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Sung DC, Ahmad M, Lerma Cervantes CB, Zhang Y, Adelstein RS, Ma X. Mutations in non-muscle myosin 2A disrupt the actomyosin cytoskeleton in Sertoli cells and cause male infertility. Dev Biol 2020; 470:49-61. [PMID: 33188738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in non-muscle myosin 2A (NM2A) encompass a wide spectrum of anomalies collectively known as MYH9-Related Disease (MYH9-RD) in humans that can include macrothrombocytopenia, glomerulosclerosis, deafness, and cataracts. We previously created mouse models of the three mutations most frequently found in humans: R702C, D1424N, and E1841K. While homozygous R702C and D1424N mutations are embryonic lethal, we found homozygous mutant E1841K mice to be viable. However the homozygous male, but not female, mice were infertile. Here, we report that these mice have reduced testis size and defects in actin-associated junctions in Sertoli cells, resulting in inability to form the blood-testis barrier and premature germ cell loss. Moreover, compound double heterozygous (R702C/E1841K and D1424/E1841K) males show the same abnormalities in testes as E1841K homozygous males. Conditional ablation of either NM2A or NM2B alone in Sertoli cells has no effect on fertility and testis size, however deletion of both NM2A and NM2B in Sertoli cells results in infertility. Isolation of mutant E1841K Sertoli cells reveals decreased NM2A and F-actin colocalization and thicker NM2A filaments. Furthermore, AE1841K/AE1841K and double knockout Sertoli cells demonstrate microtubule disorganization and increased tubulin acetylation, suggesting defects in the microtubule cytoskeleton. Together, these results demonstrate that NM2A and 2B paralogs play redundant roles in Sertoli cells and are essential for testes development and normal fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Sung
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1583, United States; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1583, United States
| | - Mohsin Ahmad
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1583, United States; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1583, United States
| | - Connie B Lerma Cervantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1583, United States; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1583, United States
| | - Yingfan Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1583, United States; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1583, United States
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1583, United States; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1583, United States
| | - Xuefei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1583, United States; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1583, United States.
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2
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Ma X, Uchida Y, Wei T, Liu C, Adams RH, Kubota Y, Gutkind JS, Mukouyama YS, Adelstein RS. Nonmuscle myosin 2 regulates cortical stability during sprouting angiogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1974-1987. [PMID: 32583739 PMCID: PMC7543065 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-03-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the three nonmuscle myosin 2 (NM2) paralogs, NM 2A and 2B, but not 2C, are detected in endothelial cells. To study the role of NM2 in vascular formation, we ablate NM2 in endothelial cells in mice. Ablating NM2A, but not NM2B, results in reduced blood vessel coverage and increased vascular branching in the developing mouse skin and coronary vasculature. NM2B becomes essential for vascular formation when NM2A expression is limited. Mice ablated for NM2B and one allele of NM2A develop vascular abnormalities similar to those in NM2A ablated mice. Using the embryoid body angiogenic sprouting assay in collagen gels reveals that NM2A is required for persistent angiogenic sprouting by stabilizing the endothelial cell cortex, and thereby preventing excessive branching and ensuring persistent migration of the endothelial sprouts. Mechanistically, NM2 promotes focal adhesion formation and cortical protrusion retraction during angiogenic sprouting. Further studies demonstrate the critical role of Rho kinase–activated NM2 signaling in the regulation of angiogenic sprouting in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762
| | - Yutaka Uchida
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neurovascular Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762
| | - Tingyi Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenic Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Munster, D-48149 Munster, Germany
| | - Yoshiaki Kubota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo160-8582, Japan
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yoh-Suke Mukouyama
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neurovascular Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762
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3
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Tan L, Hu Y, Li Y, Yang L, Cai X, Liu W, He J, Wu Y, Liu T, Wang N, Yang Y, Adelstein RS, Wang A. Investigation of the molecular biology underlying the pronounced high gene targeting frequency at the Myh9 gene locus in mouse embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230126. [PMID: 32226034 PMCID: PMC7105122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of genetically modified mouse models derived from gene targeting (GT) in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells (mESCs) has greatly advanced both basic and clinical research. Our previous finding that gene targeting at the Myh9 exon2 site in mESCs has a pronounced high homologous recombination (HR) efficiency (>90%) has facilitated the generation of a series of nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) related mouse models. Furthermore, the Myh9 gene locus has been well demonstrated to be a new safe harbor for site-specific insertion of other exogenous genes. In the current study, we intend to investigate the molecular biology underlying for this high HR efficiency from other aspects. Our results confirmed some previously characterized properties and revealed some unreported observations: 1) The comparison and analysis of the targeting events occurring at the Myh9 and several widely used loci for targeting transgenesis, including ColA1, HPRT, ROSA26, and the sequences utilized for generating these targeting constructs, indicated that a total length about 6 kb with approximate 50% GC-content of the 5’ and 3’ homologous arms, may facilitate a better performance in terms of GT efficiency. 2) Despite increasing the length of the homologous arms, shifting the targeting site from the Myh9 exon2, to intron2, or exon3 led to a gradually reduced GT frequency (91.7, 71.8 and 50.0%, respectively). This finding provides the first evidence that the HR frequency may also be associated with the targeting site even in the same locus. Meanwhile, the decreased trend of the GT efficiency at these targeting sites was consistent with the reduced percentage of simple sequence repeat (SSR) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) in the sequences for generating the targeting constructs, suggesting the potential effects of these DNA elements on GT efficiency; 3) Our series of targeting experiments and analyses with truncated 5’ and 3’ arms at the Myh9 exon2 site demonstrated that GT efficiency positively correlates with the total length of the homologous arms (R = 0.7256, p<0.01), confirmed that a 2:1 ratio of the length, a 50% GC-content and the higher amount of SINEs for the 5’ and 3’ arms may benefit for appreciable GT frequency. Though more investigations are required, the Myh9 gene locus appears to be an ideal location for identifying HR-related cis and trans factors, which in turn provide mechanistic insights and also facilitate the practical application of gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tan
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Model, The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Model, The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yalan Li
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Model, The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lingchen Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Model, The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiong Cai
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Model, The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiayi He
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Model, The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yingxin Wu
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Model, The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tanbin Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Model, The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Naidong Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Robert S. Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology (LMC), NHLBI/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Aibing Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Model, The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology (LMC), NHLBI/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Zhovmer AS, Tabdanov ED, Miao H, Wen H, Chen J, Luo X, Ma X, Provenzano PP, Adelstein RS. The role of nonmuscle myosin 2A and 2B in the regulation of mesenchymal cell contact guidance. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1961-1973. [PMID: 31318315 PMCID: PMC6727766 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-01-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact guidance refers to the ability of cells to sense the geometrical features of the microenvironment and respond by changing their shape and adopting the appropriate orientation. Inhibition and ablation of nonmuscle myosin 2 (NM2) paralogues have demonstrated their importance for contact guidance. However, the specific roles of the NM2 paralogues have not been systematically studied. In this work we use micropatterned substrates to examine the roles of NM2A and NM2B and to elucidate the relationship of the microenvironment, actomyosin, and microtubules in contact guidance. We show that contact guidance is preserved following loss of NM2B and that expression of NM2A alone is sufficient to establish an appropriate orientation of the cells. Loss of NM2B and overexpression of NM2A result in a prominent cell polarization that is found to be linked to the increased alignment of microtubules with the actomyosin scaffold. Suppression of actomyosin with blebbistatin reduces cell polarity on a flat surface, but not on a surface with contact guidance cues. This indicates that the lost microtubule-actomyosin interactions are compensated for by microtubule-microenvironment interactions, which are sufficient to establish cell polarity through contact guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Zhovmer
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Erdem D Tabdanov
- Laboratory for Engineering in Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Houxun Miao
- Imaging Physics Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Han Wen
- Imaging Physics Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Jinqiu Chen
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xiaoling Luo
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xuefei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Paolo P Provenzano
- Laboratory for Engineering in Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20814
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5
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Acebedo AR, Suzuki K, Hino S, Alcantara MC, Sato Y, Haga H, Matsumoto KI, Nakao M, Shimamura K, Takeo T, Nakagata N, Miyagawa S, Nishinakamura R, Adelstein RS, Yamada G. Mesenchymal actomyosin contractility is required for androgen-driven urethral masculinization in mice. Commun Biol 2019; 2:95. [PMID: 30886905 PMCID: PMC6408527 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphogenesis of mammalian embryonic external genitalia (eExG) shows dynamic differences between males and females. In genotypic males, eExG are masculinized in response to androgen signaling. Disruption of this process can give rise to multiple male reproductive organ defects. Currently, mechanisms of androgen-driven sexually dimorphic organogenesis are still unclear. We show here that mesenchymal-derived actomyosin contractility, by MYH10, is essential for the masculinization of mouse eExG. MYH10 is expressed prominently in the bilateral mesenchyme of male eExG. Androgen induces MYH10 protein expression and actomyosin contractility in the bilateral mesenchyme. Inhibition of actomyosin contractility through blebbistatin treatment and mesenchymal genetic deletion induced defective urethral masculinization with reduced mesenchymal condensation. We also suggest that actomyosin contractility regulates androgen-dependent mesenchymal directional cell migration to form the condensation in the bilateral mesenchyme leading to changes in urethral plate shape to accomplish urethral masculinization. Thus, mesenchymal-derived actomyosin contractility is indispensable for androgen-driven urethral masculinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin R. Acebedo
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509 Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509 Japan
| | - Shinjiro Hino
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Mellissa C. Alcantara
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509 Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Hisashi Haga
- Transdisciplinary Life Science Course, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10-W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501 Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Nakao
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Kenji Shimamura
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyagawa
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Robert S. Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762 USA
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509 Japan
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Kim HT, Yin W, Jin YJ, Panza P, Gunawan F, Grohmann B, Buettner C, Sokol AM, Preussner J, Guenther S, Kostin S, Ruppert C, Bhagwat AM, Ma X, Graumann J, Looso M, Guenther A, Adelstein RS, Offermanns S, Stainier DYR. Myh10 deficiency leads to defective extracellular matrix remodeling and pulmonary disease. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4600. [PMID: 30389913 PMCID: PMC6214918 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired alveolar formation and maintenance are features of many pulmonary diseases that are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In a forward genetic screen for modulators of mouse lung development, we identified the non-muscle myosin II heavy chain gene, Myh10. Myh10 mutant pups exhibit cyanosis and respiratory distress, and die shortly after birth from differentiation defects in alveolar epithelium and mesenchyme. From omics analyses and follow up studies, we find decreased Thrombospondin expression accompanied with increased matrix metalloproteinase activity in both mutant lungs and cultured mutant fibroblasts, as well as disrupted extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Loss of Myh10 specifically in mesenchymal cells results in ECM deposition defects and alveolar simplification. Notably, MYH10 expression is downregulated in the lung of emphysema patients. Altogether, our findings reveal critical roles for Myh10 in alveologenesis at least in part via the regulation of ECM remodeling, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Taek Kim
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany.
