101
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Deconstructing the Antiviral Neutralizing-Antibody Response: Implications for Vaccine Development and Immunity. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:989-1010. [PMID: 27784796 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00024-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibody response plays a key role in protection against viral infections. While antiviral antibodies may reduce the viral burden via several mechanisms, the ability to directly inhibit (neutralize) infection of cells has been extensively studied. Eliciting a neutralizing-antibody response is a goal of many vaccine development programs and commonly correlates with protection from disease. Considerable insights into the mechanisms of neutralization have been gained from studies of monoclonal antibodies, yet the individual contributions and dynamics of the repertoire of circulating antibody specificities elicited by infection and vaccination are poorly understood on the functional and molecular levels. Neutralizing antibodies with the most protective functionalities may be a rare component of a polyclonal, pathogen-specific antibody response, further complicating efforts to identify the elements of a protective immune response. This review discusses advances in deconstructing polyclonal antibody responses to flavivirus infection or vaccination. Our discussions draw comparisons to HIV-1, a virus with a distinct structure and replication cycle for which the antibody response has been extensively investigated. Progress toward deconstructing and understanding the components of polyclonal antibody responses identifies new targets and challenges for vaccination strategies.
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102
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Ripoll DR, Khavrutskii I, Wallqvist A, Chaudhury S. Modeling the Role of Epitope Arrangement on Antibody Binding Stoichiometry in Flaviviruses. Biophys J 2016; 111:1641-1654. [PMID: 27760352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryo-electron-microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of flaviviruses reveal significant variation in epitope occupancy across different monoclonal antibodies that have largely been attributed to epitope-level differences in conformation or accessibility that affect antibody binding. The consequences of these variations for macroscopic properties such as antibody binding and neutralization are the results of the law of mass action-a stochastic process of innumerable binding and unbinding events between antibodies and the multiple binding sites on the flavivirus in equilibrium-that cannot be directly imputed from structure alone. We carried out coarse-grained spatial stochastic binding simulations for nine flavivirus antibodies with epitopes defined by cryo-EM or x-ray crystallography to assess the role of epitope spatial arrangement on antibody-binding stoichiometry, occupancy, and neutralization. In our simulations, all epitopes were equally competent for binding, representing the upper limit of binding stoichiometry that results from epitope spatial arrangement alone. Surprisingly, our simulations closely reproduced the relative occupancy and binding stoichiometry observed in cryo-EM, without having to account for differences in epitope accessibility or conformation, suggesting that epitope spatial arrangement alone may be sufficient to explain differences in binding occupancy and stoichiometry between antibodies. Furthermore, we found that there was significant heterogeneity in binding configurations even at saturating antibody concentrations, and that bivalent antibody binding may be more common than previously thought. Finally, we propose a structure-based explanation for the stoichiometric threshold model of neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ripoll
- DoD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Ilja Khavrutskii
- DoD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- DoD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Sidhartha Chaudhury
- DoD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
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103
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Dai L, Wang Q, Qi J, Shi Y, Yan J, Gao GF. Molecular basis of antibody-mediated neutralization and protection against flavivirus. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:783-91. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianpan Dai
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Qihui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity; Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; Shenzhen China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yi Shi
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity; Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; Shenzhen China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity; Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; Shenzhen China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - George F. Gao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity; Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; Shenzhen China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China. National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC); Beijing China
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104
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Appanna R, Kg S, Xu MH, Toh YX, Velumani S, Carbajo D, Lee CY, Zuest R, Balakrishnan T, Xu W, Lee B, Poidinger M, Zolezzi F, Leo YS, Thein TL, Wang CI, Fink K. Plasmablasts During Acute Dengue Infection Represent a Small Subset of a Broader Virus-specific Memory B Cell Pool. EBioMedicine 2016; 12:178-188. [PMID: 27628668 PMCID: PMC5078588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is endemic in tropical countries worldwide and the four dengue virus serotypes often co-circulate. Infection with one serotype results in high titers of cross-reactive antibodies produced by plasmablasts, protecting temporarily against all serotypes, but impairing protective immunity in subsequent infections. To understand the development of these plasmablasts, we analyzed virus-specific B cell properties in patients during acute disease and at convalescence. Plasmablasts were unrelated to classical memory cells expanding in the blood during early recovery. We propose that only a small subset of memory B cells is activated as plasmablasts during repeat infection and that plasmablast responses are not representative of the memory B cell repertoire after dengue infection. Antibody sequences and functions were analyzed in longitudinal acute and convalescent samples from dengue patients Plasmablast antibodies were virus glycoprotein-specific whereas memory B cell-derived antibodies bound to more viral proteins plasmablasts seem to be activated from only a small subset of memory B cells
