101
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Song L, Li J, Yuan X, Liu W, Chen Z, Guo D, Yang F, Guo Q, Song H. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecule suppresses inflammatory and osteoclastogenic cytokines in nicotine- and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human periodontal ligament cells via the heme oxygenase-1 pathway. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1591-1601. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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102
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Brito C, Stavroullakis A, Oliveira T, Prakki A. Cytotoxicity and potential anti-inflammatory activity of velutin on RAW 264.7 cell line differentiation: Implications in periodontal bone loss. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 83:348-356. [PMID: 28898790 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) has been implicated in periodontal tissue inflammation and possibly in osteoclast differentiation, while polyphenols are known to be anti-inflammatory natural compounds that are capable of regulating the NF-κB protein complex pathway. The objective of this study was to investigate cytotoxicity and HIF-1α expression through the NF-κB pathway by polyphenol velutin (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), found in the pulp of acai fruit, during inflammatory RAW 264.7 differentiation. DESIGN RAW 264.7 mouse monocyte macrophage cells were stimulated with RANKL (30ng/mL) and Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (1μg/mL). Cells were treated with various concentrations of velutin (0.5-2μM) to check for viability, morphology, osteoclast differentiation, and HIF-1α expression (Western blot). RESULTS Alamar blue cell viability assay showed no toxicity to RAW cells with the use of velutin in all concentrations tested (p>0.05). Velutin did not induce cell apoptosis based on caspase 3/7 assay (p>0.05). Fluorescence images stained by DAPI showed no alteration in the morphology of RAW cell nuclei (p>0.05) treated with velutin. TRAP assays demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in osteoclast formation by velutin when compared with control (p<0.05). Velutin showed a reduction in HIF-1α expression related to IκB phosphorylation when compared with control (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS At the tested concentrations, velutin was not cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 and differentiated cells. Velutin reduced osteoclast differentiation and downregulated HIF-1α through the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Brito
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexander Stavroullakis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tatiane Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Anuradha Prakki
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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103
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Bai B, Zhang E, Liu J, Zhu J. The anti-bacterial activity of titanium-copper sintered alloy against Porphyromonas gingivalis in vitro. Dent Mater J 2017; 35:659-67. [PMID: 27477233 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2016-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the anti-bacterial property of Ti-Cu sintered alloys against Porphyromonas gingivalis. The anti-anaerobic property of Ti-Cu sintered alloys against P. gingivalis was investigated by antibacterial activity test, DNA measurement, DAPI staining and morphology observation. The antibacterial rates of the Ti-5Cu against P. gingivalis after 18 and 24 h incubation were 36.04 and 54.39%, and those of Ti-10Cu were 68.69 and 75.39%, which were lower than their anti-aerobic abilities. The concentration of P. gingivalis DNA gradually decreased with the increasing Cu content, which was nearly 50% after 24 h incubation on Ti-10Cu. SEM results showed that the shape of P. gingivalis changed and the bacteria broke apart with the addition of Cu and the extension of the culture time. Ti-Cu sintered alloys could not only kill anaerobic bacteria but also reduce the activity of the survived bacteria. The anti-anaerobic mechanism was thought to be in associated with the Cu ion released from Ti-Cu alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Bai
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University
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104
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Ebersole JL, Dawson D, Emecen-Huja P, Nagarajan R, Howard K, Grady ME, Thompson K, Peyyala R, Al-Attar A, Lethbridge K, Kirakodu S, Gonzalez OA. The periodontal war: microbes and immunity. Periodontol 2000 2017; 75:52-115. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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105
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Nakamura S, Ando M, Hamaguchi HO, Yamamoto M. Analysis of root surface properties by fluorescence/Raman intensity ratio. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:1857-1863. [PMID: 28744587 PMCID: PMC5653708 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the existence of residual calculus on root surfaces by determining the fluorescence/Raman intensity ratio. Thirty-two extracted human teeth, partially covered with calculus on the root surface, were evaluated by using a portable Raman spectrophotometer, and a 785-nm, 100-mW laser was applied for fluorescence/Raman excitation. The collected spectra were normalized to the hydroxyapatite Raman band intensity at 960 cm−1. Raman spectra were recorded from the same point after changing the focal distance of the laser and the target radiating angle. In seven teeth, the condition of calculus, cementum, and dentin were evaluated. In 25 teeth, we determined the fluorescence/Raman intensity ratio following three strokes of debridement. Raman spectra collected from the dentin, cementum, and calculus were different. After normalization, spectra values were constant. The fluorescence/Raman intensity ratio of calculus region showed significant differences compared to the cementum and dentin (p < 0.05). The fluorescence/Raman intensity ratio decreased with calculus debridement. For this analysis, the delta value was defined as the difference between the values before and after three strokes, with the final 2 delta values close to zero, indicating a gradual asymptotic curve and the change in intensity ratio approximating that of individual constants. Fluorescence/Raman intensity ratio was effectively used to cancel the angle- and distance-dependent fluctuations of fluorescence collection efficiency during measurement. Changes in the fluorescence/Raman intensity ratio near zero suggested that cementum or dentin was exposed, and calculus removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Nakamura
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1, Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, 145-8515, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ando
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1, Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, 145-8515, Japan
| | - Hiro-O Hamaguchi
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1, Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, 145-8515, Japan
| | - Matsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1, Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, 145-8515, Japan.
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106
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Using Tn-seq To Identify Pigmentation-Related Genes of Porphyromonas gingivalis: Characterization of the Role of a Putative Glycosyltransferase. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00832-16. [PMID: 28484050 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00832-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular pigmentation is an important virulence factor of the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis Pigmentation has been associated with many bacterial functions, including but not limited to colonization, maintaining a local anaerobic environment by binding oxygen molecules, and defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by immune cells. Pigmentation-associated loci identified to date have involved lipopolysaccharide, fimbriae, and heme acquisition and processing. We utilized a transposon mutant library of P. gingivalis strain ATCC 33277 and screened for pigmentation-defective colonies using massively parallel sequencing of the transposon junctions (Tn-seq) to identify genes involved in pigmentation. Transposon insertions at 235 separate sites, located in 67 genes and 15 intergenic regions, resulted in altered pigmentation: 7 of the genes had previously been shown to be involved in pigmentation, while 75 genes and intergenic regions had not. To further confirm identification, we generated a smaller transposon mutant library in P. gingivalis strain W83 and identified pigment mutations in several of the same loci as those identified in the screen in ATCC 33277 but also eight that were not identified in the ATCC 33277 screen. PGN_0361/PG_0264, a putative glycosyltransferase gene located between two tRNA synthetase genes and adjacent to a miniature inverted-repeat transposable element, was identified in the Tn-seq screen and then verified through targeted deletion and complementation. Deletion mutations in PGN_0361/PG_0264 glycosyltransferase abolish pigmentation, modulate gingipain protease activity, and alter lipopolysaccharide. The mechanisms of involvement in pigmentation for other loci identified in this study remain to be determined, but our screen provides the most complete survey of genes involved in pigmentation to date.IMPORTANCEP. gingivalis has been implicated in the onset and progression of periodontal disease. One important virulence factor is the bacterium's ability to produce pigment. Using a transposon library, we were able to identify both known and novel genes involved in pigmentation of P. gingivalis We identified a glycosyltransferase, previously not associated with pigmentation, that is required for pigmentation and determined its mechanism of involvement. A better understanding of the genes involved in pigmentation may lead to new insights into the complex mechanisms involved in this important virulence characteristic and could facilitate development of novel therapeutics.
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107
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Bacterial protease uses distinct thermodynamic signatures for substrate recognition. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2848. [PMID: 28588213 PMCID: PMC5460201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03220-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis and Porphyromonas endodontalis are important bacteria related to periodontitis, the most common chronic inflammatory disease in humans worldwide. Its comorbidity with systemic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, oral cancers and cardiovascular diseases, continues to generate considerable interest. Surprisingly, these two microorganisms do not ferment carbohydrates; rather they use proteinaceous substrates as carbon and energy sources. However, the underlying biochemical mechanisms of their energy metabolism remain unknown. Here, we show that dipeptidyl peptidase 11 (DPP11), a central metabolic enzyme in these bacteria, undergoes a conformational change upon peptide binding to distinguish substrates from end products. It binds substrates through an entropy-driven process and end products in an enthalpy-driven fashion. We show that increase in protein conformational entropy is the main-driving force for substrate binding via the unfolding of specific regions of the enzyme (“entropy reservoirs”). The relationship between our structural and thermodynamics data yields a distinct model for protein-protein interactions where protein conformational entropy modulates the binding free-energy. Further, our findings provide a framework for the structure-based design of specific DPP11 inhibitors.
