101
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Phua SC, Chiba S, Suzuki M, Su E, Roberson EC, Pusapati GV, Schurmans S, Setou M, Rohatgi R, Reiter JF, Ikegami K, Inoue T. Dynamic Remodeling of Membrane Composition Drives Cell Cycle through Primary Cilia Excision. Cell 2017; 168:264-279.e15. [PMID: 28086093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The life cycle of a primary cilium begins in quiescence and ends prior to mitosis. In quiescent cells, the primary cilium insulates itself from contiguous dynamic membrane processes on the cell surface to function as a stable signaling apparatus. Here, we demonstrate that basal restriction of ciliary structure dynamics is established by the cilia-enriched phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase, Inpp5e. Growth induction displaces ciliary Inpp5e and accumulates phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in distal cilia. This change triggers otherwise-forbidden actin polymerization in primary cilia, which excises cilia tips in a process we call cilia decapitation. While cilia disassembly is traditionally thought to occur solely through resorption, we show that an acute loss of IFT-B through cilia decapitation precedes resorption. Finally, we propose that cilia decapitation induces mitogenic signaling and constitutes a molecular link between the cilia life cycle and cell-division cycle. This newly defined ciliary mechanism may find significance in cell proliferation control during normal development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Cheng Phua
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Shuhei Chiba
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masako Suzuki
- Advanced Research Facilities and Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Emily Su
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elle C Roberson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ganesh V Pusapati
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy and International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Koji Ikegami
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy and International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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102
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Molina A, Pituello F. Playing with the cell cycle to build the spinal cord. Dev Biol 2016; 432:14-23. [PMID: 28034699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental issue in nervous system development and homeostasis is to understand the mechanisms governing the balance between the maintenance of proliferating progenitors versus their differentiation into post-mitotic neurons. Accumulating data suggest that the cell cycle and core regulators of the cell cycle machinery play a major role in regulating this fine balance. Here, we focus on the interplay between the cell cycle and cellular and molecular events governing spinal cord development. We describe the existing links between the cell cycle and interkinetic nuclear migration (INM). We show how the different morphogens patterning the neural tube also regulate the cell cycle machinery to coordinate proliferation and patterning. We give examples of how cell cycle core regulators regulate transcriptionally, or post-transcriptionally, genes involved in controlling the maintenance versus the differentiation of neural progenitors. Finally, we describe the changes in cell cycle kinetics occurring during neural tube patterning and at the time of neuronal differentiation, and we discuss future research directions to better understand the role of the cell cycle in cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie Molina
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France.
| | - Fabienne Pituello
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France.
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103
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Division modes and physical asymmetry in cerebral cortex progenitors. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 42:75-83. [PMID: 27978481 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells go through a sequence of timely regulated gene expression and pattern of division mode to generate diverse neurons during brain development. During vertebrate cerebral cortex development, neural stem cells begin with proliferative symmetric divisions, subsequently undergo neurogenic asymmetric divisions, and finally gliogenic divisions. In this review, we explore the relationship between stem cell versus neural fate specification and the division mode. Specifically, we discuss recent findings on the mechanisms of asymmetric divisions, division mode, and developmental progression of neural progenitor identity.
