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Sturrock AM, Trueman CN, Darnaude AM, Hunter E. Can otolith elemental chemistry retrospectively track migrations in fully marine fishes? JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 81:766-795. [PMID: 22803735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Otolith microchemistry can provide valuable information about stock structure and mixing patterns when the magnitude of environmental differences among areas is greater than the cumulative influence of any vital effects. Here, the current understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing element incorporation into the otolith is reviewed. Hard and soft acid and base (HSAB) theory is employed to explore the differences in chemical behaviours, distributions and affinities between elements. Hard acid cations (e.g. Mg(2+) , Li(+) and Ba(2+) ) tend to be less physiologically influenced and accepted more readily into the otolith crystal lattice but are relatively homogeneous in seawater. Soft acid cations (e.g. Zn(2+) and Cu(2+) ) on the other hand, exhibit more varied distributions in seawater, but are more likely to be bound to blood proteins and less available for uptake into the otolith. The factors influencing the geographical distribution of elements in the sea, and their incorporation into the otoliths of marine fishes are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on examining physiological processes, including gonad development, on the uptake of elements commonly used in population studies, notably Sr. Finally, case studies are presented that either directly or indirectly compare population structuring or movements inferred by otolith elemental fingerprints with the patterns indicated by additional, alternative proxies. The main obstacle currently limiting the application of otolith elemental microchemistry to infer movements of marine fishes appears to lie in the largely homogeneous distribution of those elements most reliably measured in the otolith. Evolving technologies will improve the discriminatory power of otolith chemistry by allowing measurement of spatially explicit, low level elements; however, for the time being, the combination of otolith minor and trace element fingerprints with alternative proxies and stable isotopic ratios can greatly extend the scope of migration studies. Among the otolith elements that routinely occur above instrument detection limits, Ba, Mn and Li were deemed the most likely to prove reliable geographic markers in marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sturrock
- National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Waterfront Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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102
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Freund JB, Goetz JG, Hill KL, Vermot J. Fluid flows and forces in development: functions, features and biophysical principles. Development 2012; 139:1229-45. [PMID: 22395739 DOI: 10.1242/dev.073593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Throughout morphogenesis, cells experience intracellular tensile and contractile forces on microscopic scales. Cells also experience extracellular forces, such as static forces mediated by the extracellular matrix and forces resulting from microscopic fluid flow. Although the biological ramifications of static forces have received much attention, little is known about the roles of fluid flows and forces during embryogenesis. Here, we focus on the microfluidic forces generated by cilia-driven fluid flow and heart-driven hemodynamics, as well as on the signaling pathways involved in flow sensing. We discuss recent studies that describe the functions and the biomechanical features of these fluid flows. These insights suggest that biological flow determines many aspects of cell behavior and identity through a specific set of physical stimuli and signaling pathways.
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103
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Wei X, Yang J, Li Z, Su Y, Wang D. Comparison investigation of the effects of ionic surfactants on the crystallization behavior of calcium oxalate: From cationic to anionic surfactant. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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104
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Abstract
Crystalline biominerals do not resemble faceted crystals. Current explanations for this property involve formation via amorphous phases. Using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM), here we examine forming spicules in embryos of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sea urchins, and observe a sequence of three mineral phases: hydrated amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC · H(2)O) → dehydrated amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) → calcite. Unexpectedly, we find ACC · H(2)O-rich nanoparticles that persist after the surrounding mineral has dehydrated and crystallized. Protein matrix components occluded within the mineral must inhibit ACC · H(2)O dehydration. We devised an in vitro, also using XANES-PEEM, assay to identify spicule proteins that may play a role in stabilizing various mineral phases, and found that the most abundant occluded matrix protein in the sea urchin spicules, SM50, stabilizes ACC · H(2)O in vitro.
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105
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Stooke-Vaughan GA, Huang P, Hammond KL, Schier AF, Whitfield TT. The role of hair cells, cilia and ciliary motility in otolith formation in the zebrafish otic vesicle. Development 2012; 139:1777-87. [PMID: 22461562 DOI: 10.1242/dev.079947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Otoliths are biomineralised structures required for the sensation of gravity, linear acceleration and sound in the zebrafish ear. Otolith precursor particles, initially distributed throughout the otic vesicle lumen, become tethered to the tips of hair cell kinocilia (tether cilia) at the otic vesicle poles, forming two otoliths. We have used high-speed video microscopy to investigate the role of cilia and ciliary motility in otolith formation. In wild-type ears, groups of motile cilia are present at the otic vesicle poles, surrounding the immotile tether cilia. A few motile cilia are also found on the medial wall, but most cilia (92-98%) in the otic vesicle are immotile. In mutants with defective cilia (iguana) or ciliary motility (lrrc50), otoliths are frequently ectopic, untethered or fused. Nevertheless, neither cilia nor ciliary motility are absolutely required for otolith tethering: a mutant that lacks cilia completely (MZovl) is still capable of tethering otoliths at the otic vesicle poles. In embryos with attenuated Notch signalling [mindbomb mutant or Su(H) morphant], supernumerary hair cells develop and otolith precursor particles bind to the tips of all kinocilia, or bind directly to the hair cells' apical surface if cilia are absent [MZovl injected with a Su(H)1+2 morpholino]. However, if the first hair cells are missing (atoh1b morphant), otolith formation is severely disrupted and delayed. Our data support a model in which hair cells produce an otolith precursor-binding factor, normally localised to tether cell kinocilia. We also show that embryonic movement plays a minor role in the formation of normal otoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina A Stooke-Vaughan
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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106
