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Li N, Zhang C, Li B, Liu X, Huang Y, Xu S, Gu L. Unique iron coordination in iron-chelating molecule vibriobactin helps Vibrio cholerae evade mammalian siderocalin-mediated immune response. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:8912-9. [PMID: 22291019 PMCID: PMC3308770 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.316034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for the survival of almost all bacteria. Vibrio cholerae acquires iron through the secretion of a catecholate siderophore called vibriobactin. At present, how vibriobactin chelates ferric ion remains controversial. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the recognition of ferric vibriobactin by the siderophore transport system and its delivery into the cytoplasm specifically have not been clarified. In this study, we report the high-resolution structures of the ferric vibriobactin periplasmic binding protein ViuP and its complex with ferric vibriobactin. The holo-ViuP structure reveals that ferric vibriobactin does not adopt the same iron coordination as that of other catecholate siderophores such as enterobactin. The three catechol moieties donate five, rather than six, oxygen atoms as iron ligands. The sixth iron ligand is provided by a nitrogen atom from the second oxazoline ring. This kind of iron coordination results in the protrusion of the second catechol moiety and renders the electrostatic surface potential of ferric vibriobactin less negatively polarized compared with ferric enterobactin. To accommodate ferric vibriobactin, ViuP has a deeper subpocket to hold the protrusion of the second catechol group. This structural characteristic has not been observed in other catecholate siderophore-binding proteins. Biochemical data show that siderocalin, which is part of the mammalian innate immune system, cannot efficiently sequester ferric vibriobactin in vitro, although it can capture many catecholate siderophores with high efficiency. Our findings suggest that the unique iron coordination found in ferric vibriobactin may be utilized by some pathogenic bacteria to evade the siderocalin-mediated innate immune response of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100 and
| | - Conggang Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100 and
| | - Bingqing Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100 and
| | - Xiuhua Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100 and
- the College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yan Huang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100 and
| | - Sujuan Xu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100 and
| | - Lichuan Gu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100 and
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102
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García-Montoya IA, Cendón TS, Arévalo-Gallegos S, Rascón-Cruz Q. Lactoferrin a multiple bioactive protein: an overview. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:226-36. [PMID: 21726601 PMCID: PMC7127262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactoferrin (Lf) is an 80kDa iron-binding glycoprotein of the transferrin family. It is abundant in milk and in most biological fluids and is a cell-secreted molecule that bridges innate and adaptive immune function in mammals. Its protective effects range from anticancer, anti-inflammatory and immune modulator activities to antimicrobial activities against a large number of microorganisms. This wide range of activities is made possible by mechanisms of action involving not only the capacity of Lf to bind iron but also interactions of Lf with molecular and cellular components of both hosts and pathogens. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the activities of Lf, its regulation and potential applications. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The extensive uses of Lf in the treatment of various infectious diseases in animals and humans has been the driving force in Lf research however, a lot of work is required to obtain a better understanding of its activity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The large potential applications of Lf have led scientists to develop this nutraceutical protein for use in feed, food and pharmaceutical applications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Molecular Mechanisms of Iron Transport and Disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isui Abril García-Montoya
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito 1, Nuevo Campus Universitario, CP 31125, Chihuahua, Mexico
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Flores-Villaseñor H, Canizalez-Román A, Velazquez-Roman J, Nazmi K, Bolscher JGM, Leon-Sicairos N. Protective effects of lactoferrin chimera and bovine lactoferrin in a mouse model of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection. Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 90:405-11. [PMID: 22332993 DOI: 10.1139/o11-089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice orally infected with enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 were used to evaluate the activity of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) and the synthetic peptide LFchimera. Groups of BALB/c mice inoculated intragastrically with EHEC O157:H7 showed chronic intestinal infection with the pathogen that persisted over 6 days and resulted in a high mortality rate (90%). LFchimera and kanamycin significantly decreased (40%) this mortality rate (P = 0.028). On the other hand, although mice administered with bLF showed an important reduction in mortality (50%), this was not statistically significant (P = 0.070). In infected and untreated mice, severe tubular necrosis, glomerular lesions, and moderate intratubular hyaline casts were found in the kidney. However, in the bLF and LFchimera groups we found a reduction in the damage and a substantial decrease in the bacterial concentration excreted in feces 48 h after infection. Furthermore, sepsis caused by EHEC was reduced by the treatments, evidenced by the fact that bacteria were not detected in the kidney or liver 72 h after infection. The results suggest the bLF and LFchimera could have potential as therapeutics in EHEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Flores-Villaseñor
- Programa Regional para el Doctorado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán Sinaloa, México
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104
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Huang YQ, Morimoto K, Hosoda K, Yoshimura Y, Isobe N. Differential immunolocalization between lingual antimicrobial peptide and lactoferrin in mammary gland of dairy cows. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 145:499-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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105
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Moon SH, Paik HD, White S, Daraba A, Mendonca AF, Ahn DU. Influence of nisin and selected meat additives on the antimicrobial effect of ovotransferrin against Listeria monocytogenes. Poult Sci 2011; 90:2584-91. [PMID: 22010245 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S H Moon
- Division of Animal Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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106
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, pharmacotherapy has advanced extensively, but there are still many refractory diseases which cannot be solved fully by existing therapeutic agents. Therefore, alternative medicine and health foods are now attracting much attention, for example, lactoferrin (LF): a multifunctional glycoprotein. As LF is non-toxic and low-cost, its application in healthcare and therapeutics is expected to be widespread. AREAS COVERED In this review, LF's general basic features are described. The interaction of LF with its receptors activates the immune system, including cytokine production and balance. In particular, the immune activation of orally administered LF is considered as a new strategy for the treatment of refractory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, virus infection and tumor metastasis. Also mentioned are the problems associated with the use of LF. As LF is degraded rapidly in the body due to enzymatic hydrolysis, high amounts or frequent dosing is required; an appropriate delivery system may improve these problems and increase its efficiency. EXPERT OPINION Chemical modifications, such as PEGylation, can enhance the stability of LF in the body, resulting in increased efficacy. Also, liposomes and enteric or microparticulate formulations can promote the function of LF in oral administration due to target site delivery and protection of LF from enzymatic hydrolysis. These delivery systems are expected to improve the utility of LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Onishi
- Hoshi University, Department of Drug Delivery Research, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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107
