101
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Xia K, Zhan H, Hu D, Gu Y. Failure mechanism of monolayer graphene under hypervelocity impact of spherical projectile. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33139. [PMID: 27618989 PMCID: PMC5020609 DOI: 10.1038/srep33139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The excellent mechanical properties of graphene have enabled it as appealing candidate in the field of impact protection or protective shield. By considering a monolayer graphene membrane, in this work, we assessed its deformation mechanisms under hypervelocity impact (from 2 to 6 km/s), based on a serial of in silico studies. It is found that the cracks are formed preferentially in the zigzag directions which are consistent with that observed from tensile deformation. Specifically, the boundary condition is found to exert an obvious influence on the stress distribution and transmission during the impact process, which eventually influences the penetration energy and crack growth. For similar sample size, the circular shape graphene possesses the best impact resistance, followed by hexagonal graphene membrane. Moreover, it is found the failure shape of graphene membrane has a strong relationship with the initial kinetic energy of the projectile. The higher kinetic energy, the more number the cracks. This study provides a fundamental understanding of the deformation mechanisms of monolayer graphene under impact, which is crucial in order to facilitate their emerging future applications for impact protection, such as protective shield from orbital debris for spacecraft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xia
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Haifei Zhan
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia
| | - De'an Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yuantong Gu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia
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102
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Cai L, Al-Ostaz A, Li X, Drzal LT, Rook BP, Cheng AHD, Alkhateb H. Processing and Mechanical Properties Investigation of Epoxy-Impregnated Graphene Paper. JOURNAL OF NANOMECHANICS AND MICROMECHANICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1061/(asce)nm.2153-5477.0000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liguang Cai
- Graduate Student, Nano Infrastructure Research Group, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Ahmed Al-Ostaz
- Professor, Nano Infrastructure Research Group, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 (corresponding author)
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Research Associate, Nano Infrastructure Research Group, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Lawrence T. Drzal
- Professor, Composite Materials and Structures Center, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Brian P. Rook
- Research Assistant II, Composite Materials and Structures Center, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Alexander H.-D. Cheng
- Professor, Nano Infrastructure Research Group, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Hunain Alkhateb
- Assistant Professor, Nano Infrastructure Research Group, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
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103
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Palermo V, Kinloch IA, Ligi S, Pugno NM. Nanoscale Mechanics of Graphene and Graphene Oxide in Composites: A Scientific and Technological Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6232-6238. [PMID: 26960186 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene shows considerable promise in structural composite applications thanks to its unique combination of high tensile strength, Young's modulus and structural flexibility which arise due to its maximal chemical bond strength and minimal atomic thickness. However, the ultimate performance of graphene composites will depend, in addition to the properties of the matrix and interface, on the morphology of the graphene used, including the size and shape of the sheets and the number of chemical defects present. For example, whilst oxidized sp(3) carbon atoms and vacancies in a graphene sheet can degrade its mechanical strength, they can also increase its interaction with other materials such as the polymer matrix of a composite, thus maximizing stress transfer and leading to more efficient mechanical reinforcement. Herein, we present an overview of some recently published work on graphene mechanical properties and discuss a list of challenges that need to be overcome (notwithstanding the strong hype existing on this material) for the development of graphene-based materials into a successful technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Palermo
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ian A Kinloch
- The School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Ligi
- GNext sas, Via d'Azeglio, I-40123, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola M Pugno
- Laboratory of Bio-inspired & Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Center for Materials and Microsystems, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Via Sommarive 18, I-38123, Povo (Trento), Italy
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK
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104
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Sandoz-Rosado E, Beaudet TD, Balu R, Wetzel ED. Designing molecular structure to achieve ductile fracture behavior in a stiff and strong 2D polymer, "graphylene". NANOSCALE 2016; 8:10947-10955. [PMID: 26996950 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07742g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As the simplest two-dimensional (2D) polymer, graphene has immensely high intrinsic strength and elastic stiffness but has limited toughness due to brittle fracture. We use atomistic simulations to explore a new class of graphene/polyethylene hybrid 2D polymer, "graphylene", that exhibits ductile fracture mechanisms and has a higher fracture toughness and flaw tolerance than graphene. A specific configuration of this 2D polymer hybrid, denoted "GrE-2" for the two-carbon-long ethylene chains connecting benzene rings in the inherent framework, is prioritized for study. MD simulations of crack propagation show that the energy release rate to propagate a crack in GrE-2 is twice that of graphene. We also demonstrate that GrE-2 exhibits delocalized failure and other energy-dissipating fracture mechanisms such as crack branching and bridging. These results demonstrate that 2D polymers can be uniquely tailored to achieve a balance of fracture toughness with mechanical stiffness and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sandoz-Rosado
- 4600 Deer Creek Loop, Army Research Lab, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA.
