101
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Park JH, Kim N, Shin S, Roh EY, Yoon JH, Park H. Prevalence and correlated factors of sexually transmitted infections among women attending a Korean sexual assault center. J Forensic Leg Med 2020; 71:101935. [PMID: 32342905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2020.101935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Long-term observation of the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is unclear in sexual assault victims (SAVs).We aimed to identify the trends in the prevalence of STIs in SAVs and factors correlated with STIs. Between January 2010 and May 2019, a retrospective observational study was conducted in a regional sexual assault center in Seoul. Data were collected from sexual assault questionnaires and laboratory results. PCR for STIs, including Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), Mycoplasma hominis (MH), Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV), was performed via vaginal swab. Associations between STIs and covariates were examined by logistic regression. A total of 1843 SAVs were included, and 60.2% were positive for at least one STI. UU was the dominant agent (32.6%), followed by MH (27.7%) and CT (17.4%). The annual positivity rate ofMH showed a significant decreasing trend (tau = -0.600, P value = 0.020). The highest positivity rate of STI by age group was 68.0% (282/415) in the 15-19 years of age group. Age (OR = 0.951, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.934-0.968) and pyuria (OR = 1.898, 95% CI = 1.543-2.329) were associated with clinically important STIs (NG, CT and TV). The prevalence of STIs in SAVs was consistently high over 10 years, and most STIs were more prevalent in SAVs than in the general population. Presumptive treatment is still needed, especially for young SAVs with pyuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyeon Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
| | - Namhee Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20, Borama-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 07061, South Korea.
| | - Sue Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20, Borama-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 07061, South Korea.
| | - Eun Youn Roh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20, Borama-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 07061, South Korea.
| | - Jong Hyun Yoon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20, Borama-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 07061, South Korea.
| | - Hyunwoong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20, Borama-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 07061, South Korea.
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102
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Sprong KE, Mabenge M, Wright CA, Govender S. Ureaplasma species and preterm birth: current perspectives. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:169-181. [PMID: 32141797 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1736986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the human Ureaplasma species are most frequently isolated from the amniotic fluid and placenta in these cases. Ureaplasma colonisation is associated with infertility, stillbirth, histologic chorioamnionitis, and neonatal morbidities, including congenital pneumonia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, meningitis and perinatal death. The human Ureaplasma spp. are separated into Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum with 14 known serotypes. The small genome has several genes, which code for surface proteins; most significantly the Multiple Banded Antigen (MBA) where an antigenic C-terminal domain elicits a host antibody response. Other genes code for various virulence factors such as IgA protease and urease. Ureaplasma spp. infection is diagnosed by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and commercial assays are available to improve turnaround time. Microbroth dilution assays are routinely used to test antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical Ureaplasma spp. especially against doxycycline, azithromycin, ofloxacin and josamycin. Resistance to macrolides, fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines has been reported. A concise review of Ureaplasma spp. and their role in pregnancy outcomes, especially preterm birth, offers insight into the early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy to prevent long-term complications of Ureaplasma spp. infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Elizabeth Sprong
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Mfundo Mabenge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dora Nginza Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Colleen Anne Wright
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa and Lancet Laboratories, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sharlene Govender
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
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103
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Betschart C, Dedes I, Scheiner D. [Recurrent Urogynecological Infections]. PRAXIS 2020; 109:79-85. [PMID: 32019451 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent Urogynecological Infections Abstract. Changes in the urogenital microbiome of the bladder, urethra, vagina and cervix can cause recurrent infections. We distinguish between obligate and facultative pathogens. In the case of facultative pathogens, treatment with antibiotic, antiviral or antifungal drugs should only be considered in cases with attributable symptoms. Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) manifest either urogenitally alone or in association with an ascending infection of the adnexa as a pelvic inflammatory disease. STD may be asymptomatic, as in cases of chlamydia, or may cause a high burden of symptoms, impairment of quality of life or infertility. The aim of this minireview is to give an overview of the pathogenicity of the different germs and their treatment.