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Nara T, Yasui T, Fujimori O, Meyer W, Tsukise A. Histochemical properties of sialic acids and antimicrobial substances in canine anal glands. Eur J Histochem 2011; 55:e29. [PMID: 22073376 PMCID: PMC3203472 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2011.e29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional properties of sialic acids appear to be manifold. Additionally, antimicrobial substances serve as a non-specific defense against microorganisms. In this study, therefore, the localization of sialic acids and antimicrobial substances in the anal glands of dog was studied by sialoglycoconjugate histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. The secretory epithelium, luminal secretions and excretory ducts exhibited high levels of sialoglycoconjugates that terminated in Siaα2-6Gal/GalNAc or Siaα2-3Gal1-4GlcNAc. Additionally, O-acetylated sialic acids were detectable in these glandular structures. Antimicrobial substances, such as lysozyme, immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin and the peptide group of β-defensins, were also demonstrated as products of the anal glands. The results obtained are discussed with regard to the functional significance of the anal glands. These secretory products may create a defensive barrier against microbial invasion at the anal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nara
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
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108
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Antiviral properties of lactoferrin--a natural immunity molecule. Molecules 2011; 16:6992-7018. [PMID: 21847071 PMCID: PMC6264778 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16086992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin, a multifunctional iron binding glycoprotein, plays an important role in immune regulation and defence mechanisms against bacteria, fungi and viruses. Lactoferrin’s iron withholding ability is related to inhibition of microbial growth as well as to modulation of motility, aggregation and biofilm formation of pathogenic bacteria. Independently of iron binding capability, lactoferrin interacts with microbial, viral and cell surfaces thus inhibiting microbial and viral adhesion and entry into host cells. Lactoferrin can be considered not only a primary defense factor against mucosal infections, but also a polyvalent regulator which interacts in viral infectious processes. Its antiviral activity, demonstrated against both enveloped and naked viruses, lies in the early phase of infection, thus preventing entry of virus in the host cell. This activity is exerted by binding to heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycan cell receptors, or viral particles or both. Despite the antiviral effect of lactoferrin, widely demonstrated in vitro studies, few clinical trials have been carried out and the related mechanism of action is still under debate. The nuclear localization of lactoferrin in different epithelial human cells suggests that lactoferrin exerts its antiviral effect not only in the early phase of surface interaction virus-cell, but also intracellularly. The capability of lactoferrin to exert a potent antiviral activity, through its binding to host cells and/or viral particles, and its nuclear localization strengthens the idea that lactoferrin is an important brick in the mucosal wall, effective against viral attacks and it could be usefully applied as novel strategy for treatment of viral infections.
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109
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Saponja JA, Vogel HJ. Quadrupolar central transition (QCT) and 13C NMR competition studies of metal ion binding to ovotransferrin. CAN J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1139/v11-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The transferrins are a family of relatively large bilobal proteins that play a major role in the transport of Fe3+, as well as several other physiological and nonphysiological metal ions. Transferrins can also act as antimicrobial agents, by tightly sequestering iron and making it unavailable for bacterial growth. Using a combination of quadrupolar central transition (QCT) metal ion NMR (27Al, 45Sc, 51V, and 71Ga) and 13C NMR, the binding and displacement of a variety of metal ions to ovotransferrin was studied through direct metal ion competition experiments. The metal ions investigated (Al3+, Co3+, Fe3+, Ga3+, In3+, Sc3+, Y3+, and VO2+) were of differing ionic radius and charge, thus allowing for an assessment of how these factors contribute to metal ion affinity. The competition for the N- and C-terminal metal ion binding sites on ovotransferrin was directly followed by metal ion QCT NMR. Moreover, 13C NMR was used to study the two protein-bound synergistic anions (13C-labeled carbonate), whose chemical shifts are distinct and dependent on the bound metal ion that is present in the binding sites. The observed order of decreasing affinity for the metal ions studied was Fe3+ ≈ In3+ ≥ Sc3+ ≥ Ga3+ > Al3+ > VO2+ > Y3+ ≥ Co3+. These results illustrate how a combination of multinuclear solution NMR methods can provide unique insights into the ligand binding properties of larger metalloproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian A. Saponja
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hans J. Vogel
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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van Staden DA, Brand AM, Endo A, Dicks LMT. Nisin F, intraperitoneally injected, may have a stabilizing effect on the bacterial population in the gastro-intestinal tract, as determined in a preliminary study with mice as model. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 53:198-201. [PMID: 21609345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine if nisin F has an effect on the bacterial population in the gastro-intestinal tract. METHODS AND RESULTS Six male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 200 μl sterile saline and six with nisin F (200 μl, equivalent to 640 arbitrary units). Fecal samples were collected before injection and 8, 24 and 48 h after injection, and the bacteria amplified by PCR-DGGE using 16S rDNA primers. The composition of the bacterial population in the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) of mice that were injected with saline changed during 48 h, whereas the bacterial population in the GIT remained relatively unchanged in animals injected with nisin F. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that nisin F inhibits the growth of specific bacteria in the GIT within the first 4 h. Furthermore, the species remained repressed for at least 44 h after one intraperitoneal injection with nisin F. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report suggesting that nisin F may have a stabilizing effect on the bacterial population in the gastro-intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A van Staden
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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111
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Serine protease PrtA from Streptococcus pneumoniae plays a role in the killing of S. pneumoniae by apolactoferrin. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2440-50. [PMID: 21422179 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00489-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that apolactoferrin, the iron-free form of human lactoferrin, can kill many species of bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae. Lactoferricin, an N-terminal peptide of apolactoferrin, and fragments of it are even more bactericidal than apolactoferrin. In this study we found that apolactoferrin must be cleaved by a serine protease in order for it to kill pneumococci. The serine protease inhibitors were able to block killing by apolactoferrin but did not block killing by a lactoferrin-derived peptide. Thus, the killing of pneumococci by apolactoferrin appears to require a protease to release a lactoferricin-like peptide(s). Incubation of apolactoferrin with growing pneumococci resulted in a 12-kDa reduction in its molecular mass, of which about 7 to 8 kDa of the reduction was protease dependent. Capsular type 2 and 19F strains with mutations in the gene encoding the major cell wall-associated serine protease, prtA, lost much of their ability to degrade apolactoferrin and were relatively resistant to killing by apolactoferrin (P < 0.001). Recombinant PrtA was also able to cleave apolactoferrin, reducing its mass by about 8 kDa, and greatly enhance the killing activity of the solution containing the apolactoferrin and its cleavage products. Mass spectroscopy revealed that PrtA makes a major cut between amino acids 78 and 79 of human lactoferrin, removing the N-terminal end of the molecule (about 8.6 kDa). The simplest interpretation of these data is that the mechanism by which apolactoferrin kills Streptococcus pneumoniae requires the release of a lactoferricin-like peptide(s) and that it is this peptide(s), and not the intact apolactoferrin, which kills pneumococci.