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104
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Jao LE, Akef A, Wente SR. A role for Gle1, a regulator of DEAD-box RNA helicases, at centrosomes and basal bodies. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 28:120-127. [PMID: 28035044 PMCID: PMC5221616 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-09-0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of organellar assembly and function is critical to eukaryotic homeostasis and survival. Gle1 is a highly conserved regulator of RNA-dependent DEAD-box ATPase proteins, with critical roles in both mRNA export and translation. In addition to its well-defined interaction with nuclear pore complexes, here we find that Gle1 is enriched at the centrosome and basal body. Gle1 assembles into the toroid-shaped pericentriolar material around the mother centriole. Reduced Gle1 levels are correlated with decreased pericentrin localization at the centrosome and microtubule organization defects. Of importance, these alterations in centrosome integrity do not result from loss of mRNA export. Examination of the Kupffer's vesicle in Gle1-depleted zebrafish revealed compromised ciliary beating and developmental defects. We propose that Gle1 assembly into the pericentriolar material positions the DEAD-box protein regulator to function in localized mRNA metabolism required for proper centrosome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-En Jao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - Abdalla Akef
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - Susan R Wente
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240
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105
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Lepanto P, Badano JL, Zolessi FR. Neuron's little helper: The role of primary cilia in neurogenesis. NEUROGENESIS 2016; 3:e1253363. [PMID: 28090545 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1253363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The generation of new neurons involves a great variety of cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic signals. The primary cilium, long regarded as an "evolutionary vestige," has emerged as an essential signaling hub in many cells, including neural progenitors and differentiating neurons. Most progenitors harbor an apically-localized primary cilium, which is assembled and disassembled following the cell cycle, while the presence, position and length of this organelle appears to be even more variable in differentiating neurons. One of the main extracellular cues acting through the cilium is Sonic Hedgehog, which modulates spatial patterning, the progression of the cell cycle and the timing of neurogenesis. Other extracellular signals appear to bind to cilia-localized receptors and affect processes such as dendritogenesis. All the observed dynamics, as well as the many signaling pathways depending on cilia, indicate this organelle as an important structure involved in neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Lepanto
- Cell Biology of Neural Development Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay; Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jose L Badano
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo , Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Flavio R Zolessi
- Cell Biology of Neural Development Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay; Sección Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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106
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Yang G, Cancino G, Zahr S, Guskjolen A, Voronova A, Gallagher D, Frankland P, Kaplan D, Miller F. A Glo1-Methylglyoxal Pathway that Is Perturbed in Maternal Diabetes Regulates Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cell Pools in Murine Offspring. Cell Rep 2016; 17:1022-1036. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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107
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Goto H, Inaba H, Inagaki M. Mechanisms of ciliogenesis suppression in dividing cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:881-890. [PMID: 27669693 PMCID: PMC5306231 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a non-motile and microtubule-enriched protrusion ensheathed by plasma membrane. Primary cilia function as mechano/chemosensors and signaling hubs and their disorders predispose to a wide spectrum of human diseases. Most types of cells assemble their primary cilia in response to cellular quiescence, whereas they start to retract the primary cilia upon cell-cycle reentry. The retardation of ciliary resorption process has been shown to delay cell-cycle progression to the S or M phase after cell-cycle reentry. Apart from this conventional concept of ciliary disassembly linked to cell-cycle reentry, recent studies have led to a novel concept, suggesting that cells can suppress primary cilia assembly during cell proliferation. Accumulating evidence has also demonstrated the importance of Aurora-A (a protein originally identified as one of mitotic kinases) not only in ciliary resorption after cell-cycle reentry but also in the suppression of ciliogenesis in proliferating cells, whereas Aurora-A activators are clearly distinct in both phenomena. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of how cycling cells suppress ciliogenesis and compare it with mechanisms underlying ciliary resorption after cell-cycle reentry. We also discuss a reciprocal relationship between primary cilia and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemasa Goto
- Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan. .,Department of Cellular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Hironori Inaba
- Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Department of Physiology, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan.