Antibody-mediated immune memory is orchestrated by various B cell types that are relevant during different phases after an infection. Antibody-secreting cells or so-called plasmablasts are generated from activated specific memory B cell a few days after re-infection. However, little in known whether the antibodies produced by these plasmablasts are relevant for protection in humans and whether the parent memory B cells are further maintained in the memory pool, possibly as affinity-matured versions of the original clones. This is important in the context of vaccination since the repertoires of individual B cell subsets could represent biomarkers to assess efficacy and long-term protection. In addition, the generation of “protective” B cell subsets could potentially be influenced by vaccine design and by the use of adjuvants. We studied the relationship of plasmablasts and memory B cells in longitudinal blood samples from dengue patients. Dengue virus (DENV) has four serotypes and pre-existing antibodies can be cross-protective or can enhance disease after a heterologous infection via Fc-gamma-receptor-mediated uptake of virus-antibody complexes. B cell memory can therefore be both beneficial and detrimental. Here we studied plasmablasts and DENV-specific memory B cells and their relationship and protective potential by assessing antibody sequences and monoclonal antibodies. We found that both populations produced largely serotype cross-neutralizing antibodies, whereas more plasmablast antibodies were neutralizing. Few plasmablast clones could be found in the memory pool, suggesting that only a subset of memory B cells is activated during acute disease and that a separate repertoire of cells is retained as longer-term memory. In this study we started to dissect the complexity of B cell immune memory to dengue infection and the finding can inform further investigations into which immune cell subsets are disease-enhancing after a heterologous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mei Hui Xu
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Weili Xu
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore
| | | | | | - Yee Sin Leo
- Communicable Disease Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tun Linn Thein
- Communicable Disease Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Katja Fink
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore.
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105
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Yu F, Tan WJ, Lu Y, MacAry PA, Loh KS. The other side of the coin: Leveraging Epstein-Barr virus in research and therapy. Oral Oncol 2016; 60:112-7. [PMID: 27531881 PMCID: PMC7108324 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus is (EBV) a ubiquitous virus prevalent in 90% of the human population. Transmitted through infected saliva, EBV is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis (IM) and is further implicated in malignancies of lymphoid and epithelial origins. In the past few decades, research efforts primarily focused on dissecting the mechanism of EBV-induced oncogenesis. Here, we present an alternate facet of the oncovirus EBV, on its applications in research and therapy. Finally, discussions on the prospective utilization of EBV in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) diagnosis and therapy will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenggang Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Wei Jian Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yanan Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul A MacAry
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwok Seng Loh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
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106
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Boesch AW, Brown EP, Ackerman ME. The role of Fc receptors in HIV prevention and therapy. Immunol Rev 2016; 268:296-310. [PMID: 26497529 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, a wealth of experimental evidence has accumulated supporting the importance of Fc receptor (FcR) ligation in antibody-mediated pathology and protection in many disease states. Here we present the diverse evidence base that has accumulated as to the importance of antibody effector functions in the setting of HIV prevention and therapy, including clinical correlates, genetic associations, viral evasion strategies, and a rapidly growing number of compelling animal model experiments. Collectively, this work identifies antibody interactions with FcR as important to both therapeutic and prophylactic strategies involving both passive and active immunity. These findings mirror those in other fields as investigators continue to work toward identifying the right antibodies and the right effectors to be present at the right sites at the right time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin W Boesch
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Eric P Brown
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, USA
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107
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Stettler K, Beltramello M, Espinosa DA, Graham V, Cassotta A, Bianchi S, Vanzetta F, Minola A, Jaconi S, Mele F, Foglierini M, Pedotti M, Simonelli L, Dowall S, Atkinson B, Percivalle E, Simmons CP, Varani L, Blum J, Baldanti F, Cameroni E, Hewson R, Harris E, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F, Corti D. Specificity, cross-reactivity, and function of antibodies elicited by Zika virus infection. Science 2016; 353:823-6. [PMID: 27417494 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf8505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 593] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus with homology to Dengue virus (DENV), has become a public health emergency. By characterizing memory lymphocytes from ZIKV-infected patients, we dissected ZIKV-specific and DENV-cross-reactive immune responses. Antibodies to nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) were largely ZIKV-specific and were used to develop a serological diagnostic tool. In contrast, antibodies against E protein domain I/II (EDI/II) were cross-reactive and, although poorly neutralizing, potently enhanced ZIKV and DENV infection in vitro and lethally enhanced DENV disease in mice. Memory T cells against NS1 or E proteins were poorly cross-reactive, even in donors preexposed to DENV. The most potent neutralizing antibodies were ZIKV-specific and targeted EDIII or quaternary epitopes on infectious virus. An EDIII-specific antibody protected mice from lethal ZIKV infection, illustrating the potential for antibody-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Stettler
- Humabs BioMed SA, Via Mirasole 1, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Diego A Espinosa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Graham
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Antonino Cassotta