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112
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Abstract
The airway epithelium represents the first point of contact for inhaled foreign organisms. The protective arsenal of the airway epithelium is provided in the form of physical barriers and a vast array of receptors and antimicrobial compounds that constitute the innate immune system. Many of the known innate immune receptors, including the Toll-like receptors and nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors, are expressed by the airway epithelium, which leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that affect microorganisms directly and recruit immune cells, such as neutrophils and T cells, to the site of infection. The airway epithelium also produces a number of resident antimicrobial proteins, such as lysozyme, lactoferrin, and mucins, as well as a swathe of cationic proteins. Dysregulation of the airway epithelial innate immune system is associated with a number of medical conditions that can result in compromised immunity and chronic inflammation of the lung. This review focuses on the innate immune capabilities of the airway epithelium and its role in protecting the lung from infection as well as the outcomes when its function is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Parker
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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113
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El-Loly MM, Mahfouz MB. Lactoferrin in Relation to Biological Functions and Applications: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/ijds.2011.79.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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114
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Mizuno N, Niitani M, Shiba H, Iwata T, Hayashi I, Kawaguchi H, Kurihara H. Proteome analysis of proteins related to aggressive periodontitis combined with neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38:310-7. [PMID: 21226751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM Some patients suffering from aggressive periodontitis (Ag-P) also display neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction. In this study, we attempted to identify the proteins involved in Ag-P associated with neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction using proteome analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis system was used to detect differences in protein expression between neutrophils from four patients suffering from Ag-P combined with neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction and those from four controls. Moreover, the mRNA levels of the proteins identified by the above method were examined in neutrophils from four types of subjects using the real-time polymerase chain reaction: twenty patients suffering from Ag-P with or without the dysfunction, 15 patients with chronic periodontitis, and 15 controls. RESULTS Four proteins, lactoferrin, caldesmon, heat shock protein 70, and stac, displayed a higher protein expression level in the neutrophils from the patients suffering from Ag-P combined with the neutrophil dysfunction than in those from the control group. The caldesmon mRNA levels in the neutrophils from the patients suffering from Ag-P combined with the neutrophil dysfunction were high compared with those in the neutrophils from the patients suffering from the other two types of periodontitis and those from the control group. CONCLUSION Caldesmon may be a marker of Ag-P combined with neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Mizuno
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Research Facility, Faculty of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Immunology of Human Milk and Host Immunity. FETAL AND NEONATAL PHYSIOLOGY 2011. [PMCID: PMC7310932 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3479-7.10158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
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116
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Lactoferrin inhibits the inflammatory and angiogenic activation of bovine aortic endothelial cells. Inflamm Res 2010; 60:475-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Onishi H, Koyama K, Sakata O, Machida Y. Preparation of chitosan/alginate/calcium complex microparticles loaded with lactoferrin and their efficacy on carrageenan-induced edema in rats. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010; 36:879-84. [PMID: 20345284 DOI: 10.3109/03639040903567109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although lactoferrin (LF) possesses useful functions such as antitumor, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory acitivities, it is subject to gastric digestion, resulting in the reduction of efficacy. Therefore, it is important to develop a system delivering LF efficiently to intestinal mucosa or gut-associated lymphoid tissue. METHOD Chitosan/alginate/calcium complex microparticles containing LF at a high loading were prepared using alginate, LF, and calcium chloride at the ratio of 6:3:8 (w/w). The release test was performed using Japanese Pharmacopoeia, Fifteenth Edition (JP15) first fluid (pH 1.2) for initial 2 hours, followed by JP15 second fluid (pH 6.8) for another 5 hours. Furthermore, the in vivo efficacy was evaluated from anti-inflammatory effect using rats with carrageenan-induced edema, in which dosing was performed intragastrically at 50 mg LF eq./kg 5, 3, and 1 days before carrageenan injection. RESULTS Microparticles have 20-30 % (w/w) LF content and 1-3 mm size. Nearly 60 % of LF was released at pH 1.2 at the first 1 hour, and then slowly released up to 80% at 7 hours. Suppressive effect against the edema was greater in the order of microparticles LF solution control (saline). Initial burst of LF from microparticles was not associated with their promoted efficacy. CONCLUSION Chitosan/alginate/calcium complex microparticles are suggested to be useful for promotion of efficacy of LF at oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Onishi
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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118
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Golshahi L, Lynch KH, Dennis JJ, Finlay WH. In vitro lung delivery of bacteriophages KS4-M and ΦKZ using dry powder inhalers for treatment of Burkholderia cepacia complex and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 110:106-17. [PMID: 20875034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the feasibility of formulating and aerosolizing powders containing bacteriophages KS4-M and ΦKZ for lung delivery and treatment of pulmonary Burkholderia cepacia complex and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. METHODS AND RESULTS Endotoxin-removed bacteriophages KS4-M and ΦKZ were lyophilized in lactose/lactoferrin 60 : 40 w/w matrix and deagglomerated in a mixer mill (without beads) to formulate respirable powders. The powders were then aerosolized using an Aerolizer(®) capsule inhaler. Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of this inhalable aerosol was determined using Andersen cascade impactor at 60 l min(-1). Measured MMAD for both types of powders was 3·4 μm, and geometric standard deviation was 1·9-2·0. Viability of bacteriophages delivered distal to an idealized mouth-throat replica was determined from bioassays of samples collected on filters placed after the idealized replica. As a percentage of inhaler load, amount of powder delivered distal to the mouth-throat replica, which is a measure of lung delivery, was 33·7 ± 0·3% for KS4-M and 32·7 ± 0·9% for ΦKZ. Titres collected downstream of the mouth throat were (3·4 ± 2·5) × 10(6) PFU for KS4-M with an Aerolizer capsule load of (9·8 ± 4·8) × 10(6) and (1·9 ± 0·6) × 10(7) for ΦKZ with an Aerolizer capsule load of (6·5 ± 1·9) × 10(7). CONCLUSIONS Bacteriophages KS4-M and ΦKZ can be lyophilized without significant loss of viability in a lactose/lactoferrin 60 : 40 w/w matrix. The resulting powders can be aerosolized to deliver viable bacteriophages to the lungs. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Development of lactoferrin-based bacteriophage aerosol powders solidifies the ground for future research on developing novel formulations as an alternative to inhaled antibiotic therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Golshahi
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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119