| | - Wenguang Yin
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Young-June Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Paolo Panza
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Felix Gunawan
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Beate Grohmann
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Carmen Buettner
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Anna M Sokol
- Scientific Service Group of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Jens Preussner
- ECCPS Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Stefan Guenther
- ECCPS Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Sawa Kostin
- Scientific Service Group of Morphometry, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Clemens Ruppert
- Biobank, University of Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGLMC), Giessen, 35392, Germany
| | - Aditya M Bhagwat
- Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Doha, PO 24144, Qatar
| | - Xuefei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Scientific Service Group of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Frankfurt, 60323, Germany
| | - Mario Looso
- ECCPS Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Biobank, University of Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGLMC), Giessen, 35392, Germany
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Frankfurt, 60323, Germany
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany.
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Frankfurt, 60323, Germany.
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7
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Zhang Y, Liu C, Adelstein RS, Ma X. Replacing nonmuscle myosin 2A with myosin 2C1 permits gastrulation but not placenta vascular development in mice. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2326-2335. [PMID: 30044719 PMCID: PMC6249808 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-12-0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Three paralogues of nonmuscle myosin 2 (NM 2A, 2B, and 2C) are expressed in mammals, and the heavy chains are the products of three different genes (Myh9, Myh10, and Myh14, respectively). NM 2A and 2B are essential for mouse development, while 2C is not. Studies on NM 2C are limited and the in vivo function of this paralogue is not clear. Using homologous recombination, cDNA encoding nonmuscle myosin heavy chain 2C1 fused with GFP was introduced into the first coding exon of Myh9, replacing NM 2A expression with NM 2C1 expression in mice. In contrast to A-/A- embryos, which die by embryonic day (E) 6.5, AC1*gfp/AC1*gfp embryos survive through E8.5, demonstrating that NM 2C1 can support mouse development beyond gastrulation. At E9.5 and E10.5, however, AC1*gfp/AC1*gfp embryos are developmentally delayed, with abnormalities in placental vascular formation. The defect in vascular formation is confirmed in allantois explants from AC1*gfp/AC1*gfp embryos. Thus, NM 2C1 cannot support normal placental vascular formation. In addition, AC1*gfp/AC1*gfp mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) migrate rapidly but with impaired persistence and develop smaller, less mature focal adhesions than A+/A+ MEFs. This is attributed to enhanced NM 2C1 actomyosin stability and different NM 2C1 subcellular localization than in NM 2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfan Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1583
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenic Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1583
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1583
| | - Xuefei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1583
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8
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Pecci A, Ma X, Savoia A, Adelstein RS. MYH9: Structure, functions and role of non-muscle myosin IIA in human disease. Gene 2018; 664:152-167. [PMID: 29679756 PMCID: PMC5970098 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The MYH9 gene encodes the heavy chain of non-muscle myosin IIA, a widely expressed cytoplasmic myosin that participates in a variety of processes requiring the generation of intracellular chemomechanical force and translocation of the actin cytoskeleton. Non-muscle myosin IIA functions are regulated by phosphorylation of its 20 kDa light chain, of the heavy chain, and by interactions with other proteins. Variants of MYH9 cause an autosomal-dominant disorder, termed MYH9-related disease, and may be involved in other conditions, such as chronic kidney disease, non-syndromic deafness, and cancer. This review discusses the structure of the MYH9 gene and its protein, as well as the regulation and physiologic functions of non-muscle myosin IIA with particular reference to embryonic development. Moreover, the review focuses on current knowledge about the role of MYH9 variants in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pecci
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Xuefei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10 Room 6C-103B, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1583, USA.
| | - Anna Savoia
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Dell'Istria, 65/1, I-34137 Trieste, Italy; IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, via Dell'Istria, 65/1, I-34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10 Room 6C-103B, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1583, USA.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Adelstein
- The Section on Molecular Cardiology, Cardiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014
| | - Mary Anne Conti
- The Section on Molecular Cardiology, Cardiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014
| | - Barbara Barylko
- The Section on Molecular Cardiology, Cardiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014
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10
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Daniel JL, Holmsen H, Adelstein RS. Thrombin-Stimulated Myosin Phosphorylation in Intact Platelets and its Possible Involvement Secretion. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1651916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryA 20,000 dalton polypeptide, which is phosphorylated in intact platelets pre-incubated with 32P-P04, has been identified as a platelet myosin light chain. Stimulation of intact platelets with thrombin produced a 5-fold increase in the amount of radioactive phosphate incorporated into the light chain. Myosin phosphorylation preceeded acid hydrolase secretion and occurred concomitantly with adenine nucleotide secretion. These results are suggestive of participation of contractile mechanisms in platelet secretion.
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11
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Masedunskas A, Appaduray MA, Lucas CA, Lastra Cagigas M, Heydecker M, Holliday M, Meiring JCM, Hook J, Kee A, White M, Thomas P, Zhang Y, Adelstein RS, Meckel T, Böcking T, Weigert R, Bryce NS, Gunning PW, Hardeman EC. Parallel assembly of actin and tropomyosin, but not myosin II, during de novo actin filament formation in live mice. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.212654. [PMID: 29487177 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.212654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many actin filaments in animal cells are co-polymers of actin and tropomyosin. In many cases, non-muscle myosin II associates with these co-polymers to establish a contractile network. However, the temporal relationship of these three proteins in the de novo assembly of actin filaments is not known. Intravital subcellular microscopy of secretory granule exocytosis allows the visualisation and quantification of the formation of an actin scaffold in real time, with the added advantage that it occurs in a living mammal under physiological conditions. We used this model system to investigate the de novo assembly of actin, tropomyosin Tpm3.1 (a short isoform of TPM3) and myosin IIA (the form of non-muscle myosin II with its heavy chain encoded by Myh9) on secretory granules in mouse salivary glands. Blocking actin polymerization with cytochalasin D revealed that Tpm3.1 assembly is dependent on actin assembly. We used time-lapse imaging to determine the timing of the appearance of the actin filament reporter LifeAct-RFP and of Tpm3.1-mNeonGreen on secretory granules in LifeAct-RFP transgenic, Tpm3.1-mNeonGreen and myosin IIA-GFP (GFP-tagged MYH9) knock-in mice. Our findings are consistent with the addition of tropomyosin to actin filaments shortly after the initiation of actin filament nucleation, followed by myosin IIA recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marco Heydecker
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mira Holliday
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Jeff Hook
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Anthony Kee
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Melissa White
- South Australian Genome Editing, Facility Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Paul Thomas
- South Australian Genome Editing, Facility Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Yingfan Zhang
- NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Tobias Meckel
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Till Böcking
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole S Bryce
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Peter W Gunning
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Edna C Hardeman
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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12
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Liu T, Hu Y, Guo S, Tan L, Zhan Y, Yang L, Liu W, Wang N, Li Y, Zhang Y, Liu C, Yang Y, Adelstein RS, Wang A. Identification and characterization of MYH9 locus for high efficient gene knock-in and stable expression in mouse embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192641. [PMID: 29438440 PMCID: PMC5811019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted integration of exogenous genes into so-called safe harbors/friend sites, offers the advantages of expressing normal levels of target genes and preventing potentially adverse effects on endogenous genes. However, the ideal genomic loci for this purpose remain limited. Additionally, due to the inherent and unresolved issues with the current genome editing tools, traditional embryonic stem (ES) cell-based targeted transgenesis technology is still preferred in practical applications. Here, we report that a high and repeatable homologous recombination (HR) frequency (>95%) is achieved when an approximate 6kb DNA sequence flanking the MYH9 gene exon 2 site is used to create the homology arms for the knockout/knock-in of diverse nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) isoforms in mouse ES cells. The easily obtained ES clones greatly facilitated the generation of multiple NM II genetic replacement mouse models, as characterized previously. Further investigation demonstrated that though the targeted integration site for exogenous genes is shifted to MYH9 intron 2 (about 500bp downstream exon 2), the high HR efficiency and the endogenous MYH9 gene integrity are not only preserved, but the expected expression of the inserted gene(s) is observed in a pre-designed set of experiments conducted in mouse ES cells. Importantly, we confirmed that the expression and normal function of the endogenous MYH9 gene is not affected by the insertion of the exogenous gene in these cases. Therefore, these findings suggest that like the commonly used ROSA26 site, the MYH9 gene locus may be considered a new safe harbor for high-efficiency targeted transgenesis and for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanbin Liu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shiyin Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Zhan
- Lab of Functional Proteomics (LFP), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lingchen Yang
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Naidong Wang
- Lab of Functional Proteomics (LFP), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yalan Li
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yingfan Zhang
- Lab of Molecular Cardiology (LMC), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenic Core, NHLBI/ NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Yi Yang
- Lab of Functional Proteomics (LFP), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Robert S. Adelstein
- Lab of Molecular Cardiology (LMC), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Aibing Wang