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Wojtas M, Kapłon TM, Dobryszycki P, Ożyhar A. The effect of counter ions on the conformation of intrinsically disordered proteins studied by size-exclusion chromatography. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 896:319-330. [PMID: 22821534 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3704-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Counter ions are able to change the conformation of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) to a more compact structure via the reduction of electrostatic repulsion. When the extended IDP conformation is transformed into a more ordered one, the value of the Stokes radius should decrease. Size-exclusion chromatography is a simple method for the determination of the Stokes radius, which describes the hydrodynamic properties of protein molecules. In our paper size-exclusion chromatography experiments of Starmaker (a highly acidic IDP), in the presence of various counter ions, are presented as an example of a simple experimental method, which provides valuable information about subtle counter ions-induced conformational changes in IDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wojtas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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107
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Horn ER, El-Yamany NA, Gradl D. The vestibuloocular reflex of tadpoles (Xenopus laevis) after knock-down of the isthmus related transcription factor XTcf-4. J Exp Biol 2012; 216:733-41. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.079319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Development of the amphibian vestibular organ is regulated by molecular and neuronal mechanisms and by environmental input. The molecular component includes inductive signals derived from neural tissue of the hindbrain and from the surrounding mesoderm. The integrity of hindbrain patterning, on the other hand, depends on instructive signals from the isthmus organizer of the midbrain including the transcription factor XTcf-4. If the development of the vestibular system depends on the integrity of the isthmus as organizing centre, suppression of isthmus maintenance should modify vestibular morphology and function. We tested this hypothesis by down-regulation of the transcription factor XTcf-4. 10 pMol XTcf-4-specific antisense morpholino oligonucleotide were injected in one blastomere of 2-cell stage embryos of Xenopus laevis. For reconstitution experiments, 500 pg mRNA of the repressing XTcf-4A isoform or the activating XTcf-4C isoform were co-injected. Over-expression experiments were included using the same isoforms. Otoconia formation and vestibular controlled behaviour such as the roll-induced vestibuloocular reflex (rVOR) and swimming were recorded two weeks later. In 50% of tadpoles, down-regulation of XTcf-4 induced (1) a depression of otoconia formation accompanied by a reduction of the rVOR, (2) abnormal tail development, and (3) loop swimming behaviour. (4) All effects were rescued by co-injection of XTcf-4C but not or only partially by XTcf-4A. (5) Over-expression of XTcf-4A caused similar morphological and rVOR modifications as XTcf-4 depletion while over-expression of XTcf-4C had no effect. Because XTcf-4C has been described as essential factor for isthmus development, we postulate that the isthmus is strongly involved in vestibular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard R. Horn
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
| | | | - Dietmar Gradl
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
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108
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109
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Schulz-Mirbach T, Riesch R, García de León FJ, Plath M. Effects of extreme habitat conditions on otolith morphology – a case study on extremophile livebearing fishes (Poecilia mexicana, P. sulphuraria). ZOOLOGY 2011; 114:321-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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110
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Machado JP, Johnson WE, O'Brien SJ, Vasconcelos V, Antunes A. Adaptive evolution of the matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein in mammals. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:342. [PMID: 22103247 PMCID: PMC3250972 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) belongs to a family of small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs) that play a key role in skeleton development, particularly in mineralization, phosphate regulation and osteogenesis. MEPE associated disorders cause various physiological effects, such as loss of bone mass, tumors and disruption of renal function (hypophosphatemia). The study of this developmental gene from an evolutionary perspective could provide valuable insights on the adaptive diversification of morphological phenotypes in vertebrates. Results Here we studied the adaptive evolution of the MEPE gene in 26 Eutherian mammals and three birds. The comparative genomic analyses revealed a high degree of evolutionary conservation of some coding and non-coding regions of the MEPE gene across mammals indicating a possible regulatory or functional role likely related with mineralization and/or phosphate regulation. However, the majority of the coding region had a fast evolutionary rate, particularly within the largest exon (1467 bp). Rodentia and Scandentia had distinct substitution rates with an increased accumulation of both synonymous and non-synonymous mutations compared with other mammalian lineages. Characteristics of the gene (e.g. biochemical, evolutionary rate, and intronic conservation) differed greatly among lineages of the eight mammalian orders. We identified 20 sites with significant positive selection signatures (codon and protein level) outside the main regulatory motifs (dentonin and ASARM) suggestive of an adaptive role. Conversely, we find three sites under selection in the signal peptide and one in the ASARM motif that were supported by at least one selection model. The MEPE protein tends to accumulate amino acids promoting disorder and potential phosphorylation targets. Conclusion MEPE shows a high number of selection signatures, revealing the crucial role of positive selection in the evolution of this SIBLING member. The selection signatures were found mainly outside the functional motifs, reinforcing the idea that other regions outside the dentonin and the ASARM might be crucial for the function of the protein and future studies should be undertaken to understand its importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Machado
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
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111
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Yang CH, Cheng CH, Chen GD, Liao WH, Chen YC, Huang KY, Hwang PP, Hwang SPL, Huang CJ. Zona pellucida domain-containing protein β-tectorin is crucial for zebrafish proper inner ear development. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23078. [PMID: 21829695 PMCID: PMC3149068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The zona pellucida (ZP) domain is part of many extracellular proteins with diverse functions from structural components to receptors. The mammalian β-tectorin is a protein of 336 amino acid residues containing a single ZP domain and a putative signal peptide at the N-terminus of the protein. It is 1 component of a gel-like structure called the tectorial membrane which is involved in transforming sound waves into neuronal signals and is important for normal auditory function. β-Tectorin is specifically expressed in the mammalian and avian inner ear. Methodology/Principal Findings We identified and cloned the gene encoding zebrafish β-tectorin. Through whole-mount in situ hybridization, we demonstrated that β-tectorin messenger RNA was expressed in the otic placode and specialized sensory patch of the inner ear during zebrafish embryonic stages. Morpholino knockdown of zebrafish β-tectorin affected the position and number of otoliths in the ears of morphants. Finally, swimming behaviors of β-tectorin morphants were abnormal since the development of the inner ear was compromised. Conclusions/Significance Our results reveal that zebrafish β-tectorin is specifically expressed in the zebrafish inner ear, and is important for regulating the development of the zebrafish inner ear. Lack of zebrafish β-tectorin caused severe defects in inner ear formation of otoliths and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsiang Yang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Gen-Der Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hao Liao