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Anti-nociceptive effect of bovine milk-derived lactoferrin in a rat lumbar disc herniation model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010; 35:1663-7. [PMID: 21374893 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e3181c9a8e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN An experimental animal study. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the efficacy of lactoferrin (LF) compared with diclofenac to reduce the pain, using a rat lumbar disc herniation model. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA LF is a multifunctional protein that is found in milk. Recent studies have reported that LF reduces nociception in various experimental models. METHODS Rats were operated on the left L5 vertebral arch. The left L5 nerve root and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were exposed by a L5 partial laminectomy. An L-shaped stainless steel rod was inserted from the laminectomy toward the intervertebral foramen to compress the nerve root. In addition, nucleus pulposus from coccygeal discs was applied on the nerve root. At 1 day before operation, all rats were tested regarding the withdrawal threshold of the left plantar surface using von Frey filaments to determine baseline values. Additional von Frey tests were performed on postoperative days 3, 7, 14, and 21. Thirty minutes before each test except for baseline, the rats received LF (100 mg/kg), diclofenac (10 mg/kg), or saline by intraperitoneal injection (n = 6). RESULTS As compared with the control group, thresholds of rats in the diclofenac group were significantly higher on postoperative days 3 and 7. However, on postoperative days 14 and 21, there were no significant differences. Thresholds of rats in the LF group were significantly higher on all postoperative days compared with the control group. CONCLUSION Analgesic effect of diclofenac reduced with time. However, the effect of LF continued during the whole experimental period. LF might become useful as pain-killer.
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Nam MS, Kamio M, Shimazaki KI, Harakawa S, Tanaka T, Omata Y, Saito A, Kumura H, Igarashi I, Suzuki N. Fine Structures of Epitopic Sites in Human and Bovine Lactoferrin Recognized by Anti-bovine Lactoferrin C-Lobe Monoclonal Antibody. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100220145160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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121
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Antimicrobial mechanism of action of transferrins: selective inhibition of H+-ATPase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:4335-42. [PMID: 20625147 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01620-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two bacterial species with different metabolic features, namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Lactococcus lactis, were used as a comparative experimental model to investigate the antimicrobial target and mechanism of transferrins. In anaerobiosis, P. aeruginosa cells were not susceptible to lactoferrin (hLf) or transferrin (hTf). In aerobiosis, the cells were susceptible but O(2) consumption was not modified, indicating that components of the electron transport chain (ETC) were not targeted. However, the respiratory chain inhibitor piericidin A significantly reduced the killing activity of both proteins. Moreover, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP), a reducing agent that accepts electrons from the ETC coupled to H(+) extrusion, made P. aeruginosa susceptible to hLf and hTf in anaerobiosis. These results indicated that active cooperation of the cell was indispensable for the antimicrobial effect. For L. lactis cells lacking an ETC, the absence of a detectable transmembrane electrical potential in hLf-treated cells suggested a loss of H(+)-ATPase activity. Furthermore, the inhibition of ATPase activity and H(+) translocation (inverted membrane vesicles) provided direct evidence of the ability of hLf to inhibit H(+)-ATPase in L. lactis. Based on these data, we propose that hLf and hTf also inhibit the H(+)-ATPase of respiring P. aeruginosa cells. Such inhibition thereby interferes with reentry of H(+) from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm, resulting in perturbation of intracellular pH and the transmembrane proton gradient. Consistent with this hypothesis, periplasmic H(+) accumulation was prevented by anaerobiosis or by piericidin A or was induced by DCIP in anaerobiosis. Collectively, these results indicate that transferrins target H(+)-ATPase and interfere with H(+) translocation, yielding a lethal effect in vitro.
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Wang L, Sato H, Zhao S, Tooyama I. Deposition of lactoferrin in fibrillar-type senile plaques in the brains of transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2010; 481:164-7. [PMID: 20599473 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We and others have previously reported that lactoferrin (LF), which acts as both an iron-binding protein and an inflammatory modulator, is strongly up-regulated in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have also studied the expression and localization of LF mRNA in the brain cortices of patients with AD. In this study, we investigated immunohistochemically the localization of LF in the brains of APP-transgenic mice, representing a model of AD. No LF immunoreactivity was detected in the brains of the wild-type mice. In the transgenic AD mice, LF deposition was detected in the brains. Double-immunofluorescence staining with antibodies directed against the amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) and LF localized the LF depositions to amyloid deposits (senile plaques) and regions of amyloid angiopathy. Senile plaque formation precedes LF deposition in AD. In the transgenic mice aged <18 months, most of senile plaques were negative for LF. LF deposits appeared weakly at about 18 months of age in these mice. Both the intensity and number of LF-positive depositions in the transgenic mice increased with age. Double-staining for LF and thioflavin-S revealed that LF accumulated in thioflavin-S-positive, fibrillar-type senile plaques. The up-regulation of LF in the brains of both AD patients and the transgenic mouse model of AD provides evidence of an important role for LF in AD-affected brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Wang
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan
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123
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Erhardt G, Senft B. Veränderungen in der bakteriostatischen Aktivität des Lactoferrins während der Laktation sowie nach experimenteller Infektion der Milchdrüse mit Staphylococcus aureus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1982.tb01803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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124
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Ammendolia MG, Bertuccini L, Iosi F, Minelli F, Berlutti F, Valenti P, Superti F. Bovine lactoferrin interacts with cable pili of Burkholderia cenocepacia. Biometals 2010; 23:531-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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125
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Purification of lactoferrin using hydroxyapatite. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:976-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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126