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
- Lab of Molecular Cardiology (LMC), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Ma X, Sung DC, Yang Y, Wakabayashi Y, Adelstein RS. Nonmuscle myosin IIB regulates epicardial integrity and epicardium-derived mesenchymal cell maturation. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2696-2706. [PMID: 28687623 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.202564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonmuscle myosin IIB (NMIIB; heavy chain encoded by MYH10) is essential for cardiac myocyte cytokinesis. The role of NMIIB in other cardiac cells is not known. Here, we show that NMIIB is required in epicardial formation and functions to support myocardial proliferation and coronary vessel development. Ablation of NMIIB in epicardial cells results in disruption of epicardial integrity with a loss of E-cadherin at cell-cell junctions and a focal detachment of epicardial cells from the myocardium. NMIIB-knockout and blebbistatin-treated epicardial explants demonstrate impaired mesenchymal cell maturation during epicardial epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This is manifested by an impaired invasion of collagen gels by the epicardium-derived mesenchymal cells and the reorganization of the cytoskeletal structure. Although there is a marked decrease in the expression of mesenchymal genes, there is no change in Snail (also known as Snai1) or E-cadherin expression. Studies from epicardium-specific NMIIB-knockout mice confirm the importance of NMIIB for epicardial integrity and epicardial functions in promoting cardiac myocyte proliferation and coronary vessel formation during heart development. Our findings provide a novel mechanism linking epicardial formation and epicardial function to the activity of the cytoplasmic motor protein NMIIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762, USA
| | - Derek C Sung
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762, USA
| | - Yanqin Yang
- DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762, USA
| | - Yoshi Wakabayashi
- DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762, USA
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762, USA
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14
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Milberg O, Shitara A, Ebrahim S, Masedunskas A, Tora M, Tran DT, Chen Y, Conti MA, Adelstein RS, Ten Hagen KG, Weigert R. Concerted actions of distinct nonmuscle myosin II isoforms drive intracellular membrane remodeling in live animals. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1925-1936. [PMID: 28600434 PMCID: PMC5496622 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane remodeling plays a fundamental role during a variety of biological events. However, the dynamics and the molecular mechanisms regulating this process within cells in mammalian tissues in situ remain largely unknown. In this study, we use intravital subcellular microscopy in live mice to study the role of the actomyosin cytoskeleton in driving the remodeling of membranes of large secretory granules, which are integrated into the plasma membrane during regulated exocytosis. We show that two isoforms of nonmuscle myosin II, NMIIA and NMIIB, control distinct steps of the integration process. Furthermore, we find that F-actin is not essential for the recruitment of NMII to the secretory granules but plays a key role in the assembly and activation of NMII into contractile filaments. Our data support a dual role for the actomyosin cytoskeleton in providing the mechanical forces required to remodel the lipid bilayer and serving as a scaffold to recruit key regulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Milberg
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Akiko Shitara
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Seham Ebrahim
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Andrius Masedunskas
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sidney, Australia
| | - Muhibullah Tora
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Duy T Tran
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yun Chen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mary Anne Conti
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kelly G Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD .,Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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15
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Haque F, Kaku Y, Fujimura S, Ohmori T, Adelstein RS, Nishinakamura R. Non-muscle myosin II deletion in the developing kidney causes ureter-bladder misconnection and apical extrusion of the nephric duct lineage epithelia. Dev Biol 2017; 427:121-130. [PMID: 28478097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In kidney development, connection of the nephric duct (ND) to the cloaca and subsequent sprouting of the ureteric bud (UB) from the ND are important for urinary exit tract formation. Although the roles of Ret signaling are well established, it remains unclear how intracellular cytoskeletal proteins regulate these morphogenetic processes. Myh9 and Myh10 encode two different non-muscle myosin II heavy chains, and Myh9 mutations in humans are implicated in congenital kidney diseases. Here we report that ND/UB lineage-specific deletion of Myh9/Myh10 in mice caused severe hydroureter/hydronephrosis at birth. At mid-gestation, the mutant ND/UB epithelia exhibited aberrant basal protrusion and ectopic UB formation, which likely led to misconnection of the ureter to the bladder. In addition, the mutant epithelia exhibited apical extrusion followed by massive apoptosis in the lumen, which could be explained by reduced apical constriction and intercellular adhesion mediated by E-cadherin. These phenotypes were not ameliorated by genetic reduction of the tyrosine kinase receptor Ret. In contrast, ERK was activated in the mutant cells and its chemical inhibition partially ameliorated the phenotypes. Thus, myosin II is essential for maintaining the apicobasal integrity of the developing kidney epithelia independently of Ret signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Haque
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kaku
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sayoko Fujimura
- Liaison Laboratory Research Promotion Center, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ohmori
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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16
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Baird MA, Billington N, Wang A, Adelstein RS, Sellers JR, Fischer RS, Waterman CM. Local pulsatile contractions are an intrinsic property of the myosin 2A motor in the cortical cytoskeleton of adherent cells. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 28:240-251. [PMID: 27881665 PMCID: PMC5231893 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-05-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulsatile dynamics of myosin 2A occurs in single cells, is unique to myosin 2A and not 2B, and is a result of the kinetics of the myosin-2A motor, whereas the myosin-2B motor is insufficient to induce this dynamic behavior. This pulsatile contraction is an inherent property of myosin-2A/F-actin networks in adherent cells. The role of nonmuscle myosin 2 (NM2) pulsatile dynamics in generating contractile forces required for developmental morphogenesis has been characterized, but whether these pulsatile contractions are an intrinsic property of all actomyosin networks is not known. Here we used live-cell fluorescence imaging to show that transient, local assembly of NM2A “pulses” occurs in the cortical cytoskeleton of single adherent cells of mesenchymal, epithelial, and sarcoma origin, independent of developmental signaling cues and cell–cell or cell–ECM interactions. We show that pulses in the cortical cytoskeleton require Rho-associated kinase– or myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activity, increases in cytosolic calcium, and NM2 ATPase activity. Surprisingly, we find that cortical cytoskeleton pulses specifically require the head domain of NM2A, as they do not occur with either NM2B or a 2B-head-2A-tail chimera. Our results thus suggest that pulsatile contractions in the cortical cytoskeleton are an intrinsic property of the NM2A motor that may mediate its role in homeostatic maintenance of tension in the cortical cytoskeleton of adherent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Baird
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Neil Billington
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Aibing Wang
- Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - James R Sellers
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Robert S Fischer
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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17
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Naydenov NG, Feygin A, Wang D, Kuemmerle JF, Harris G, Conti MA, Adelstein RS, Ivanov AI. Nonmuscle Myosin IIA Regulates Intestinal Epithelial Barrier in vivo and Plays a Protective Role During Experimental Colitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24161. [PMID: 27063635 PMCID: PMC4827066 DOI: 10.1038/srep24161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a critical regulator of intestinal mucosal barrier permeability, and the integrity of epithelial adherens junctions (AJ) and tight junctions (TJ). Non muscle myosin II (NM II) is a key cytoskeletal motor that controls actin filament architecture and dynamics. While NM II has been implicated in the regulation of epithelial junctions in vitro, little is known about its roles in the intestinal mucosa in vivo. In this study, we generated a mouse model with an intestinal epithelial-specific knockout of NM IIA heavy chain (NM IIA cKO) and examined the structure and function of normal gut barrier, and the development of experimental colitis in these animals. Unchallenged NM IIA cKO mice showed increased intestinal permeability and altered expression/localization of several AJ/TJ proteins. They did not develop spontaneous colitis, but demonstrated signs of a low-scale mucosal inflammation manifested by prolapses, lymphoid aggregates, increased cytokine expression, and neutrophil infiltration in the gut. NM IIA cKO animals were characterized by a more severe disruption of the gut barrier and exaggerated mucosal injury during experimentally-induced colitis. Our study provides the first evidence that NM IIA plays important roles in establishing normal intestinal barrier, and protection from mucosal inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayden G Naydenov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
| | - Alex Feygin
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
| | - John F Kuemmerle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Gianni Harris
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY
| | - Mary Anne Conti
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298.,Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
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18
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Kwan R, Chen L, Looi K, Tao GZ, Weerasinghe SV, Snider NT, Conti MA, Adelstein RS, Xie Q, Omary MB. PKC412 normalizes mutation-related keratin filament disruption and hepatic injury in mice by promoting keratin-myosin binding. Hepatology 2015; 62:1858-69. [PMID: 26126491 PMCID: PMC4681638 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Keratins, among other cytoskeletal intermediate filament proteins, are mutated at a highly conserved arginine with consequent severe disease phenotypes due to disruption of keratin filament organization. We screened a kinase inhibitor library, using A549 cells that are transduced with a lentivirus keratin 18 (K18) construct, to identify compounds that normalize filament disruption due to K18 Arg90Cys mutation at the conserved arginine. High-throughput screening showed that PKC412, a multikinase inhibitor, ameliorated K18 Arg90Cys-mediated keratin filament disruption in cells and in the livers of previously described transgenic mice that overexpress K18 Arg90Cys. Furthermore, PKC412 protected cultured A549 cells that express mutant or wild-type K18 and mouse livers of the K18 Arg90Cys-overexpressing transgenic mice from Fas-induced apoptosis. Proteomic analysis of proteins that associated with keratins after exposure of K18-expressing A549 cells to PKC412 showed that nonmuscle myosin heavy chain-IIA (NMHC-IIA) partitions with the keratin fraction. The nonmuscle myosin-IIA (NM-IIA) association with keratins was confirmed by immune staining and by coimmunoprecipitation. The keratin-myosin association is myosin dephosphorylation-dependent; occurs with K8, the obligate K18 partner; is enhanced by PKC412 in cells and mouse liver; and is blocked by hyperphosphorylation conditions in cultured cells and mouse liver. Furthermore, NMHC-IIA knockdown inhibits PKC412-mediated normalization of K18 R90C filaments. CONCLUSION The inhibitor PKC412 normalizes K18 Arg90Cys mutation-induced filament disruption and disorganization by enhancing keratin association with NM-IIA in a myosin dephosphorylation-regulated manner. Targeting of intermediate filament disorganization by compounds that alter keratin interaction with their associated proteins offers a potential novel therapeutic approach for keratin and possibly other intermediate filament protein-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Kwan