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104
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Fernández-Huerta M, Serra-Pladevall J, Esperalba J, Pich OQ, García-Pérez JN, Espasa M. Re: Abbott et al., A Case of Rectal Ureaplasma Infection and Implications for Testing in Young Men Who Have Sex with Men: The P18 Cohort Study (From: Abbott CE, Greene RE, Kapadia F, et al. LGBT Health 2017;4:161-163; DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2016.0030). LGBT Health 2020; 7:119-120. [PMID: 31985335 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2019.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Fernández-Huerta
- Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Serra-Pladevall
- Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana Esperalba
- Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Q Pich
- Microbiology Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge N García-Pérez
- Sexually Transmitted Infections Unit Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, Infectious Diseases Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mateu Espasa
- Microbiology Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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105
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Taylor-Robinson D, Horner P, Pallecaros A. Understanding the terms we use: support for using 'sexually shared microbiota' (SSM). Int J STD AIDS 2020; 31:183-185. [PMID: 31948339 DOI: 10.1177/0956462419885780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Taylor-Robinson
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Wright-Fleming Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Horner
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Evaluation of Interventions in partnership with Public Health England, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Unity Sexual Health, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Anna Pallecaros
- Department of Genito-urinary Medicine, Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
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106
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Barrientos-Durán A, de Salazar A, Alvarez-Estévez M, Fuentes-López A, Espadafor B, Garcia F. Detection of sexually transmitted disease-causing pathogens from direct clinical specimens with the multiplex PCR-based STD Direct Flow Chip Kit. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:235-241. [PMID: 31902016 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03686-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens causing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) include viruses, bacteria, and parasites. The ability to rapidly and efficiently detect these pathogens in a single reaction still remains a health challenge. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical reliability and accuracy of the STD Direct Flow Chip Kit (Vitro, IVD-EC approved), which can simultaneously detect up to 9 different species of STD pathogens at once. This kit enables direct analysis-direct-PCR-of clinical specimens (urine, semen, endocervical, urethral, nasopharyngeal, and perianal swabs) without DNA purification for the following pathogens: Chlamydia trachomatis (serovars A-K and L1-L3), Haemophilus ducreyi, Herpes Simplex Virus (Types I and II), Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Ureaplasma. The Anyplex™ II STI-7 Detection Kit (Seegene, IVD-EC) was used as the reference's method. Existing discordances were resolved using either a third molecular assay or DNA sequencing. Clinical performance was evaluated at two different stages: (i) from purified DNA of three hundred and fifty-eight clinical specimens with a diagnostic sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of 99.4% and 100%, respectively, and an agreement of 99% (kappa index, κ = 0.97) with the reference's method and; (ii) by direct-PCR from six hundred and thirty-three specimens rendering SE, SP, and agreement values of 98.4%, 99.9%, and 98.0% (κ = 0.95), respectively. The STD Direct Flow Chip Kit constitutes a promising alternative to routine procedures in diagnostic, allowing direct analysis of specimens and enabling the detection of a broad panel of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Barrientos-Durán
- Servicio de Microbiología. Instituto de Investigación ibs.GRANADA, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Avenida de la Ilustración S/N, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Adolfo de Salazar
- Servicio de Microbiología. Instituto de Investigación ibs.GRANADA, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Avenida de la Ilustración S/N, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Alvarez-Estévez
- Servicio de Microbiología. Instituto de Investigación ibs.GRANADA, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Avenida de la Ilustración S/N, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Fuentes-López
- Servicio de Microbiología. Instituto de Investigación ibs.GRANADA, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Avenida de la Ilustración S/N, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Espadafor
- Servicio de Dermatología. Centro de ETS., Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Federico Garcia
- Servicio de Microbiología. Instituto de Investigación ibs.GRANADA, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Avenida de la Ilustración S/N, 18016, Granada, Spain.