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Palumbo D, Iannaccone M, Porta A, Capparelli R. Experimental antibacterial therapy with puroindolines, lactoferrin and lysozyme in Listeria monocytogenes-infected mice. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:538-45. [PMID: 20348006 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Puroindoline A and puroindoline B from plant seeds, bovine lactoferrin and chicken eggs lysozyme are antimicrobial proteins of innate immune system that lyse invading organisms. We investigate their potential antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes in a mouse model. Bacteria were isolated from various organs for 7 days after challenge. Livers displayed consistently higher bacterial count (up to 10(7)cfu/g) than spleens, kidneys and brains. The efficacy of the AMPs was therefore established by measuring the infection level (cfu number) of these organs. Puroindoline A and puroindoline B (5mg/mouse), lactoferrin and lysozyme (1.25mg/mouse), intravenously injected individually, inhibited bacterial growth completely. Puroindoline A, puroindoline B and lactoferrin were effective when administered 24h before infection; lysozyme was effective at the time of infection or 5 days after. Their combined use resulted in the enhancement of individual antibacterial activities. Complete inhibition of bacterial growth was observed using concurrently 0.059mg/mouse of puroindoline A and 0.019mg/mouse of puroindoline B, lactoferrin and lysozyme. Individual antimicrobial proteins reduced significantly the expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, INF-gamma and TNF-alpha), acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein and fibrinogen) and the T lymphocyte antigens CD4, CD8a, CD8b and CD25. These results suggest their potential use for the control of L. monocytogenes infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Palumbo
- Chair of Immunology, School of Biotechnological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
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127
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Arseneault M, Bédard S, Boulet-Audet M, Pézolet M. Study of the interaction of lactoferricin B with phospholipid monolayers and bilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:3468-3478. [PMID: 20112931 DOI: 10.1021/la903014w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bovine lactoferricin (LfcinB) is an antimicrobial peptide obtained from the pepsin cleavage of lactoferrin. The activity of LfcinB has been extensively studied on diverse pathogens, but its mechanism of action still has to be elucidated. Because of its nonspecificity, its mode of action is assumed to be related to interactions with membranes. In this study, the interaction of LfcinB with a negatively charged monolayer of dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol has been investigated as a function of the surface pressure of the lipid film using in situ Brewster angle and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy and on transferred monolayers by atomic force microscopy and polarized attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. The data show clearly that LfcinB forms stable films at the air-water interface. They also reveal that the interaction of LfcinB with the lipid monolayer is modulated by the surface pressure. At low surface pressure, LfcinB inserts within the lipid film with its long molecular axis oriented mainly parallel to the acyl chains, while at high surface pressure, LfcinB is adsorbed under the lipid film, the hairpin being preferentially aligned parallel to the plane of the interface. The threshold for which the behavior changes is 20 mN/m. At this critical surface pressure, LfcinB interacts with the monolayer to form discoidal lipid-peptide assemblies. This structure may actually represent the mechanism of action of this peptide. The results obtained on monolayers are correlated by fluorescent probe release measurements of dye-containing vesicles made of lipids in different phases and support the important role of the lipid fluidity and packing on the activity of LfcinB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolaine Arseneault
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux avancés, Département de chimie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec Canada, G1V OA6
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128
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Yasui T, Nara T, Habata I, Meyer W, Tsukise A. Functional properties of feline foot pads as studied by lectin histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Acta Histochem 2010; 112:169-77. [PMID: 19095295 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The localization of sialic acids and antimicrobial substances in the foot pads of the cat was examined by lectin histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. The lectin binding patterns of the eccrine glands were suggestive of the existence of large concentrations of sialoglycoconjugates that terminated in Siaalpha2-3Gal1-4GlcNAc. Results were consistent with localization of O-linked (mucin-type) sialoglycoproteins with the Siaalpha2-6Gal/GalNAc sequence in the epidermal layers, especially the stratum spinosum. Additionally, antimicrobial peptides, such as lysozyme, secretory component, lactoferrin, and the peptide group of beta-defensins were demonstrated to be immunolocalised in the eccrine glandular cells. These substances, except for secretory component, were also distributed in the epidermal strata. The sialic acids and antimicrobial substances found in the eccrine glandular secretions and epidermis may play an essential role in the preservation of skin integrity in feline foot pads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Yasui
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan.
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129
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Mela I, Aumaitre E, Williamson AM, Yakubov GE. Charge reversal by salt-induced aggregation in aqueous lactoferrin solutions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 78:53-60. [PMID: 20207115 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have observed salt-induced aggregation in lactoferrin solutions using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Aggregates start to form once the ionic strength exceeds 10 mM, and are of opposite charge to their monomer building blocks. The presence of aggregates was monitored by electrophoretic measurements, in which the change of isoelectric point in lactoferrin solutions was observed and found to depend on the concentration of background electrolyte. Complimentary atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging of adsorbed lactoferrin films demonstrated that for negatively charged surfaces (mica, glass) the topography of the adsorbed film remains invariant to changes in ionic strength, whilst for positively charged surfaces (chitosan coated mica) we observed a salt-induced transition in deposited architecture, with approximately 100 nm aggregates being deposited together with monomers for ionic strengths in excess of 10 mM. The size of aggregates observed with AFM is consistent with those observed using DLS. These results suggest that negatively charged lactoferrin aggregates adsorb only onto positively charged surfaces, whereas isolated lactoferrin molecules are sufficiently amphiphilic and adsorb at surfaces of either charge, although without producing a charge inversion effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Mela
- Unilever Discover, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
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130
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KOYAMA KI, ONISHI H, SAKATA O, MACHIDA Y. Preparation and in Vitro Evaluation of Chitosan-coated Alginate/Calcium Complex Microparticles Loaded with Fluorescein-labeled Lactoferrin. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2009; 129:1507-14. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.129.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiraku ONISHI
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Hoshi University
| | - Osamu SAKATA
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Hoshi University
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131
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Henry MA, Alexis MN. Effects of in vitro lactoferricin and lactoferrin on the head kidney cells of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 130:236-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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132
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Soukka T, Roger V, Söderling E, Tenovuo J. Binding ofStreptococcus mutans, Serotype c, to Saliva-coated Hydroxyapatite in the Presence and Absence of Human Lactoferrin. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609409141343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Soukka
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, SF-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - V. Roger
- Department of Oral Biology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, SF-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - E. Söderling