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yun Huang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ping L. Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Jen Huang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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112
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Masica DL, Gray JJ, Shaw WJ. Partial high-resolution structure of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated leucine-rich amelogenin protein adsorbed to hydroxyapatite. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2011; 115:13775-13785. [PMID: 21845207 PMCID: PMC3155182 DOI: 10.1021/jp202965h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The formation of biogenic materials requires the interaction of organic molecules with the mineral phase. In forming enamel, the amelogenin proteins contribute to the mineralization of hydroxyapatite (HAp). Leucine-rich amelogenin protein (LRAP) is a naturally occurring splice variant of amelogenin that comprises amelogenin's predicted HAp binding domains. We determined the partial structure of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated LRAP variants bound to HAp using combined solid-state NMR (ssNMR) and ssNMR-biased computational structure prediction. New ssNMR measurements in the N-terminus indicate a largely extended structure for both variants, though some measurements are consistent with a partially helical N-terminal segment. The N-terminus of the phosphorylated variant is found to be consistently closer to the HAp surface than the non-phosphorylated variant. Structure prediction was biased using 21 ssNMR measurements in the N- and C-terminus at five HAp crystal faces. The predicted fold of LRAP is similar at all HAp faces studied, regardless of phosphorylation. Largely consistent with experimental observations, LRAP's predicted structure is relatively extended with a helix-turn-helix motif in the N-terminal domain and some helix in the C-terminal domain, and the N-terminal domain of the phosphorylated variant binds HAp more closely than the N-terminal domain of the non-phosphorylated variant. Predictions for both variants show some potential binding specificity for the {010} HAp crystal face, providing further support that amelogenins block crystal growth on the a and b faces to allow elongated crystals in the c-axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Masica
- Program in Molecular Biophysics The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD
| | - Jeffrey J. Gray
- Program in Molecular Biophysics The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD
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113
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Dai L, Chen DF, Liu YL, Zhao Y, Yang F, Yang JS, Yang WJ. Extracellular matrix peptides of Artemia cyst shell participate in protecting encysted embryos from extreme environments. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20187. [PMID: 21673998 PMCID: PMC3108945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many species of the brine shrimp Artemia are found in various severe environments in many parts of the world where extreme salinity, high UV radiation levels, high pH, anoxia, large temperature fluctuations, and intermittent dry conditions are often recorded. To withstand adverse environments, Artemia undergoes an oviparous developmental pathway to release cysts whereas, under favorable conditions, swimming nauplius larvae are formed directly via an ovoviviparous pathway. In the former case these cysts have an extraordinary ability to keep the embryos protected from the harsh environment for long periods. This is achieved through the protection by a complex out-wrapping cyst shell. However, the formation and function of the cyst shell is complex; the details remain largely unclear. Principal Finding A shell gland-specific gene (SGEG2) was cloned and identified from a suppression subtractive hybridization library. Western blot analysis showed that SGEG2 presumably requires post-translational proteolysis in order to be processed into two mature peptides (SGEG2a and 2b). The three matrix peptides (SGEG1 reported previously, 2a, and 2b) were found to distribute throughout the cyst shell. The results of gene knockdown by RNAi and subsequent resistance to environmental stresses assays indicated that these matrix peptides are required for cyst shell formation and are involved in protecting the encysted embryos from environmental stress. Conclusions/Significance This study revealed that extracellular matrix peptides participate in protecting embryos from extreme salinity, UV radiation, large temperature fluctuations and dry environments, thereby facilitating their survival. The cyst shell provides an excellent opportunity to link the ecological setting of an organism to the underlying physiological and biochemical processes enabling its survival. The cyst shell material has also a high potential to become an excellent new biomaterial with a high number of prospective uses due, specifically, to such biological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dai
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dian-Fu Chen
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Lei Liu
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Shu Yang
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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114
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Han Y, Mu Y, Li X, Xu P, Tong J, Liu Z, Ma T, Zeng G, Yang S, Du J, Meng A. Grhl2 deficiency impairs otic development and hearing ability in a zebrafish model of the progressive dominant hearing loss DFNA28. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:3213-26. [PMID: 21610158 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital and progressive hearing impairment is a common distressing disease. The progressive dominant hearing loss DFNA28 in human is associated with a frameshift mutation of Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) but its etiology and mechanism remain unknown. Here we report a zebrafish grhl2b(T086) mutant line in which grhl2b expression is interrupted by an insertion of a Tol2 transposon element. The mutants exhibit enlarged otocysts, smaller or eliminated otoliths, malformed semicircular canals, insensitiveness to sound stimulation and imbalanced swimming motion. Since grainyhead-like family members can regulate epithelial adhesion, we examined the expression of some genes encoding junction proteins in mutants. We show that the expression of claudin b (cldnb) and epcam is abolished or dramatically reduced and apical junctional complexes are abnormal in otic epithelial cells of mutant embryos. Co-injection of cldnb and epcam mRNA could largely rescue the mutant phenotype. Injection of human wild-type GRHL2 mRNA but not the mutant GRHL2 mRNA derived from DFNA28 patients into grhl2b(T086) mutant embryos could rescue the inner-ear defects. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Grhl2b directly binds to the enhancers and promotes the expression of cldnb and epcam. Thus, this work reveals an evolutionarily conserved function of Grhl2 in otic development and provides a fish model for further studying mechanisms of Grhl2-related hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Han