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107
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Gottwald C, Schwarz NG, Frickmann H. Sexually Transmitted Infections in Soldiers - A Cross-Sectional Assessment in German Paratroopers and Navy Soldiers and a Literature Review. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2019; 9:138-143. [PMID: 31934366 PMCID: PMC6945994 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2019.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The study was performed to estimate the prevalence and determinants of occurrence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in paratroopers and navy soldiers by anonymously analyzing medical records from the medical departments of two large German barracks in order to assess the need for medical STI prevention. Methods Medical records from 80 paratroopers and 80 navy soldiers were screened for records of STI. Results were anonymously collected next to information on risk factors, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic management, and comparatively assessed. Results Proportions of suspected STIs were 17.5% and 20%, and proportions of diagnosed STIs were 13.9% and 11.3% for paratroopers and navy soldiers, respectively. Chlamydia trachomatis, human papillomavirus, and genital scabies were observed in paratroopers and navy soldiers, while Gardnerella vaginalis, herpes simplex virus, Molluscum contagiosum virus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis were additionally identified in navy soldiers. Conclusions Although clinical hints for STIs were frequently observed, clinical management was usually restricted to syndrome-based antibiotic treatment without detailed diagnostic workup, leaving room for procedural improvement. Ongoing need for medical STI prevention in the military could be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Gottwald
- Bundeswehr Military Medical Department Wilhelmshaven, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Norbert Georg Schwarz
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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108
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Martinelli M, Musumeci R, Sechi I, Sotgiu G, Piana A, Perdoni F, Sina F, Fruscio R, Landoni F, Cocuzza CE. Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) among Italian Women Referred for a Colposcopy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16245000. [PMID: 31818033 PMCID: PMC6950209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) represent a major cause of morbidity in women and men worldwide. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections are among the most prevalent STIs and persistent infections with high-risk HPV (hrHPV) genotypes can cause cervical dysplasia and invasive cervical cancer. The association of other STIs with HPV cervical infection and/or dysplasia has however not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of HPV and other STIs among women presenting with an abnormal cervical cytology. Cervical infections with 28 HPV genotypes and seven other sexually transmitted pathogens were evaluated in 177 women referred for a colposcopy after an abnormal Pap smear. Positivity for at least one hrHPV genotype was shown in 87% of women; HPV 16 was the most prevalent (25.0%), followed by HPV 31 and HPV 51. The overall positivity for other STIs was 49.2%, with Ureaplasma parvum being the most prevalent microrganism (39.0%). Co-infections between hrHPV and other STIs were demonstrated in 17.5% of women; no significant association was demonstrated between multiple infections and the colposcopy findings. This study provides new epidemiological data on the prevalence of cervical infections associated with HPV and seven other common sexually transmitted pathogens in a population of women presenting with an abnormal cervical cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Martinelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; (M.M.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (R.F.); (F.L.)
| | - Rosario Musumeci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; (M.M.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (R.F.); (F.L.)
| | - Illari Sechi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.S.); (G.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.S.); (G.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Piana
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.S.); (G.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Federica Perdoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; (M.M.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (R.F.); (F.L.)
| | - Federica Sina
- ASST Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Robert Fruscio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; (M.M.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (R.F.); (F.L.)
- ASST Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Fabio Landoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; (M.M.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (R.F.); (F.L.)
- ASST Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Clementina E. Cocuzza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; (M.M.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (R.F.); (F.L.)
- Correspondence:
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109
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Beeton ML, Payne MS, Jones L. The Role of Ureaplasma spp. in the Development of Nongonococcal Urethritis and Infertility among Men. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32:e00137-18. [PMID: 31270127 PMCID: PMC6750135 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00137-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ureaplasma spp. are a genus of bacteria for which two human-associated species exist: Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum Their definition as a pathogen in the context of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) and infertility among males remains highly controversial, largely due to historically high rates of isolation of these bacteria from the urethra of seemingly healthy men. This review summarizes the emerging evidence suggesting a true pathogenic role of these bacteria under specific conditions, which we term risk factors. We examine the historical, clinical, and experimental studies which support a causal role for Ureaplasma spp. in the development of NGU as well as some of the proposed mechanisms behind the association of Ureaplasma spp. and the development of infertility. Finally, we discuss the potential for developing a case-by-case risk-based approach toward the management of men who present with seemingly idiopathic NGU but who are positive for Ureaplasma spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Beeton
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Science, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew S Payne
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lucy Jones
- Department of Integrated Sexual Health, Dewi Sant Hospital, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
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110
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[Current diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections]. Urologe A 2019; 57:1436-1444. [PMID: 30377706 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-018-0803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been an increasing incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STI), which in turn play a major role in urological clinical routine. OBJECTIVES Which STIs are relevant in urological clinical routine? What kind of recommendations for diagnosis and treatment exist? MATERIALS AND METHODS Review of evidence-based recommendations from the literature, current guidelines of the European Association of Urology and the Robert-Koch-Institute. RESULTS STIs can be differentiated into those that cause genital, anal, perianal or oral ulcers from STIs that cause urethritis, cervicitis, or urethral or vaginal discharge. Asymptomatic courses are frequently observed. For diagnosis predominantly amplification methods are recommended. The local resistance situation should be considered. Special attention is paid to the worldwide increasing resistance of gonococci. The sexual partner should also be treated. In addition, diagnosis and therapy of other STIs should be made due to the high rate of co-infection. CONCLUSIONS Due to the increasing incidence of STIs, the recognition and evidence-based treatment of these infections is essential to avoid ascending infections, long-term consequences, and further transmissions. It is important to assure the infectious material before initiating therapy to be able to switch from the initially initiated calculated therapy (also considering the local resistance situation) to a test-appropriate therapy.