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108
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De Filippis A, Fiorentino M, Guida L, Annunziata M, Nastri L, Rizzo A. Vitamin D reduces the inflammatory response by Porphyromonas gingivalis infection by modulating human β-defensin-3 in human gingival epithelium and periodontal ligament cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 47:106-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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109
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Dietz C, Clark RB, Nichols FC, Smith MB. Convergent synthesis of a deuterium-labeled serine dipeptide lipid for analysis of biological samples. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 60:274-285. [PMID: 28271544 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial serine dipeptide lipids are known to promote inflammatory processes and are detected in human tissues associated with periodontal disease or atherosclerosis. Accurate quantification of bacterial serine lipid, specifically lipid 654 [((S)-15-methyl-3-((13-methyltetradecanoyl)oxy)hexadecanoyl)glycyl-l-serine, (3S)-l-serine] isolated from Porphyromonas gingivalis, in biological samples requires the preparation of a stable isotope internal standard for sample supplementation and subsequent mass spectrometric analysis. This report describes the convergent synthesis of a deuterium-substituted serine dipeptide lipid, which is an isotopically labeled homologue that represents a dominant form of serine dipeptide lipid recovered in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Dietz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Robert B Clark
- Department of Immunology, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Frank C Nichols
- Division of Periodontology, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Michael B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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110
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Oral administration of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 is effective in preventing Porphyromonas gingivalis-accelerated periodontal disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:545. [PMID: 28373699 PMCID: PMC5428773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00623-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. However, the effect of orally intubated probiotics on oral disease remains unclear. We assessed the potential of oral administration of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 (LG2055) for Porphyromonas gingivalis infection. LG2055 treatment significantly reduced alveolar bone loss, detachment and disorganization of the periodontal ligament, and bacterial colonization by subsequent P. gingivalis challenge. Furthermore, the expression and secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 in gingival tissue was significantly decreased in LG2055-administered mice after bacterial infection. Conversely, mouse β-defensin-14 (mBD-14) mRNA and its peptide products were significantly increased in distant mucosal components as well as the intestinal tract to which LG2055 was introduced. Moreover, IL-1β and TNF-α production from THP-1 monocytes stimulated with P. gingivalis antigen was significantly reduced by the addition of human β-defensin-3. These results suggest that gastrically administered LG2055 can enhance immunoregulation followed by periodontitis prevention in oral mucosa via the gut immune system; i.e., the possibility of homing in innate immunity.
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111
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Zhu C, Lingkai S. [Effects of paeonol on the function of bone marrow-derived macrophage from Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced mice]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2017; 35:139-144. [PMID: 28682542 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work aims to examine the effects of paeonol treatment on the ability of bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMM) to excrete inflammatory factors and to differentiate into osteoclasts upon induction with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). This work also aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms of these abilities. METHODS BMM culture was treated with different paeonol concentrations at for 1 h and then stimulated with P. gingivalis for 24 h before programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was quantified with flow cytometry. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The BMM culture was treated with the receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and then with paeonol for 1 h prior to induction with P. gingivalis. Then, osteoclast formation was assessed using tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. The osteoclast-related proteins TRAP and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) were quantified by Western blotting. RESULTS Paeonol was nontoxic to BMM within a range of 10-50 μmol·L⁻¹. Flow cytometry showed that paeonol inhibited PD-L1 expression in P. gingivalis-induced BMM in a dose-dependent manner. ELISA indicated that paeonol dose-dependently inhibited the excretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by P. gingivalis-induced BMM (P<0.01). TRAP staining revealed that paenol treatment inhibited the differentiation of P. gingivalis-induced BMM into osteoclasts. Western blot results suggested that paeonol decreased the expression of TRAP and RANK in BMM. CONCLUSIONS Paeonol dose-dependently inhibited the excretion of the inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by P. gingivalis-induced BMM in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, paenol treatment prevented the differentiation of P. gingivalis-induced BMM differentiation into osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guiyang Hospital of Stomatology, Affiliated Guiyang Hospital of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Su Lingkai
- Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and
Endodontics, Stomatology Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
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112
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Gerits E, Verstraeten N, Michiels J. New approaches to combat Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms. J Oral Microbiol 2017; 9:1300366. [PMID: 28473880 PMCID: PMC5405727 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1300366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, bacteria predominantly reside in structured, surface-attached communities embedded in a self-produced, extracellular matrix. These so-called biofilms play an important role in the development and pathogenesis of many infections, as they are difficult to eradicate due to their resistance to antimicrobials and host defense mechanisms. This review focusses on the biofilm-forming periodontal bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis. Current knowledge on the virulence mechanisms underlying P. gingivalis biofilm formation is presented. In addition, oral infectious diseases in which P. gingivalis plays a key role are described, and an overview of conventional and new therapies for combating P. gingivalis biofilms is given. More insight into this intriguing pathogen might direct the development of better strategies to combat oral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Gerits
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalie Verstraeten
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Michiels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
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113
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Mohammed MMA, Pettersen VK, Nerland AH, Wiker HG, Bakken V. Quantitative proteomic analysis of extracellular matrix extracted from mono- and dual-species biofilms of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Anaerobe 2017; 44:133-142. [PMID: 28285095 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacteria Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis are members of a complex dental biofilm associated with periodontal disease. In this study, we cultured F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis as mono- and dual-species biofilms, and analyzed the protein composition of the biofilms extracellular polymeric matrix (EPM) by high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis was used for identification of proteins and sequence-based functional characterization for their classification and prediction of possible roles in EPM. We identified 542, 93 and 280 proteins in the matrix of F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, and the dual-species biofilm, respectively. Nearly 70% of all EPM proteins in the dual-species biofilm originated from F. nucleatum, and a majority of these were cytoplasmic proteins, suggesting an enhanced lysis of F. nucleatum cells. The proteomic analysis also indicated an interaction between the two species: 22 F. nucleatum proteins showed differential levels between the mono and dual-species EPMs, and 11 proteins (8 and 3 from F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis, respectively) were exclusively detected in the dual-species EPM. Oxidoreductases and chaperones were among the most abundant proteins identified in all three EPMs. The biofilm matrices in addition contained several known and hypothetical virulence proteins, which can mediate adhesion to the host cells and disintegration of the periodontal tissues. This study demonstrated that the biofilm matrix of two important periodontal pathogens consists of a multitude of proteins whose amounts and functionalities vary largely. Relatively high levels of several of the detected proteins might facilitate their potential use as targets for the inhibition of biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Mansoor Ali Mohammed
- The Gade Research Group for Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Veronika Kuchařová Pettersen
- The Gade Research Group for Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Audun H Nerland
- The Gade Research Group for Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Harald G Wiker
- The Gade Research Group for Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Vidar Bakken
- The Gade Research Group for Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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114
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Takeshita M, Haraguchi A, Miura M, Hamachi T, Fukuda T, Sanui T, Takano A, Nishimura F. Antibiotic effects against periodontal bacteria in organ cultured tissue. Clin Exp Dent Res 2017; 3:5-12. [PMID: 29744173 PMCID: PMC5839224 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical reduction of infectious bacteria by using physical instruments is considered the principal therapeutic strategy for periodontal disease; addition of antibiotics is adjunctive. However, local antibiotic treatment, combined with conventional mechanical debridement, has recently been shown to be more effective in periodontitis subjects with type 2 diabetes. This suggests that some bacteria may invade the inflamed inner gingival epithelium, and mechanical debridement alone will be unable to reduce these bacteria completely. Therefore, we tried to establish infected organ culture models that mimic the inner gingival epithelium and aimed to see the effects of antibiotics in these established models. Mouse dorsal skin epithelia were isolated, and periodontal bacteria were injected into the epithelia. Infected epithelia were incubated with test antibiotics, and colony-forming ability was evaluated. Results indicated that effective antibiotics differed according to injected bacteria and the bacterial combinations tested. Overall, in organ culture model, the combination of amoxicillin or cefdinir and metronidazole compensate for the effects of less effective bacterial combinations on each other. This in vitro study would suggest effective periodontal treatment regimens, especially for severe periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Takeshita
