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Hahn F, Mantegazza O, Greiner A, Hegemann P, Eisenhut M, Weber APM. An Efficient Visual Screen for CRISPR/Cas9 Activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:39. [PMID: 28174584 PMCID: PMC5258748 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system enables precision editing of the genome of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and likely of any other organism. Tools and methods for further developing and optimizing this widespread and versatile system in Arabidopsis would hence be welcomed. Here, we designed a generic vector system that can be used to clone any sgRNA sequence in a plant T-DNA vector containing an ubiquitously expressed Cas9 gene. With this vector, we explored two alternative marker systems for tracking Cas9-mediated gene-editing in vivo: BIALAPHOS RESISTANCE (BAR) and GLABROUS1 (GL1). BAR confers resistance to glufosinate and is widely used as a positive selection marker; GL1 is required for the formation of trichomes. Reversion of a frameshift null BAR allele to a functional one by Cas9-mediated gene editing yielded a higher than expected number of plants that are resistant to glufosinate. Surprisingly, many of those plants did not display reversion of the BAR gene through the germline. We hypothesize that few BAR revertant cells in a highly chimeric plant likely provide system-wide resistance to glufosinate and thus we suggest that BAR is not suitable as marker for tracking Cas9-mediated gene-editing. Targeting the GL1 gene for disruption with Cas9 provided clearly visible phenotypes of partially and completely glabrous plants. 50% of the analyzed T1 plants produced descendants with a chimeric phenotype and we could recover fully homozygous plants in the T3 generation with high efficiency. We propose that targeting of GL1 is suitable for assessing and optimizing Cas9-mediated gene-editing in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hahn
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science, Center for Synthetic Life Sciences, Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Otho Mantegazza
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science, Center for Synthetic Life Sciences, Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - André Greiner
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Marion Eisenhut
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science, Center for Synthetic Life Sciences, Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas P. M. Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science, Center for Synthetic Life Sciences, Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreas P. M. Weber,
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102
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Concepts and Strategies of Organic Plant Breeding in Light of Novel Breeding Techniques. SUSTAINABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/su9010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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103
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Cao HX, Wang W, Le HTT, Vu GTH. The Power of CRISPR-Cas9-Induced Genome Editing to Speed Up Plant Breeding. Int J Genomics 2016; 2016:5078796. [PMID: 28097123 PMCID: PMC5206445 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5078796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome editing with engineered nucleases enabling site-directed sequence modifications bears a great potential for advanced plant breeding and crop protection. Remarkably, the RNA-guided endonuclease technology (RGEN) based on the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) is an extremely powerful and easy tool that revolutionizes both basic research and plant breeding. Here, we review the major technical advances and recent applications of the CRISPR-Cas9 system for manipulation of model and crop plant genomes. We also discuss the future prospects of this technology in molecular plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieu X. Cao
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Wenqin Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hien T. T. Le
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Giang T. H. Vu
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
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104
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Marchant GE, Stevens YA. A new window of opportunity to reject process-based biotechnology regulation. GM CROPS & FOOD 2016; 6:233-42. [PMID: 26930116 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2015.1134406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The question of whether biotechnology regulation should be based on the process or the product has long been debated, with different jurisdictions adopting different approaches. The European Union has adopted a process-based approach, Canada has adopted a product-based approach, and the United States has implemented a hybrid system. With the recent proliferation of new methods of genetic modification, such as gene editing, process-based regulatory systems, which are premised on a binary system of transgenic and conventional approaches, will become increasingly obsolete and unsustainable. To avoid unreasonable, unfair and arbitrary results, nations that have adopted process-based approaches will need to migrate to a product-based approach that considers the novelty and risks of the individual trait, rather than the process by which that trait was produced. This commentary suggests some approaches for the design of such a product-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Marchant
- a Center for Law, Science & Innovation; Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law; Arizona State University ; Tempe , AZ USA
| | - Yvonne A Stevens
- a Center for Law, Science & Innovation; Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law; Arizona State University ; Tempe , AZ USA
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105
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Wolt JD, Wang K, Sashital D, Lawrence-Dill CJ. Achieving Plant CRISPR Targeting that Limits Off-Target Effects. THE PLANT GENOME 2016; 9. [PMID: 27902801 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2016.05.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas9 system (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats with associated Cas9 protein) has been used to generate targeted changes for direct modification of endogenous genes in an increasing number of plant species; but development of plant genome editing has not yet fully considered potential off-target mismatches that may lead to unintended changes within the genome. Assessing the specificity of CRISPR-Cas9 for increasing editing efficiency as well as the potential for unanticipated downstream effects from off-target mutations is an important regulatory consideration for agricultural applications. Increasing genome-editing specificity entails developing improved design methods that better predict the prevalence of off-target mutations as a function of genome composition and design of the engineered ribonucleoprotein (RNP). Early results from CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in plant systems indicate that the incidence of off-target mutation frequencies is quite low; however, by analyzing CRISPR-edited plant lines and improving both computational tools and reagent design, it may be possible to further decrease unanticipated effects at potential mismatch sites within the genome. This will provide assurance that CRISPR-Cas9 reagents can be designed and targeted with a high degree of specificity. Improved and experimentally validated design tools for discriminating target and potential off-target positions that incorporate consideration of the designed nuclease fidelity and selectivity will help to increase confidence for regulatory decision making for genome-edited plants.
