101
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Zubarev ER, Sone ED, Stupp SI. The Molecular Basis of Self-Assembly of Dendron–Rod–Coils into One-Dimensional Nanostructures. Chemistry 2006; 12:7313-27. [PMID: 16892475 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We describe here a comprehensive study of solution and solid-state properties of self-assembling triblock molecules composed of a hydrophilic dendron covalently linked to an aromatic rigid rod segment, which is in turn connected to a hydrophobic flexible coil. These dendron-rod-coil (DRC) molecules form well-defined supramolecular structures that possess a ribbonlike morphology as revealed by transmission-electron and atomic-force microscopy. In a large variety of aprotic solvents, the DRC ribbons create stable networks that form gels at concentrations as low as 0.2% by weight DRC. The gels are thermally irreversible and do not melt at elevated temperatures, indicating high stability as a result of strong noncovalent interactions among DRC molecules. NMR experiments show that the strong interactions leading to aggregation involve mainly the dendron and rodlike blocks, whereas oligoisoprene coil segments remain solvated after gelation. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) profiles of different DRC molecules demonstrate an excellent correlation between the degree-of-order in the solid-state and the stability of gels. Studies on two series of analogous molecules suggest that self-assembly is very sensitive to subtle structural changes and requires the presence of at least four hydroxyl groups in the dendron, two biphenyl units in the rod, and a coil segment with a size comparable to that of the rodlike block. A detailed analysis of crystal structures of model compounds revealed the formation of stable one-dimensional structures that involve two types of noncovalent interactions, aromatic pi-pi stacking and hydrogen bonding. Most importantly, the crystal structure of the rod-dendron compound shows that hydrogen bonding not only drives the formation of head-to-head cyclic structures, but also generates multiple linkages between them along the stacking direction. The cyclic structures are tetrameric in nature and stack into ribbonlike objects. We believe that DRC molecules utilize the same arrangement of hydrogen bonds and stacking of aromatic blocks observed in the crystals, explaining the exceptional stability of the nanostructures in extremely dilute solutions as well the thermal stability of the gels they form. This study provides mechanistic insights on self-assembly of triblock molecules, and unveils general strategies to create well-defined one-dimensional supramolecular objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene R Zubarev
- Department of Chemistry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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102
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Harrington DA, Cheng EY, Guler MO, Lee LK, Donovan JL, Claussen RC, Stupp SI. Branched peptide-amphiphiles as self-assembling coatings for tissue engineering scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006; 78:157-67. [PMID: 16619254 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An important challenge in regenerative medicine is the design of suitable bioactive scaffold materials that can act as artificial extracellular matrices. We reported previously on a family of peptide-amphiphile (PA) molecules that self-assemble into high-aspect ratio nanofibers under physiological conditions, and can display bioactive peptide epitopes along each nanofiber's periphery. One type of PA displays its epitope at a branched site using a lysine dendron, a molecular feature that improves epitope availability on the nanofiber surface. In this work, we describe the application of these branched PA (b-PA) systems as self-assembling coatings for fiber-bonded poly(glycolic acid) scaffolds. b-PAs bearing variations of the RGDS adhesion epitope from fibronectin were shown by elemental analysis to coat repeatably onto fiber scaffolds. The retention of supramolecular organization after coating on the scaffold was demonstrated through spectroscopic identification of beta-sheet structures and the close association of hydrophobic tails in a model pyrene-containing PA system. Primary human bladder smooth muscle cells demonstrated greater initial adhesion to b-PA-functionalized scaffolds than to bare scaffolds or to those coated with linear PAs. This strategy of molecular design and coating may have potential application in bladder tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Harrington
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago 60614, USA
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103
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Van Workum K, Douglas JF. Symmetry, equivalence, and molecular self-assembly. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2006; 73:031502. [PMID: 16605527 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.73.031502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular self-assembly at equilibrium is fundamental to the fields of biological self-organization, the development of novel environmentally responsive polymeric materials, and nanofabrication. Our approach to understanding the principles governing this process is inspired by existing models and measurements for the self-assembly of actin, tubulin, and the ubiquitous icosahedral shell structures of viral capsids. We introduce a family of simple potentials that give rise to the self-assembly of linear polymeric, random surface ("membrane"), tubular ("nanotube"), and hollow icosahedral structures that are similar in many respects to their biological counterparts. The potentials involve equivalent particles and an interplay between directional (dipolar, multipolar) and short-range (van der Waals) interactions. Specifically, we find that the dipolar potential, having a continuous rotational symmetry about the dipolar axis, gives rise to chain formation, while particles with multipolar potentials, having discrete rotational symmetries (square quadrupole or triangular ring of dipoles or "hexapole"), lead to the self-assembly of open sheet, nanotube, and hollow icosahedral geometries. These changes in the geometry of self-assembly are accompanied by significant changes in the kinetics of the organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Van Workum
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Polymers Division, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.