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental ScienceKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Akira Haraguchi
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental ScienceKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Division of General Dentistry, Kyushu University HospitalKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Mayumi Miura
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental ScienceKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Takafumi Hamachi
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental ScienceKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Takao Fukuda
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental ScienceKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Terukazu Sanui
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental ScienceKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Aiko Takano
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental ScienceKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Fusanori Nishimura
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental ScienceKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
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115
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Groeger SE, Meyle J. Epithelial barrier and oral bacterial infection. Periodontol 2000 2017; 69:46-67. [PMID: 26252401 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The oral epithelial barrier separates the host from the environment and provides the first line of defense against pathogens, exogenous substances and mechanical stress. It consists of underlying connective tissue and a stratified keratinized epithelium with a basement membrane, whose cells undergo terminal differentiation resulting in the formation of a mechanically resistant surface. Gingival keratinocytes are connected by various transmembrane proteins, such as tight junctions, adherens junctions and gap junctions, each of which has a specialized structure and specific functions. Periodontal pathogens are able to induce inflammatory responses that lead to attachment loss and periodontal destruction. A number of studies have demonstrated that the characteristics of pathogenic oral bacteria influence the expression and structural integrity of different cell-cell junctions. Tissue destruction can be mediated by host cells following stimulation with cytokines and bacterial products. Keratinocytes, the main cell type in gingival epithelial tissues, express a variety of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin-1alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Furthermore, the inflammatory mediators that may be secreted by oral keratinocytes are vascular endothelial growth factor, prostaglandin E2 , interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2. The protein family of matrix metalloproteinases is able to degrade all types of extracellular matrix protein, and can process a number of bioactive molecules. Matrix metalloproteinase activities under inflammatory conditions are mostly deregulated and often increased, and those mainly relevant in periodontal disease are matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 13 and 24. Viral infection may also influence the epithelial barrier. Studies show that the expression of HIV proteins in the mucosal epithelium is correlated with the disruption of epithelial tight junctions, suggesting a possible enhancement of human papilloma virus infection by HIV-associated disruption of tight junctions. Altered expression of matrix metalloproteinases was demonstrated in keratinocytes transformed with human papilloma virus-16 or papilloma virus-18,. To summarize, the oral epithelium is able to react to a variety of exogenous, possibly noxious influences.
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116
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SigCH, an extracytoplasmic function sigma factor of Porphyromonas gingivalis regulates the expression of cdhR and hmuYR. Anaerobe 2016; 43:82-90. [PMID: 27940243 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors play an important role in the bacterial response to various environmental stresses. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a prominent etiological agent in human periodontitis, possesses six putative ECF sigma factors. So far, information is limited on the ECF sigma factor, PGN_0319. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of PGN_0319 (SigCH) of P. gingivalis, focusing on the regulation of hmuY and hmuR, which encode outer-membrane proteins involved in hemin utilization, and cdhR, a transcriptional regulator of hmuYR. First, we evaluated the gene expression profile of the sigCH mutant by DNA microarray. Among the genes with altered expression levels, those involved in hemin utilization were downregulated in the sigCH mutant. To verify the microarray data, quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis was performed. The RNA samples used were obtained from bacterial cells grown to early-log phase, in which sigCH expression in the wild type was significantly higher than that in mid-log and late-log phases. The expression levels of hmuY, hmuR, and cdhR were significantly decreased in the sigCH mutant compared to wild type. Transcription of these genes was restored in a sigCH complemented strain. Compared to the wild type, the sigCH mutant showed reduced growth in log phase under hemin-limiting conditions. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that recombinant SigCH protein bound to the promoter region of hmuY and cdhR. These results suggest that SigCH plays an important role in the early growth of P. gingivalis, and directly regulates cdhR and hmuYR, thereby playing a potential role in the mechanisms of hemin utilization by P. gingivalis.
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Shimizu Y, Iwasaki T, Tajima T, Yuba E, Kono K, Watarai S. Induction of antibody response in the oral cavity of dogs following intraocular (eye drop) immunization with Porphyromonas gingivalis cell lysate incorporated in pH-sensitive fusogenic polymer-modified liposomes. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 79:290-298. [PMID: 27916762 PMCID: PMC5326933 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of mucosal immune responses against Porphyromonas gingivalis within the oral cavity of dogs was studied by immunizing with pH-sensitive fusogenic polymer (MGluPG)-modified liposome-associated cell lysate. Dogs immunized with P. gingivalis cell lysate-containing MGluPG-modified liposomes by intraocular (eye drop) route displayed significant levels of P. gingivalis cell lysate-specific serum IgG and IgA as well as mucosal IgA antibodies in saliva secretion. Serum and salivary antibodies generated by intraocularly immunized with MGluPG-modified liposome-associated P. gingivalis cell lysate revealed a significant aggregation activity against P. gingivalis, whereas serum and saliva from dogs receiving MGluPG-modified liposomes unentrapping P. gingivalis cell lysate did not show the aggregation activity against P. gingivalis. Furthermore, P. gingivalis-specific antibodies in saliva of immunized dogs inhibited the adherence of P. gingivalis to cultured HeLa cells. More importantly, salivary antibodies induced by intraocular immunization with P. gingivalis cell lysate-containing MGluPG-modified liposomes significantly inhibited the coaggregation of P. gingivalis with Actinomyces naeslundii and the cell damage activity of P. gingivalis against FaDu cells, an oral epithelial cell. These results suggest that intraocularly administered P. gingivalis cell lysate-containing MGluPG-modified liposomes should be an effective mucosal vaccine against P. gingivalis infection in dogs and may be an important tool for the prevention of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Shimizu
- Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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Gmiterek A, Kłopot A, Wójtowicz H, Trindade SC, Olczak M, Olczak T. Immune response of macrophages induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis requires HmuY protein. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1382-1394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhou W, Zhang X, Zhu CL, He ZY, Liang JP, Song ZC. Melatonin Receptor Agonists as the "Perioceutics" Agents for Periodontal Disease through Modulation of Porphyromonas gingivalis Virulence and Inflammatory Response. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166442. [PMID: 27832188 PMCID: PMC5104381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim “Perioceutics” including antimicrobial therapy and host modulatory therapy has emerged as a vital adjunctive treatment of periodontal disease. Melatonin level was significantly reduced in patients with periodontal diseases suggesting melatonin could be applied as a potential “perioceutics” treatment of periodontal diseases. This study aims to investigate the effects of melatonin receptor agonists (melatonin and ramelteon) on Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence and Porphyromonas gingivalis-derived lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS)-induced inflammation. Methods Effects of melatonin receptor agonists on Porphyromonas gingivalis planktonic cultures were determined by microplate dilution assays. Formation, reduction, and viability of Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms were detected by crystal violet staining and MTT assays, respectively. Meanwhile, biofilms formation was also observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The effects on gingipains and hemolytic activities of Porphyromonas gingivalis were evaluated using chromogenic peptides and sheep erythrocytes. The mRNA expression of virulence and iron/heme utilization was assessed using RT-PCR. In addition, cell viability of melatonin receptor agonists on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) was evaluated by MTT assays. After pretreatment of melatonin receptor agonists, HGFs were stimulated with Pg-LPS and then release of cytokines (IL-6 and lL-8) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Melatonin and ramelteon did exhibit antimicrobial effects against planktonic culture. Importantly, they inhibited biofilm formation, reduced the established biofilms, and decreased biofilm viability of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Furthermore, they at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC) concentrations markedly inhibited the proteinase activities of gingipains and hemolysis in a dose-dependent manner. They at sub-MIC concentrations significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of virulence factors (kgp, rgpA, rgpB, hagA, and ragA), while increasing the mRNA expression of ferritin (ftn) or hemolysin (hem). They did not show obvious cytotoxicity toward HGFs. They inhibited Pg-LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-8 secretion, which was reversed by luzindole, the melatonin receptor antagonist. Conclusion Melatonin receptor agonists can inhibit planktonic and biofilm growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis by affecting the virulent properties, as well as Pg-LPS-induced inflammatory response. Our study provides new evidence that melatonin receptor agonists might be useful as novel “perioceutics” agents to prevent and treat Porphyromonas gingivalis-associated periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Periodontology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Cai-Lian Zhu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Zhi-Yan He
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jing-Ping Liang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- * E-mail: (ZCS); (JPL)
| | - Zhong-Chen Song
- Department of Periodontology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- * E-mail: (ZCS); (JPL)