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108
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Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Florio M, Huttner WB. Neocortex expansion in development and evolution — from cell biology to single genes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 39:122-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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109
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Hudish LI, Galati DF, Ravanelli AM, Pearson CG, Huang P, Appel B. miR-219 regulates neural progenitors by dampening apical Par protein-dependent Hedgehog signaling. Development 2016; 143:2292-304. [PMID: 27226318 PMCID: PMC4958328 DOI: 10.1242/dev.137844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The transition of dividing neuroepithelial progenitors to differentiated neurons and glia is essential for the formation of a functional nervous system. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a mitogen for spinal cord progenitors, but how cells become insensitive to the proliferative effects of Shh is not well understood. Because Shh reception occurs at primary cilia, which are positioned within the apical membrane of neuroepithelial progenitors, we hypothesized that loss of apical characteristics reduces the Shh signaling response, causing cell cycle exit and differentiation. We tested this hypothesis using genetic and pharmacological manipulation, gene expression analysis and time-lapse imaging of zebrafish embryos. Blocking the function of miR-219, a microRNA that downregulates apical Par polarity proteins and promotes progenitor differentiation, elevated Shh signaling. Inhibition of Shh signaling reversed the effects of miR-219 depletion and forced expression of Shh phenocopied miR-219 deficiency. Time-lapse imaging revealed that knockdown of miR-219 function accelerates the growth of primary cilia, revealing a possible mechanistic link between miR-219-mediated regulation of apical Par proteins and Shh signaling. Thus, miR-219 appears to decrease progenitor cell sensitivity to Shh signaling, thereby driving these cells towards differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I. Hudish
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Domenico F. Galati
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew M. Ravanelli
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Chad G. Pearson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Bruce Appel
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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110
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Lepanto P, Davison C, Casanova G, Badano JL, Zolessi FR. Characterization of primary cilia during the differentiation of retinal ganglion cells in the zebrafish. Neural Dev 2016; 11:10. [PMID: 27053191 PMCID: PMC4823885 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-016-0064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) differentiation in vivo is a highly stereotyped process, likely resulting from the interaction of cell type-specific transcription factors and tissue-derived signaling factors. The primary cilium, as a signaling hub in the cell, may have a role during this process but its presence and localization during RGC generation, and its contribution to the process of cell differentiation, have not been previously assessed in vivo. Methods In this work we analyzed the distribution of primary cilia in vivo using laser scanning confocal microscopy, as well as their main ultrastructural features by transmission electron microscopy, in the early stages of retinal histogenesis in the zebrafish, around the time of RGC generation and initial differentiation. In addition, we knocked-down ift88 and elipsa, two genes with an essential role in cilia generation and maintenance, a treatment that caused a general reduction in organelle size. The effect on retinal development and RGC differentiation was assessed by confocal microscopy of transgenic or immunolabeled embryos. Results Our results show that retinal neuroepithelial cells have an apically-localized primary cilium usually protruding from the apical membrane. We also found a small proportion of sub-apical cilia, before and during the neurogenic period. This organelle was also present in an apical position in neuroblasts during apical process retraction and dendritogenesis, although between these stages cilia appeared highly dynamic regarding both presence and position. Disruption of cilia caused a decrease in the proliferation of retinal progenitors and a reduction of neural retina volume. In addition, retinal histogenesis was globally delayed albeit RGC layer formation was preferentially reduced with respect to the amacrine and photoreceptor cell layers. Conclusions These results indicate that primary cilia exhibit a highly dynamic behavior during early retinal differentiation, and that they are required for the proliferation and survival of retinal progenitors, as well as for neuronal generation, particularly of RGCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-016-0064-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Lepanto
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Camila Davison
- Cell Biology of Neural Development Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay.,Sección Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Casanova
- Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Jose L Badano
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Flavio R Zolessi
- Cell Biology of Neural Development Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay. .,Sección Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay.