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104
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Jiang Y, Li X, Liu H, Xu Z, Shen X, Ma X, Xue Z. Fabrication of monodisperse colloidal array with confinement effects. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:75-7. [PMID: 16353097 DOI: 10.1039/b512346a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A monodisperse 1D colloidal array is prepared from monomer directly combining precipitation polymerization and confinement effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University, China
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105
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Lin HC, Hendrianto J. Synthesis and characterization of H-bonded side-chain and crosslinking LC polymers containing donor/acceptor homopolymers and copolymers. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.10.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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106
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Oriol L, Serrano JL. Zu metallhaltigen nanostrukturierten Materialien durch In-situ-Polymerisation reaktiver Metallomesogene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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107
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Oriol L, Serrano JL. Metal-Containing Nanostructured Materials through In Situ Polymerization of Reactive Metallomesogens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:6618-21. [PMID: 16187398 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Oriol
- Polymer and Liquid Crystal Group, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
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108
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Van Workum K, Douglas JF. Equilibrium polymerization in the Stockmayer fluid as a model of supermolecular self-organization. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2005; 71:031502. [PMID: 15903430 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.71.031502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A diverse range of molecular self-organization processes arises from a competition between directional and isotropic van der Waals intermolecular interactions. We conduct Monte Carlo simulations of the Stockmayer fluid (SF) with a large dipolar interaction as a minimal self-organization model and focus on basic thermodynamic properties that are needed to characterize the polymerization transition that occurs in this fluid. In particular, we determine the polymerization transition lines from the maximum in the specific heat, C(v), and the inflection point in the extent of polymerization, Phi. We also characterize the geometry (radius of gyration R(g), chain length L, chain topology) of the clusters that form in this associating fluid as a function of temperature, T, and concentration, rho . The pressure, P, and the second virial coefficient, B2, were determined, since these properties contain essential information about the strength of the isotropic (van der Waals) interactions. Our simulations indicate that the locations of the polymerization lines are quantitatively consistent with a model of equilibrium polymerization with the enthalpy of polymerization ("sticking energy") fixed by the minimum in the intermolecular potential. The polymerization transition in the SF is accompanied by a topological transition from predominantly linear to ring polymers upon cooling that is driven by the minimization of the dipolar energy of the clusters. We also find that the basic interaction parameters describing polymerization and phase separation in the SF can be estimated based on the existing theory of equilibrium polymerization, but the theory must be refined to account for ring formation in order to accurately describe the configurational properties of this model self-organizing fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Van Workum
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.