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Dietz C, Hart TK, Nemati R, Yao X, Nichols FC, Smith MB. Structural verification via convergent total synthesis of dipeptide–lipids isolated from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Li ZF, Cao LH, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Fan MW, Xu QA. Inhibitory effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced inflammation and bone resorption in vivo. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 72:146-156. [PMID: 27597534 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether intragastric administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) could inhibit the bone resorption and inflammation in a mouse calvarial model infected by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). DESIGN Live P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 was injected once daily for 6days into the subcutaneous tissue overlying the calvaria in mice. At the same time, 1,25(OH)2D3 (50μg/kg per day) was administered by gavage for 9days, starting 3d before the infection. Mice were killed under ether anesthesia 8h after the last injection of P. gingivalis. Micro-computed tomography scanning was used to evaluate calvarial bone loss. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was used to detect osteoclast activity. Real-time PCR was used to assess the mRNA expressions of OPG, RANKL, c-Fos, NFATc1, CTSK and TRAP in calvarial bone and IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-12p40 and TNF-α in soft tissue. The levels of serum IL-6, IL-10 were determined by ELISA. RESULTS 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment apparently attenuated bone resorption in P. gingivalis-induced mouse calvarial model and markedly reduced the number of osteoclasts. The expression levels of RANKL and osteoclast-related genes such as c-Fos, NFATc1, CTSK and TRAP were also decreased by 1,25(OH)2D3. Besides, 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12p40 and TNF-α and enormously elevated the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. CONCLUSION 1,25(OH)2D3 may decrease bone resorption in vivo via suppressing the expression of osteoclast-related genes and its anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Fei Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education (KLOBM), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Li-Hua Cao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education (KLOBM), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ying Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education (KLOBM), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education (KLOBM), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ming-Wen Fan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education (KLOBM), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Qing-An Xu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education (KLOBM), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Molecular modeling studies of 3-acyl-2-phenylamino-1,4-dihydroquinolin-4-one derivatives as phosphatase SerB653 inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Sato M, Yoshida Y, Nagano K, Hasegawa Y, Takebe J, Yoshimura F. Three CoA Transferases Involved in the Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1146. [PMID: 27486457 PMCID: PMC4949257 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA transferase, which produces butyrate and acetyl-CoA from butyryl-CoA and acetate, is responsible for the final step of butyrate production in bacteria. This study demonstrates that in the periodontopathogenic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis this reaction is not catalyzed by PGN_1171, previously annotated as butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA transferase, but by three distinct CoA transferases, PGN_0725, PGN_1341, and PGN_1888. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and spectrophotometric analyses were performed using crude enzyme extracts from deletion mutant strains and purified recombinant proteins. The experiments revealed that, in the presence of acetate, PGN_0725 preferentially utilized butyryl-CoA rather than propionyl-CoA. By contrast, this preference was reversed in PGN_1888. The only butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA transferase activity was observed in PGN_1341. Double reciprocal plots revealed that all the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes follow a ternary-complex mechanism, in contrast to previously characterized CoA transferases. GC-MS analysis to determine the concentrations of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in culture supernatants of P. gingivalis wild type and mutant strains revealed that PGN_0725 and PGN_1888 play a major role in the production of butyrate and propionate, respectively. Interestingly, a triple deletion mutant lacking PGN_0725, PGN_1341, and PGN_1888 produced low levels of SCFAs, suggesting that the microorganism contains CoA transferase(s) in addition to these three enzymes. Growth rates of the mutant strains were mostly slower than that of the wild type, indicating that many carbon compounds produced in the SCFA synthesis appear to be important for the biological activity of this microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunari Sato
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin UniversityNagoya, Japan; Department of Removable Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin UniversityNagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshida
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiji Nagano
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hasegawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun Takebe
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fuminobu Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Nagoya, Japan
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Müller HDHD, Cvikl BB, Lussi AA, Gruber RR. Salivary pellets induce a pro-inflammatory response involving the TLR4-NF-kB pathway in gingival fibroblasts. BMC Oral Health 2016; 17:15. [PMID: 27430277 PMCID: PMC4948095 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whole saliva provokes a substantial pro-inflammatory response in gingival fibroblasts. This raises the question whether the salivary pellet, which is used for diagnostic purposes, also has a pro-inflammatory capacity and, if yes, what the underlying mechanisms at the molecular level are. Methods We examined the ability of extensively washed salivary pellets to provoke the expression of chemokines in gingival fibroblasts by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoassays. Protein composition was determined with proteomic analysis. Endotoxins were analyzed by a Limulus assay and removed by affinity chromatography. The inhibitors TAK-242 and BAY11-7082 were used to determine the involvement of the TLR4 and NF-kB signaling, respectively. Western blot was performed to detect phosphorylated p65. Results The experiments show that salivary pellets and the corresponding washing solution contain pro-inflammatory activity without impairing cell viability. Proteomic analysis revealed proteins with a binding capacity for lipopolysaccharides, and the Limulus assay indicated the presence of endotoxin in the salivary pellets. Blocking TLR4 with TAK-242 and depletion of endotoxins both lowered the capacity of salivary pellets to increase chemokine expression and phosphorylation of p65. BAY11-7082 suppressed chemokine expression in response to the salivary pellets. Autoclaving salivary pellets also reduced their pro-inflammatory activity. Conclusions The data support the molecular mechanism of a TLR4-NF-kB-dependent pro-inflammatory response of the gingival fibroblasts exposed to preparations of washed salivary pellets. Together, the data indicate that the salivary pellet is rich in endotoxin but it is mainly a heat labile fraction that accounts for the chemokine expression in the bioassay. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12903-016-0229-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-Dieter H-D Müller
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Barbara B Cvikl
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrian A Lussi
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard R Gruber
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Kobayashi N, Suzuki JI, Aoyama N, Sato H, Akimoto S, Wakayama K, Kumagai H, Ikeda Y, Akazawa H, Komuro I, Izumi Y, Isobe M. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling has a critical role in Porphyromonas gingivalis-accelerated neointimal formation after arterial injury in mice. Hypertens Res 2016; 39:717-722. [PMID: 27225600 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that a periodontopathic pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), infection induced neointimal hyperplasia with enhanced expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 after arterial injury in wild-type mice. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 is known to be a key receptor for virulence factors of P. gingivalis. The aim of this study is to assess the hypothesis that TLR4 has a critical role in periodontopathic bacteria-induced neointimal formation after an arterial injury. Wild-type and TLR4-deficient mice were used in this study. The femoral arteries were injured, and P. gingivalis or vehicle was injected subcutaneously once per week. Fourteen days after arterial injury, murine femoral arteries were obtained for histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. The anti-P. gingivalis IgG levels in P. gingivalis-infected groups were significantly increased compared with the anti-P. gingivalis IgG levels of the corresponding non-infected groups in both wild-type and TLR4-deficient mice. TLR4 deficiency negated P. gingivalis-induced neointimal formation compared with that observed in wild-type mice and reduced the number of MCP-1 positive cells in the neointimal area. We conclude that P. gingivalis infection may promote neointimal formation after an arterial injury through TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naho Kobayashi
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Suzuki
- Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Aoyama
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shouta Akimoto
- Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouji Wakayama
- Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kumagai
- Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akazawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Izumi
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Isobe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Xu QA, Li ZF, Zhang P, Cao LH, Fan MW. Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on Macrophage Cytokine Secretion Stimulated by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016; 69:482-487. [PMID: 27000452 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2015.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is known to be closely associated with periodontitis; however, its exact mechanisms remain to be clarified. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg)-stimulated cytokine production and the involved signaling pathways in macrophages. The main observation was that 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited Pg-induced interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine expression but up-regulated the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Further analyses showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation. Inhibited phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 was associated with decreased level of IL-6 expression, but was not related to increased level of IL-10 expression in macrophages stimulated with Pg. These results suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 might exert its anti-inflammatory effects on Pg-stimulated macrophages partly through its inhibitory effect on the p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-An Xu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education (KLOBM), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University