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory of Tsinghua University, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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115
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Wu D, Freund JB, Fraser SE, Vermot J. Mechanistic basis of otolith formation during teleost inner ear development. Dev Cell 2011; 20:271-8. [PMID: 21316594 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Otoliths, which are connected to stereociliary bundles in the inner ear, serve as inertial sensors for balance. In teleostei, otolith development is critically dependent on flow forces generated by beating cilia; however, the mechanism by which flow controls otolith formation remains unclear. Here, we have developed a noninvasive flow probe using optical tweezers and a viscous flow model in order to demonstrate how the observed hydrodynamics influence otolith assembly. We show that rotational flow stirs and suppresses precursor agglomeration in the core of the cilia-driven vortex. The velocity field correlates with the shape of the otolith and we provide evidence that hydrodynamics is actively involved in controlling otolith morphogenesis. An implication of this hydrodynamic effect is that otolith self-assembly is mediated by the balance between Brownian motion and cilia-driven flow. More generally, this flow feature highlights an alternative biological strategy for controlling particle localization in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wu
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, Option in Bioengineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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116
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Toward a structure determination method for biomineral-associated protein using combined solid- state NMR and computational structure prediction. Structure 2011; 18:1678-87. [PMID: 21134646 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein-biomineral interactions are paramount to materials production in biology, including the mineral phase of hard tissue. Unfortunately, the structure of biomineral-associated proteins cannot be determined by X-ray crystallography or solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Here we report a method for determining the structure of biomineral-associated proteins. The method combines solid-state NMR (ssNMR) and ssNMR-biased computational structure prediction. In addition, the algorithm is able to identify lattice geometries most compatible with ssNMR constraints, representing a quantitative, novel method for investigating crystal-face binding specificity. We use this method to determine most of the structure of human salivary statherin interacting with the mineral phase of tooth enamel. Computation and experiment converge on an ensemble of related structures and identify preferential binding at three crystal surfaces. The work represents a significant advance toward determining structure of biomineral-adsorbed protein using experimentally biased structure prediction. This method is generally applicable to proteins that can be chemically synthesized.
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117
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Xu Y, Zhang H, Yang H, Zhao X, Lovas S, Lundberg YYW. Expression, functional, and structural analysis of proteins critical for otoconia development. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:2659-73. [PMID: 20803598 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Otoconia, developed during late gestation and perinatal stages, couple mechanic force to the sensory hair cells in the vestibule for motion detection and bodily balance. In the present work, we have investigated whether compensatory deposition of another protein(s) may have taken place to partially alleviate the detrimental effects of Oc90 deletion by analyzing a comprehensive list of plausible candidates, and have found a drastic increase in the deposition of Sparc-like 1 (aka Sc1 or hevin) in Oc90 null versus wt otoconia. We show that such up-regulation is specific to Sc1, and that stable transfection of Oc90 and Sc1 full-length expression constructs in NIH/3T3 cells indeed promotes matrix calcification. Analysis and modeling of Oc90 and Sc1 protein structures show common features that may be critical requirements for the otoconial matrix backbone protein. Such information will serve as the foundation for future regenerative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfang Xu
- Vestibular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska 68131, USA
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118
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Yu X, Lau D, Ng CP, Roy S. Cilia-driven fluid flow as an epigenetic cue for otolith biomineralization on sensory hair cells of the inner ear. Development 2011; 138:487-94. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.057752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ciliary motility is necessary for many developmental and physiological processes in animals. In zebrafish, motile cilia are thought to be required for the deposition of otoliths, which comprise crystals of protein and calcium carbonate, on hair cells of the inner ear. The identity of the motile cilia and their role in otolith biogenesis, however, remain controversial. Here, we show that the ear vesicle differentiates numerous motile cilia, the spatial distribution of which changes as a function of the expression pattern of the ciliogenic gene foxj1b. By contrast, the hair cells develop immotile kinocilia that serve as static tethers for otolith crystallization. In ears devoid of all cilia, otoliths can form but they are of irregular shapes and sizes and appear to attach instead to the hair cell apical membranes. Moreover, overproduction of motile cilia also disrupts otolith deposition through sustained agitation of the precursor particles. Therefore, the correct spatial and temporal distribution of the motile cilia is crucial for proper otolith formation. Our findings support the view that the hair cells express a binding factor for the otolith precursors, while the motile cilia ensure that the precursors do not sediment prematurely and are efficiently directed towards the hair cells. We also provide evidence that the kinocilia are modified motile cilia that depend on Foxj1b for their differentiation. We propose that in hair cells, a Foxj1b-dependent motile ciliogenic program is altered by the proneural Atoh proteins to promote the differentiation of immotile kinocilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Yu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology Division, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673 Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Doreen Lau
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology Division, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673 Singapore
| | - Chee Peng Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology Division, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673 Singapore
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology Division, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673 Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore