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109
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Cheng SZD. Design and engineering of polymer/macromolecular structures on the 2-100 nm length scale: A personal view on structural research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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110
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Yan L, Huck WTS, Whitesides GM. Self‐Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) and Synthesis of Planar Micro‐ and Nanostructures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/mc-120034153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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111
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Paul GK, Indi SS, Ramakrishnan S. Synthesis and vesicular polymerization of novel counter-ion polymerizable/crosslinkable surfactants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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112
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Hoshino K, Yoshio M, Mukai T, Kishimoto K, Ohno H, Kato T. Nanostructured ion-conductive films: Layered assembly of a side-chain liquid-crystalline polymer with an imidazolium ionic moiety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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113
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Lecommandoux S, Klok HA, Sayar M, Stupp SI. Synthesis and self-organization of rod-dendron and dendron-rod-dendron molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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114
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Xu S, Tu G, Han X. Water-soluble Fluorescent Nanospheres as Fluorosensor for Detection of Cu2+. CHEM LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2003.916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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115
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Sun J, Tang H, Jiang J, Xie P, Zhang R, Fu PF, Wu Q. H-bonding assisted template synthesis of a novel ladder-like organo-bridged polymethylsiloxane. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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116
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Kishimoto K, Yoshio M, Mukai T, Yoshizawa M, Ohno H, Kato T. Nanostructured anisotropic ion-conductive films. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:3196-7. [PMID: 12630858 DOI: 10.1021/ja029750u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A flexible self-standing film with layered nanostructures was obtained by in situ photopolymerization of a new smectic liquid-crystalline monomer containing a tetra(oxyethylene) moiety, which forms a macroscopically oriented complex with lithium salts. The resultant films show two-dimensional ionic conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kishimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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117
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Sun J, Tang H, Jiang J, Zhou X, Xie P, Zhang R, Fu PF. Hydrogen-bonding-aided synthesis of novel ladderlike organobridged polysiloxane containing side-chain naphthyl groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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118
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Shimizu T. Bottom-Up Synthesis and Morphological Control of High-Axial-Ratio Nanostructures through Molecular Self-Assembly. Polym J 2003. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.35.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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119
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Tang H, Sun J, Zhou X, Fu P, Xie P, Zhang R. Hydrogen-Bonding-Directed Template Synthesis of Novel Stereo-Regular Organo-Bridged Ladder-Like Polymethylsiloxane. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200290065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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120
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Tang H, Sun J, Jiang J, Zhou X, Hu T, Xie P, Zhang R. A novel aryl amide-bridged ladderlike polymethylsiloxane synthesized by an amido H-bonding self-assembled template. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:10482-8. [PMID: 12197750 DOI: 10.1021/ja025650c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel soluble aryl amide-bridged ladderlike polymethylsiloxane (A-LPMS) was synthesized by stepwise coupling polymerization on the basis of amido H-bonding self-assembling template from monomer N,N'-bis(3-methyldiethoxylsilylpropyl)-[4,4'-oxybis(benzyl amide)]. The monomer was prepared in a high yield by the hydrosilylation reaction of template agent N,N'-diallyl-[4,4'-oxybis(benzyl amide)] with methyldiethoxysilane in the presence of dicyclopentadienylplatinum dichloride (Cp(2)PtCl(2)) as catalyst. A variety of techniques including (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, (29)Si NMR, FTIR, XRD, DSC, and, especially, static and dynamic light scattering and viscosimetry were combined to confirm the presence of the ordered ladderlike structure of polymer A-LPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Tang
- State Key Laboratory on Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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121
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Hartgerink JD, Beniash E, Stupp SI. Peptide-amphiphile nanofibers: a versatile scaffold for the preparation of self-assembling materials. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:5133-8. [PMID: 11929981 PMCID: PMC122734 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.072699999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 869] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve derivatives of peptide-amphiphile molecules, designed to self-assemble into nanofibers, are described. The scope of amino acid selection and alkyl tail modification in the peptide-amphiphile molecules are investigated, yielding nanofibers varying in morphology, surface chemistry, and potential bioactivity. The results demonstrate the chemically versatile nature of this supramolecular system and its high potential for manufacturing nanomaterials. In addition, three different modes of self-assembly resulting in nanofibers are described, including pH control, divalent ion induction, and concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Hartgerink
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Medical School, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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122