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106
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Ricroch AE, Ammann K, Kuntz M. Editing EU legislation to fit plant genome editing: The use of genome editing technologies in plant breeding requires a novel regulatory approach for new plant varieties that involves farmers. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1365-1369. [PMID: 27629042 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes E Ricroch
- AgroParisTech, Evolutionary Genetics & Plant Breeding Chair, Paris Cedex 05, France Univ. Paris-Sud College of Interdisciplinary Studies University Paris-Saclay, Sceaux, France
| | - Klaus Ammann
- Emeritus from the University of Bern, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Kuntz
- Cell & Plant Physiology Laboratory, UMR5168 CNRS/CEA/INRA/Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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107
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Schinkel H, Schillberg S. Genome editing: intellectual property and product development in plant biotechnology. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1487-1491. [PMID: 27146974 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing is a revolutionary technology in molecular biology. While scientists are fascinated with the unlimited possibilities provided by directed and controlled changes in DNA in eukaryotes and have eagerly adopted such tools for their own experiments, an understanding of the intellectual property (IP) implications involved in bringing genome editing-derived products to market is often lacking. Due to the ingenuity of genome editing, the time between new product conception and its actual existence can be relatively short; therefore knowledge about IP of the various genome editing methods is relevant. This point must be regarded in a national framework as patents are instituted nationally. Therefore, when designing scientific work that could lead to a product, it is worthwhile to consider the different methods used for genome editing not only for their scientific merits but also for their compatibility with a speedy and reliable launch into the desired market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Schinkel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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108
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Sprink T, Eriksson D, Schiemann J, Hartung F. Regulatory hurdles for genome editing: process- vs. product-based approaches in different regulatory contexts. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1493-506. [PMID: 27142995 PMCID: PMC4903111 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Novel plant genome editing techniques call for an updated legislation regulating the use of plants produced by genetic engineering or genome editing, especially in the European Union. Established more than 25 years ago and based on a clear distinction between transgenic and conventionally bred plants, the current EU Directives fail to accommodate the new continuum between genetic engineering and conventional breeding. Despite the fact that the Directive 2001/18/EC contains both process- and product-related terms, it is commonly interpreted as a strictly process-based legislation. In view of several new emerging techniques which are closer to the conventional breeding than common genetic engineering, we argue that it should be actually interpreted more in relation to the resulting product. A legal guidance on how to define plants produced by exploring novel genome editing techniques in relation to the decade-old legislation is urgently needed, as private companies and public researchers are waiting impatiently with products and projects in the pipeline. We here outline the process in the EU to develop a legislation that properly matches the scientific progress. As the process is facing several hurdles, we also compare with existing frameworks in other countries and discuss ideas for an alternative regulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Sprink
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kuehn Institute, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Eriksson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sundsvägen 10, 23053, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Joachim Schiemann
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kuehn Institute, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany.