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lu Chen
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,Infectious Diseases Department, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Koksun Looi
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Guo-Zhong Tao
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Sujith V Weerasinghe
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Natasha T Snider
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mary Anne Conti
- The Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- The Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Qing Xie
- Infectious Diseases Department, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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19
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Conti MA, Saleh AD, Brinster LR, Cheng H, Chen Z, Cornelius S, Liu C, Ma X, Van Waes C, Adelstein RS. Conditional deletion of nonmuscle myosin II-A in mouse tongue epithelium results in squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14068. [PMID: 26369831 PMCID: PMC4572924 DOI: 10.1038/srep14068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the contribution of nonmuscle myosin II-A (NM II-A) to early cardiac development we crossed Myh9 floxed mice and Nkx2.5 cre-recombinase mice. Nkx2.5 is expressed in the early heart (E7.5) and later in the tongue epithelium. Mice homozygous for deletion of NM II-A (ANkx/ANkx) are born at the expected ratio with normal hearts, but consistently develop an invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue (32/32 ANkx/ANkx) as early as E17.5. To assess reproducibility a second, independent line of Myh9 floxed mice derived from a different embryonic stem cell clone was tested. This second line also develops SCC indistinguishable from the first (15/15). In ANkx/ANkx mouse tongue epithelium, genetic deletion of NM II-A does not affect stabilization of TP53, unlike a previous report for SCC. We attribute the consistent, early formation of SCC with high penetrance to the role of NM II in maintaining mitotic stability during karyokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Anne Conti
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, NHLBI, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Anthony D Saleh
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, NIDCD, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lauren R Brinster
- Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of Research Services, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-5520, USA
| | - Hui Cheng
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, NIDCD, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhong Chen
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, NIDCD, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenic Core Facility, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xuefei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, NHLBI, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, NIDCD, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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20
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Chabaud M, Heuzé ML, Bretou M, Vargas P, Maiuri P, Solanes P, Maurin M, Terriac E, Le Berre M, Lankar D, Piolot T, Adelstein RS, Zhang Y, Sixt M, Jacobelli J, Bénichou O, Voituriez R, Piel M, Lennon-Duménil AM. Cell migration and antigen capture are antagonistic processes coupled by myosin II in dendritic cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7526. [PMID: 26109323 PMCID: PMC4491822 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response relies on the migration of leukocytes and on their ability to stop in precise anatomical locations to fulfil their task. How leukocyte migration and function are coordinated is unknown. Here we show that in immature dendritic cells, which patrol their environment by engulfing extracellular material, cell migration and antigen capture are antagonistic. This antagonism results from transient enrichment of myosin IIA at the cell front, which disrupts the back-to-front gradient of the motor protein, slowing down locomotion but promoting antigen capture. We further highlight that myosin IIA enrichment at the cell front requires the MHC class II-associated invariant chain (Ii). Thus, by controlling myosin IIA localization, Ii imposes on dendritic cells an intermittent antigen capture behaviour that might facilitate environment patrolling. We propose that the requirement for myosin II in both cell migration and specific cell functions may provide a general mechanism for their coordination in time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Chabaud
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Mélina L. Heuzé
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Marine Bretou
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- CNRS UMR144, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Paola Solanes
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Emmanuel Terriac
- CNRS UMR144, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Maël Le Berre
- CNRS UMR144, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Danielle Lankar
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Tristan Piolot
- CNRS UMR3215/Inserm U934, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Robert S. Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Yingfan Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jordan Jacobelli
- National Jewish Health & University of Colorado, 1250 14th Street, Denver, USA
| | - Olivier Bénichou
- CNRS UMR 7600, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 7600 Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Voituriez
- CNRS UMR 7600, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 7600 Paris, France
- CNRS FRE 3231, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Piel
- CNRS UMR144, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
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21
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Kruszka P, Uwineza A, Mutesa L, Martinez AF, Abe Y, Zackai EH, Ganetzky R, Chung B, Stevenson RE, Adelstein RS, Ma X, Mullikin JC, Hong SK, Muenke M. Limb body wall complex, amniotic band sequence, or new syndrome caused by mutation in IQ Motif containing K (IQCK)? Mol Genet Genomic Med 2015; 3:424-32. [PMID: 26436108 PMCID: PMC4585450 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb body wall complex (LBWC) and amniotic band sequence (ABS) are multiple congenital anomaly conditions with craniofacial, limb, and ventral wall defects. LBWC and ABS are considered separate entities by some, and a continuum of severity of the same condition by others. The etiology of LBWC/ABS remains unknown and multiple hypotheses have been proposed. One individual with features of LBWC and his unaffected parents were whole exome sequenced and Sanger sequenced as confirmation of the mutation. Functional studies were conducted using morpholino knockdown studies followed by human mRNA rescue experiments. Using whole exome sequencing, a de novo heterozygous mutation was found in the gene IQCK: c.667C>G; p.Q223E and confirmed by Sanger sequencing in an individual with LBWC. Morpholino knockdown of iqck mRNA in the zebrafish showed ventral defects including failure of ventral fin to develop and cardiac edema. Human wild-type IQCK mRNA rescued the zebrafish phenotype, whereas human p.Q223E IQCK mRNA did not, but worsened the phenotype of the morpholino knockdown zebrafish. This study supports a genetic etiology for LBWC/ABS, or potentially a new syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Annette Uwineza
- Center for Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda Huye, Rwanda
| | - Leon Mutesa
- Center for Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda Huye, Rwanda
| | - Ariel F Martinez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yu Abe
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Clinical Genetics Center, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca Ganetzky
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Clinical Genetics Center, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian Chung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xuefei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James C Mullikin
- Comparative Genomics Analysis Unit, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sung-Kook Hong
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
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22
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Elliott H, Fischer RS, Myers KA, Desai RA, Gao L, Chen CS, Adelstein RS, Waterman CM, Danuser G. Myosin II controls cellular branching morphogenesis and migration in three dimensions by minimizing cell-surface curvature. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:137-47. [PMID: 25621949 PMCID: PMC4312523 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In many cases cell function is intimately linked to cell shape control. We utilized endothelial cell branching morphogenesis as a model to understand the role of myosin-II in shape control of invasive cells migrating in 3D collagen gels. We applied principles of differential geometry and mathematical morphology to 3D image sets to parameterize cell branch structure and local cell surface curvature. We find that Rho/ROCK-stimulated myosin-II contractility minimizes cell-scale branching by recognizing and minimizing local cell surface curvature. Utilizing micro-fabrication to constrain cell shape identifies a positive feedback mechanism in which low curvature stabilizes myosin-II cortical association, where it acts to maintain minimal curvature. The feedback between myosin-II regulation by and control of curvature drives cycles of localized cortical myosin-II assembly and disassembly. These cycles in turn mediate alternating phases of directionally biased branch initiation and retraction to guide 3D cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Elliott
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Robert S Fischer
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth A Myers
- 1] Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [2] Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Ravi A Desai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Lin Gao
- 1] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Christopher S Chen
- 1] Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [3] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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23
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Recuenco MC, Ohmori T, Tanigawa S, Taguchi A, Fujimura S, Conti MA, Wei Q, Kiyonari H, Abe T, Adelstein RS, Nishinakamura R. Nonmuscle Myosin II Regulates the Morphogenesis of Metanephric Mesenchyme-Derived Immature Nephrons. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:1081-91. [PMID: 25168025 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014030281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney develops from reciprocal interactions between the metanephric mesenchyme and ureteric bud. The mesenchyme transforms into epithelia and forms complicated nephron structures, whereas the ureteric bud extends its pre-existing epithelial ducts. Although the roles are well established for extracellular stimuli, such as Wnt and Notch, it is unclear how the intracellular cytoskeleton regulates these morphogenetic processes. Myh9 and Myh10 encode nonmuscle myosin II heavy chains, and Myh9 mutations in humans are implicated in congenital kidney diseases and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults. Here, we analyzed the roles of Myh9 and Myh10 in the developing kidney. Ureteric bud-specific depletion of Myh9 resulted in no apparent phenotypes, whereas mesenchyme-specific Myh9 deletion caused proximal tubule dilations and renal failure. Mesenchyme-specific Myh9/Myh10 mutant mice died shortly after birth and showed a severe defect in nephron formation. The nascent mutant nephrons failed to form a continuous lumen, which likely resulted from impaired apical constriction of the elongating tubules. In addition, nephron progenitors lacking Myh9/Myh10 or the possible interactor Kif26b were less condensed at midgestation and reduced at birth. Taken together, nonmuscle myosin II regulates the morphogenesis of immature nephrons derived from the metanephric mesenchyme and the maintenance of nephron progenitors. Our data also suggest that Myh9 deletion in mice results in failure to maintain renal tubules but not in glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sayoko Fujimura