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Kharlamova N, Jiang X, Sherina N, Potempa B, Israelsson L, Quirke AM, Eriksson K, Yucel-Lindberg T, Venables PJ, Potempa J, Alfredsson L, Lundberg K. Antibodies to Porphyromonas gingivalis Indicate Interaction Between Oral Infection, Smoking, and Risk Genes in Rheumatoid Arthritis Etiology. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:604-13. [PMID: 26554752 PMCID: PMC4767537 DOI: 10.1002/art.39491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by analyzing the antibody response to the P gingivalis virulence factor arginine gingipain type B (RgpB) in relation to anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs), smoking, and HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (SE) alleles in patients with periodontitis, patients with RA, and controls. METHODS Anti-RgpB IgG was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 65 periodontitis patients and 59 controls without periodontitis, and in 1,974 RA patients and 377 controls without RA from the Swedish population-based case-control Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis (EIRA) study. Autoantibody status, smoking habits, and genetic data were retrieved from the EIRA database. Differences in antibody levels were examined using the Mann-Whitney U test. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the association of anti-RgpB IgG with different subsets of RA patients. RESULTS Anti-RgpB antibody levels were significantly elevated in periodontitis patients compared to controls without periodontitis, in RA patients compared to controls without RA, and in ACPA-positive RA patients compared to ACPA-negative RA patients. There was a significant association between anti-RgpB IgG and RA (OR 2.96 [95% CI 2.00, 4.37]), which was even stronger than the association between smoking and RA (OR 1.37 [95% CI 1.07, 1.74]), and in ACPA-positive RA there were interactions between anti-RgpB antibodies and both smoking and the HLA-DRB1 SE. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that the previously reported link between periodontitis and RA could be accounted for by P gingivalis infection, and we conclude that P gingivalis is a credible candidate for triggering and/or driving autoimmunity and autoimmune disease in a subset of RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastya Kharlamova
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xia Jiang
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalia Sherina
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Louisville, USA
| | - Lena Israelsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne-Marie Quirke
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kaja Eriksson
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tülay Yucel-Lindberg
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick J Venables
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Louisville, USA
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Lundberg
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Funaki S, Tokutomi F, Wada-Takahashi S, Yoshino F, Yoshida A, Maehata Y, Miyamoto C, Toyama T, Sato T, Hamada N, Lee MCI, Takahashi SS. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection modifies oral microcirculation and aortic vascular function in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP). Microb Pathog 2016; 92:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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129
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Mizutani Y, Shiogama K, Onouchi T, Sakurai K, Inada KI, Tsutsumi Y. Enzyme-labeled Antigen Method: Development and Application of the Novel Approach for Identifying Plasma Cells Locally Producing Disease-specific Antibodies in Inflammatory Lesions. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2016; 49:7-19. [PMID: 27006517 PMCID: PMC4794554 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.15030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic inflammatory lesions of autoimmune and infectious diseases, plasma cells are frequently observed. Antigens recognized by antibodies produced by the plasma cells mostly remain unclear. A new technique identifying these corresponding antigens may give us a breakthrough for understanding the disease from a pathophysiological viewpoint, simply because the immunocytes are seen within the lesion. We have developed an enzyme-labeled antigen method for microscopic identification of the antigen recognized by specific antibodies locally produced in plasma cells in inflammatory lesions. Firstly, target biotinylated antigens were constructed by the wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system or through chemical biotinylation. Next, proteins reactive to antibodies in tissue extracts were screened and antibody titers were evaluated by the AlphaScreen method. Finally, with the enzyme-labeled antigen method using the biotinylated antigens as probes, plasma cells producing specific antibodies were microscopically localized in fixed frozen sections. Our novel approach visualized tissue plasma cells that produced 1) autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis, 2) antibodies against major antigens of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis or radicular cyst, and 3) antibodies against a carbohydrate antigen, Strep A, of Streptococcus pyogenes in recurrent tonsillitis. Evaluation of local specific antibody responses expectedly contributes to clarifying previously unknown processes in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuya Shiogama
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | - Takanori Onouchi
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | - Kouhei Sakurai
- Department of Pathology, Banbuntane Houtokukai Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | - Ken-ichi Inada
- Department of Pathology, Banbuntane Houtokukai Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | - Yutaka Tsutsumi
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
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130
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How KY, Song KP, Chan KG. Porphyromonas gingivalis: An Overview of Periodontopathic Pathogen below the Gum Line. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:53. [PMID: 26903954 PMCID: PMC4746253 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease represents a group of oral inflammatory infections initiated by oral pathogens which exist as a complex biofilms on the tooth surface and cause destruction to tooth supporting tissues. The severity of this disease ranges from mild and reversible inflammation of the gingiva (gingivitis) to chronic destruction of connective tissues, the formation of periodontal pocket and ultimately result in loss of teeth. While human subgingival plaque harbors more than 500 bacterial species, considerable research has shown that Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium, is the major etiologic agent which contributes to chronic periodontitis. This black-pigmented bacterium produces a myriad of virulence factors that cause destruction to periodontal tissues either directly or indirectly by modulating the host inflammatory response. Here, this review provides an overview of P. gingivalis and how its virulence factors contribute to the pathogenesis with other microbiome consortium in oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Yan How
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Keang Peng Song
- School of Science, Monash University Sunway Campus Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Kok Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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131
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Smalley JW, Olczak T. Heme acquisition mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis - strategies used in a polymicrobial community in a heme-limited host environment. Mol Oral Microbiol 2016; 32:1-23. [PMID: 26662717 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a main etiologic agent and key pathogen responsible for initiation and progression of chronic periodontitis requires heme as a source of iron and protoporphyrin IX for its survival and the ability to establish an infection. Porphyromonas gingivalis is able to accumulate a defensive cell-surface heme-containing pigment in the form of μ-oxo bisheme. The main sources of heme for P. gingivalis in vivo are hemoproteins present in saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, and erythrocytes. To acquire heme, P. gingivalis uses several mechanisms. Among them, the best characterized are those employing hemagglutinins, hemolysins, and gingipains (Kgp, RgpA, RgpB), TonB-dependent outer-membrane receptors (HmuR, HusB, IhtA), and hemophore-like proteins (HmuY, HusA). Proteins involved in intracellular heme transport, storage, and processing are less well characterized (e.g. PgDps). Importantly, P. gingivalis may also use the heme acquisition systems of other bacteria to fulfill its own heme requirements. Porphyromonas gingivalis displays a novel paradigm for heme acquisition from hemoglobin, whereby the Fe(II)-containing oxyhemoglobin molecule must first be oxidized to methemoglobin to facilitate heme release. This process not only involves P. gingivalis arginine- and lysine-specific gingipains, but other proteases (e.g. interpain A from Prevotella intermedia) or pyocyanin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Porphyromonas gingivalis is then able to fully proteolyze the more susceptible methemoglobin substrate to release free heme or to wrest heme from it directly through the use of the HmuY hemophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Smalley
- School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - T Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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132
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Xiao Y, Gong T, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Wen ZT, Zhou S, Bao C, Xu X. Fabrication and Characterization of a Glucose-sensitive Antibacterial Chitosan-Polyethylene Oxide Hydrogel. POLYMER 2016; 82:1-10. [PMID: 26744546 PMCID: PMC4698907 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel glucose-sensitive chitosan-polyethylene oxide (CS/PEO =1:0.5~1:2.5) hydrogel with controlled release of metronidazole (MNZ) was obtained by chemical cross-linking and immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx). The hydrogel was characterized by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), compressive mechanical test, rheological analysis, cytotoxicity test, and antibacterial test against Porphyromonas gingivalis. The study found that the CS-PEO composite hydrogel possessed significantly better mechanical properties and biocompatibility than a single-component hydrogel. This might result from the physical cross-linking and formation of semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN). In addition, this novel hydrogel has self-regulate ability to release MNZ in response to the environmental glucose stimulus. Specifically, it released more drugs at higher glucose concentration, thus can lead to a greater ability to inhibit Porphyromonas gingivalis. This study has demonstrated the glucose-sensitive antibacterial hydrogel has a great potential as a new therapeutic material for treatment or prevention of periodontitis in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, NO.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Biomaterials, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry, 1100 Florida Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - Tao Gong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111, 1st Section of North Second Ring Rd. Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, NO.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yapin Wang
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Biomaterials, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry, 1100 Florida Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - Zezhang T. Wen
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Biomaterials, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry, 1100 Florida Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - Shaobing Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111, 1st Section of North Second Ring Rd. Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Chongyun Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, NO.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Biomaterials, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry, 1100 Florida Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