- Department of Oral Biology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - J. Tenovuo
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, SF-20520, Turku, Finland
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133
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Use and endocytosis of iron-containing proteins by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 9:1038-50. [PMID: 19539057 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for nearly all organisms; in mammals, it is part of proteins such as haemoglobin, and it is captured by transferrin and lactoferrin. Transferrin is present in serum, and lactoferrin is secreted by the mucosa and by neutrophils at infection sites, as a host iron-withholding response, sequestering iron away from invading microorganisms. Additionally, all cells contain ferritin, which sequesters iron when its intracellular levels are increased, detoxifying and preventing damage. Liver ferritin contains 50% of iron corporal reserves. During evolution, pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to obtain iron from their hosts in order to survive. The protozoan Entamoeba histolytica invades the intestinal mucosa, causing dysentery, and the trophozoites often travel to the liver producing hepatic abscesses; thus, intestine and liver proteins could be important iron supplies for E. histolytica. We found that E. histolytica trophozoites can grow in both ferrous and ferric iron, and that they can use haemoglobin, holo-transferrin, holo-lactoferrin, and ferritin as in vitro iron sources. These proteins supported the amoeba growth throughout consecutive passages, similarly to ferric citrate. By confocal microscopy and immunoblotting, iron-binding proteins were observed specifically bound to the amoeba surface, and they were endocytosed, trafficked through the endosomal/lysosomal route, and degraded by neutral and acidic cysteine-proteases. Transferrin and ferritin were mainly internalized through clathrin-coated vesicles, and holo-lactoferrin was mainly internalized by caveola-like structures. In contrast, apo-lactoferrin bound to membrane lipids and cholesterol, inducing cell death. The results suggest that in vivo trophozoites secrete products that can destroy enterocytes, erythrocytes, and hepatocytes, releasing transferrin, haemoglobin, ferritin, and other iron-containing proteins, which, together with lactoferrin derived from neutrophils and acinar cells, could be used as abundant iron supplies by amoebas.
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134
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Sagel SD, Sontag MK, Accurso FJ. Relationship between antimicrobial proteins and airway inflammation and infection in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2009; 44:402-9. [PMID: 19283840 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial proteins are important in lung defense and are potential therapeutic agents in chronic airways infection such as seen in cystic fibrosis (CF). In preparation for future clinical studies, we sought (1) to determine levels of three antimicrobial proteins [lactoferrin, lysozyme, and secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI)] in the CF airway and (2) to examine the relationships between these antimicrobial proteins and airway inflammation and infection. We examined bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from 45 individuals with CF and 23 disease control individuals. Airway inflammation was measured through BALF neutrophil counts and neutrophil elastase activity. Infection was assessed through quantitative counts of CF-related bacterial pathogens. BALF lysozyme activity and lactoferrin levels were elevated in individuals with CF compared to controls whereas SLPI levels were not different between the groups. Among the CF subjects, lysozyme activity and lactoferrin increased with age while SLPI decreased with age. Lysozyme activity and lactoferrin concentrations correlated positively with neutrophil counts but not with bacterial colony counts. SLPI levels were inversely related to both neutrophil counts and bacterial colony counts. This study provides information concerning the levels of antimicrobial proteins present in the CF airway that are relevant to future clinical trials of these compounds and demonstrates clear relationships between antimicrobial protein-specific levels and airway inflammation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Sagel
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital and University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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135
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McLeod SD. Bacterial Keratitis. Ophthalmology 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04332-8.00036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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136
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De Kwaadsteniet M, Doeschate KT, Dicks LMT. Nisin F in the treatment of respiratory tract infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Lett Appl Microbiol 2008; 48:65-70. [PMID: 19018962 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the antimicrobial activity of nisin F against Staphylococcus aureus in the respiratory tract. METHODS AND RESULTS The respiratory tract of nonimmunosuppressed and immunosuppressed Wistar rats were colonized with 4 x 10(5) viable cells of S. aureus K and then treated by administering 8192 arbitrary units (AU) nisin F intranasal. Symptoms of pneumonia were detected in the trachea and lungs of immunosuppressed rats that had not been treated with nisin F. The trachea and lungs of immunosuppressed rats treated with nisin F were healthy. No significant differences were recorded in blood cell indices. The antimicrobial activity of low concentrations nisin F (80-320 AU ml(-1)) was slightly stimulated by lysozyme and lactoferrin. CONCLUSIONS Nisin F inhibited the growth of S. aureus K in the respiratory tract of immunocompromised rats. Treatment with nisin F at 8192 AU proofed safe, as the trachea, lungs, bronchi and haematology of the rats appeared normal. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Nisin F is nontoxic and may be used to control respiratory tract infections caused by S. aureus. This is, however, a preliminary study with an animal model and need to be confirmed with studies on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Kwaadsteniet
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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137
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Effects of dietary supplementation with an expressed fusion peptide bovine lactoferricin–lactoferrampin on performance, immune function and intestinal mucosal morphology in piglets weaned at age 21 d. Br J Nutr 2008; 101:998-1005. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508055633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin has antimicrobial activity associated with peptide fragments lactoferricin (LFC) and lactoferrampin (LFA) released on digestion. These two fragments have been expressed inPhotorhabdus luminescensas a fusion peptide linked to protein cipB. The construct cipB–LFC–LFA was tested as an alternative to antimicrobial growth promoters in pig production. Sixty piglets with an average live body weight of 5·42 (sem0·59) kg were challenged with enterotoxigenicEscherichia coliand randomly assigned to four treatment groups fed a maize–soyabean meal diet containing either no addition (C), cipB at 100 mg/kg (C+B), cipB–LFC–LFA at 100 mg/kg (C+L) or colistin sulfate at 100 mg/kg (C+CS) for 3 weeks. Compared with C, dietary supplementation with C+L for 3 weeks increased daily weight gain by 21 %, increased recovery from diarrhoea, enhanced serum glutathione peroxidase (GPx), peroxidase (POD) and total antioxidant content (T-AOC), liver GPx, POD, superoxide dismutase and T-AOC, Fe, total Fe-binding capacity, IgA, IgG and IgM levels (P < 0·05), decreased the concentration ofE. coliin the ileum, caecum and colon (P < 0·05), increased the concentration of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the ileum, caecum and colon (P < 0·05), and promoted development of the villus–crypt architecture of the small intestine. Growth performance was similar between C+L- and C+CS-supplemented pigs. The present results indicate that LFC–LFA is an effective alternative to the feed antibiotic CS for enhancing growth performance in piglets weaned at age 21 d.