- Liaison Laboratory Research Promotion Center, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mary Anne Conti
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Qize Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
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24
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Abstract
Three different genes each located on a different chromosome encode the heavy chains of nonmuscle myosin II in humans and mice. This review explores the functional consequences of the presence of three isoforms during embryonic development and beyond. The roles of the various isoforms in cell division, cell-cell adhesion, blood vessel formation and neuronal cell migration are addressed in animal models and at the cellular level. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of nonmuscle myosin II during cardiac and brain development, and during closure of the neural tube and body wall. Questions addressed include the consequences on organ development, of lowering or ablating a particular isoform as well as the effect of substituting one isoform for another, all in vivo. Finally the roles of the three isoforms in human diseases such as cancer as well as in syndromes affecting a variety of organs in humans are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
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25
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Kim KK, Adelstein RS, Kawamoto S. Isoform-specific proteasomal degradation of Rbfox3 during chicken embryonic development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1662-7. [PMID: 25044120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rbfox3, a neuron-specific RNA-binding protein, plays an important role in neuronal differentiation during development. An isoform Rbfox3-d31, which excludes the 93-nucleotide cassette exon within the RNA recognition motif of chicken Rbfox3, has been previously identified. However, the cellular functions of Rbfox3-d31 remain largely unknown. Here we find that Rbfox3-d31 mRNA is highly expressed during the early developmental stages of the chicken embryo, while Rbfox3-d31 protein is barely detected during the same stage due to its rapid degradation mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Importantly, this degradation is specific to the Rbfox3-d31 isoform and it does not occur with full-length Rbfox3. Furthermore, suppression of Rbfox3-d31 protein degradation with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 attenuates the splicing activity of another Rbfox family member Rbfox2 by altering the subcellular localization of Rbfox2. These results suggest that Rbfox3-d31 functions as a repressor for the splicing activity of the Rbfox family and its protein level is regulated in an isoform-specific manner in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee K Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Sachiyo Kawamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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26
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Hasumi Y, Baba M, Hasumi H, Huang Y, Lang M, Reindorf R, Oh HB, Sciarretta S, Nagashima K, Haines DC, Schneider MD, Adelstein RS, Schmidt LS, Sadoshima J, Marston Linehan W. Folliculin (Flcn) inactivation leads to murine cardiac hypertrophy through mTORC1 deregulation. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5706-19. [PMID: 24908670 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy, an adaptive process that responds to increased wall stress, is characterized by the enlargement of cardiomyocytes and structural remodeling. It is stimulated by various growth signals, of which the mTORC1 pathway is a well-recognized source. Here, we show that loss of Flcn, a novel AMPK-mTOR interacting molecule, causes severe cardiac hypertrophy with deregulated energy homeostasis leading to dilated cardiomyopathy in mice. We found that mTORC1 activity was upregulated in Flcn-deficient hearts, and that rapamycin treatment significantly reduced heart mass and ameliorated cardiac dysfunction. Phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-alpha (T172) was reduced in Flcn-deficient hearts and nonresponsive to various stimulations including metformin and AICAR (5-amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide). ATP levels were elevated and mitochondrial function was increased in Flcn-deficient hearts, suggesting that excess energy resulting from up-regulated mitochondrial metabolism under Flcn deficiency might attenuate AMPK activation. Expression of Ppargc1a, a central molecule for mitochondrial metabolism, was increased in Flcn-deficient hearts and indeed, inactivation of Ppargc1a in Flcn-deficient hearts significantly reduced heart mass and prolonged survival. Ppargc1a inactivation restored phospho-AMPK-alpha levels and suppressed mTORC1 activity in Flcn-deficient hearts, suggesting that up-regulated Ppargc1a confers increased mitochondrial metabolism and excess energy, leading to inactivation of AMPK and activation of mTORC1. Rapamycin treatment did not affect the heart size of Flcn/Ppargc1a doubly inactivated hearts, further supporting the idea that Ppargc1a is the critical element leading to deregulation of the AMPK-mTOR-axis and resulting in cardiac hypertrophy under Flcn deficiency. These data support an important role for Flcn in cardiac homeostasis in the murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hasumi
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Masaya Baba
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hisashi Hasumi
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martin Lang
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rachel Reindorf
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hyoung-bin Oh
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA, IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle, 86077, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | | | | | - Michael D Schneider
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA and
| | - Laura S Schmidt
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,
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27
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The 3 isoforms of nonmuscle myosin (NM) II (NMII-A, NMII-B, and NMII-C) play various roles during mouse embryonic development. Previous work, using knockout and hypomorphic mice, showed that Myh10 encoding myosin heavy chain II-B is critical for cardiac and brain development. Ablating or decreasing NMII-B by 80% results in cardiac (ventricular septal defect, double outlet of the right ventricle) and brain defects but not midline fusion defects. Neither NMII-A nor II-C seems to play roles in early myocardial development. METHODS AND RESULTS We had previously generated point mutant knock-in mice and now report novel findings as a result of expressing motor-deficient NMII-B at wild-type levels. Homozygous mice die at embryonic day 14.5 in cardiac failure, exhibiting abnormalities not seen in NMII-B null and hypomorphic mice: a failure in midline fusion resulting in a cleft palate, ectopia cordis, and a large omphalocele. Fusion of the sternum and endocardial cushions is impaired in the mutant mice associated with a failure in apoptosis of the mesenchymal cells. Failure to disassemble myocyte cell-cell adhesions during cardiac outflow tract development contributes to impaired outflow tract myocardialization and displacement of the aorta to the right ventricle. CONCLUSIONS Expression of motor-impaired NMII-B disrupts normal ventral body wall closure because of a dominant-negative effect. This is not because of the loss of NMII-B function but rather a gain-of-function resulting from prolonged cross-linking of NMII-B to actin filaments, thereby interfering with the dynamics of actomyosin cytoskeletal structure. Furthermore, impaired NMII-B motor activity inhibits outflow tract myocardialization, leading to mislocalization of the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Ma
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Genetics & Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Genetics & Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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28
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Chandrasekar I, Goeckeler ZM, Turney SG, Wang P, Wysolmerski RB, Adelstein RS, Bridgman PC. Nonmuscle myosin II is a critical regulator of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Traffic 2014; 15:418-32. [PMID: 24443954 PMCID: PMC3975594 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Variable requirements for actin during clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) may be related to regional or cellular differences in membrane tension. To compensate, local regulation of force generation may be needed to facilitate membrane curving and vesicle budding. Force generation is assumed to occur primarily through actin polymerization. Here we examine the role of myosin II using loss of function experiments. Our results indicate that myosin II acts on cortical actin scaffolds primarily in the plane of the plasma membrane (bottom arrow) to generate changes that are critical for enhancing CME progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Chandrasekar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Zoe M. Goeckeler
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Stephen G. Turney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Peter Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Robert B. Wysolmerski
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | | | - Paul C. Bridgman
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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29
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Billington N, Wang A, Mao J, Adelstein RS, Sellers JR. Characterization of three full-length human nonmuscle myosin II paralogs. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:33398-410. [PMID: 24072716 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.499848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonmuscle myosin IIs (NM IIs) are a group of molecular motors involved in a wide variety of cellular processes including cytokinesis, migration, and control of cell morphology. There are three paralogs of the NM II heavy chain in humans (IIA, IIB, and IIC), each encoded by a separate gene. These paralogs are expressed at different levels according to cell type and have different roles and intracellular distributions in vivo. Most previous studies on NM II used tissue-purified protein or expressed fragments of the molecule, which presents potential drawbacks for characterizing individual paralogs of the intact protein in vitro. To circumvent current limitations and approach their native properties, we have successfully expressed and purified the three full-length human NM II proteins with their light chains, using the baculovirus/Sf9 system. The enzymatic and structural properties of the three paralogs were characterized. Although each NM II is capable of forming bipolar filaments, those formed by IIC tend to contain fewer constituent molecules than those of IIA and IIB. All paralogs adopt the compact conformation in the presence of ATP. Phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain leads to assembly into filaments, which bind to actin in the presence of ATP. The nature of interactions with actin filaments is shown with different paralogs exhibiting different actin binding behaviors under equivalent conditions. The data show that although NM IIA and IIB form filaments with similar properties, NM IIC forms filaments that are less well suited to roles such as tension maintenance within the cell.