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Zhang L, Shi J, Jiang Z, Jiang Y, Meng R, Zhu Y, Liang Y, Zheng Y. Facile preparation of robust microcapsules by manipulating metal-coordination interaction between biomineral layer and bioadhesive layer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:597-605. [PMID: 21344913 DOI: 10.1021/am101184h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach combining biomimetic mineralization and bioadhesion is proposed to prepare robust and versatile organic-inorganic hybrid microcapsules. More specifically, these microcapsules are fabricated by sequential deposition of inorganic layer and organic layer on the surface of CaCO(3) microparticles, followed by the dissolution of CaCO(3) microparticles using EDTA. During the preparation process, protamine induces the hydrolysis and condensation of titania or silica precursor to form the inorganic layer or the biomineral layer. The organic layer or bioadhesive layer was formed through the rapid, spontaneous oxidative polymerization of dopamine into polydopamine (PDA) on the surface of the biomineral layer. There exist multiple interactions between the inorganic layer and the organic layer. Thus, the as-prepared organic-inorganic hybrid microcapsules acquire much higher mechanical stability and surface reactivity than pure titania or pure silica microcapsules. Furthermore, protamine/titania/polydopamine hybrid microcapsules display superior mechanical stability to protamine/silica/polydopamine hybrid microcapsules because of the formation of Ti(IV)-catechol coordination complex between the biomineral layer and the bioadhesive layer. As an example of application, three enzymes are respectively immobilized through physical encapsulation in the lumen, in situ entrapment within the wall and chemical attachment on the out surface of the hybrid microcapsules. The as-constructed multienzyme system displays higher catalytic activity and operational stability. Hopefully, the approach developed in this study will evolve as a generic platform for facile and controllable preparation of organic-inorganic hybrid materials with different compositions and shapes for a variety of applications in catalysis, sensor, drug/gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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120
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Abstract
Biomineralization is a "bottom-up" synthesis process that results in the formation of inorganic/organic nanocomposites with unrivaled control over structure, superior mechanical properties, adaptive response, and the capability of self-repair. While de novo design of such highly optimized materials may still be out of reach, engineering of the biosynthetic machinery may offer an alternative route to design advanced materials. Herein, we present an approach using micro-contact-printed lectins for patterning sea urchin embryo primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) in vitro. We demonstrate not only that PMCs cultured on these substrates show attachment to wheat germ agglutinin and concanavalin A patterns but, more importantly, that the deposition and elongation of calcite spicules occurs cooperatively by multiple cells and in alignment with the printed pattern. This allows us to control the placement and orientation of smooth, cylindrical calcite single crystals where the crystallographic c-direction is parallel to the cylinder axis and the underlying line pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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121
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Wang L, Ruiz-Agudo E, Putnis CV, Putnis A. Direct observations of the modification of calcite growth morphology by Li+ through selectively stabilizing an energetically unfavourable face. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ce05091e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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122
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Shen L, Bao N, Zhou Z, Prevelige PE, Gupta A. Materials design using genetically engineered proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm12238j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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123
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Structure and Function of Matrix Proteins and Peptides in the Biomineral Formation in Crustaceans. MOLECULAR BIOMINERALIZATION 2011; 52:315-29. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21230-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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124
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Thyroid hormone-responsive genes mediate otolith growth and development during flatfish metamorphosis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 158:163-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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126
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127
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Schreiber AM, Wang X, Tan Y, Sievers Q, Sievers B, Lee M, Burrall K. Thyroid hormone mediates otolith growth and development during flatfish metamorphosis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 169:130-7. [PMID: 20736011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Flatfish begin life as bilaterally symmetrical larvae that swim up-right, then abruptly metamorphose into asymmetrically shaped juveniles with lateralized swimming postures. Flatfish metamorphosis is mediated entirely by thyroid hormone (TH). Changes in flatfish swim posture are thought to be regulated via vestibular remodeling, although the influence of TH on teleost inner ear development remains unclear. This study addresses the role of TH on the development of the three otolith end-organs (sacculus, utricle, and lagena) during southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) metamorphosis. Compared with pre-metamorphosis, growth rates of the sacculus and utricle otoliths increase dramatically during metamorphosis in a manner that is uncoupled from general somatic growth. Treatment of P. lethostigma larvae with methimazol (a pharmacological inhibitor of endogenous TH production) inhibits growth of the sacculus and utricle, whereas treatment with TH dramatically accelerates their growth. In contrast with the sacculus and utricle otoliths that begin to form and mineralize during embryogenesis, a non-mineralized lagena otolith is first visible 10-12 days after hatching. The lagena grows during pre- and pro-metamorphosis, then abruptly mineralizes during metamorphic climax. Mineralization of the lagena, but not growth, can be induced with TH treatment, whereas treatment with methimazol completely inhibits lagena mineralization without inhibiting its growth. These findings suggest that during southern flounder metamorphosis TH exerts differential effects on growth and development among the three types of otolith.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Schreiber
- Carnegie Institution, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
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128
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Pan F, Jia H, Cheng Q, Jiang Z. Bio-inspired fabrication of composite membranes with ultrathin polymer–silica nanohybrid skin layer. J Memb Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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129