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111
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Bodle JC, Loboa EG. Concise Review: Primary Cilia: Control Centers for Stem Cell Lineage Specification and Potential Targets for Cell-Based Therapies. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1445-54. [PMID: 26866419 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Directing stem cell lineage commitment prevails as the holy grail of translational stem cell research, particularly to those interested in the application of mesenchymal stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells in tissue engineering. However, elucidating the mechanisms underlying their phenotypic specification persists as an active area of research. In recent studies, the primary cilium structure has been intimately associated with defining cell phenotype, maintaining stemness, as well as functioning in a chemo, electro, and mechanosensory capacity in progenitor and committed cell types. Many hypothesize that the primary cilium may indeed be another important player in defining and controlling cell phenotype, concomitant with lineage-dictated cytoskeletal dynamics. Many of the studies on the primary cilium have emerged from disparate areas of biological research, and crosstalk amongst these areas of research is just beginning. To date, there has not been a thorough review of how primary cilia fit into the current paradigm of stem cell differentiation and this review aims to summarize the current cilia work in this context. The goal of this review is to highlight the cilium's function and integrate this knowledge into the working knowledge of stem cell biologists and tissue engineers developing regenerative medicine technologies. Stem Cells 2016;34:1445-1454.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine C Bodle
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Loboa
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,College of Engineering University of Missouri, Columbia Columbia, Missouri, USA
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112
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Morton MC, Feliciano DM. Neurovesicles in Brain Development. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:409-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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113
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Izawa I, Goto H, Kasahara K, Inagaki M. Current topics of functional links between primary cilia and cell cycle. Cilia 2015; 4:12. [PMID: 26719793 PMCID: PMC4696186 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-015-0021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia, microtubule-based sensory structures, orchestrate various critical signals during development and tissue homeostasis. In view of the rising interest into the reciprocal link between ciliogenesis and cell cycle, we discuss here several recent advances to understand the molecular link between the individual step of ciliogenesis and cell cycle control. At the onset of ciliogenesis (the transition from centrosome to basal body), distal appendage proteins have been established as components indispensable for the docking of vesicles at the mother centriole. In the initial step of axonemal extension, CP110, Ofd1, and trichoplein, key negative regulators of ciliogenesis, are found to be removed by a kinase-dependent mechanism, autophagy, and ubiquitin–proteasome system, respectively. Of note, their disposal functions as a restriction point to decide that the axonemal nucleation and extension begin. In the elongation step, Nde1, a negative regulator of ciliary length, is revealed to be ubiquitylated and degraded by CDK5-SCFFbw7 in a cell cycle-dependent manner. With regard to ciliary length control, it has been uncovered in flagellar shortening of Chlamydomonas that cilia itself transmit a ciliary length signal to cytoplasm. At the ciliary resorption step upon cell cycle re-entry, cilia are found to be disassembled not only by Aurora A-HDAC6 pathway but also by Nek2-Kif24 and Plk1-Kif2A pathways through their microtubule-depolymerizing activity. On the other hand, it is becoming evident that the presence of primary cilia itself functions as a structural checkpoint for cell cycle re-entry. These data suggest that ciliogenesis and cell cycle intimately link each other, and further elucidation of these mechanisms will contribute to understanding the pathology of cilia-related disease including cancer and discovering targets of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Izawa
- Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8681 Japan
| | - Hidemasa Goto
- Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8681 Japan ; Department of Cellular Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Kousuke Kasahara
- Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8681 Japan ; Department of Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603 Japan
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8681 Japan ; Department of Cellular Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
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114
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Luccardini C, Leclech C, Viou L, Rio JP, Métin C. Cortical interneurons migrating on a pure substrate of N-cadherin exhibit fast synchronous centrosomal and nuclear movements and reduced ciliogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:286. [PMID: 26283922 PMCID: PMC4522564 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryonic development of the cortex involves a phase of long distance migration of interneurons born in the basal telencephalon. Interneurons first migrate tangentially and then reorient their trajectories radially to enter the developing cortex. We have shown that migrating interneurons can assemble a primary cilium, which maintains the centrosome to the plasma membrane and processes signals to control interneuron trajectory (Baudoin et al., 2012). In the developing cortex, N-cadherin is expressed by migrating interneurons and by cells in their migratory pathway. N-cadherin