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Ma Q, Remsen EE, Clark CG, Kowalewski T, Wooley KL. Chemically induced supramolecular reorganization of triblock copolymer assemblies: trapping of intermediate states via a shell-crosslinking methodology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:5058-63. [PMID: 11929963 PMCID: PMC122721 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.052653099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of morphological phase transitions was studied for rod-shaped supramolecular assemblies comprised of a poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(methyl acrylate)-block-polystyrene (PAA(90)-b-PMA(80)-b-PS(100)) triblock copolymer in 33% tetrahydrofuran/water after perturbation by reaction with a positively charged water-soluble carbodiimide. Tetrahydrofuran solvation of the hydrophobic core domain provided the dynamic nature required for the rod-to-sphere phase transition to be complete within 30 min. The intermediate morphologies such as fragmenting rods and pearl-necklace structures were trapped kinetically by the subsequent addition of a diamino crosslinking agent, which underwent covalent crosslinking of the shell layer. Alternatively, shell-crosslinked rod-shaped nanostructures with preserved morphology were obtained by the addition of the crosslinking agent before the addition of the carbodiimide, which allowed for the shell crosslinking to be performed at a faster rate than the morphological reorganization. The formation of robust shell-crosslinked nanostructures provides a methodology by which the morphological evolution processes can be observed, and it allows access to otherwise thermodynamically unstable nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggao Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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123
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Liu S, Sisson TM, O'Brien DF. Synthesis and Polymerization of Heterobifunctional Amphiphiles to Cross-Link Supramolecular Assemblies. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma001029q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanchao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, C. S. Marvel Laboratories, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Thomas M. Sisson
- Department of Chemistry, C. S. Marvel Laboratories, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - David F. O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, C. S. Marvel Laboratories, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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124
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Pralle MU, Whitaker CM, Braun PV, Stupp SI. Molecular Variables in the Self-Assembly of Supramolecular Nanostructures. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9912756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin U. Pralle
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Medical School, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Craig M. Whitaker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Medical School, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Paul V. Braun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Medical School, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Samuel I. Stupp
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Medical School, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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125
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126
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Ma RQ, Yang DK. Freedericksz transition in polymer-stabilized nematic liquid crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 61:1567-1573. [PMID: 11046438 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.61.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed polymer-stabilized nematic liquid crystals by photopolymerizing diacrylate monomers in the nematic phase. The orientation of the liquid crystal was controlled by the polymer network. We studied the Freedericksz transition in these systems. Experimentally we studied the transition by measuring the capacitance of the liquid crystal cells as a function of applied voltage. The transition was affected profoundly by the dispersed polymer network. The threshold was higher with shorter interpolymer network distance. Theoretically we studied the systems using a two-dimensional model in which the polymer networks were represented by parallel cylinders with random location. The interaction between the liquid crystal and the polymer network was described by the boundary condition imposed by the polymer network. By fitting the experimental data, we found that the polymer cylinders had diameters of a few submicrons, and a substantial amount of liquid crystal was trapped inside the cylinders.
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Affiliation(s)
- RQ Ma
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
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127
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Percec V, Asandei AD, Zheng Q. Chiral recognition in molecular and macromolecular pairs of (S)- and (R)-1-cyano-2-methylpropyl-4?- {[4-(8-vinyloxyoctyloxy)benzoyl]oxy}biphenyl-4- carboxylate enantiomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0518(20001001)38:19<3631::aid-pola180>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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128
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Dotan N, Arad D, Frolow F, Freeman A. Selbstorganisation eines tetraedrischen Lectins zu einem vorab entworfenen, diamantähnlichen Proteinkristall. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19990816)111:16<2512::aid-ange2512>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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129
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130
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Zubarev ER, Pralle MU, Li L, Stupp SI. Conversion of supramolecular clusters to macromolecular objects. Science 1999; 283:523-6. [PMID: 9915696 DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5401.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In a reaction proceeding within a nanoscopic volume, supramolecular clusters were transformed to polymer objects while retaining their shape and size. Spatial isolation of the cross-linkable blocks of oligobutadiene that were involved in this stitching reaction was achieved by self-assembly of the molecules that made up the clusters. Thermal activation of cross-linking yielded macromolecules (molecular weight of 70,000) with a narrow size distribution that was similar to that of the supramolecular clusters. The macromolecules obtained have an anisotropic shape (2 nanometers by 8 nanometers), as determined by electron microscopy and small-angle x-ray scattering, and form materials that exhibit a liquid crystalline state.