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Deans MR, Peterson JM, Wong GW. Mammalian Otolin: a multimeric glycoprotein specific to the inner ear that interacts with otoconial matrix protein Otoconin-90 and Cerebellin-1. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12765. [PMID: 20856818 PMCID: PMC2939893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mammalian otoconial membrane is a dense extracellular matrix containing bio-mineralized otoconia. This structure provides the mechanical stimulus necessary for hair cells of the vestibular maculae to respond to linear accelerations and gravity. In teleosts, Otolin is required for the proper anchoring of otolith crystals to the sensory maculae. Otoconia detachment and subsequent entrapment in the semicircular canals can result in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), a common form of vertigo for which the molecular basis is unknown. Several cDNAs encoding protein components of the mammalian otoconia and otoconial membrane have recently been identified, and mutations in these genes result in abnormal otoconia formation and balance deficits. Principal Findings Here we describe the cloning and characterization of mammalian Otolin, a protein constituent of otoconia and the otoconial membrane. Otolin is a secreted glycoprotein of ∼70 kDa, with a C-terminal globular domain that is homologous to the immune complement C1q, and contains extensive posttranslational modifications including hydroxylated prolines and glycosylated lysines. Like all C1q/TNF family members, Otolin multimerizes into higher order oligomeric complexes. The expression of otolin mRNA is restricted to the inner ear, and immunohistochemical analysis identified Otolin protein in support cells of the vestibular maculae and semi-circular canal cristae. Additionally, Otolin forms protein complexes with Cerebellin-1 and Otoconin-90, two protein constituents of the otoconia, when expressed in vitro. Otolin was also found in subsets of support cells and non-sensory cells of the cochlea, suggesting that Otolin is also a component of the tectorial membrane. Conclusion Given the importance of Otolin in lower organisms, the molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of the mammalian Otolin protein may lead to a better understanding of otoconial development and vestibular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Deans
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Hearing and Balance, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Peterson
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - G. William Wong
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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130
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Unipolar assembly of zinc oxide rods manifesting polarity-driven collective luminescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:13588-92. [PMID: 20643960 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1008240107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oriented assemblies of small crystals forming larger structures are common in nature and crucial for forthcoming technologies as they circumvent the difficulties of structural manipulation at microscopic scale. We have discovered two distinctive concentric assemblies of zinc oxide rods, wherein each rod has an intrinsically positive and a negative polar end induced by the noncentrosymmetric arrangement of Zn and O atoms. All the rods in a single assembly emanate out of a central core maintaining a single polar direction. Due to growth along the two polar surfaces with different atomic arrangements, these assemblies are distinct in their intrinsic properties and exhibit strong UV luminescence in the exterior of Zn-polar assemblies, unlike the O-polar assemblies. Although novel applications can be envisioned, these observations suggest that hierarchical organization with respect to internal asymmetry might be widespread in natural crystal assemblies.
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131
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Abbas L, Whitfield TT. The zebrafish inner ear. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(10)02904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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132
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Abstract
The zebrafish pronephric kidney provides a useful and relevant model of kidney development and function. It is composed of cell types common to all vertebrate kidneys and pronephric organogenesis is regulated by transcription factors that have highly conserved functions in mammalian kidney development. Pronephric nephrons are a good model of tubule segmentation and differentiation of epithelial cell types. The pronephric glomerulus provides a simple model to assay gene function in regulating cell structure and cell interactions that form the blood filtration apparatus. The relative simplicity of the pronephric kidney combined with the ease of genetic manipulation in zebrafish makes it well suited for mutation analysis and gene discovery, in vivo imaging, functional screens of candidate genes from other species, and cell isolation by FACS . In addition, the larval and adult zebrafish kidneys have emerged as systems to study kidney regeneration after injury. This chapter provides a review of pronephric structure and development as well as current methods to study the pronephros.
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133
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Clendenon SG, Shah B, Miller CA, Schmeisser G, Walter A, Gattone VH, Barald KF, Liu Q, Marrs JA. Cadherin-11 controls otolith assembly: evidence for extracellular cadherin activity. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:1909-22. [PMID: 19582870 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin-11/Cdh11 is expressed through early development and strongly during inner ear development (otic placode and vesicle). Here we show that antisense knockdown of Cdh11 during early zebrafish development interferes with otolith formation. Immunofluorescence labeling showed that Cdh11 expression was concentrated on and within the otolith. Cdh11 was faintly detected at the lateral surface (sites of cell-cell contact) of otic epithelial cells and in the cytoplasm. Strongly labeled Cdh11 containing puncta were detected within the otolymph (the fluid within the otic vesicle) and associated with the otolith surface. BODIPY-ceramine-labeled vesicular structures detected in the otolymph were larger and more numerous in Cdh11 knockdown embryos. We present evidence supporting a working model that vesicular structures containing Cdh11 (perhaps containing biomineralization components) are exported from the otic epithelium into the otolymph, adhere to one another and to the surface of the growing otolith, facilitating otolith growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry G Clendenon
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5130, USA
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134
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Kapłon TM, Michnik A, Drzazga Z, Richter K, Kochman M, Ożyhar A. The rod-shaped conformation of Starmaker. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:1616-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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135
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Identification ofstarmaker-likein medaka as a putative target gene of Pax2 in the otic vesicle. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:2860-6. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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136
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137
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Baloh RW. Clinical Features and Pathophysiology of Posterior Canal Benign Positional Vertigo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/16513860510011075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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138
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Li Z, Gao Y, Feng Q. Hierarchical structure of the otolith of adult wild carp. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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139
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Meldrum FC, Cölfen H. Controlling mineral morphologies and structures in biological and synthetic systems. Chem Rev 2009; 108:4332-432. [PMID: 19006397 DOI: 10.1021/cr8002856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 753] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C Meldrum
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom.