promotes the motility and maintains the polarity of tangentially migrating interneurons (Luccardini et al., 2013). Because N-cadherin is an important factor that regulates the migration of medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) cells in vivo, we further characterized the motility and polarity of MGE cells on a substrate that only comprises this protein. MGE cells migrating on a N-cadherin substrate were seven times faster than on a laminin substrate and two times faster than on a substrate of cortical cells. A primary cilium was much less frequently observed on MGE cells migrating on N-cadherin than on laminin. Nevertheless, the mature centriole (MC) frequently docked to the plasma membrane in MGE cells migrating on N-cadherin, suggesting that plasma membrane docking is a basic feature of the centrosome in migrating MGE cells. On the N-cadherin substrate, centrosomal and nuclear movements were remarkably synchronous and the centrosome remained near the nucleus. Interestingly, MGE cells with cadherin invalidation presented centrosomal movements no longer coordinated with nuclear movements. In summary, MGE cells migrating on a pure substrate of N-cadherin show fast, coordinated nuclear and centrosomal movements, and rarely present a primary cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Luccardini
- INSERM, UMR-S839 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR-S839 Paris, France ; Institut du Fer à Moulin Paris, France
| | - Claire Leclech
- INSERM, UMR-S839 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR-S839 Paris, France ; Institut du Fer à Moulin Paris, France
| | - Lucie Viou
- INSERM, UMR-S839 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR-S839 Paris, France ; Institut du Fer à Moulin Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Rio
- INSERM, UMR-S839 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR-S839 Paris, France ; Institut du Fer à Moulin Paris, France
| | - Christine Métin
- INSERM, UMR-S839 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR-S839 Paris, France ; Institut du Fer à Moulin Paris, France
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115
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Miyamoto Y, Sakane F, Hashimoto K. N-cadherin-based adherens junction regulates the maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation of neural progenitor cells during development. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 9:183-92. [PMID: 25869655 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1005466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review addresses our current understanding of the regulatory mechanism by which N-cadherin, a classical cadherin, affects neural progenitor cells (NPCs) during development. N-cadherin is responsible for the integrity of adherens junctions (AJs), which develop in the sub-apical region of NPCs in the neural tube and brain cortex. The apical domain, which contains the sub-apical region, is involved in the switching from symmetric proliferative division to asymmetric neurogenic division of NPCs. In addition, N-cadherin-based AJ is deeply involved in the apico-basal polarity of NPCs and the regulation of Wnt-β-catenin, hedgehog (Hh), and Notch signaling. In this review, we discuss the roles of N-cadherin in the maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation of NPCs through components of AJ, β-catenin and αE-catenin.
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Key Words
- AJ, adherens junction
- EC, extracellular
- Fox, forkhead box
- Frz, frizzled
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β
- Hes, hairly/enhancer of split
- Hh, hedgehog
- IP, intermediate progenitor
- KO, knockout
- LEF, lymphocyte enhancer factor
- N-cadherin
- NPC, neural progenitor cell
- Par, partition defective complex protein
- Ptc, Pached
- Smo, smoothened
- Sox2, sry (sex determining region Y)-box containing gene 2
- TA cell, transient amplifying cell; ZO-1, Zonula Occludens-1.
- TCF, T-cell factor
- aPKC, atypical protein kinase C
- adherens junction
- apico-basal polarity
- iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell
- neural progenitor cells
- ngn2, neurogenin 2
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
- β-catenin
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Miyamoto
- a The Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences; Ochanomizu University ; Tokyo , Japan
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116
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Reina J, Gonzalez C. When fate follows age: unequal centrosomes in asymmetric cell division. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0466. [PMID: 25047620 PMCID: PMC4113110 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A strong correlation between centrosome age and fate has been reported in some stem cells and progenitors that divide asymmetrically. In some cases, such stereotyped centrosome behaviour is essential to endow stemness to only one of the two daughters, whereas in other cases causality is still uncertain. Here, we present the different cell types in which correlated centrosome age and fate has been documented, review current knowledge on the underlying molecular mechanisms and discuss possible functional implications of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Reina
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB-Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Cayetano Gonzalez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB-Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
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117