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30
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He Y, Beatty A, Han X, Ji Y, Ma X, Adelstein RS, Yates JR, Kemphues K, Qi L. Nonmuscle myosin IIB links cytoskeleton to IRE1α signaling during ER stress. Dev Cell 2013; 23:1141-52. [PMID: 23237951 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Here we identify and characterize a cytoskeletal myosin protein required for IRE1α oligomerization, activation, and signaling. Proteomic screening identified nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIB (NMHCIIB), a subunit of nonmuscle myosin IIB (NMIIB), as an ER stress-dependent interacting protein specific to IRE1α. Loss of NMIIB compromises XBP1s and UPR target gene expression with no effect on the PERK pathway. Mechanistically, NMIIB is required for IRE1α aggregation and foci formation under ER stress. The NMIIB-mediated effect on IRE1α signaling is in part dependent on the phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain and the actomyosin contractility of NMIIB. Biologically, the function of NMIIB in ER stress response is conserved as both mammalian cells and C. elegans lacking NMIIB exhibit hypersensitivity to ER stress. Thus, optimal IRE1α activation and signaling require concerted coordination between the ER and cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin He
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics, and Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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31
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Yang F, Wei Q, Adelstein RS, Wang PJ. Non-muscle myosin IIB is essential for cytokinesis during male meiotic cell divisions. Dev Biol 2012; 369:356-61. [PMID: 22820068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis, the final stage of cell division, bisects the cytoplasm into two daughter cells. In mitotic cells, this process depends on the activity of non-muscle myosin II (NMII), a family of actin-binding motor-proteins that participate in the formation of the cleavage furrow. The relevance of NMII for meiotic cell division, however, is poorly understood. The NMII family consists of three members, NMIIA, NMIIB, and NMIIC, containing different myosin heavy chains (MYH9, MYH10, and MYH14, respectively). We find that a single non-muscle myosin II, NMIIB, is required for meiotic cytokinesis in male but not female mice. Specifically, NMIIB-deficient spermatocytes exhibit cytokinetic failure in meiosis I, resulting in bi-nucleated secondary spermatocytes. Additionally, cytokinetic failure at meiosis II gives rise to bi-nucleated or even tetra-nucleated spermatids. These multi-nucleated spermatids fail to undergo normal differentiation, leading to male infertility. In spite of the presence of multiple non-muscle myosin II isoforms, we demonstrate that a single member, NMIIB, plays an essential and non-redundant role in cytokinesis during meiotic cell divisions of the male germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- Center for Animal Transgenesis and Germ Cell Research, Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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32
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Kim JH, Wang A, Conti MA, Adelstein RS. Nonmuscle myosin II is required for internalization of the epidermal growth factor receptor and modulation of downstream signaling. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:27345-58. [PMID: 22718763 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.304824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-induced internalization of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an important process for regulating signal transduction, cellular dynamics, and cell-cell communication. Here, we demonstrate that nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) is required for the internalization of the EGFR and to trigger the EGFR-dependent activation of ERK and AKT. The EGFR was identified as a protein that interacts with NM II by co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis. This interaction requires both the regulatory light chain 20 (RLC20) of NM II and the kinase domain of the EGFR. Two paralogs of NM II, NM II-A, and NM II-B can act to internalize the EGFR, depending on the cell type and paralog content of the cell line. Loss (siRNA) or inhibition (25 μm blebbistatin) of NM II attenuates the internalization of the EGFR and impairs EGFR-dependent activation of ERK and AKT. Both internalization of the EGFR and downstream signaling to ERK and AKT can be partially restored in siRNA-treated cells by introduction of wild type (WT) GFP-NM II, but cannot be restored by motor mutant NM II. Taken together, these results suggest that NM II plays a role in the internalization of the EGFR and EGFR-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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33
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Doyle AD, Kutys ML, Conti MA, Matsumoto K, Adelstein RS, Yamada KM. Micro-environmental control of cell migration--myosin IIA is required for efficient migration in fibrillar environments through control of cell adhesion dynamics. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2244-56. [PMID: 22328520 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.098806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that organization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) into aligned fibrils or fibril-like ECM topographies promotes rapid migration in fibroblasts. However, the mechanisms of cell migration that are altered by these changes in micro-environmental topography remain unknown. Here, using 1D fibrillar migration as a model system for oriented fibrillar 3D matrices, we find that fibroblast leading-edge dynamics are enhanced by 1D fibrillar micropatterns and demonstrate a dependence on the spatial positioning of cell adhesions. Although 1D, 2D and 3D matrix adhesions have similar assembly kinetics, both 1D and 3D adhesions are stabilized for prolonged periods, whereas both paxillin and vinculin show slower turnover rates in 1D adhesions. Moreover, actin in 1D adhesions undergoes slower retrograde flow than the actin that is present in 2D lamellipodia. These data suggest an increase in mechanical coupling between adhesions and protrusive machinery. Experimental reduction of contractility resulted in the loss of 1D adhesion structure and stability, with scattered small and unstable adhesions, and an uncoupling of adhesion protein-integrin stability. Genetic ablation of myosin IIA (MIIA) or myosin IIB (MIIB) isoforms revealed that MIIA is required for efficient migration in restricted environments as well as adhesion maturation, whereas MIIB helps to stabilize adhesions beneath the cell body. These data suggest that restricted cell environments, such as 1D patterns, require cellular contraction through MIIA to enhance adhesion stability and coupling to integrins behind the leading edge. This increase in mechanical coupling allows for greater leading-edge protrusion and rapid cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Doyle
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
Nonmuscle myosin II-B (NM II-B) plays an important role in cardiac development and function. Genetic ablation of NM II-B in mice results in both cellular and structural defects involving cardiac myocytes. These abnormalities include a ventricular septal defect, double outlet of the right ventricle, myocyte hypertrophy and premature onset of myocyte binucleation due to abnormalities in cytokinesis. The mice die by embryonic day (E) 14.5 due to defects in heart development. Conditional ablation of NM II-B in cardiac myocytes after E11.5 allows study of NM II-B function in adult myocytes. BaMHC/BaMHC mice are born with enlarged cardiac myocytes, some of which are multinucleated. Between 6-10 months of age they develop a cardiomyopathy. Many of these mice develop a marked widening of the intercalated discs. The loss of NM II-B from the intercalated discs primarily affects the adhesion junctions rather than the gap junctions and desmosomes. Interestingly, the loss of NM II-B results in a decrease in the actin binding protein mXin which also has been shown to cause disruption of the intercalated disc in addition to cardiac arrhythmias (Gustafson-Wagner et al. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007, 293:H2680-92). Finally we review the evidence showing that ablation of NM II-C (which also localizes to the intercalated disc) in mouse hearts deficient in NM II-B expression results in destabilization of N-cadherin and beta-catenin in the intercalated disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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35
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Kim JH, Adelstein RS. LPA(1) -induced migration requires nonmuscle myosin II light chain phosphorylation in breast cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2881-93. [PMID: 21302283 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The enhanced migration found in tumor cells is often caused by external stimuli and the sequential participation of cytoskeleton-related signaling molecules. However, until now, the molecular connection between the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor and nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) has not been analyzed in detail for LPA-induced migration. Here, we demonstrate that LPA induces migration by activating the LPA(1) receptor which promotes phosphorylation of the 20 kDa NM II light chain through activation of Rho kinase (ROCK). We show that LPA-induced migration is insensitive to pertussis toxin (PTX) but does require the LPA(1) receptor as determined by siRNA and receptor antagonists. LPA activates ROCK and also increases GTP-bound RhoA activity, concomitant with the enhanced membrane recruitment of RhoA. LPA-induced migration and invasion are attenuated by specific inhibitors including C3 cell-permeable transferase and Y-27632. We demonstrate that NM II plays an important role in LPA-induced migration and invasion by inhibiting its cellular function with blebbistatin and shRNA lentivirus directed against NM II-A or II-B. Inhibition or loss of either NM II-A or NM II-B in 4T1 cells results in a decrease in migration and invasion. Restoration of the expression of NM II-A or NM II-B also rescued LPA-induced migration. Taken together, these results suggest defined pathways for signaling through the LPA(1) receptor to promote LPA-mediated NM II activation and subsequent cell migration in 4T1 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1583, USA
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36
