, respectively).
CONCLUSION: MII-pH analysis confirmed GERD diagnosis in less than 40% of patients with previous diagnosis of LPR, most likely because of the low specificity of the laryngoscopic findings.
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Savarino E, de Bortoli N, Zentilin P, Martinucci I, Bruzzone L, Furnari M, Marchi S, Savarino V. Alginate controls heartburn in patients with erosive and nonerosive reflux disease. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:4371-8. [PMID: 22969201 PMCID: PMC3436053 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i32.4371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the effect of a novel alginate-based compound, Faringel, in modifying reflux characteristics and controlling symptoms.
METHODS: In this prospective, open-label study, 40 patients reporting heartburn and regurgitation with proven reflux disease (i.e., positive impedance-pH test/evidence of erosive esophagitis at upper endoscopy) underwent 2 h impedance-pH testing after eating a refluxogenic meal. They were studied for 1 h under basal conditions and 1 h after taking 10 mL Faringel. In both sessions, measurements were obtained in right lateral and supine decubitus positions. Patients also completed a validated questionnaire consisting of a 2-item 5-point (0-4) Likert scale and a 10-cm visual analogue scale (VAS) in order to evaluate the efficacy of Faringel in symptom relief. Tolerability of the treatment was assessed using a 6-point Likert scale ranging from very good (1) to very poor (6).
RESULTS: Faringel decreased significantly (P < 0.001), in both the right lateral and supine decubitus positions, esophageal acid exposure time [median 10 (25th-75th percentil 6-16) vs 5.8 (4-10) and 16 (11-19) vs 7.5 (5-11), respectively] and acid refluxes [5 (3-8) vs 1 (1-1) and 6 (4-8) vs 2 (1-2), respectively], but increased significantly (P < 0.01) the number of nonacid reflux events compared with baseline [2 (1-3) vs 3 (2-5) and 3 (2-4) vs 6 (3-8), respectively]. Percentage of proximal migration decreased in both decubitus positions (60% vs 32% and 64% vs 35%, respectively; P < 0.001). Faringel was significantly effective in controlling heartburn, based on both the Likert scale [3.1 (range 1-4) vs 0.9 (0-2); P < 0.001] and VAS score [7.1 (3-9.8) vs 2 (0.1-4.8); P < 0.001], but it had less success against regurgitation, based on both the Likert scale [2.6 (1-4) vs 2.2 (1-4); P = not significant (NS)] and VAS score [5.6 (2-9.6) vs 3.9 (1-8.8); P = NS]. Overall, the tolerability of Faringel was very good 5 (2-6), with only two patients reporting modest adverse events (i.e., nausea and bloating).
CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that Faringel is well-tolerated and effective in reducing heartburn by modifying esophageal acid exposure time, number of acid refluxes and their proximal migration.
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