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111
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Pekmezovic M, Mogavero S, Naglik JR, Hube B. Host-Pathogen Interactions during Female Genital Tract Infections. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:982-996. [PMID: 31451347 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dysbiosis in the female genital tract (FGT) is characterized by the overgrowth of pathogenic bacterial, fungal, or protozoan members of the microbiota, leading to symptomatic or asymptomatic infections. In this review, we discuss recent advances in studies dealing with molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity factors of Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Candida spp., as well as their interactions with the host and microbiota in the various niches of the FGT. Taking a holistic approach to identifying fundamental commonalities and differences during these infections could help us to better understand reproductive tract health and improve current prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pekmezovic
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Selene Mogavero
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral, and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany. @leibniz-hki.de
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112
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Wang N, Liu W, Zhou Y, Liu Y. In vitro Activities of Nemonoxacin and Other Antimicrobial Agents Against Human Mycoplasma and Ureaplasmas Isolates and Their Defined Resistance Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1890. [PMID: 31456791 PMCID: PMC6700270 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nemonoxacin, a newly developed non-fluorinated quinolone (NFQ), selectively inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase activity. However, its activities against Mycoplasmas have rarely been studied to date. Herein, the activities of nemonoxacin were evaluated against clinical isolates of 50 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 20 Mycoplasma hominis, and 77 Ureaplasma spp., and they were compared to fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and macrolides. Nemonoxacin MICs (μg/ml) ranged from 0.03 to 0.25 for M. pneumoniae, 0.25 to 8 for M. hominis, and 0.06 to >16 for Ureaplasma spp., and all of the ranges are similar to those of fluoroquinolones. The activity of nemonoxacin against Mycoplasmas was not affected by resistance to macrolides in the strains tested, but it seems to have the same resistant mechanism as fluoroquinolones. In addition, minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of nemonoxacin to M. pneumoniae were within two dilutions of the MIC values, indicating a bactericidal effect on M. pneumoniae. Nemonoxacin merits further study for treating infections caused by these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wancheng Liu
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Yunheng Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Corps Hospital, Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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113
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Kenyon C. Toward a Set of Criteria to Decide Which STIs to Screen for in PrEP Cohorts. Front Public Health 2019; 7:154. [PMID: 31249825 PMCID: PMC6582697 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) cohorts are characterized by high rates of partner change and as a result have high and fairly stable prevalences of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis. The available evidence suggests that intensive 3-monthly screening in this setting does not have a large effect on the prevalence of these infections but results in high antimicrobial exposures. Gonorrhea/chlamydia screening may thus be doing more harm than good. Compelling arguments can, however, be made to screen for HIV, hepatitis C, and syphilis in PrEP cohorts. In this perspective piece, we explore the logical basis for deciding which STIs to screen for in PrEP cohorts. We propose that a Delphi consensus methodology is used to derive, assess, and apply a broadly accepted set of criteria to evaluate which STIs to screen for in these cohorts. Finally, to illustrate the utility of the process, we derive and apply our own list of criteria as to which STIs to screen for. This process leads to a controversial conclusion, namely that stopping gonorrhea/chlamydia screening in a controlled and phased manner may offer net health benefits to PrEP cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Kenyon
- HIV/STI Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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114
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Xiao N, Gai W, Hu WG, Li JX, Zhang Y, Zhao XY. Next-generation-sequencing technology used for the detection of Mycoplasma hominis in renal cyst fluid: a case report. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:1073-1079. [PMID: 31213854 PMCID: PMC6537462 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s198678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:Mycoplasma is an opportunistic pathogen causing both urogenital and extragenital infections. The lack of cell wall renders Mycoplasma difficult to culture and identify with ordinary methods. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a new technology helping a lot in the diagnosis of infective diseases. In this case, NGS played a key role in the diagnosis of Mycoplasma infection. Case presentation: A mid-aged man suffering from renal cyst underwent cyst incision followed by invasive treatments to eliminate hematoma caused by renal artery hemorrhage. After the cyst incision operation, the patient had a persistent high temperature. The persistent increase of blood neutrophile granulocyte count and C-reaction protein suggested an unresolved infection. The empirically chosen anti-infective agents were meropenem and linezolid since the ordinary bacterial cultures of surgical site drainage and blood yielded a negative result. At postoperation day (POD) 17, NGS result of his drainage clearly indicated the pathogen was Mycoplasma hominis. At POD 24, the drug sensitivity test showed resistance to quinolones, clarithromycin and erythromycin, but intermediate to azithromycin. Since then, the antimicrobial agents were changed into azithromycin and kept unchanged until the patient was fully recovered and discharged at POD 39. Conclusion: When the ordinary laboratory diagnostic methods failed, NGS diagnosis could reduce the hospitalization expenses and shorten the lengths of hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gai