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Reyes A, He J, Mao CC, Bailey LJ, Di Re M, Sembongi H, Kazak L, Dzionek K, Holmes JB, Cluett TJ, Harbour ME, Fearnley IM, Crouch RJ, Conti MA, Adelstein RS, Walker JE, Holt IJ. Actin and myosin contribute to mammalian mitochondrial DNA maintenance. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:5098-108. [PMID: 21398640 PMCID: PMC3130256 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA maintenance and segregation are dependent on the actin cytoskeleton in budding yeast. We found two cytoskeletal proteins among six proteins tightly associated with rat liver mitochondrial DNA: non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA and β-actin. In human cells, transient gene silencing of MYH9 (encoding non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA), or the closely related MYH10 gene (encoding non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIB), altered the topology and increased the copy number of mitochondrial DNA; and the latter effect was enhanced when both genes were targeted simultaneously. In contrast, genetic ablation of non-muscle myosin IIB was associated with a 60% decrease in mitochondrial DNA copy number in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, compared to control cells. Gene silencing of β-actin also affected mitochondrial DNA copy number and organization. Protease-protection experiments and iodixanol gradient analysis suggest some β-actin and non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA reside within human mitochondria and confirm that they are associated with mitochondrial DNA. Collectively, these results strongly implicate the actomyosin cytoskeleton in mammalian mitochondrial DNA maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reyes
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge, UK
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37
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Wang A, Billington N, Adelstein RS, Sellers JR. Expression and Characterization of Full Length Nonmuscle Myosin IIs. Biophys J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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38
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Zhang Y, Conti MA, Zerfas P, Shmist Y, Kawamoto S, Liu C, Kopp J, Chan CC, Kelley MJ, Adelstein RS. Mouse Models of Human MYH9-Related Diseases. Biophys J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.3426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Abstract
Fox-1 family (Fox) proteins, which consist of Fox-1 (A2BP1), Fox-2 (Rbm9) and Fox-3 (NeuN) in mammals, bind to the RNA element UGCAUG and regulate alternative pre-mRNA splicing. However the mechanisms for Fox-regulated splicing are largely unknown. We analyzed the expression pattern of the three Fox proteins as well as neural cell-specific alternative splicing of a cassette exon N30 of nonmuscle myosin heavy chain (NMHC) II-B in the mouse central nervous system. Histological and biochemical analyses following fluorescence-activated cell sorting demonstrate a positive correlation of N30 inclusion and Fox-3 expression. Further, we identified polypyrimidine tract binding protein-associated splicing factor (PSF) as an interacting protein with Fox-3 by affinity-chromatography. In cultured cells, enhancement of N30 inclusion by Fox-3 depends on the presence of PSF. PSF enhances N30 inclusion in a UGCAUG-dependent manner, although it does not bind directly to this element. Fox-3 is recruited to the UGCAUG element downstream of N30 in the endogenous NMHC II-B transcript in a PSF-dependent manner. This study is the first to identify PSF as a coactivator of Fox proteins and provides evidence that the Fox-3 and PSF interaction is an integral part of the mechanism by which Fox proteins regulate activation of alternative exons via a downstream intronic enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee K Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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40
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Ma X, Jana SS, Conti MA, Kawamoto S, Claycomb WC, Adelstein RS. Ablation of nonmuscle myosin II-B and II-C reveals a role for nonmuscle myosin II in cardiac myocyte karyokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:3952-62. [PMID: 20861308 PMCID: PMC2982113 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-04-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ablation of nonmuscle myosin (NM) II-A or NM II-B results in mouse embryonic lethality. Here, we report the results of ablating NM II-C as well as NM II-C/II-B together in mice. NM II-C ablated mice survive to adulthood and show no obvious defects compared with wild-type littermates. However, ablation of NM II-C in mice expressing only 12% of wild-type amounts of NM II-B results in a marked increase in cardiac myocyte hypertrophy compared with the NM II-B hypomorphic mice alone. In addition, these hearts develop interstitial fibrosis associated with diffuse N-cadherin and β-catenin localization at the intercalated discs, where both NM II-B and II-C are normally concentrated. When both NM II-C and II-B are ablated the B-C-/B-C- cardiac myocytes show major defects in karyokinesis. More than 90% of B-C-/B-C- myocytes demonstrate defects in chromatid segregation and mitotic spindle formation accompanied by increased stability of microtubules and abnormal formation of multiple centrosomes. This requirement for NM II in karyokinesis is further demonstrated in the HL-1 cell line derived from mouse atrial myocytes, by using small interfering RNA knockdown of NM II or treatment with the myosin inhibitor blebbistatin. Our study shows that NM II is involved in regulating cardiac myocyte karyokinesis by affecting microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1583, USA.
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41
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Wang A, Ma X, Conti MA, Liu C, Kawamoto S, Adelstein RS. Isoform and domain dependence of nonmuscle myosin II in vivo and in vitro. Dev Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.05.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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42
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Smutny M, Cox HL, Leerberg JM, Kovacs EM, Conti MA, Ferguson C, Hamilton NA, Parton RG, Adelstein RS, Yap AS. Myosin II isoforms identify distinct functional modules that support integrity of the epithelial zonula adherens. Nat Cell Biol 2010; 12:696-702. [PMID: 20543839 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Classic cadherin receptors cooperate with regulators of the actin cytoskeleton to control tissue organization in health and disease. At the apical junctions of epithelial cells, the cadherin ring of the zonula adherens (ZA) couples with a contiguous ring of actin filaments to support morphogenetic processes such as tissue integration and cellular morphology. However, the molecular mechanisms that coordinate adhesion and cytoskeleton at these junctions are poorly understood. Previously we identified non-muscle myosin II as a target of Rho signalling that supports cadherin junctions in mammalian epithelial cells. Myosin II has various cellular functions, which are increasingly attributable to the specific biophysical properties and regulation of its different isoforms. Here we report that myosin II isoforms have distinct and necessary roles at cadherin junctions. Although two of the three mammalian myosin II isoforms are found at the ZA, their localization is regulated by different upstream signalling pathways. Junctional localization of myosin IIA required E-cadherin adhesion, Rho/ROCK and myosin light-chain kinase, whereas junctional myosin IIB depended on Rap1. Further, these myosin II isoforms support E-cadherin junction integrity by different mechanisms. Myosin IIA RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) selectively perturbed the accumulation of E-cadherin in the apical ZA, decreased cadherin homophilic adhesion and disrupted cadherin clustering. In contrast, myosin IIB RNAi decreased filament content, altered dynamics, and increased the lateral movement of the perijunctional actin ring. Myosin IIA and IIB therefore identify two distinct functional modules, with different upstream signals that control junctional localization, and distinct functional effects. We propose that these two isoform-based modules cooperate to coordinate adhesion receptor and F-actin organization to form apical cadherin junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Smutny
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Division of Molecular Cell Biology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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43
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Fischer RS, Gardel M, Ma X, Adelstein RS, Waterman CM. Actomyosin contraction and adhesion control angiogenic sprouting and guidance. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.9.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Fischer
- Cell Physiology & BiochemistryNational Heart, Lung & Blood InstituteBethesdaMD
| | | | | | | | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell Physiology & BiochemistryNational Heart, Lung and Blood InstituteBethesdaMD
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Ma X, Takeda K, Singh A, Yu ZX, Zerfas P, Blount A, Liu C, Towbin JA, Schneider MD, Adelstein RS, Wei Q. Conditional ablation of nonmuscle myosin II-B delineates heart defects in adult mice. Circ Res 2009; 105:1102-9. [PMID: 19815823 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.200303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Germline ablation of the cytoskeletal protein nonmuscle myosin II (NMII)-B results in embryonic lethality, with defects in both the brain and heart. Tissue-specific ablation of NMII-B by a Cre recombinase strategy should prevent embryonic lethality and permit study of the function of NMII-B in adult hearts. OBJECTIVE We sought to understand the function of NMII-B in adult mouse hearts and to see whether the brain defects found in germline-ablated mice influence cardiac development. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a loxP/Cre recombinase strategy to specifically ablate NMII-B in the brains or hearts of mice. Mice ablated for NMII-B in neural tissues die between postnatal day 12 and 22 without showing cardiac defects. Mice deficient in NMII-B only in cardiac myocytes (B(alphaMHC)/B(alphaMHC) mice) do not show brain defects. However, B(alphaMHC)/B(alphaMHC) mice display novel cardiac defects not seen in NMII-B germline-ablated mice. Most of the B(alphaMHC)/B(alphaMHC) mice are born with enlarged cardiac myocytes, some of which are multinucleated, reflecting a defect in cytokinesis. Between 6 to 10 months, they develop a cardiomyopathy that includes interstitial fibrosis and infiltration of the myocardium and pericardium with inflammatory cells. Four of 5 B(alphaMHC)/B(alphaMHC) hearts develop marked widening of intercalated discs. CONCLUSIONS By avoiding the embryonic lethality found in germline-ablated mice, we were able to study the function of NMII-B in adult mice and show that absence of NMII-B in cardiac myocytes results in cardiomyopathy in the adult heart. We also define a role for NMII-B in maintaining the integrity of intercalated discs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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45
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Kim KK, Adelstein RS, Kawamoto S. Identification of neuronal nuclei (NeuN) as Fox-3, a new member of the Fox-1 gene family of splicing factors. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:31052-61. [PMID: 19713214 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.052969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