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland. Institute for Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Siro Bianchi
- Humabs BioMed SA, Via Mirasole 1, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrea Minola
- Humabs BioMed SA, Via Mirasole 1, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Jaconi
- Humabs BioMed SA, Via Mirasole 1, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Federico Mele
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Foglierini
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Mattia Pedotti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luca Simonelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Stuart Dowall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Barry Atkinson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Elena Percivalle
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cameron P Simmons
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK. Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Center for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Luca Varani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Blum
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland. University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Roger Hewson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland. Institute for Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, Via Mirasole 1, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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108
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Yam-Puc JC, Cedillo-Barrón L, Aguilar-Medina EM, Ramos-Payán R, Escobar-Gutiérrez A, Flores-Romo L. The Cellular Bases of Antibody Responses during Dengue Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:218. [PMID: 27375618 PMCID: PMC4893500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is one of the most significant human viral pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause from an asymptomatic disease to mild undifferentiated fever, classical dengue, and severe dengue. Neutralizing memory antibody (Ab) responses are one of the most important mechanisms that counteract reinfections and are therefore the main aim of vaccination. However, it has also been proposed that in dengue, some of these class-switched (IgG) memory Abs might worsen the disease. Although these memory Abs derive from B cells by T-cell-dependent processes, we know rather little about the (acute, chronic, or memory) B cell responses and the complex cellular mechanisms generating these Abs during DENV infections. This review aims to provide an updated and comprehensive perspective of the B cell responses during DENV infection, starting since the very early events such as the cutaneous DENV entrance and the arrival into draining lymph nodes, to the putative B cell activation, proliferation, and germinal centers (GCs) formation (the source of affinity-matured class-switched memory Abs), till the outcome of GC reactions such as the generation of plasmablasts, Ab-secreting plasma cells, and memory B cells. We discuss topics very poorly explored such as the possibility of B cell infection by DENV or even activation-induced B cell death. The current information about the nature of the Ab responses to DENV is also illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Yam-Puc
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Leticia Cedillo-Barrón
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Elsa Maribel Aguilar-Medina
- Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa (UAS) , Culiacan, Sinaloa , Mexico
| | - Rosalío Ramos-Payán
- Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa (UAS) , Culiacan, Sinaloa , Mexico
| | - Alejandro Escobar-Gutiérrez
- Department for Immunological Investigations, Institute for Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference, Health Secretariat , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Flores-Romo
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN , Mexico City , Mexico
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109
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Functional Transplant of a Dengue Virus Serotype 3 (DENV3)-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibody Epitope into DENV1. J Virol 2016; 90:5090-5097. [PMID: 26962223 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00155-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes, DENV1 through 4, are endemic throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. While first infection confers long-term protective immunity against viruses of the infecting serotype, a second infection with virus of a different serotype carries a greater risk of severe dengue disease, including dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Recent studies demonstrate that humans exposed to DENV infections develop neutralizing antibodies that bind to quaternary epitopes formed by the viral envelope (E) protein dimers or higher-order assemblies required for the formation of the icosahedral viral envelope. Here we show that the quaternary epitope target of the human DENV3-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) 5J7 can be partially transplanted into a DENV1 strain by changing the core residues of the epitope contained within a single monomeric E molecule. MAb 5J7 neutralized the recombinant DENV1/3 strain in cell culture and was protective in a mouse model of infection with the DENV1/3 strain. However, the 5J7 epitope was only partially recreated by transplantation of the core residues because MAb 5J7 bound and neutralized wild-type (WT) DENV3 better than the DENV1/3 recombinant. Our studies demonstrate that it is possible to transplant a large number of discontinuous residues between DENV serotypes and partially recreate a complex antibody epitope, while retaining virus viability. Further refinement of this approach may lead to new tools for measuring epitope-specific antibody responses and new vaccine platforms. IMPORTANCE Dengue virus is the most important mosquito-borne pathogen of humans worldwide, with approximately one-half the world's population living in regions where dengue is endemic. Dengue immunity following infection is robust and thought to be conferred by antibodies raised against the infecting virus. However, the specific viral components that these antibodies recognize and how they neutralize the virus have been incompletely described. Here we map a region on dengue virus serotype 3 recognized by the human neutralizing antibody 5J7 and then test the functional significance of this region by transplanting it into a serotype 1 virus. Our studies demonstrate a region on dengue virus necessary for 5J7 binding and neutralization. Our work also demonstrates the technical feasibility of engineering dengue viruses to display targets of protective antibodies. This technology can be used to develop new dengue vaccines and diagnostic assays.