- National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Guo Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Xing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Ying Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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115
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Sarier M, Kukul E. Classification of non-gonococcal urethritis: a review. Int Urol Nephrol 2019; 51:901-907. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-019-02140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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116
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Frølund M, Falk L, Ahrens P, Jensen JS. Detection of ureaplasmas and bacterial vaginosis associated bacteria and their association with non-gonococcal urethritis in men. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214425. [PMID: 30946763 PMCID: PMC6448876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
No aetiology is found in up to 40% of men with symptomatic urethritis. Male partners of women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) may be at higher risk of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). The aim of this study was to examine the role of BV associated bacteria in first-void urine (FVU) in 97 asymptomatic men without urethritis (controls) and 44 men (cases) with NGU including 20 men with idiopathic urethritis (IU) attending a Swedish STD-clinic between January and October 2010. BV-associated bacteria and ureaplasmas were detected by quantitative PCR assays. All BV associated bacteria, except Megasphaera-like type 1, were strongly positively correlated with U. urealyticum p<0.005 and even stronger with the combined U. urealyticum and U. parvum load (p<0.0005) suggesting that ureaplasma induced elevated pH may stimulate the growth of BV associated bacteria. No statistically significant differences were found between IU cases and controls in the prevalence or load of BV associated bacteria or ureaplasmas. In multiple logistic regression, Megasphaera-like type 1 was associated with IU (p = 0.03), but most positive FVU samples contained very few bacteria and the finding may not be clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Frølund
- Research Unit for Reproductive Microbiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Lars Falk
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Linköping University Hospital and Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Ahrens
- Research Unit for Reproductive Microbiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Skov Jensen
- Research Unit for Reproductive Microbiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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117
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Cazanave C, de Barbeyrac B. [Pelvic inflammatory diseases: Microbiologic diagnosis - CNGOF and SPILF Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases Guidelines]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 47:409-417. [PMID: 30878688 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the microorganisms potentially involved in pelvic inflammatory diseases (PIDs) and the different diagnostic methods of PID. METHODS PubMed and International Guidelines search. RESULTS PIDs have various microbial causes. The pathogenic role of the main agents of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium is well demonstrated (NP1). C. trachomatis is the most commonly described bacterium in PID (NP1), especially in women under 30 years old. PIDs also occur in situations that decrease the effectiveness of the cervix microbiological lock, such as bacterial vaginosis, allowing facultative vaginal bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae and anaerobes to ascend to the uterine cavity. Nevertheless, participation of the diverse bacteria of the vaginal microbiota, in particular anaerobes, and the polymicrobial character of PIDs are still differently appreciated. In the case of uncomplicated PID, to obtain a microbiological diagnosis, endocervical sampling is recommended during gynecological examination under speculum (grade B). A first swab allows for a smear on a slide for direct examination (Gram, MGG). A second swab, in an adapted transport medium, is useful for standard culture with N. gonorrhoeae and facultative vaginal flora bacteria cultures, with antibiotic susceptibility testing. A third swab, in an appropriate transport medium, allows for the search for N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, and if possible M. genitalium by nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAATs), (NP1). It is possible to only use one swab in a transport medium suitable for (i) survival of bacteria and (ii) NAATs. When the diagnosis of PID is clinically compatible, a positive NAAT for one or more of the three STI-associated bacteria on a genital sample supports the PID diagnosis (NP1). On the other hand, a negative NAAT does not allow the exclusion of an STI agent for PID diagnosis (NP1). In situations where speculum use is not possible, vaginal sampling will be performed by default. In case of complicated IGH, tuboperitoneal samples can be performed either radiologically or surgically. Since these sites are sterile, any bacteria present will be considered pathogenic (NP2). C. trachomatis serology is not interesting as a first line diagnostic tool for PID diagnosis and is not useful for monitoring the evolution of PID (NP1).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cazanave
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, groupe hospitalier Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Infections humaines à mycoplasmes et chlamydiae, USC EA 3671, Institut national de la recherche agronomique, université Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Centre national de référence des infections sexuellement transmissibles bactériennes, CHU de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - B de Barbeyrac