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105
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Sadeghzadeh S. On the oblique collision of gaseous molecules with graphene nanosheets. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2016.1172704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Sadeghzadeh
- Smart Micro/Nano Electro Mechanical Systems Lab (SMNEMS), Nanotechnology Department, School of New Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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106
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Li Y, Kalia RK, Misawa M, Nakano A, Nomura KI, Shimamura K, Shimojo F, Vashishta P. Anisotropic mechanoresponse of energetic crystallites: a quantum molecular dynamics study of nano-collision. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:9714-9720. [PMID: 27110831 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08769d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
At the nanoscale, chemistry can happen quite differently due to mechanical forces selectively breaking the chemical bonds of materials. The interaction between chemistry and mechanical forces can be classified as mechanochemistry. An example of archetypal mechanochemistry occurs at the nanoscale in anisotropic detonating of a broad class of layered energetic molecular crystals bonded by inter-layer van der Waals (vdW) interactions. Here, we introduce an ab initio study of the collision, in which quantum molecular dynamic simulations of binary collisions between energetic vdW crystallites, TATB molecules, reveal atomistic mechanisms of anisotropic shock sensitivity. The highly sensitive lateral collision was found to originate from the twisting and bending to breaking of nitro-groups mediated by strong intra-layer hydrogen bonds. This causes the closing of the electronic energy gap due to an inverse Jahn-Teller effect. On the other hand, the insensitive collisions normal to multilayers are accomplished by more delocalized molecular deformations mediated by inter-layer interactions. Our nano-collision studies provide a much needed atomistic understanding for the rational design of insensitive energetic nanomaterials and the detonation synthesis of novel nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
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107
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Dynamics of supersonic microparticle impact on elastomers revealed by real-time multi-frame imaging. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25577. [PMID: 27156501 PMCID: PMC4860635 DOI: 10.1038/srep25577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding high-velocity microparticle impact is essential for many fields, from space exploration to medicine and biology. Investigations of microscale impact have hitherto been limited to post-mortem analysis of impacted specimens, which does not provide direct information on the impact dynamics. Here we report real-time multi-frame imaging studies of the impact of 7 μm diameter glass spheres traveling at 700-900 m/s on elastomer polymers. With a poly(urethane urea) (PUU) sample, we observe a hyperelastic impact phenomenon not seen on the macroscale: a microsphere undergoes a full conformal penetration into the specimen followed by a rebound which leaves the specimen unscathed. The results challenge the established interpretation of the behaviour of elastomers under high-velocity impact.
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108
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Xia W, Ruiz L, Pugno NM, Keten S. Critical length scales and strain localization govern the mechanical performance of multi-layer graphene assemblies. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:6456-6462. [PMID: 26935048 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08488a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multi-layer graphene assemblies (MLGs) or fibers with a staggered architecture exhibit high toughness and failure strain that surpass those of the constituent single sheets. However, how the architectural parameters such as the sheet overlap length affect these mechanical properties remains unknown due in part to the limitations of mechanical continuum models. By exploring the mechanics of MLG assemblies under tensile deformation using our established coarse-grained molecular modeling framework, we have identified three different critical interlayer overlap lengths controlling the strength, plastic stress, and toughness of MLGs, respectively. The shortest critical length scale L(C)(S) governs the strength of the assembly as predicted by the shear-lag model. The intermediate critical length L(C)(P) is associated with a dynamic frictional process that governs the strain localization propensity of the assembly, and hence the failure strain. The largest critical length scale L(C)(T) corresponds to the overlap length necessary to achieve 90% of the maximum theoretical toughness of the material. Our analyses provide the general guidelines for tuning the constitutive properties and toughness of multilayer 2D nanomaterials using elasticity, interlayer adhesion energy and geometry as molecular design parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Xia
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Luis Ruiz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Nicola M Pugno
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Laboratory of Bio-inspired & Graphene Mechanics, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy and Center for Materials and Microsystems, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy and School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Sinan Keten
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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109