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Singh S, Solecki DJ. Polarity transitions during neurogenesis and germinal zone exit in the developing central nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:62. [PMID: 25852469 PMCID: PMC4349153 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During neural development, billions of neurons differentiate, polarize, migrate and form synapses in a precisely choreographed sequence. These precise developmental events are accompanied by discreet transitions in cellular polarity. While radial glial neural stem cells are highly polarized, transiently amplifying neural progenitors are less polarized after delaminating from their parental stem cell. Moreover, preceding their radial migration to a final laminar position neural progenitors re-adopt a polarized morphology before they embarking on their journey along a glial guide to the destination where they will fully mature. In this review, we will compare and contrast the key polarity transitions of cells derived from a neuroepithelium to the well-characterized polarity transitions that occur in true epithelia. We will highlight recent advances in the field that shows that neuronal progenitor delamination from germinal zone (GZ) niche shares similarities to an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, studies in the cerebellum suggest the acquisition of radial migration and polarity in transiently amplifying neural progenitors share similarities to mesenchymal-epithelial transitions. Where applicable, we will compare and contrast the precise molecular mechanisms used by epithelial cells and neuronal progenitors to control plasticity in cell polarity during their distinct developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David J Solecki
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, TN, USA
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118
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Becker CG, Diez del Corral R. Neural development and regeneration: it's all in your spinal cord. Development 2015; 142:811-6. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.121053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The spinal cord constitutes an excellent model system for studying development and regeneration of a functional nervous system, from specification of its precursors to circuit formation. The latest advances in the field of spinal cord development and its regeneration following damage were discussed at a recent EMBO workshop ‘Spinal cord development and regeneration’ in Sitges, Spain (October, 2014), highlighting the use of direct visualization of cellular processes, genome-wide molecular techniques and the development of methods for directed stem cell differentiation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherina G. Becker
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Ruth Diez del Corral
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28002, Spain
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119
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Banda E, McKinsey A, Germain N, Carter J, Anderson NC, Grabel L. Cell polarity and neurogenesis in embryonic stem cell-derived neural rosettes. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1022-33. [PMID: 25472739 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) undergoing neural differentiation form radial arrays of neural stem cells, termed neural rosettes. These structures manifest many of the properties associated with embryonic and adult neurogenesis, including cell polarization, interkinetic nuclear migration (INM), and a gradient of neuronal differentiation. We now identify novel rosette structural features that serve to localize key regulators of neurogenesis. Cells within neural rosettes have specialized basal as well as apical surfaces, based on localization of the extracellular matrix receptor β1 integrin. Apical processes of cells in mature rosettes terminate at the lumen, where adherens junctions are apparent. Primary cilia are randomly distributed in immature rosettes and tightly associated with the neural stem cell's apical domain as rosettes mature. Components of two signaling pathways known to regulate neurogenesis in vivo and in rosettes, Hedgehog and Notch, are apically localized, with the Hedgehog effector Smoothened (Smo) associated with primary cilia and the Notch pathway γ-secretase subunit Presenilin 2 associated with the adherens junction. Increased neuron production upon treatment with the Notch inhibitor DAPT suggests a major role for Notch signaling in maintaining the neural stem cell state, as previously described. A less robust outcome was observed with manipulation of Hedgehog levels, though consistent with a role in neural stem cell survival or proliferation. Inhibition of both pathways resulted in an additive effect. These data support a model by which cells extending a process to the rosette lumen maintain neural stem cell identity whereas release from this association, either through asymmetric cell division or apical abscission, promotes neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Banda
- 1 Biology Department, Wesleyan University , Middletown, Connecticut
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120
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Abstract
The role of primary cilia in adult neurons remains elusive, however their developmental functions during brain morphogenesis have been recently highlighted thanks to mouse models. Unmistakably, they are needed for Hedgehog (Hh)-dependent patterning in the forebrain. Not only for Hh reception itself, but most importantly for a downstream event in the Hh transduction pathway, independent of Hh ligand: the Gli3 processing. Indeed, phenotypes due to cilia disruption in the developing brain, such as early patterning, olfactory bulb or corpus callosum formation, can be rescued by reintroducing Gli3-R (the short truncated form of Gli3 working as a transcriptional repressor of Hh target gene). In addition, primary cilia control the proliferation rate in different neural progenitors in the cortex, the hippocampus and the cerebellum; they are required for proper migration of interneurons. And cilia dysfunction is correlated with hydrocephaly, synaptogenesis defects and aberrant axonal tract projections. Most of these neurodevelopmental defects can be related to the various neurological features frequently observed across the ciliopathy spectrum. And thus, understanding the underlying mechanisms of these diverse functions of primary cilia in the brain is a new fundamental challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Laclef