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110
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111
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McBurney SP, Sunshine JE, Gabriel S, Huynh JP, Sutton WF, Fuller DH, Haigwood NL, Messer WB. Evaluation of protection induced by a dengue virus serotype 2 envelope domain III protein scaffold/DNA vaccine in non-human primates. Vaccine 2016; 34:3500-7. [PMID: 27085173 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe the preclinical development of a dengue virus vaccine targeting the dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2) envelope domain III (EDIII). This study provides proof-of-principle that a dengue EDIII protein scaffold/DNA vaccine can protect against dengue challenge. The dengue vaccine (EDIII-E2) is composed of both a protein particle and a DNA expression plasmid delivered simultaneously via intramuscular injection (protein) and gene gun (DNA) into rhesus macaques. The protein component can contain a maximum of 60 copies of EDIII presented on a multimeric scaffold of Geobacillus stearothermophilus E2 proteins. The DNA component is composed of the EDIII portion of the envelope gene cloned into an expression plasmid. The EDIII-E2 vaccine elicited robust antibody responses to DENV2, with neutralizing antibody responses detectable following the first boost and reaching titers of greater than 1:100,000 following the second and final boost. Vaccinated and naïve groups of macaques were challenged with DENV2. All vaccinated macaques were protected from detectable viremia by infectious assay, while naïve animals had detectable viremia for 2-7 days post-challenge. All naïve macaques had detectable viral RNA from day 2-10 post-challenge. In the EDIII-E2 group, three macaques were negative for viral RNA and three were found to have detectable viral RNA post challenge. Viremia onset was delayed and the duration was shortened relative to naïve controls. The presence of viral RNA post-challenge corresponded to a 10-30-fold boost in neutralization titers 28 days post challenge, whereas no boost was observed in the fully protected animals. Based on these results, we determine that pre-challenge 50% neutralization titers of >1:6000 correlated with sterilizing protection against DENV2 challenge in EDIII-E2 vaccinated macaques. Identification of the critical correlate of protection for the EDIII-E2 platform in the robust non-human primate model lays the groundwork for further development of a tetravalent EDIII-E2 dengue vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P McBurney
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Justine E Sunshine
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sarah Gabriel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jeremy P Huynh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - William F Sutton
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Deborah H Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1705 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - William B Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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112
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Structural Basis for Recognition of Human Enterovirus 71 by a Bivalent Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005454. [PMID: 26938634 PMCID: PMC4777393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogen responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease with severe neurological complications and even death in young children. We have recently identified a highly potent anti-EV71 neutralizing monoclonal antibody, termed D5. Here we investigated the structural basis for recognition of EV71 by the antibody D5. Four three-dimensional structures of EV71 particles in complex with IgG or Fab of D5 were reconstructed by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) single particle analysis all at subnanometer resolutions. The most critical EV71 mature virion-Fab structure was resolved to a resolution of 4.8 Å, which is rare in cryo-EM studies of virus-antibody complex so far. The structures reveal a bivalent binding pattern of D5 antibody across the icosahedral 2-fold axis on mature virion, suggesting that D5 binding may rigidify virions to prevent their conformational changes required for subsequent RNA release. Moreover, we also identified that the complementary determining region 3 (CDR3) of D5 heavy chain directly interacts with the extremely conserved VP1 GH-loop of EV71, which was validated by biochemical and virological assays. We further showed that D5 is indeed able to neutralize a variety of EV71 genotypes and strains. Moreover, D5 could potently confer protection in a mouse model of EV71 infection. Since the conserved VP1 GH-loop is involved in EV71 binding with its uncoating receptor, the scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2), the broadly neutralizing ability of D5 might attribute to its inhibition of EV71 from binding SCARB2. Altogether, our results elucidate the structural basis for the binding and neutralization of EV71 by the broadly neutralizing antibody D5, thereby enhancing our understanding of antibody-based protection against EV71 infection.