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Affiliation(s)
- ER Zubarev
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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131
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O'Brien DF, Armitage B, Benedicto A, Bennett DE, Lamparski HG, Lee YS, Srisiri W, Sisson TM. Polymerization of Preformed Self-Organized Assemblies. Acc Chem Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ar970140m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David F. O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Bruce Armitage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Alto Benedicto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Doyle E. Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | | | - Youn-Sik Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Warunee Srisiri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Thomas M. Sisson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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132
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Lin HC, Lin YS, Lin YS, Chen YT, Chao I, Li TW. Supramolecular Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers with Various Kinked Pendant Groups. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma980720e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Cheu Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Shyi Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yao-Te Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ito Chao
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ta-Wei Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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133
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MacKnight WJ, Ponomarenko EA, Tirrell DA. Self-Assembled Polyelectrolyte−Surfactant Complexes in Nonaqueous Solvents and in the Solid State. Acc Chem Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ar960309g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willam J. MacKnight
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Ekaterina A. Ponomarenko
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - David A. Tirrell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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134
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Sisson TM, Srisiri W, O'Brien DF. Novel Polymer Architectures via the Selective Polymerization of Lyotropic Liquid Crystals of Heterobifunctional Amphiphiles. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja973371x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Sisson
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, C.S. Marvel Laboratories, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0048
| | - Warunee Srisiri
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, C.S. Marvel Laboratories, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0048
| | - David F. O'Brien
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, C.S. Marvel Laboratories, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0048
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135
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Yu SM, Conticello VP, Zhang G, Kayser C, Fournier MJ, Mason TL, Tirrell DA. Smectic ordering in solutions and films of a rod-like polymer owing to monodispersity of chain length. Nature 1997; 389:167-70. [PMID: 9296493 DOI: 10.1038/38254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Solutions and melts of stiff ('rod-like') macromolecules often exhibit nematic liquid crystalline phases characterized by orientational, but not positional, molecular order. Smectic phases, in which macromolecular rods are organized into layers roughly perpendicular to the direction of molecular orientation, are rare, owing at least in part to the polydisperse nature (distribution of chain lengths) of polymers prepared by conventional polymerization processes. Bacterial methods for polypeptide synthesis, in which artificial genes encoding the polymer are expressed in bacterial vectors, offer the opportunity to make macromolecules with very well defined chain lengths. Here we show that a monodisperse derivative of poly(gamma-benzyl alpha,L-glutamate) prepared in this way shows smectic ordering in solution and in films. This result suggests that methods for preparing monodisperse polymers might provide access to new smectic phases with layer spacings that are susceptible to precise control on the scale of tens of nanometres.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Yu
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA
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136
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Huggins KE, Son S, Stupp SI. Two-Dimensional Supramolecular Assemblies of a Polydiacetylene. 1. Synthesis, Structure, and Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma961715i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Huggins
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemistry, Materials Research Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - S. Son
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemistry, Materials Research Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - S. I. Stupp
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemistry, Materials Research Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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137
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Li LS, Stupp SI. Two-Dimensional Supramolecular Assemblies of a Polydiacetylene. 2. Morphology, Structure, and Chromic Transitions. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma961528k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. S. Li
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and of Chemistry, Materials Research Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - S. I. Stupp
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and of Chemistry, Materials Research Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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138
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Thurmond KB, Kowalewski T, Wooley KL. Shell Cross-Linked Knedels: A Synthetic Study of the Factors Affecting the Dimensions and Properties of Amphiphilic Core-Shell Nanospheres. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9710520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Bruce Thurmond
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899
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139
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Stupp SI, LeBonheur V, Walker K, Li LS, Huggins KE, Keser M, Amstutz A. Supramolecular Materials: Self-Organized Nanostructures. Science 1997; 276:384-9. [PMID: 9103190 DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5311.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 718] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized triblock copolymers have been found to self-assemble into nanostructures that are highly regular in size and shape. Mushroom-shaped supramolecular structures of about 200 kilodaltons form by crystallization of the chemically identical blocks and self-organize into films containing 100 or more layers stacked in a polar arrangement. The polar supramolecular material exhibits spontaneous second-harmonic generation from infrared to green photons and has an adhesive tape-like character with nonadhesive-hydrophobic and hydrophilic-sticky opposite surfaces. The films also have reasonable shear strength and adhere tenaciously to glass surfaces on one side only. The regular and finite size of the supramolecular units is believed to be mediated by repulsive forces among some of the segments in the triblock molecules. A large diversity of multifunctional materials could be formed from regular supramolecular units weighing hundreds of kilodaltons.