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138
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Onishi H, Machida Y, Koyama K. Preparation and In Vitro Characteristics of Lactoferrin-loaded Chitosan Microparticles. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 33:641-7. [PMID: 17613028 DOI: 10.1080/03639040601085334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to achieve the delivery and controlled release of lactoferrin (LF), a biologically multifunctional protein, chitosan microparticles loaded with LF were prepared. Several types of chitosan microparticles containing LF were prepared by the w/o emulsification-solvent evaporation method, and the particle characteristics and release properties in JP 2nd fluid, pH 6.8, were examined. All kinds of microparticles were obtained at a yield of more than 75% (w/w). LF-loaded microparticles prepared by nonsonication and nonaddition of sulfate, named Ch-LF(N), showed high drug content, small particle size and spherical particle shape. Also, for release properties, Ch-LF(N) exhibited gradual drug release over 7 hr with less remaining in the microparticles. Considering the mucoadhesive properties of chitosan microparticles, Ch-LF(N) are suggested to be useful for gradual supply to topical diseased sites or for effective delivery to intestinal areas with abundant LF receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Onishi
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan.
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139
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Iwamaru Y, Shimizu Y, Imamura M, Murayama Y, Endo R, Tagawa Y, Ushiki-Kaku Y, Takenouchi T, Kitani H, Mohri S, Yokoyama T, Okada H. Lactoferrin induces cell surface retention of prion protein and inhibits prion accumulation. J Neurochem 2008; 107:636-46. [PMID: 18717818 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders, and the conformational conversion of normal cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into its pathogenic, amyloidogenic isoform (PrP(Sc)) is the essential event in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Lactoferrin (LF) is a cationic iron-binding glycoprotein belonging to the transferrin (TF) family, which accumulates in the amyloid deposits in the brain in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Pick's disease. In the present study, we have examined the effects of LF on PrP(Sc) formation by using cell culture models. Bovine LF inhibited PrP(Sc) accumulation in scrapie-infected cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, whereas TF was not inhibitory. Bioassays of LF-treated cells demonstrated prolonged incubation periods compared with non-treated cells indicating a reduction of prion infectivity. LF mediated the cell surface retention of PrP(C) by diminishing its internalization and was capable of interacting with PrP(C) in addition to PrP(Sc). Furthermore, LF partially inhibited the formation of protease-resistant PrP as determined by the protein misfolding cyclic amplification assay. Our results suggest that LF has multifunctional antiprion activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Iwamaru
- Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Ibaraki, Japan.
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140
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Rahman MM, Kim WS, Ito T, Kumura H, Shimazaki K. Examination of bovine lactoferrin binding to bifidobacteria. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683808050049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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141
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Hellweg P, Krammer-Lukas S, Strasser A, Zentek J. Effects of bovine lactoferrin on the immune system and the intestinal microflora of adult dogs. Arch Anim Nutr 2008; 62:152-61. [PMID: 18459539 DOI: 10.1080/17450390801892575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Eighteen Beagle dogs were used to evaluate the effects of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) on immune function and faecal microbial populations. The study comprised three feeding periods, each lasting four weeks. After an initial control Period 1, six dogs per group were supplemented with 0, 120 and 1800 mg bLF/kg dry diet, respectively (Period 2). In Period 3 dogs received again control diets. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets, lymphocyte proliferative response to concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen and plasma IgA and IgG concentrations were analysed. The faecal concentrations of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. were determined by cultural methods. Supplementation of bLF increased the number of monocytes, T cells and cytotoxic T cells in the blood and the proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The leukocyte counts were not affected, except monocytes that increased after the supplementation with bLF. Plasma immunoglobulin concentrations were unchanged by treatment. Dogs supplemented with bLF tended to have lower faecal concentrations of E. coli and Clostridium perfringens. In conclusion, bLF seems to alter indices of the cellular immune response and faecal microbial populations of healthy adult dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hellweg
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
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142
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KUSHIBIKI S, SHINGU H, KAWASAKI R, KOMATSU T, ITOH F, WATANABE A, TOUNO E, OSHIBE A, KATOH K, OBARA Y, HODATE K. Effect of bovine lactoferrin feeding on lipopolysaccharide-induced metabolic and hormonal disturbances in preruminant calves. Anim Sci J 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2008.00540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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143
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Cheng JB, Wang JQ, Bu DP, Liu GL, Zhang CG, Wei HY, Zhou LY, Wang JZ. Factors affecting the lactoferrin concentration in bovine milk. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:970-6. [PMID: 18292252 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) concentrations in the milk with different levels of the somatic cell count score were examined using an ELISA to determine whether milk LF concentration is influenced by parity of the cow, stage of lactation, and the somatic cell count. The study animals were 198 Chinese Holstein cows randomly chosen from more than 1,600 cows in 4 dairy farms in the Beijing area. The cows had shown no sign of mastitis for 2 mo. Daily milk production was recorded, and milk samples were taken from individual cow samples. The LF concentration varied between 31.78 and 485.63 microg/mL in milk from normal animals. Lactoferrin was significantly associated with stage of lactation (r = 0.557) and daily milk production (r = -0.472). Nevertheless, there was no significant relationship with parity. Moreover, milk LF concentration tended to be correlated with the somatic cell count score (r = 0.375). This finding suggests that milk LF may be helpful as an indicator for intramammary infection in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100094, PR China
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144
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Ward PP, Mendoza-Meneses M, Park PW, Conneely OM. Stimulus-dependent impairment of the neutrophil oxidative burst response in lactoferrin-deficient mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:1019-29. [PMID: 18321995 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.061145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding protein found in milk, mucosal secretions, and the secondary granules of neutrophils in which it is considered to be an important factor in the innate immune response against microbial infections. Moreover, LF deficiency in the secondary granules of neutrophils has long been speculated to contribute directly to the hypersusceptibility of specific granule deficiency (SGD) patients to severe, life-threatening bacterial infections. However, the exact physiological significance of LF in neutrophil-mediated host defense mechanisms remains controversial and has not yet been clearly established in vivo using relevant animal models. In this study, we used lactoferrin knockout (LFKO) mice to directly address the selective role of LF in the host defense response of neutrophils and to determine its contribution, if any, to the phenotype of SGD. Neutrophil maturation, migration, phagocytosis, granule release, and antimicrobial response to bacterial challenge were unaffected in LFKO mice. Interestingly, a stimulus-dependent defect in the oxidative burst response of LFKO neutrophils was observed in that normal activation was seen in response to opsonized bacteria whereas an impaired response was evident after phorbol myristate-13-acetate stimulation. Taken together, these results indicate that although LF deficiency alone is not a primary cause of the defects associated with SGD, this protein does play an immunomodulatory role in the oxidative burst response of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline P Ward