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133
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Kitano T, Mikami Y, Iwase T, Asano M, Komiyama K. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with PCR and immunohistochemistry for detecting Porphyromonas gingivalis in periapical periodontitis. J Oral Sci 2016; 58:163-9. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.15-0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taiichi Kitano
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Yoshikazu Mikami
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
- Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Takashi Iwase
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Masatake Asano
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
- Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Kazuo Komiyama
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
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134
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Wunsch CM, Lewis JP. Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Model Organism for Assessing Interaction of Anaerobic Bacteria with Host Cells. J Vis Exp 2015:e53408. [PMID: 26709454 DOI: 10.3791/53408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic bacteria far outnumber aerobes in many human niches such as the gut, mouth, and vagina. Furthermore, anaerobic infections are common and frequently of indigenous origin. The ability of some anaerobic pathogens to invade human cells gives them adaptive measures to escape innate immunity as well as to modulate host cell behavior. However, ensuring that the anaerobic bacteria are live during experimental investigation of the events may pose challenges. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobe, is capable of invading a variety of eukaryotic non-phagocytic cells. This article outlines how to successfully culture and assess the ability of P. gingivalis to invade human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Two protocols were developed: one to measure bacteria that can successfully invade and survive within the host, and the other to visualize bacteria interacting with host cells. These techniques necessitate the use of an anaerobic chamber to supply P. gingivalis with an anaerobic environment for optimal growth. The first protocol is based on the antibiotic protection assay, which is largely used to study the invasion of host cells by bacteria. However, the antibiotic protection assay is limited; only intracellular bacteria that are culturable following antibiotic treatment and host cell lysis are measured. To assess all bacteria interacting with host cells, both live and dead, we developed a protocol that uses fluorescent microscopy to examine host-pathogen interaction. Bacteria are fluorescently labeled with 2',7'-Bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester (BCECF-AM) and used to infect eukaryotic cells under anaerobic conditions. Following fixing with paraformaldehyde and permeabilization with 0.2% Triton X-100, host cells are labeled with TRITC phalloidin and DAPI to label the cell cytoskeleton and nucleus, respectively. Multiple images taken at different focal points (Z-stack) are obtained for temporal-spatial visualization of bacteria. Methods used in this study can be applied to any cultivable anaerobe and any eukaryotic cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janina P Lewis
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University;
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135
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Yoshida Y, Sato M, Nagano K, Hasegawa Y, Okamoto T, Yoshimura F. Production of 4-hydroxybutyrate from succinate semialdehyde in butyrate biosynthesis in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2582-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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136
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Cai Y, Chen Z, Liu H, Xuan Y, Wang X, Luan Q. Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate alleviates Porphyromonas gingivalis -induced periodontitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:839-845. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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137
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Silva N, Abusleme L, Bravo D, Dutzan N, Garcia-Sesnich J, Vernal R, Hernández M, Gamonal J. Host response mechanisms in periodontal diseases. J Appl Oral Sci 2015. [PMID: 26221929 PMCID: PMC4510669 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720140259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases usually refer to common inflammatory disorders known as gingivitis and periodontitis, which are caused by a pathogenic microbiota in the subgingival biofilm, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola that trigger innate, inflammatory, and adaptive immune responses. These processes result in the destruction of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, and eventually in tissue, bone and finally, tooth loss. The innate immune response constitutes a homeostatic system, which is the first line of defense, and is able to recognize invading microorganisms as non-self, triggering immune responses to eliminate them. In addition to the innate immunity, adaptive immunity cells and characteristic cytokines have been described as important players in the periodontal disease pathogenesis scenario, with a special attention to CD4+ T-cells (T-helper cells). Interestingly, the T cell-mediated adaptive immunity development is highly dependent on innate immunity-associated antigen presenting cells, which after antigen capture undergo into a maturation process and migrate towards the lymph nodes, where they produce distinct patterns of cytokines that will contribute to the subsequent polarization and activation of specific T CD4+ lymphocytes. Skeletal homeostasis depends on a dynamic balance between the activities of the bone-forming osteoblasts (OBLs) and bone-resorbing osteoclasts (OCLs). This balance is tightly controlled by various regulatory systems, such as the endocrine system, and is influenced by the immune system, an osteoimmunological regulation depending on lymphocyte- and macrophage-derived cytokines. All these cytokines and inflammatory mediators are capable of acting alone or in concert, to stimulate periodontal breakdown and collagen destruction via tissue-derived matrix metalloproteinases, a characterization of the progression of periodontitis as a stage that presents a significantly host immune and inflammatory response to the microbial challenge that determine of susceptibility to develop the destructive/progressive periodontitis under the influence of multiple behavioral, environmental and genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Silva
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreto Abusleme
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Denisse Bravo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Dutzan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jocelyn Garcia-Sesnich
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Gamonal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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138
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O'Flynn C, Deusch O, Darling AE, Eisen JA, Wallis C, Davis IJ, Harris SJ. Comparative Genomics of the Genus Porphyromonas Identifies Adaptations for Heme Synthesis within the Prevalent Canine Oral Species Porphyromonas cangingivalis. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:3397-413. [PMID: 26568374 PMCID: PMC4700951 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonads play an important role in human periodontal disease and recently have been shown to be highly prevalent in canine mouths. Porphyromonas cangingivalis is the most prevalent canine oral bacterial species in both plaque from healthy gingiva and plaque from dogs with early periodontitis. The ability of P. cangingivalis to flourish in the different environmental conditions characterized by these two states suggests a degree of metabolic flexibility. To characterize the genes responsible for this, the genomes of 32 isolates (including 18 newly sequenced and assembled) from 18 Porphyromonad species from dogs, humans, and other mammals were compared. Phylogenetic trees inferred using core genes largely matched previous findings; however, comparative genomic analysis identified several genes and pathways relating to heme synthesis that were present in P. cangingivalis but not in other Porphyromonads. Porphyromonas cangingivalis has a complete protoporphyrin IX synthesis pathway potentially allowing it to synthesize its own heme unlike pathogenic Porphyromonads such as Porphyromonas gingivalis that acquire heme predominantly from blood. Other pathway differences such as the ability to synthesize siroheme and vitamin B12 point to enhanced metabolic flexibility for P. cangingivalis, which may underlie its prevalence in the canine oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran O'Flynn
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Deusch
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron E Darling
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan A Eisen
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis
| | - Corrin Wallis
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J Davis
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Harris
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, United Kingdom
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139
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Ohya M, Cueno ME, Tamura M, Ochiai K. Varying hemin concentrations affect Porphyromonas gingivalis strains differently. Microb Pathog 2015; 94:54-9. [PMID: 26597993 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis requires heme to grow, however, heme availability and concentration in the periodontal pockets vary. Fluctuations in heme concentration may affect each P. gingivalis strain differently, however, this was never fully demonstrated. Here, we elucidated the effects of varying hemin concentrations in representative P. gingivalis strains. Throughout this study, representative P. gingivalis strains [FDC381 (type I), MPWIb-01 (type Ib), TDC60 (type II), ATCC49417 (type III), W83 (type IV), and HNA99 (type V)] were used and grown for 24 h in growth media under varying hemin concentrations (5 × , 1 × , 0.5 × , 0.1 × ). Samples were lysed and protein standardized. Arg-gingipain (Rgp), H2O2, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were subsequently measured. We focused our study on 24 h-grown strains which excluded MPWIb-01 and HNA99. Rgp activity among the 4 remaining strains varied with Rgp peaking at: 1 × for FDC381, 5 × for TDC60, 0.5 × for ATCC49417, 5 × and 0.5 × for W83. With regards to H2O2 and SOD amounts: FDC381 had similar H2O2 amounts in all hemin concentrations while SOD levels varied; TDC60 had the lowest H2O2 amount at 1 × while SOD levels became higher in relation to hemin concentration; ATCC49417 also had similar H2O2 amounts in all hemin concentrations while SOD levels were higher at 1 × and 0.5 × ; and W83 had statistically similar H2O2 and SOD amounts regardless of hemin concentration. Our results show that variations in hemin concentration affect each P. gingivalis strain differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Ohya
- Division of Oral Health Science, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310 Japan; Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310 Japan
| | - Marni E Cueno
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310 Japan.
| | - Muneaki Tamura
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310 Japan; Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310 Japan
| | - Kuniyasu Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310 Japan; Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310 Japan.