NeuN (neuronal nuclei) is a neuron-specific nuclear protein which is identified by immunoreactivity with a monoclonal antibody, anti-NeuN. Anti-NeuN has been used widely as a reliable tool to detect most postmitotic neuronal cell types in neuroscience, developmental biology, and stem cell research fields as well as diagnostic histopathology. To date, however, the identity of its antigen, NeuN itself, has been unknown. Here, we identify NeuN as the Fox-3 gene product by providing the following evidence: 1) Mass spectrometry analysis of anti-NeuN immunoreactive protein yields the Fox-3 amino acid sequence. 2) Recombinant Fox-3 is recognized by anti-NeuN. 3) Short hairpin RNAs targeting Fox-3 mRNA down-regulate NeuN expression. 4) Fox-3 expression is restricted to neural tissues. 5) Anti-Fox-3 immunostaining and anti-NeuN immunostaining overlap completely in neuronal nuclei. We also show that a protein cross-reactive with anti-NeuN is the synaptic vesicle protein, synapsin I. Anti-NeuN recognizes synapsin I in immunoblots with one order of magnitude lower affinity than Fox-3, and does not recognize synapsin I using immunohistology. Fox-3 (also called hexaribonucleotide-binding protein 3 and D11Bwg0517e) contains an RNA recognition motif and is classified as a member of the Fox-1 gene family that binds specifically to an RNA element, UGCAUG. We demonstrate that Fox-3 functions as a splicing regulator using neural cell-specific alternative splicing of the non-muscle myosin heavy chain II-B pre-mRNA as a model. Identification of NeuN as Fox-3 clarifies an important element of neurobiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee K Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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46
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Yamamoto N, Okano T, Ma X, Adelstein RS, Kelley MW. Myosin II regulates extension, growth and patterning in the mammalian cochlear duct. Development 2009; 136:1977-86. [PMID: 19439495 DOI: 10.1242/dev.030718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The sensory epithelium of the mammalian cochlea comprises mechanosensory hair cells that are arranged into four ordered rows extending along the length of the cochlear spiral. The factors that regulate the alignment of these rows are unknown. Results presented here demonstrate that cellular patterning within the cochlea, including the formation of ordered rows of hair cells, arises through morphological remodeling that is consistent with the mediolateral component of convergent extension. Non-muscle myosin II is shown to be expressed in a pattern that is consistent with an active role in cellular remodeling within the cochlea, and genetic or pharmacological inhibition of myosin II results in defects in cellular patterning that are consistent with a disruption in convergence and extension. These results identify the first molecule, myosin II, which directly regulates cellular patterning and alignment within the cochlear sensory epithelium. Our results also provide insights into the cellular mechanisms that are required for the formation of highly ordered cellular patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Yamamoto
- Section on Developmental Neuroscience, National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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47
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Jacobelli J, Friedman RS, Conti MA, Khan O, Sorensen C, Adelstein RS, Krummel MF. T cell trans-endothelial migration and homing to lymph nodes rely on Myosin-IIA mediated acto-myosin contractility (94.25). The Journal of Immunology 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.94.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
T lymphocytes migrate from the vasculature into lymph nodes and tissues scanning for antigenic peptides on cell surfaces. How T cells migrate through different environments and switch between types of motility in response to different stimuli is not fully understood. We have previously shown that in vitro Myosin-IIA has a role in T cell migration by regulating the switch between fast amoeboid-like motility and slower mesenchymal-like motility. Here, using conditional knockout mice, we have studied the role of Myosin-IIA-dependent cytoskeletal contractility in the migration of primary T cells in vivo. While Myosin-IIA depleted T cells in the lymph node were motile, they did not achieve the same fast motility rates of control T cells. In addition, homing of T cells to lymph nodes was inhibited in the absence of Myosin-IIA. This resulted from inefficient trans-endothelial migration (TEM) of Myosin-IIA depleted T cells; specifically, Myosin-IIA contractility was important to squeeze the body of the T cell (containing the nucleus) through the endothelial cell layer. Overall, our results suggest a critical role for Myosin-IIA in promoting TEM and migration through constrictive environments, while migration within more 'permissive' environments is not strictly dependent on the function of this myosin motor.
This work was supported by the NIH (RO1AI052116) and the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Jacobelli
- 1Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rachel S. Friedman
- 1Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mary Anne Conti
- 2National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Omar Khan
- 1Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Caitlin Sorensen
- 1Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Matthew F. Krummel
- 1Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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48
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Jana SS, Kim KY, Mao J, Kawamoto S, Sellers JR, Adelstein RS. An alternatively spliced isoform of non-muscle myosin II-C is not regulated by myosin light chain phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:11563-71. [PMID: 19240025 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806574200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a novel isoform of non-muscle myosin II-C (NM II-C), NM II-C2, that is generated by alternative splicing of an exon, C2, encoding 41 amino acids in mice (33 in humans). The 41 amino acids are inserted into loop 2 of the NM II-C heavy chain within the actin binding region. Unlike most vertebrate non-muscle and smooth muscle myosin IIs, baculovirus-expressed mouse heavy meromyosin (HMM) II-C2 demonstrates no requirement for regulatory myosin light chain (MLC(20)) phosphorylation for maximum actin-activated MgATPase activity or maximum in vitro motility as measured by the sliding actin filament assay. In contrast, noninserted HMM II-C0 and another alternatively spliced isoform HMM II-C1, which contains 8 amino acids inserted into loop 1, are dependent on MLC(20) phosphorylation for both actin-activated MgATPase activity and in vitro motility ( Kim, K. Y., Kovacs, M., Kawamoto, S., Sellers, J. R., and Adelstein, R. S. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 22769-22775 ). HMM II-C1C2, which contains both the C1 and C2 inserts, does not require MLC(20) phosphorylation for full activity similar to HMM II-C2. These constitutively active C2-inserted isoforms of NM II-C are expressed only in neuronal tissue. This is in contrast to NM II-C1 and NM II-C0, both of which are ubiquitously expressed. Full-length NM II-C2-GFP expressed in COS-7 cells localizes to filaments in interphase cells and to the cytokinetic ring in dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha S Jana
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology and Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Fischer RS, Gardel M, Ma X, Adelstein RS, Waterman CM. Local cortical tension by myosin II guides 3D endothelial cell branching. Curr Biol 2009; 19:260-5. [PMID: 19185493 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A key feature of angiogenesis is directional control of endothelial cell (EC) morphogenesis and movement [1]. During angiogenic sprouting, endothelial "tip cells" directionally branch from existing vessels in response to biochemical cues such as VEGF or hypoxia and migrate and invade the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) in a process that requires ECM remodeling by matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) [2-4]. Tip EC branching is mediated by directional protrusion of subcellular pseudopodial branches [5, 6]. Here, we seek to understand how EC pseudopodial branching is locally regulated to directionally guide angiogenesis. We develop an in vitro 3D EC model system in which migrating ECs display branched pseudopodia morphodynamics similar to those in living zebrafish. Using this system, we find that ECM stiffness and ROCK-mediated myosin II activity inhibit EC pseudopodial branch initiation. Myosin II is dynamically localized to the EC cortex and is partially released under conditions that promote branching. Local depletion of cortical myosin II precedes branch initiation, and initiation can be induced by local inhibition of myosin II activity. Thus, local downregulation of myosin II cortical contraction allows pseudopodium initiation to mediate EC branching and hence guide directional migration and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Fischer
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphodynamics, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Babbin BA, Koch S, Bachar M, Conti MA, Parkos CA, Adelstein RS, Nusrat A, Ivanov AI. Non-muscle myosin IIA differentially regulates intestinal epithelial cell restitution and matrix invasion. Am J Pathol 2009; 174:436-48. [PMID: 19147824 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell motility is critical for self-rejuvenation of normal intestinal mucosa, wound repair, and cancer metastasis. This process is regulated by the reorganization of the F-actin cytoskeleton, which is driven by a myosin II motor. However, the role of myosin II in regulating epithelial cell migration remains poorly understood. This study addressed the role of non-muscle myosin (NM) IIA in two different modes of epithelial cell migration: two-dimensional (2-D) migration that occurs during wound closure and three-dimensional (3-D) migration through a Matrigel matrix that occurs during cancer metastasis. Pharmacological inhibition or siRNA-mediated knockdown of NM IIA in SK-CO15 human colonic epithelial cells resulted in decreased 2-D migration and increased 3-D invasion. The attenuated 2-D migration was associated with increased cell adhesiveness to collagen and laminin and enhanced expression of beta1-integrin and paxillin. On the 2-D surface, NM IIA-deficient SK-CO15 cells failed to assemble focal adhesions and F-actin stress fibers. In contrast, the enhanced invasion of NM IIA-depleted cells was dependent on Raf-ERK1/2 signaling pathway activation, enhanced calpain activity, and increased calpain-2 expression. Our findings suggest that NM IIA promotes 2-D epithelial cell migration but antagonizes 3-D invasion. These observations indicate multiple functions for NM IIA, which, along with the regulation of the F-actin cytoskeleton and cell-matrix adhesions, involve previously unrecognized control of intracellular signaling and protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Babbin
- Epithelial Pathobiology Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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