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Abstract
Dengue is an emerging threat to billions of people worldwide. In the last 20 years, the incidence has increased four-fold and this trend appears to be continuing. Caused by one of four viral serotypes, dengue can present as a wide range of clinical phenotypes with the severe end of the spectrum being defined by a syndrome of capillary leak, coagulopathy, and organ impairment. The pathogenesis of severe disease is thought to be in part immune mediated, but the exact mechanisms remain to be defined. The current treatment of dengue relies on supportive measures with no licensed therapeutics available to date. There have been recent advances in our understanding of a number of areas of dengue research, of which the following will be discussed in this review: the drivers behind the global dengue pandemic, viral structure and epitope binding, risk factors for severe disease and its pathogenesis, as well as the findings of recent clinical trials including therapeutics and vaccines. We conclude with current and future dengue control measures and key areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Yacoub
- Department of medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; Oxford University Clinical research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Department of medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Office for Research and Development, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gavin Screaton
- Department of medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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114
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The development of therapeutic antibodies against dengue virus. Antiviral Res 2016; 128:7-19. [PMID: 26794397 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus, a positive-sense RNA virus, is one of the major human pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes. However, no fully effective licensed dengue vaccines or therapeutics are currently available. Several potent neutralizing antibodies against DENV have been isolated from mice and humans, and the characterization of their properties by biochemical and biophysical methods have revealed important insights for development of therapeutic antibodies. In this review, we summarize recently reported antibody-antigen complex structures, their likely neutralization mechanisms and enhancement propensities, as well as their prophylactic and therapeutic capabilities in mouse models. This article forms part of a symposium on flavivirus drug discovery in the journal Antiviral Research.
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115
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Lok SM. The Interplay of Dengue Virus Morphological Diversity and Human Antibodies. Trends Microbiol 2015; 24:284-293. [PMID: 26747581 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infects ∼400 million people annually, and there is no available vaccine or therapeutics. It is not clear why candidate vaccines provide only modest protection. In addition to the presence of four different dengue serotypes, there is also structural heterogeneity in DENV infectious particles, even within a strain. This severely complicates the development of vaccines and therapeutics. The currently known different morphologies of DENV are: immature, partially mature, compact mature, and expanded mature forms of the virus. In this review I describe these forms of the virus, their infectivity, and how antibodies could recognize these morphologies. I also discuss possible vaccine and antibody therapeutic formulations to protect against all morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shee-Mei Lok
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117557, Singapore.
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116
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Lim SY, Chan CEZ, Lisowska MM, Hanson BJ, MacAry PA. The Molecular Engineering of an Anti-Idiotypic Antibody for Pharmacokinetic Analysis of a Fully Human Anti-Infective. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145381. [PMID: 26700297 PMCID: PMC4689483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-idiotype monoclonal antibodies represent a class of reagents that are potentially optimal for analyzing the pharmacokinetics of fully human, anti-infective antibodies that have been developed as therapeutic candidates. This is particularly important where direct pathogen binding assays are complicated by requirements for biosafety level III or IV for pathogen handling. In this study, we describe the development of a recombinant, anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody termed E1 for the detection of a fully human, serotype-specific, therapeutic antibody candidate for the BSLIII pathogen Dengue virus termed 14c10 hG1. E1 was generated by naïve human Fab phage library panning technology and subsequently engineered as a monoclonal antibody. We show that E1 is highly specific for the fully-folded form of 14c10 hG1 and can be employed for the detection of this antibody in healthy human subjects' serum by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, we show that E1 is capable of blocking the binding of 14c10 hG1 to dengue virus serotype 1. Finally, we show that E1 can detect 14c10 hG1 in mouse serum after the administration of the therapeutic antibody in vivo. E1 represents an important new form of ancillary reagent that can be utilized in the clinical development of a therapeutic human antibody candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- She Yah Lim
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Program, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Conrad E. Z. Chan
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Malgorzata M. Lisowska
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Program, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brendon J. Hanson
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul A. MacAry
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Program, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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117