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140
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Müller S, Schubert A, Zajac J, Dyck T, Oelkrug C. IgY antibodies in human nutrition for disease prevention. Nutr J 2015; 14:109. [PMID: 26487372 PMCID: PMC4617726 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-015-0067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral administration of preformed specific antibodies is an attractive approach against infections of the digestive system in humans and animals in times of increasing antibiotic resistances. Previous studies showed a positive effect of egg yolk IgY antibodies on bacterial intoxications in animals and humans. Immunization of chickens with specific antigens offers the possibility to create various forms of antibodies. Research shows that orally applied IgY’s isolated from egg yolks can passively cure or prevent diseases of the digestive system. The use of these alternative therapeutic drugs provides further advantages: (1) The production of IgY’s is a non-invasive alternative to current methods; (2) The keeping of chickens is inexpensive; (3) The animals are easy to handle; (4) It avoids repetitive bleeding of laboratory animals; (5) It is also very cost effective regarding the high IgY concentration within the egg yolk. Novel targets of these antigen specific antibodies are Helicobacter pylori and also molecules involved in signaling pathways in gastric cancer. Furthermore, also dental caries causing bacteria like Streptococcus mutans or opportunistic Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients are possible targets. Therefore, IgY’s included in food for human consumption may be able to prevent or cure human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstraße 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schubert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstraße 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Zajac
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstraße 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Terry Dyck
- IgY Immune Technologies and Life Sciences Inc., Thunder Bay, Canada
| | - Christopher Oelkrug
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstraße 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,Fraunhofer Project Centre for Biomedical Engineering and Advanced Manufacturing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
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141
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Protein Analysis of Sapienic Acid-Treated Porphyromonas gingivalis Suggests Differential Regulation of Multiple Metabolic Pathways. J Bacteriol 2015; 198:157-67. [PMID: 26483519 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00665-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lipids endogenous to skin and mucosal surfaces exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis, an important colonizer of the oral cavity implicated in periodontitis. Our previous work demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of the fatty acid sapienic acid (C(16:1Δ6)) against P. gingivalis and found that sapienic acid treatment alters both protein and lipid composition from those in controls. In this study, we further examined whole-cell protein differences between sapienic acid-treated bacteria and untreated controls, and we utilized open-source functional association and annotation programs to explore potential mechanisms for the antimicrobial activity of sapienic acid. Our analyses indicated that sapienic acid treatment induces a unique stress response in P. gingivalis resulting in differential expression of proteins involved in a variety of metabolic pathways. This network of differentially regulated proteins was enriched in protein-protein interactions (P = 2.98 × 10(-8)), including six KEGG pathways (P value ranges, 2.30 × 10(-5) to 0.05) and four Gene Ontology (GO) molecular functions (P value ranges, 0.02 to 0.04), with multiple suggestive enriched relationships in KEGG pathways and GO molecular functions. Upregulated metabolic pathways suggest increases in energy production, lipid metabolism, iron acquisition and processing, and respiration. Combined with a suggested preferential metabolism of serine, which is necessary for fatty acid biosynthesis, these data support our previous findings that the site of sapienic acid antimicrobial activity is likely at the bacterial membrane. IMPORTANCE P. gingivalis is an important opportunistic pathogen implicated in periodontitis. Affecting nearly 50% of the population, periodontitis is treatable, but the resulting damage is irreversible and eventually progresses to tooth loss. There is a great need for natural products that can be used to treat and/or prevent the overgrowth of periodontal pathogens and increase oral health. Sapienic acid is endogenous to the oral cavity and is a potent antimicrobial agent, suggesting a potential therapeutic or prophylactic use for this fatty acid. This study examines the effects of sapienic acid treatment on P. gingivalis and highlights the membrane as the likely site of antimicrobial activity.
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142
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HmuY is an important virulence factor for Porphyromonas gingivalis growth in the heme-limited host environment and infection of macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:748-53. [PMID: 26482851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, the main etiologic agent and key pathogen responsible for initiation and progression of chronic periodontitis, is a haem auxotroph, and the uptake of this compound is essential for its survival and the ability to establish an infection. The aim of this study was to examine the role of a hemophore-like HmuY protein in P. gingivalis growth and infection of macrophages. Inactivation of the hmuY gene caused reduced P. gingivalis growth in vitro in the presence of serum as a heme sole source, as well as in vivo co-cultures with THP-1-derived macrophages. This resulted in diminished invasion efficiency of macrophages by live bacteria lacking functional hmuY gene. Both features were partially restored after addition of the purified HmuY protein, which was internalized when added either together with the hmuY mutant strain or alone to macrophage cultures. We conclude that HmuY is an important virulence factor of P. gingivalis for infection of macrophages in a heme-limited host environment.
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Chen Z, Su L, Xu Q, Katz J, Michalek SM, Fan M, Feng X, Zhang P. IL-1R/TLR2 through MyD88 Divergently Modulates Osteoclastogenesis through Regulation of Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells c1 (NFATc1) and B Lymphocyte-induced Maturation Protein-1 (Blimp1). J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30163-74. [PMID: 26483549 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.663518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) and the receptor for interleukin-1 (IL-1R) signaling play an important role in bacteria-mediated bone loss diseases including periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteomyelitis. Recent studies have shown that TLR ligands inhibit the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation from un-committed osteoclast precursors, whereas IL-1 potentiates RANKL-induced osteoclast formation. However, IL-1R and TLR belong to the same IL-1R/TLR superfamily, and activate similar intracellular signaling pathways. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the distinct effects of IL-1 and Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS-PG) on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation. Our results show that LPS-PG and IL-1 differentially regulate RANKL-induced activation of osteoclast genes encoding Car2, Ctsk, MMP9, and TRAP, as well as expression of NFATc1, a master transcription factor of osteoclastogenesis. Regulation of osteoclast genes and NFATc1 by LPS-PG and IL-1 is dependent on MyD88, an important signaling adaptor for both TLR and IL-1R family members. Furthermore, LPS-PG and IL-1 differentially regulate RANKL-costimulatory receptor OSCAR (osteoclast-associated receptor) expression and Ca(2+) oscillations induced by RANKL. Moreover, LPS-PG completely abrogates RANKL-induced gene expression of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp1), a global transcriptional repressor of anti-osteoclastogenic genes encoding Bcl6, IRF8, and MafB. However, IL-1 enhances RANKL-induced blimp1 gene expression but suppresses the gene expression of bcl6, irf8, and mafb. Our study reveals the involvement of multiple signaling molecules in the differential regulation of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by TLR2 and IL-1 signaling. Understanding the signaling cross-talk among TLR, IL-1R, and RANK is critical for identifying therapeutic strategies to control bacteria-mediated bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Chen
- From the Departments of Pediatric Dentistry, the Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China, and
| | - Lingkai Su
- From the Departments of Pediatric Dentistry
| | - Qingan Xu
- From the Departments of Pediatric Dentistry, the The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Jenny Katz
- From the Departments of Pediatric Dentistry
| | | | - Mingwen Fan
- the The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Xu Feng
- Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Ping Zhang
- From the Departments of Pediatric Dentistry,
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Nakka SS, Lönn J, Starkhammar Johansson C, Bengtsson T, Nayeri F. Antibodies produced in vitro in the detection of periodontal bacteria by using surface plasmon resonance analysis. Clin Exp Dent Res 2015; 1:32-44. [PMID: 29744138 PMCID: PMC5839181 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a major etiological agent associated with periodontitis. This study aims to develop antibodies to P. gingivalis in vitro for real-time detection of bacteria in clinical samples. Lymphocytes were isolated from whole blood of patient treated for periodontitis and were stimulated with P. gingivalis ATCC 33277. B-cell maturation to long-living antibody secreting-plasma cells was studied using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining. The antibodies developed in vitro were immobilized onto a CM-5 sensor chip of a biosensor to detect the presence of P. gingivalis in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontitis compared to periodontally healthy controls (n = 30). Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis was performed to evaluate specific interactions of bacteria in samples with the immobilized antibodies. The results of SPR analysis were compared to the detection of P. gingivalis in the samples using DNA-DNA checkerboard hybridization technique. A clear and distinct change in lymphocyte morphology upon stimulation with P. gingivalis was observed. Anti-P. gingivalis antibodies secreted by CD38+ plasma cells showed the presence of all the four IgG subclasses. The results of DNA-DNA checkerboard analysis were in agreement with that of SPR analysis for the detection of P. gingivalis in patient samples. Furthermore, incubation with anti-P. gingivalis attenuated the bacterial response in SPR. The in vitro method for antibody production developed during this study could be used for an efficient real-time detection of periodontitis, and the attenuating effects of in vitro antibodies suggest their role in passive immunization to prevent periodontitis and their associated risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravya Sowdamini Nakka