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140
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Mann K, Poustka AJ, Mann M. In-depth, high-accuracy proteomics of sea urchin tooth organic matrix. Proteome Sci 2008; 6:33. [PMID: 19068105 PMCID: PMC2614417 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-6-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The organic matrix contained in biominerals plays an important role in regulating mineralization and in determining biomineral properties. However, most components of biomineral matrices remain unknown at present. In sea urchin tooth, which is an important model for developmental biology and biomineralization, only few matrix components have been identified. The recent publication of the Strongylocentrotus purpuratus genome sequence rendered possible not only the identification of genes potentially coding for matrix proteins, but also the direct identification of proteins contained in matrices of skeletal elements by in-depth, high-accuracy proteomic analysis. RESULTS We identified 138 proteins in the matrix of tooth powder. Only 56 of these proteins were previously identified in the matrices of test (shell) and spine. Among the novel components was an interesting group of five proteins containing alanine- and proline-rich neutral or basic motifs separated by acidic glycine-rich motifs. In addition, four of the five proteins contained either one or two predicted Kazal protease inhibitor domains. The major components of tooth matrix were however largely identical to the set of spicule matrix proteins and MSP130-related proteins identified in test (shell) and spine matrix. Comparison of the matrices of crushed teeth to intact teeth revealed a marked dilution of known intracrystalline matrix proteins and a concomitant increase in some intracellular proteins. CONCLUSION This report presents the most comprehensive list of sea urchin tooth matrix proteins available at present. The complex mixture of proteins identified may reflect many different aspects of the mineralization process. A comparison between intact tooth matrix, presumably containing odontoblast remnants, and crushed tooth matrix served to differentiate between matrix components and possible contributions of cellular remnants. Because LC-MS/MS-based methods directly measures peptides our results validate many predicted genes and confirm the existence of the corresponding proteins. Knowledge of the components of this model system may stimulate further experiments aiming at the elucidation of structure, function, and interaction of biomineral matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlheinz Mann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Abteilung Proteomics und Signaltransduktion, Martinsried, Germany.
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141
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Dickerson MB, Sandhage KH, Naik RR. Protein- and Peptide-Directed Syntheses of Inorganic Materials. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4935-78. [PMID: 18973389 DOI: 10.1021/cr8002328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Dickerson
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433-7702; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245; and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245
| | - Kenneth H. Sandhage
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433-7702; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245; and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245
| | - Rajesh R. Naik
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433-7702; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245; and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245
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142
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Sparc protein is required for normal growth of zebrafish otoliths. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2008; 9:436-51. [PMID: 18784957 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-008-0137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Otoliths and the homologous otoconia in the inner ear are essential for balance. Their morphogenesis is less understood than that of other biominerals, such as bone, and only a small number of their constituent proteins have been characterized. As a novel approach to identify unknown otolith proteins, we employed shotgun proteomics to analyze crude extracts from trout and catfish otoliths. We found three proteins that had not been associated previously with otolith or otoconia formation: 'Secreted acidic cysteine rich glycoprotein' (Sparc), an important bone protein that binds collagen and Ca(2+); precerebellin-like protein, which contains a C1q domain and may associate with the collagenous otolin-1 during its assembly into a framework; and neuroserpin, a serine protease inhibitor that may regulate local protease activity during framework assembly. We then used the zebrafish to investigate whether Sparc plays a role in otolith morphogenesis. Immunodetection demonstrated that Sparc is a true constituent of otoliths. Knockdown of Sparc expression in morphant zebrafish resulted in four principal types of defective otoliths: smaller, extra and ectopic, missing and fused, or completely absent. Smaller size was the predominant phenotype and independent of the severity of otic-vesicle defects. These results suggested that Sparc is directly required for normal otolith growth.
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143
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Jolivet A, Bardeau JF, Fablet R, Paulet YM, de Pontual H. Understanding otolith biomineralization processes: new insights into microscale spatial distribution of organic and mineral fractions from Raman microspectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:551-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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144
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Kapłon TM, Rymarczyk G, Nocula-Ługowska M, Jakób M, Kochman M, Lisowski M, Szewczuk Z, Ożyhar A. Starmaker Exhibits Properties of an Intrinsically Disordered Protein. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:2118-25. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800135m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M. Kapłon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzez˙e Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, and Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Rymarczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzez˙e Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, and Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Nocula-Ługowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzez˙e Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, and Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michał Jakób
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzez˙e Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, and Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marian Kochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzez˙e Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, and Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Lisowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzez˙e Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, and Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Szewczuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzez˙e Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, and Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzez˙e Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, and Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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145