- Laboratoire de biologie du développement, UPMC Université Paris 6, UMR 7622 CNRS, U969 Inserm, 9, quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
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121
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Agius E, Bel-Vialar S, Bonnet F, Pituello F. Cell cycle and cell fate in the developing nervous system: the role of CDC25B phosphatase. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:201-13. [PMID: 25260908 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering the core machinery of the cell cycle and cell division has been primarily the focus of cell biologists, while developmental biologists have identified the signaling pathways and transcriptional programs controlling cell fate choices. As a result, until recently, the interplay between these two fundamental aspects of biology have remained largely unexplored. Increasing data show that the cell cycle and regulators of the core cell cycle machinery are important players in cell fate decisions during neurogenesis. Here, we summarize recent data describing how cell cycle dynamics affect the switch between proliferation and differentiation, with an emphasis on the roles played by the cell cycle regulators, the CDC25 phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Agius
- Université Toulouse 3; Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
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122
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Kicheva A, Bollenbach T, Ribeiro A, Valle HP, Lovell-Badge R, Episkopou V, Briscoe J. Coordination of progenitor specification and growth in mouse and chick spinal cord. Science 2014; 345:1254927. [PMID: 25258086 PMCID: PMC4228193 DOI: 10.1126/science.1254927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Development requires tissue growth as well as cell diversification. To address how these processes are coordinated, we analyzed the development of molecularly distinct domains of neural progenitors in the mouse and chick neural tube. We show that during development, these domains undergo changes in size that do not scale with changes in overall tissue size. Our data show that domain proportions are first established by opposing morphogen gradients and subsequently controlled by domain-specific regulation of differentiation rate but not differences in proliferation rate. Regulation of differentiation rate is key to maintaining domain proportions while accommodating both intra- and interspecies variations in size. Thus, the sequential control of progenitor specification and differentiation elaborates pattern without requiring that signaling gradients grow as tissues expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kicheva
- Medical Research Council (MRC), National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW71AA, UK
| | - Tobias Bollenbach
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Am Campus 1, A - 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ana Ribeiro
- Medical Research Council (MRC), National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW71AA, UK
| | - Helena Pérez Valle
- Medical Research Council (MRC), National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW71AA, UK. Imperial College London, UK
| | - Robin Lovell-Badge
- Medical Research Council (MRC), National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW71AA, UK. Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, 3/F Laboratory Block, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong. Division of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - Vasso Episkopou
- Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - James Briscoe
- Medical Research Council (MRC), National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW71AA, UK.
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123
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Ma X, Adelstein RS. The role of vertebrate nonmuscle Myosin II in development and human disease. BIOARCHITECTURE 2014; 4:88-102. [PMID: 25098841 DOI: 10.4161/bioa.29766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Three different genes each located on a different chromosome encode the heavy chains of nonmuscle myosin II in humans and mice. This review explores the functional consequences of the presence of three isoforms during embryonic development and beyond. The roles of the various isoforms in cell division, cell-cell adhesion, blood vessel formation and neuronal cell migration are addressed in animal models and at the cellular level. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of nonmuscle myosin II during cardiac and brain development, and during closure of the neural tube and body wall. Questions addressed include the consequences on organ development, of lowering or ablating a particular isoform as well as the effect of substituting one isoform for another, all in vivo. Finally the roles of the three isoforms in human diseases such as cancer as well as in syndromes affecting a variety of organs in humans are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
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124
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Abstract
While the presence of a primary cilium on neural progenitors and on post-mitotic neurons was noted long ago, a primary cilium has been observed on migrating cortical interneurons only recently. As in fibroblasts, the cilium of interneurons controls the directionality of migration. It plays an important role in the reorientation of cortical interneurons toward the cortical plate. The morphogen Shh, which is expressed in the migratory pathway of interneurons, is one of the signals that control this reorientation. After a short description of the migratory pathways of cortical interneurons, we focus on cellular mechanisms that allow interneurons to reorient their trajectory during their long-distance migration. Then we examine the role of the primary cilium in cell migration and how ciliogenesis might be related to the migration cycle in interneurons. Finally, we review the molecular mechanisms at the basis of the sensory function of the primary cilium and examine how Shh signals could influence the migratory behavior of cortical interneurons. These novel data provide a cellular basis to further understanding cognitive deficits associated with human ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Métin