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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145
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KIM WOANSUB, RAHMAN M, SHIMAZAKI KEIICHI. ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND BINDING ABILITY OF BOVINE LACTOFERRIN AGAINST PSEUDOMONAS SPP. J Food Saf 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2007.00092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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146
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Clare DA, Zheng Z, Hassan HM, Swaisgood HE, Catignani GL. Antimicrobial properties of milkfat globule membrane fractions. J Food Prot 2008; 71:126-33. [PMID: 18236672 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.1.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Milkfat globule membranes (MFGMs) were prepared from bovine cream according to standard procedures. These membranes and peptide hydrolysates, which were generated by proteolysis with immobilized digestive enzymes, were screened for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus cereus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus gasseri. Assays were first performed on beef heart infusion (BHI) plates spotted with test protein-peptide fractions and then seeded with lawns of indicator cells to monitor the zone of growth inhibition. Under these experimental conditions, MFGMs were most active against Salmonella Typhimurium and P. fluorescens. However, antibacterial activity was not seen after plating on Luria-Bertani (LB) medium. We determined that the antimicrobial effects observed on BHI plates were due to the generation of H2O2 by xanthine oxidase, a major protein constituent of the MFGMs, as a result of purine catalysis. This substrate is present in BHI but lacking in LB medium. Evaluation of purified xanthine oxidase alone resulted in analogous data trends. The growth of probiotic Lactobacillus strains were affected only marginally when grown on lactobacilli deMan Rogosa Sharpe plates, suggesting the decreased sensitivity of these bacteria to H2O2. In this study, several MFGM hydrolysates exhibited variable antibacterial activity against test food pathogens on agar plates prepared with M9 minimal media, and this variation was not attributable to xanthine oxidase enzymatic activity. The probiotic microorganisms were mostly resilient to these antibacterial fractions. Bovine MFGM fractions may represent an excellent resource material from which to generate native, naturally occurring biodefensive proteins and/or peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra A Clare
- Department of Food Science, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7624, USA.
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147
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148
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Luther DA, Almeida RA, Oliver SP. Elucidation of the DNA sequence of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule gene (sua) and detection of sua in strains of Streptococcus uberis isolated from geographically diverse locations. Vet Microbiol 2007; 128:304-12. [PMID: 18082978 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus uberis is an important environmental pathogen that causes subclinical and clinical mastitis in lactating and nonlactating cows throughout the world. S. uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) was identified recently by our laboratory and we hypothesize that SUAM is a potential virulence factor involved in the pathogenesis of S. uberis mastitis. The first objective of the present study was to clone and sequence the SUAM gene (sua) from S. uberis UT888. The second objective was to determine the prevalence of sua in strains of S. uberis isolated from geographically diverse locations. The 20 amino acid N-terminal sequence of purified SUAM was utilized to identify a single open reading frame (ORF) in the S. uberis O140J (ATCC BAA-854) genome database. Three sets of primers were identified from this sequence for amplification of sub-fragments and the complete gene encoding SUAM. Restriction fragment analysis of the largest polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product confirmed the desired fragment had been amplified. This 2970bp PCR fragment was cloned into plasmid pCR-XL-TOPO and sequenced. The S. uberis UT888 sua sequence (NCBI Accession no. DQ232760) was 99% similar to the S. uberis O140J database sequence. The three pairs of PCR primers were used in a subsequent experiment to identify sua in 12 strains of S. uberis isolated in milk from dairy cows with mastitis in Tennessee (n=6), Colorado (n=1), Washington (n=1), New Zealand (n=1) and from the American Type Culture Collection (n=3). Primer pairs yielded the expected 2970, 2639 and 2362bp PCR fragments in all strains evaluated. In conclusion, we cloned and sequenced sua, which codes for the first described S. uberis adhesin, SUAM. sua was detected in all strains of S. uberis evaluated suggesting that it is conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Luther
- Department of Animal Science and Food Safety Center of Excellence, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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149
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Abstract
Lipopeptide daptomycin is one of the few recently approved antibiotics based on the novel mechanism of action. Recent advances in synthetic lipopeptides, driven by the biochemical and biophysical research, expanded their spectrum of antimicrobial activity and reduced their size to achieve economically viable production. Lipopeptides, consisting of a short peptide chain conjugated with an acyl chain, form a structurally defined conformation, which inserts into the bacterial membrane and dissipates its transmembrane potential. In addition to antimicrobial activity, synthetic lipopeptides also suppress inflammation through the neutralization of bacterial agonists of the innate immune response, synergize with conventional antibiotics and have improved proteolytic stability. Activities in animal models indicate that synthetic lipopeptides may surpass the natural lipopeptides as the perspective class of anti-infective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Jerala
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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150
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Berlov MN, Korableva ES, Andreeva YV, Ovchinnikova TV, Kokryakov VN. Lactoferrin from canine neutrophils: isolation and physicochemical and antimicrobial properties. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:445-51. [PMID: 17511610 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907040128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin has been isolated from canine leukocytes for the first time. Lactoferrin was identified by N-terminal amino acid sequence and by capability to capture ferric cations resulting in a complex with absorbance maximum at 460-470 nm. It is demonstrated that canine lactoferrin resembles the human homolog in some physicochemical properties, i.e. molecular weight, carbohydrate presence, and conditions of protein-iron complex dissociation. Bactericidal activity of dog lactoferrin was demonstrated on the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. Bactericidal activity of canine lactoferrin is similar to that of human lactoferrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Berlov
- Ukhtomsky Institute of Physiology of St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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