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Petko JA, Millimaki BB, Canfield VA, Riley BB, Levenson R. Otoc1: a novel otoconin-90 ortholog required for otolith mineralization in zebrafish. Dev Neurobiol 2008; 68:209-22. [PMID: 18000829 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Within the vestibular system of virtually all vertebrate species, gravity and linear acceleration are detected via coupling of calcified masses to the cilia of mechanosensory hair cells. The mammalian ear contains thousands of minute biomineralized particles called otoconia, whereas the inner ear of teleost fish contains three large ear stones called otoliths that serve a similar function. Otoconia and otoliths are composed of calcium carbonate crystals condensed on a core protein lattice. Otoconin-90 (Oc90) is the major matrix protein of mammalian and avian otoconia, while otolith matrix protein (OMP) is the most abundant matrix protein found in the otoliths of teleost fish. We have identified a novel gene, otoc1, which encodes the zebrafish ortholog of Oc90. Expression of otoc1 was detected in the ear between 15 hpf and 72 hpf, and was restricted primarily to the macula and the developing epithelial pillars of the semicircular canals. Expression of otoc1 was also detected in epiphysis, optic stalk, midbrain, diencephalon, flexural organ, and spinal cord. During embryogenesis, expression of otoc1 mRNA preceded the appearance of omp-1 transcripts. Knockdown of otoc1 mRNA translation with antisense morpholinos produced a variety of aberrant otolith phenotypes. Our results suggest that Otoc1 may serve to nucleate calcium carbonate mineralization of aragonitic otoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Petko
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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146
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Tohse H, Takagi Y, Nagasawa H. Identification of a novel matrix protein contained in a protein aggregate associated with collagen in fish otoliths. FEBS J 2008; 275:2512-23. [PMID: 18410381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the biomineralization processes, proteins are thought to control the polymorphism and morphology of the crystals by forming complexes of structural and mineral-associated proteins. To identify such proteins, we have searched for proteins that may form high-molecular-weight (HMW) aggregates in the matrix of fish otoliths that have aragonite and vaterite as their crystal polymorphs. By screening a cDNA library of the trout inner ear using an antiserum raised against whole otolith matrix, a novel protein, named otolith matrix macromolecule-64 (OMM-64), was identified. The protein was found to have a molecular mass of 64 kDa, and to contain two tandem repeats and a Glu-rich region. The structure of the protein and that of its DNA are similar to those of starmaker, a protein involved in the polymorphism control in the zebrafish otoliths [Söllner C, Burghammer M, Busch-Nentwich E, Berger J, Schwarz H, Riekel C & Nicolson T (2003) Science302, 282-286]. (45)Ca overlay analysis revealed that the Glu-rich region has calcium-binding activity. Combined analysis by western blotting and deglycosylation suggested that OMM-64 is present in an HMW aggregate with heparan sulfate chains. Histological observations revealed that OMM-64 is expressed specifically in otolith matrix-producing cells and deposited onto the otolith. Moreover, the HMW aggregate binds to the inner ear-specific short-chain collagen otolin-1, and the resulting complex forms ring-like structures in the otolith matrix. Overall, OMM-64, by forming a calcium-binding aggregate that binds to otolin-1 and forming matrix protein architectures, may be involved in the control of crystal morphology during otolith biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Tohse
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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147
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Rotllant J, Liu D, Yan YL, Postlethwait JH, Westerfield M, Du SJ. Sparc (Osteonectin) functions in morphogenesis of the pharyngeal skeleton and inner ear. Matrix Biol 2008; 27:561-72. [PMID: 18430553 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sparc (Osteonectin), a matricellular glycoprotein expressed by many differentiated cells, is a major non-collagenous constituent of vertebrate bones. Recent studies indicate that Sparc expression appears early in development, although its function and regulation during embryogenesis are largely unknown. We cloned zebrafish sparc and investigated its role during development, using a mo rpholino antisense oligonucleotide-based knockdown approach. Consistent with its strong expression in the otic vesicle and developing pharyngeal cartilages, knockdown of Sparc function resulted in specific inner ear and cartilage defects that are highlighted by changes in gene expression, morphology and behavior. We rescued the knockdown phenotypes by co-injecting sparc mRNA, providing evidence that the knockdown phenotype is due specifically to impairment of Sparc function. A comparison of the phenotypes of Sparc knockdown and known zebrafish mutants with similar defects places Sparc downstream of sox9 in the genetic network that regulates development of the pharyngeal skeleton and inner ear of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Rotllant
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
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148
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Zhao X, Jones SM, Yamoah EN, Lundberg YW. Otoconin-90 deletion leads to imbalance but normal hearing: a comparison with other otoconia mutants. Neuroscience 2008; 153:289-99. [PMID: 18355969 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our sense of gravitation and linear acceleration is mediated by stimulation of vestibular hair cells through displacement of otoconia in the utricle and saccule (the gravity receptor organ). We recently showed that otoconin-90 (Oc90) deletion led to formation of giant otoconia. In the present study, we determined the extent to which the giant otoconia affected balance and gravity receptor sensory input and compared the findings with other otoconia mutants. We employed a wide spectrum of balance behavioral tests, including reaching and air-righting reflexes, gait, swimming, beam-crossing, rotorod latencies, and a direct measure of gravity receptor input, vestibular evoked potentials (VsEPs). All tests on homozygous adult mutants consistently ranked the order of imbalance as (from worst to best) Nox3(het)<otopetrin 1(tlt)<Oc90 null<Oc90 wild type and C57Bl/6 mice using systematic statistical comparisons of the frequency of occurrence or the severity of abnormal functions. This order coincides with the degree of otoconia deficiencies and is consistent with VsEP measures. Notably, all mice (except Nox3(het)) showed remarkable learned adaptation to peripheral vestibular deficits by staying on the rotating rod significantly longer in each successive trial, and the rate and extent of such learned improvements ranked the same order as their initial balance ability. Despite the vestibular morbidity, Oc90 null mice had normal hearing, as measured by auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and distortion products of otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). The study demonstrates that the remnant otoconia mass in Oc90 nulls does stimulate the gravity receptor organs, which was likely responsible for the improved balance performance relative to strains with absent otoconia. Furthermore, the combination of direct electrophysiological measures and a series of behavioral tests can be used to interpret the imbalance severity arising from altered inputs from the gravity receptor end organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhao
- Genetics Department, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 555 North 30th Street, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
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149
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Jiang Y, Yang D, Zhang L, Li L, Sun Q, Zhang Y, Li J, Jiang Z. Biomimetic synthesis of titania nanoparticles induced by protamine. Dalton Trans 2008:4165-71. [DOI: 10.1039/b802745e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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150
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Zhang F, Cai W, Sun Z, Zhang J. Regular variations in organic matrix composition of small yellow croaker (Pseudociaena polyactis) otoliths: an in situ Raman microspectroscopy and mapping study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:777-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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