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Sun P, Wang K, Zhu H. Recent Developments in Graphene-Based Membranes: Structure, Mass-Transport Mechanism and Potential Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:2287-310. [PMID: 26797529 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Significant achievements have been made on the development of next-generation filtration and separation membranes using graphene materials, as graphene-based membranes can afford numerous novel mass-transport properties that are not possible in state-of-art commercial membranes, making them promising in areas such as membrane separation, water desalination, proton conductors, energy storage and conversion, etc. The latest developments on understanding mass transport through graphene-based membranes, including perfect graphene lattice, nanoporous graphene and graphene oxide membranes are reviewed here in relation to their potential applications. A summary and outlook is further provided on the opportunities and challenges in this arising field. The aspects discussed may enable researchers to better understand the mass-transport mechanism and to optimize the synthesis of graphene-based membranes toward large-scale production for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kunlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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110
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Schrettl S, Schulte B, Stefaniu C, Oliveira J, Brezesinski G, Frauenrath H. Preparation of Carbon Nanosheets at Room Temperature. J Vis Exp 2016:53505. [PMID: 27022781 PMCID: PMC4828223 DOI: 10.3791/53505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphiphilic molecules equipped with a reactive, carbon-rich "oligoyne" segment consisting of conjugated carbon-carbon triple bonds self-assemble into defined aggregates in aqueous media and at the air-water interface. In the aggregated state, the oligoynes can then be carbonized under mild conditions while preserving the morphology and the embedded chemical functionalization. This novel approach provides direct access to functionalized carbon nanomaterials. In this article, we present a synthetic approach that allows us to prepare hexayne carboxylate amphiphiles as carbon-rich siblings of typical fatty acid esters through a series of repeated bromination and Negishi-type cross-coupling reactions. The obtained compounds are designed to self-assemble into monolayers at the air-water interface, and we show how this can be achieved in a Langmuir trough. Thus, compression of the molecules at the air-water interface triggers the film formation and leads to a densely packed layer of the molecules. The complete carbonization of the films at the air-water interface is then accomplished by cross-linking of the hexayne layer at room temperature, using UV irradiation as a mild external stimulus. The changes in the layer during this process can be monitored with the help of infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy and Brewster angle microscopy. Moreover, a transfer of the carbonized films onto solid substrates by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique has enabled us to prove that they were carbon nanosheets with lateral dimensions on the order of centimeters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Schrettl
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
| | - Bjoern Schulte
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
| | - Cristina Stefaniu
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
| | - Joana Oliveira
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
| | - Gerald Brezesinski
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
| | - Holger Frauenrath
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL);
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111
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Lin X, Shen X, Sun X, Liu X, Wu Y, Wang Z, Kim JK. Graphene Oxide Papers Simultaneously Doped with Mg(2+) and Cl(-) for Exceptional Mechanical, Electrical, and Dielectric Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:2360-2371. [PMID: 26745727 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b11486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports simultaneous modification of graphene oxide (GO) papers by functionalization with MgCl2. The Mg(2+) ions enhance both the interlayer cross-links and lateral bridging between the edges of adjacent GO sheets by forming Mg-O bonds. The improved load transfer between the GO sheets gives rise to a maximum of 200 and 400% increases in Young's modulus and tensile strength of GO papers. The intercalation of chlorine between the GO layers alters the properties of GO papers in two ways by forming ionic Cl(-) and covalent C-Cl bonds. The p-doping effect arising from Cl contributes to large enhancements in electrical conductivities of GO papers, with a remarkable 2500-fold surge in the through-thickness direction. The layered structure and the anisotropic electrical conductivities of reduced GO papers naturally create numerous nanocapacitors that lead to charge accumulation based on the Maxwell-Wagner (MW) polarization. The combined effect of much promoted dipolar polarizations due to Mg-O, C-Cl, and Cl(-) species results in an exceptionally high dielectric constant greater than 60 000 and a dielectric loss of 3 at 1 kHz by doping with 2 mM MgCl2. The excellent mechanical and electrical properties along with unique dielectric performance shown by the modified GO and rGO papers open new avenues for niche applications, such as electromagnetic interference shielding materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyi Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xinying Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jang-Kyo Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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112
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Machado LD, Ozden S, Tiwary C, Autreto PAS, Vajtai R, Barrera EV, Galvao DS, Ajayan PM. The structural and dynamical aspects of boron nitride nanotubes under high velocity impacts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:14776-81. [PMID: 27189765 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01949h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This communication report is a study on the structural and dynamical aspects of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) shot at high velocities (∼5 km s−1) against solid targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D. Machado
- Department of Material Science and NanoEngineering
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
- Departamento de Física Teórica e Experimental
| | - Sehmus Ozden
- Department of Material Science and NanoEngineering
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