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM UMRS-839, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris France
| | - Maria Pedraza
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM UMRS-839, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris France
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125
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Sheen VL. Filamin A mediated Big2 dependent endocytosis: From apical abscission to periventricular heterotopia. Tissue Barriers 2014; 2:e29431. [PMID: 25097827 PMCID: PMC4117685 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.29431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Periventricular heterotopia (PH) is one of the most common malformations of cortical development (MCD). Nodules along the lateral ventricles of the brain, disruption of the ventricular lining, and a reduced brain size are hallmarks of this disorder. PH results in a disruption of the neuroependyma, inhibition of neural proliferation and differentiation, and altered neuronal migration. Human mutations in the genes encoding the actin-binding Filamin A (FLNA) and the vesicle trafficking Brefeldin A-associated guanine exchange factor 2 (BIG2 is encoded by the ARFGEF2 gene) proteins are implicated in PH formation. Recent studies have shown that the transition from proliferating neural progenitors to post-mitotic neurons relies on apical abscission along the neuroepithelium. This mechanism involves an actin dependent contraction of the apical portion of a neural progenitor along the ventricular lining to complete abscission. Actin also maintains stability of various cell adhesion molecules along the neuroependyma. Loss of cadherin directs disassembly of the primary cilium, which transduces sonic-hedgehog (Shh) signaling. Shh signaling is required for continued proliferation. In this context, apical abscission regulates neuronal progenitor exit and migration from the ventricular zone by detachment from the neuroependyma, relies on adhesion molecules that maintain the integrity of the neuroepithelial lining, and directs neural proliferation. Each of these processes is disrupted in PH, suggesting that genes causal for this MCD, may fundamentally mediate apical abscission in cortical development. Here we discuss several recent reports that demonstrate a coordinated role for actin and vesicle trafficking in modulating neural development along the neurepithelium, and potentially the neural stem cell to neuronal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volney L Sheen
- Department of Neurology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
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126
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Sarkisian MR, Guadiana SM. Influences of Primary Cilia on Cortical Morphogenesis and Neuronal Subtype Maturation. Neuroscientist 2014; 21:136-51. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858414531074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recognition that virtually every neuronal progenitor cell and neuron in the cerebral cortex is ciliated has triggered intense interest in neuronal cilia function. Here, we review recent studies that suggest the primary cilia of cortical progenitor cells are required for establishing and maintaining the organization within pools of proliferative cells. In addition, signaling via primary cilia differentially influence the migration and differentiation of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the developing cortex. Specifically, the primary cilia of excitatory neurons appear to play a significant role in regulating the post-migratory differentiation of these neurons whereas cilia of inhibitory neurons appear to be required for the proper migration and positioning of those cells in cortex. Given the recently discovered functions of cilia in proliferation, neuronal migration, and differentiation, it is likely that further studies of cilia signaling will improve our understanding of how these basic developmental processes are regulated and may provide insight into how mutations in specific cilia genes linked to ciliopathies lead to the many neurological deficits associated with these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah M. Guadiana
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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127
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Paridaen JTML, Huttner WB. Neurogenesis during development of the vertebrate central nervous system. EMBO Rep 2014; 15:351-64. [PMID: 24639559 DOI: 10.1002/embr.201438447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate development, a wide variety of cell types and tissues emerge from a single fertilized oocyte. One of these tissues, the central nervous system, contains many types of neurons and glial cells that were born during the period of embryonic and post-natal neuro- and gliogenesis. As to neurogenesis, neural progenitors initially divide symmetrically to expand their pool and switch to asymmetric neurogenic divisions at the onset of neurogenesis. This process involves various mechanisms involving intrinsic as well as extrinsic factors. Here, we discuss the recent advances and insights into regulation of neurogenesis in the developing vertebrate central nervous system. Topics include mechanisms of (a)symmetric cell division, transcriptional and epigenetic regulation, and signaling pathways, using mostly examples from the developing mammalian neocortex.
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128
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Tozer
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Paris F-75005, France; Inserm, U1024, Paris F-75005, France; CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris F-75005, France
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