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Affiliation(s)
- SI Stupp
- The authors are in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, IL, USA
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140
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141
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Abstract
To adapt proteins, the materials in life, for use as materials in science and technology, we focused not only on the biological aspects (functional aspects) but also on the material aspects as matter (structural and physical aspects). Engineering with protein arrays will develop under such consideration and advance toward stable devices made of protein molecules. The protein arrays with 2D crystalline order provide a primary model of macroscopic protein-based devices. The combination of protein engineering, the leading edge of life science, and array engineering, the leading edge of materials science, will provide clues to the controlled integration of protein molecules to a form of functional supramolecules on proper surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nagayama
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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142
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Sisson TM, Lamparski HG, Kölchens S, Elayadi A, O'Brien DF. Cross-Linking Polymerizations in Two-Dimensional Assemblies. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma961104q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Sisson
- Carl S. Marvel Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Henry G. Lamparski
- Carl S. Marvel Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Silvia Kölchens
- Carl S. Marvel Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Anissa Elayadi
- Carl S. Marvel Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - David F. O'Brien
- Carl S. Marvel Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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143
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Srisiri W, Sisson TM, O'Brien DF. Selective Polymerization of Double-Diene Lipid Assemblies: a Novel Approach to Ladder-Like Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja961940f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Warunee Srisiri
- C. S. Marvel Laboratories, Department of Chemistry The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0048
| | - Thomas M. Sisson
- C. S. Marvel Laboratories, Department of Chemistry The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0048
| | - David F. O'Brien
- C. S. Marvel Laboratories, Department of Chemistry The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0048
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144
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Thurmond KB, Kowalewski T, Wooley KL. Water-Soluble Knedel-like Structures: The Preparation of Shell-Cross-Linked Small Particles. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja961299h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Bruce Thurmond
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University St. Louis, Missouri 63130
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145
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Vogl O. Polymers for the 21st Century. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/10601329608014646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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146
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Sun F, Castner DG, Mao G, Wang W, McKeown P, Grainger DW. Spontaneous Polymer Thin Film Assembly and Organization Using Mutually Immiscible Side Chains. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja952225t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Sun
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, Physical Electronics Inc., 6509 Flying Cloud Drive, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344
| | - D. G. Castner
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, Physical Electronics Inc., 6509 Flying Cloud Drive, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344
| | - G. Mao
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, Physical Electronics Inc., 6509 Flying Cloud Drive, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344
| | - W. Wang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, Physical Electronics Inc., 6509 Flying Cloud Drive, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344
| | - P. McKeown
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, Physical Electronics Inc., 6509 Flying Cloud Drive, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344
| | - D. W. Grainger
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, Physical Electronics Inc., 6509 Flying Cloud Drive, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344
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147
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Zhang Z, Davis HT, Kroll DM. Molecular dynamics simulations of tethered membranes with periodic boundary conditions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1996; 53:1422-1429. [PMID: 9964402 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.53.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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148
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149
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Li W, Freed KF. Lattice cluster theory for phase behavior of rectangular mesogens. II. Nearest‐neighbor interactions, phase diagrams, and competitive nematic orderings. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.470552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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150
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Spector MS, Naranjo E, Chiruvolu S, Zasadzinski JA. Conformations of a tethered membrane: Crumpling in graphitic oxide? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 73:2867-2870. [PMID: 10057216 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.73.2867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
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