| | | | | | - Robert Vajtai
- Department of Material Science and NanoEngineering
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
| | - Enrique V. Barrera
- Department of Material Science and NanoEngineering
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
| | - Douglas S. Galvao
- Applied Physics Department
- State University of Campinas
- Campinas-SP
- Brazil
| | - Pulickel M. Ajayan
- Department of Material Science and NanoEngineering
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
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113
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Daniels C, Horning A, Phillips A, Massote DVP, Liang L, Bullard Z, Sumpter BG, Meunier V. Elastic, plastic, and fracture mechanisms in graphene materials. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:373002. [PMID: 26325114 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/37/373002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In both research and industry, materials will be exposed to stresses, be it during fabrication, normal use, or mechanical failure. The response to external stress will have an important impact on properties, especially when atomic details govern the functionalities of the materials. This review aims at summarizing current research involving the responses of graphene and graphene materials to applied stress at the nanoscale, and to categorize them by stress-strain behavior. In particular, we consider the reversible functionalization of graphene and graphene materials by way of elastic deformation and strain engineering, the plastic deformation of graphene oxide and the emergence of such in normally brittle graphene, the formation of defects as a response to stress under high temperature annealing or irradiation conditions, and the properties that affect how, and mechanisms by which, pristine, defective, and polycrystalline graphene fail catastrophically during fracture. Overall we find that there is significant potential for the use of existing knowledge, especially that of strain engineering, as well as potential for additional research into the fracture mechanics of polycrystalline graphene and device functionalization by way of controllable plastic deformation of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Daniels
- Department of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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114
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Borysiuk VN, Mochalin VN, Gogotsi Y. Molecular dynamic study of the mechanical properties of two-dimensional titanium carbides Ti(n+1)C(n) (MXenes). NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:265705. [PMID: 26063115 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/26/265705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials beyond graphene are attracting much attention. Recently discovered 2D carbides and nitrides (MXenes) have shown very attractive electrical and electrochemical properties, but their mechanical properties have not been characterized yet. There are neither experimental measurements reported in the literature nor predictions of strength or fracture modes for single-layer MXenes. The mechanical properties of two-dimensional titanium carbides were investigated in this study using classical molecular dynamics. Young's modulus was calculated from the linear part of strain-stress curves obtained under tensile deformation of the samples. Strain-rate effects were observed for all Tin+1Cn samples. From the radial distribution function, it is found that the structure of the simulated samples is preserved during the deformation process. Calculated values of the elastic constants are in good agreement with published DFT data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadym N Borysiuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and A J Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. Sumy State University, 2 Rimsky-Korsakov Street, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine
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115
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Kvashnin DG, Sorokin PB. Effect of Ultrahigh Stiffness of Defective Graphene from Atomistic Point of View. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:2384-2387. [PMID: 26266620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Well-known effects of mechanical stiffness degradation under the influence of point defects in macroscopic solids can be controversially reversed in the case of low-dimensional materials. Using atomistic simulation, we showed here that a single-layered graphene film can be sufficiently stiffened by monovacancy defects at a tiny concentration. Our results correspond well with recent experimental data and suggest that the effect of mechanical stiffness augmentation is mainly originated from specific bonds distribution in the surrounded monovacancy defects regions. We showed that such unusual mechanical response is the feature of presence of specifically monovacancies, whereas other types of point defects such as divacancy, 555-777 and Stone-Wales defects, lead to the ordinary degradation of the graphene mechanical stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Kvashnin
- †National University of Science and Technology MISiS, 4 Leninskiy Prospekt, Moscow 119049, Russian Federation
- ‡Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, 4 Kosigina Street, Moscow 119334, Russian Federation
| | - P B Sorokin
- †National University of Science and Technology MISiS, 4 Leninskiy Prospekt, Moscow 119049, Russian Federation
- ‡Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, 4 Kosigina Street, Moscow 119334, Russian Federation
- §Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky lane, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russian Federation
- ∥Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, 7a Centralnaya Street, Troitsk, Moscow 142190, Russian Federation
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116
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Van Noorden R. Bullet-proof armour and hydrogen sieve add to graphene’s promise. Nature 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/nature.2014.16425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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