| | - Frank Hartung
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kuehn Institute, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
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109
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Khan MS, Khan MA, Ahmad D. Assessing Utilization and Environmental Risks of Important Genes in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:792. [PMID: 27446095 PMCID: PMC4919908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants with improved salt and drought stress tolerance have been developed with a large number of abiotic stress-related genes. Among these, the most extensively used genes are the glycine betaine biosynthetic codA, the DREB transcription factors, and vacuolar membrane Na(+)/H(+) antiporters. The use of codA, DREBs, and Na(+)/H(+) antiporters in transgenic plants has conferred stress tolerance and improved plant phenotype. However, the future deployment and commercialization of these plants depend on their safety to the environment. Addressing environmental risk assessment is challenging since mechanisms governing abiotic stress tolerance are much more complex than that of insect resistance and herbicide tolerance traits, which have been considered to date. Therefore, questions arise, whether abiotic stress tolerance genes need additional considerations and new measurements in risk assessment and, whether these genes would have effects on weediness and invasiveness potential of transgenic plants? While considering these concerns, the environmental risk assessment of abiotic stress tolerance genes would need to focus on the magnitude of stress tolerance, plant phenotype and characteristics of the potential receiving environment. In the present review, we discuss environmental concerns and likelihood of concerns associated with the use of abiotic stress tolerance genes. Based on our analysis, we conclude that the uses of these genes in domesticated crop plants are safe for the environment. Risk assessment, however, should be carefully conducted on biofeedstocks and perennial plants taking into account plant phenotype and the potential receiving environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S. Khan
- Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, PeshawarPakistan
| | - Muhammad A. Khan
- Research School of Biology, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACTAustralia
| | - Dawood Ahmad
- Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, PeshawarPakistan
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110
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Strategies to enable the adoption of animal biotechnology to sustainably improve global food safety and security. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:575-95. [PMID: 27246007 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9965-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to generate transgenic animals has existed for over 30 years, and from those early days many predicted that the technology would have beneficial applications in agriculture. Numerous transgenic agricultural animals now exist, however to date only one product from a transgenic animal has been approved for the food chain, due in part to cumbersome regulations. Recently, new techniques such as precision breeding have emerged, which enables the introduction of desired traits without the use of transgenes. The rapidly growing human population, environmental degradation, and concerns related to zoonotic and pandemic diseases have increased pressure on the animal agriculture sector to provide a safe, secure and sustainable food supply. There is a clear need to adopt transgenic technologies as well as new methods such as gene editing and precision breeding to meet these challenges and the rising demand for animal products. To achieve this goal, cooperation, education, and communication between multiple stakeholders-including scientists, industry, farmers, governments, trade organizations, NGOs and the public-is necessary. This report is the culmination of concepts first discussed at an OECD sponsored conference and aims to identify the main barriers to the adoption of animal biotechnology, tactics for navigating those barriers, strategies to improve public perception and trust, as well as industry engagement, and actions for governments and trade organizations including the OECD to harmonize regulations and trade agreements. Specifically, the report focuses on animal biotechnologies that are intended to improve breeding and genetics and currently are not routinely used in commercial animal agriculture. We put forward recommendations on how scientists, regulators, and trade organizations can work together to ensure that the potential benefits of animal biotechnology can be realized to meet the future needs of agriculture to feed the world.