- The Institution for Protein Environmental Affinity SurveysPEAS Institut ABLinköpingSweden
- Clinical Research Center, School of Health and Medical SciencesÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Johanna Lönn
- The Institution for Protein Environmental Affinity SurveysPEAS Institut ABLinköpingSweden
- Clinical Research Center, School of Health and Medical SciencesÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | | | - Torbjörn Bengtsson
- Clinical Research Center, School of Health and Medical SciencesÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Fariba Nayeri
- The Institution for Protein Environmental Affinity SurveysPEAS Institut ABLinköpingSweden
- Division of Infectious DiseasesUniversity HospitalLinköpingSweden
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145
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Faramarzi M, Goharfar Z, Pourabbas R, Kashefimehr A, Shirmohmmadi A. Microbiological and clinical effects of enamel matrix derivative and sustained-release micro-spherical minocycline application as an adjunct to non-surgical therapy in peri-implant mucosal inflammation. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 41:181-9. [PMID: 26339576 PMCID: PMC4558186 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2015.41.4.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the microbial and clinical effects of mechanical debridement (MD) alone or in combination with the application of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) and sustained-release micro-spherical minocycline (MSM) for treatment of peri-implant mucosal infl ammation (PIMI). Materials and Methods Subjects with at least one implant with PIMI were included and divided into control and two different test groups. In all three groups, MD was performed. In the MSM group, following MD, MSM was placed subgingivally around the implants. In the EMD group, after MD, EMD was placed in the sulcus around the implants. Sampling of peri-implant crevicular fl uid for microbial analysis with real-time polymerase chain reaction and recording of probing depth (PD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were performed prior to as well as two weeks and three months after treatment. Median values and interquartile range were estimated for each variable during the various assessment intervals of the study. Results In all groups, at two weeks and three months, the counts of Porphyromonas gingivalis decreased significantly compared to baseline. Levels of P. gingivalis were significantly reduced in MSM (P<0.001) and EMD (P=0.026) groups compared to the control group. Also, clinical parameters improved significantly at two weeks and three months. Reduction of PD was significant in MSM (P<0.001) and EMD (P<0.001) groups. The decrease in BOP in the MSM, EMD, and control groups was 60%, 50%, and 20%, respectively. Conclusion The use of MSM and EMD can be an adjunctive treatment for management of PIMI and improves clinical parameters and reduces P. gingivalis burden three months after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Faramarzi
- Department of Periodontics, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Goharfar
- Department of Periodontics, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Reza Pourabbas
- Department of Periodontics, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Atabak Kashefimehr
- Department of Periodontics, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adileh Shirmohmmadi
- Department of Periodontics, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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146
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Secreted gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis colonies exert potent immunomodulatory effects on human gingival fibroblasts. Microbiol Res 2015; 178:18-26. [PMID: 26302843 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal pathogens, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, can form biofilms in dental pockets and cause inflammation, which is one of the underlying mechanisms involved in the development of periodontal disease, ultimately leading to tooth loss. Although P. gingivalis is protected in the biofilm, it can still cause damage and modulate inflammatory responses from the host, through secretion of microvesicles containing proteinases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of cysteine proteinases in P. gingivalis colony growth and development, and subsequent immunomodulatory effects on human gingival fibroblast. By comparing the wild type W50 with its gingipain deficient strains we show that cysteine proteinases are required by P. gingivalis to form morphologically normal colonies. The lysine-specific proteinase (Kgp), but not arginine-specific proteinases (Rgps), was associated with immunomodulation. P. gingivalis with Kgp affected the viability of gingival fibroblasts and modulated host inflammatory responses, including induction of TGF-β1 and suppression of CXCL8 and IL-6 accumulation. These results suggest that secreted products from P. gingivalis, including proteinases, are able to cause damage and significantly modulate the levels of inflammatory mediators, independent of a physical host-bacterial interaction. This study provides new insight of the pathogenesis of P. gingivalis and suggests gingipains as targets for diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis.
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147
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Tokutomi F, Wada-Takahashi S, Sugiyama S, Toyama T, Sato T, Hamada N, Tsukinoki K, Takahashi SS, Lee MCI. Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced alveolar bone loss is accelerated in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:911-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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148
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Yang Q, Yu F, Sun L, Zhang Q, Lin M, Geng X, Sun X, Li J, Liu Y. Identification of amino acid residues involved in hemin binding inPorphyromonas gingivalishemagglutinin 2. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 30:337-46. [PMID: 25833325 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q.B. Yang
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - F.Y. Yu
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - L. Sun
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Q.X. Zhang
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - M. Lin
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - X.Y. Geng
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - X.N. Sun
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - J.L. Li
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Y. Liu
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
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149
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Porphyromonas gingivalis Periodontal Infection and Its Putative Links with Alzheimer's Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:137357. [PMID: 26063967 PMCID: PMC4430664 DOI: 10.1155/2015/137357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are inflammatory conditions affecting the global adult population. In the pathogenesis of PD, subgingival complex bacterial biofilm induces inflammation that leads to connective tissue degradation and alveolar bone resorption around the teeth. In health, junctional epithelium seals the gingiva to the tooth enamel, thus preventing bacteria from entering the gingivae. Chronic PD involves major pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia) which have an immune armoury that can circumvent host's immune surveillance to create and maintain an inflammatory mediator rich and toxic environment to grow and survive. The neurodegenerative condition, AD, is characterised by poor memory and specific hallmark proteins; periodontal pathogens are increasingly being linked with this dementing condition. It is therefore becoming important to understand associations of periodontitis with relevance to late-onset AD. The aim of this review is to discuss the relevance of finding the keystone periodontal pathogen P. gingivalis in AD brains and its plausible contribution to the aetiological hypothesis of this dementing condition.
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150
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Ibrahim MI, Abdelhafeez MA, Ellaithy MI, Salama AH, Amin AS, Eldakrory H, Elhadad NI. Can Porphyromonas gingivalis be a novel aetiology for recurrent miscarriage? EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2015; 20:119-27. [PMID: 25328050 DOI: 10.3109/13625187.2014.962651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the association between Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) infection and recurrent miscarriage. METHODS This case control study included women with early pregnancy failure admitted for surgical evacuation of retained products of conception. Cases (group 1) included 50 women with unexplained recurrent early miscarriage whereas the control group (group 2) consisted of 50 women with no such history. The evacuated products of conception, subgingival plaques, cervicovaginal secretions and saliva of all participants were examined to detect P. gingivalis deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) using a polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The prevalence of P. gingivalis DNA in the chorionic villous tissue samples of group 1 was significantly higher than in group 2 (8 [16%] vs. 1 [2%], respectively; p = 0.036, odds ratio [OR]: 9.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-76.9). The prevalence of P. gingivalis DNA was significantly higher in cervicovaginal secretions of group 1 than in group 2 (9 [18%] vs. 1 [2%], respectively; p = 0.02, OR: 10.8, 95% CI: 1.3-88.5). On the contrary, P. gingivalis DNA could not be detected in subgingival plaques and saliva samples of either group. CONCLUSION The current study found an association between P. gingivalis infection of the female genital tract and the occurrence of recurrent miscarriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa I Ibrahim
- * Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department, Ain-Shams Faculty of Medicine , Cairo , Egypt
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