- Infections humaines à mycoplasmes et chlamydiae, USC EA 3671, Institut national de la recherche agronomique, université Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Centre national de référence des infections sexuellement transmissibles bactériennes, CHU de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Laboratoire de bactériologie, groupe hospitalier Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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118
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Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections. Traditionally, all symptomatic UTIs are tested and treated. The use of antibiotics has resulted in an antibiotic resistance crisis, and we have limited options for managing UTIs. Currently, we live in the era of antimicrobial resistance and may live in other eras like the era of the microbiome. New insights might provide an opportunity to prevent the overuse and misuse of antibiotics and could enable the development of innovate managing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ju Lee
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, South Korea
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119
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Vallely LM, Egli-Gany D, Pomat W, Homer CS, Guy R, Wand H, Silver B, Rumbold AR, Kaldor JM, Low N, Vallely AJ. Adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, M. hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and U. parvum: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e024175. [PMID: 30498048 PMCID: PMC6278811 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several bacterial sexually transmitted and genital mycoplasma infections during pregnancy have been associated with poor pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Comprehensive and systematic information about associations between sexually transmitted infections (STI) and genital infections in pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcomes is needed to improve understanding about the evidence for causal associations between these infections and adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Our primary objective is to systematically review the literature about associations between: (1) Neisseria gonorrhoeae in pregnancy and preterm birth; (2) Mycoplasma genitalium in pregnancy and preterm birth; (3) M. hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and/or U. parvum in pregnancy and preterm birth. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will undertake a systematic search of Medline, Excerpta Medica database and the Cochrane Library and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Following an initial screening of titles by one reviewer, abstracts will be independently assessed by two reviewers before screening of full-text articles. To exclude a manuscript, both reviewers need to agree on the decision. Any discrepancies will be resolved by discussion, or the adjudication of a third reviewer. Studies will be included if they report testing for one or more of N. gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium, M. hominis, U. urealyticum and/or U. parvum during pregnancy and report pregnancy and/or birth outcomes. In this review, the primary outcome is preterm birth. Secondary outcomes are premature rupture of membranes, low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, neonatal mortality and ophthalmia neonatorum. We will use standard definitions, or definitions reported by study authors. We will examine associations between exposure and outcome in forest plots, using the I2 statistic to examine between study heterogeneity. Where appropriate, we will use meta-analysis to combine results of individual studies. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This systematic review of published literature does not require ethical committee approval. Results of this review will be published in a peer reviewed, open access journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42016050962.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Vallely
- Public Health Interventions Research Group, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dianne Egli-Gany
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - William Pomat
- Director, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Caroline Se Homer
- Centre for Midwifery, Child and Family Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Co-Program Director Maternal and Child Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Guy
- Surveillance and Evaluation Research, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Handan Wand
- Biostatistics and Databases program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Silver
- Public Health Division, Central Australian Aboriginal Congress, Alice Springs, Australia
| | - Alice R Rumbold
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John M Kaldor
- Public Health Interventions Research Group, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicola Low
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J Vallely
- Public Health Interventions Research Group, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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120
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Buder S. [40-year-old male with urethral discharge : Preparation for the specialist examination: part 13]. Hautarzt 2018; 69:132-135. [PMID: 30374537 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-018-4293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Buder
- Konsiliarlabor für Gonokokken, am Vivantes-Klinikum Berlin Neukölln, Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Rudower Str. 48, 12351, Berlin, Deutschland.
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121
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Van Der Pol B. We have the technology, but should we build the test? Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2018; 18:917-919. [PMID: 30307788 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2018.1535905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Van Der Pol
- a University of Alabama at Birmingham , School of Medicine , Birmingham , AL , USA
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