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111
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Khatodia S, Bhatotia K, Passricha N, Khurana SMP, Tuteja N. The CRISPR/Cas Genome-Editing Tool: Application in Improvement of Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:506. [PMID: 27148329 PMCID: PMC4835450 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats associated Cas9/sgRNA system is a novel targeted genome-editing technique derived from bacterial immune system. It is an inexpensive, easy, most user friendly and rapidly adopted genome editing tool transforming to revolutionary paradigm. This technique enables precise genomic modifications in many different organisms and tissues. Cas9 protein is an RNA guided endonuclease utilized for creating targeted double-stranded breaks with only a short RNA sequence to confer recognition of the target in animals and plants. Development of genetically edited (GE) crops similar to those developed by conventional or mutation breeding using this potential technique makes it a promising and extremely versatile tool for providing sustainable productive agriculture for better feeding of rapidly growing population in a changing climate. The emerging areas of research for the genome editing in plants include interrogating gene function, rewiring the regulatory signaling networks and sgRNA library for high-throughput loss-of-function screening. In this review, we have described the broad applicability of the Cas9 nuclease mediated targeted plant genome editing for development of designer crops. The regulatory uncertainty and social acceptance of plant breeding by Cas9 genome editing have also been described. With this powerful and innovative technique the designer GE non-GM plants could further advance climate resilient and sustainable agriculture in the future and maximizing yield by combating abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surender Khatodia
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University HaryanaGurgaon, India
| | - Kirti Bhatotia
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University HaryanaGurgaon, India
| | - Nishat Passricha
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi, India
| | - S. M. P. Khurana
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University HaryanaGurgaon, India
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi, India
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity UniversityNoida, India
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112
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113
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Maccree MM. Green Genes. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1535676016640389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Malendia Maccree
- University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Davis, CA, USA
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114
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Petolino JF, Srivastava V, Daniell H. Editing Plant Genomes: a new era of crop improvement. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:435-6. [PMID: 26817702 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
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115
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Lowder L, Malzahn A, Qi Y. Rapid Evolution of Manifold CRISPR Systems for Plant Genome Editing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1683. [PMID: 27895652 PMCID: PMC5107562 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Advanced CRISPR-Cas9 based technologies first validated in mammalian cell systems are quickly being adapted for use in plants. These new technologies increase CRISPR-Cas9's utility and effectiveness by diversifying cellular capabilities through expression construct system evolution and enzyme orthogonality, as well as enhanced efficiency through delivery and expression mechanisms. Here, we review the current state of advanced CRISPR-Cas9 and Cpf1 capabilities in plants and cover the rapid evolution of these tools from first generation inducers of double strand breaks for basic genetic manipulations to second and third generation multiplexed systems with myriad functionalities, capabilities, and specialized applications. We offer perspective on how to utilize these tools for currently untested research endeavors and analyze strengths and weaknesses of novel CRISPR systems in plants. Advanced CRISPR functionalities and delivery options demonstrated in plants are primarily reviewed but new technologies just coming to the forefront of CRISPR development, or those on the horizon, are briefly discussed. Topics covered are focused on the expansion of expression and delivery capabilities for CRISPR-Cas9 components and broadening targeting range through orthogonal Cas9 and Cpf1 proteins.
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116
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Noman A, Aqeel M, He S. CRISPR-Cas9: Tool for Qualitative and Quantitative Plant Genome Editing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1740. [PMID: 27917188 PMCID: PMC5116475 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in genome editing techniques have aroused substantial excitement among agricultural scientists. These techniques offer new opportunities for developing improved plant lines with addition of important traits or removal of undesirable traits. Increased adoption of genome editing has been geared by swiftly developing Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). This is appearing as driving force for innovative utilization in diverse branches of plant biology. CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing is being used for rapid, easy and efficient alteration of genes among diverse plant species. With approximate completion of conceptual work about CRISPR-Cas9, plant scientists are applying this genome editing tool for crop attributes enhancement. The capability of this system for performing targeted and efficient modifications in genome sequence as well as gene expression will certainly spur novel developments not only in model plants but in crop and ornamental plants as well. Additionally, due to non-involvement of foreign DNA, this technique may help alleviating regulatory issues associated with genetically modified plants. We expect that prevailing challenges in plant science like genomic region manipulation, crop specific vectors etc. will be addressed along with sustained growth of this genome editing tool. In this review, recent progress of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in plants has been summarized and discussed. We reviewed significance of CRISPR-Cas9 for specific and non-traditional aspects of plant life. It also covers strengths of this technique in comparison with other genome editing techniques, e.g., Zinc finger nucleases, Transcription activator-like effector nucleases and potential challenges in coming decades have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noman
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- Department of Botany, University of AgricultureFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shuilin He
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- National Education Minister Key Laboratory for Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuilin He,
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117
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Kershen DL. Sustainability Council of New Zealand Trust v. The Environmental Protection Authority: Gene editing technologies and the law. GM CROPS & FOOD 2015; 6:216-22. [PMID: 26618752 PMCID: PMC5033166 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2015.1122859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In May 2014, a New Zealand court rendered the first judicial opinion in the world about the legal classification of gene-editing techniques. The court ruled that ZFN-1 and TALEs are techniques of genetic modification and thus within the New Zealand statute and regulations governing genetically modified organisms. This article explains the facts of this legal matter, the reasoning of the court, and provides commentary about the implications of this decision for New Zealand and other jurisdictions around the world.
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