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Acosta EG, Bartenschlager R. Paradoxical role of antibodies in dengue virus infections: considerations for prophylactic vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 15:467-82. [PMID: 26577689 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1121814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Highly effective prophylactic vaccines for flaviviruses including yellow fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus and Japanese encephalitis virus are currently in use. However, the development of a dengue virus (DENV) vaccine has been hampered by the requirement of simultaneous protection against four distinct serotypes and the threat that DENV-specific antibodies might either mediate neutralization or, on the contrary, exacerbate disease through the phenomenon of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection. Therefore, understanding the cellular, biochemical and molecular basis of antibody-mediated neutralization and ADE are fundamental for the development of a safe DENV vaccine. Here we summarize current structural and mechanistic knowledge underlying these phenomena. We also review recent results demonstrating that the humoral immune response triggered during natural DENV infection is able to generate neutralizing antibodies binding complex quaternary epitopes only present on the surface of intact virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana G Acosta
- a Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology , Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- a Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology , Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany.,b German Center for Infection Research , Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany
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118
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Molecular Basis of the Divergent Immunogenicity of Two Pediatric Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Vaccines. J Virol 2015; 90:1964-72. [PMID: 26656681 PMCID: PMC4734018 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02985-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies evaluating the immunogenicity of two pediatric tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) vaccines have reported contradictory results. These vaccines are based on two different strains of the European TBEV subtype: FSME-Immun Junior is based on the Neudörfl (Nd) strain, whereas Encepur Children is based on the Karlsruhe (K23) strain. The antibody (Ab) response induced by these two vaccines might be influenced by antigenic differences in the envelope (E) protein, which is the major target of neutralizing antibodies. We used an established hybrid virus assay platform to compare the levels of induction of neutralizing antibodies against the two vaccine virus strains in children aged 1 to 11 years who received two immunizations with FSME-Immun Junior or Encepur Children. The influence of amino acid differences between the E proteins of the Nd and K23 vaccine strains was investigated by mutational analyses and three-dimensional computer modeling. FSME-Immun Junior induced 100% seropositivity and similar neutralizing antibody titers against hybrid viruses containing the TBEV E protein of the two vaccine strains. Encepur Children induced 100% seropositivity only against the hybrid virus containing the E protein of the homologous K23 vaccine strain. Antibody responses induced by Encepur Children to the hybrid virus containing the E protein of the heterologous Nd strain were substantially and significantly (P < 0.001) lower than those to the K23 vaccine strain hybrid virus. Structure-based mutational analyses of the TBEV E protein indicated that this is due to a mutation in the DI-DII hinge region of the K23 vaccine strain E protein which may have occurred during production of the vaccine seed virus and which is not present in any wild-type TBE viruses. IMPORTANCE Our data suggest that there are major differences in the abilities of two European subtype pediatric TBEV vaccines to induce antibodies capable of neutralizing heterologous TBEV strains. This is a result of a mutation in the DI-DII hinge region of the E protein of the K23 vaccine virus strain used to manufacture Encepur Children which is not present in the Nd strain used to manufacture FSME-Immun Junior or in any other known naturally occurring TBEVs.
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119
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New insights into the immunopathology and control of dengue virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:745-59. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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120
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Abstract
Dengue virus is the leading cause of vector-borne viral disease with four serotypes in circulation. Vaccine development has been complicated by the potential for both protection and disease enhancement during heterologous infection. Secondary infection triggers cross-reactive immune memory responses that have varying functional and epitope specificities that determine protection or risk. Strongly neutralizing antibodies to quaternary epitopes may be especially important for virus neutralization. Cell-mediated immunity dominated by Th1 functions may also play an important role. Determining an immune correlate of protection or risk would be highly beneficial for vaccine development but is hampered by mechanistic uncertainties and assay limitations. Clinical efficacy trials and human infection models along with a systems approach may provide future opportunities to elucidate such correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anon Srikiatkhachorn
- a Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - In-Kyu Yoon
- b Dengue Vaccine Initiative , International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park , Seoul , Korea
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121
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Abstract
Dengue is the most important mosquito-borne viral pathogen globally, with approximately 100 million cases of acute dengue annually. Infection can result in severe, life-threatening disease. Currently, there is no effective vaccine or licensed antiviral. Management is primarily supportive with fluids. Direct antiviral therapies that reduce dengue severity could be useful although these would need to inhibit all four viral serotypes effectively. This review focuses on the interventions that currently considered the gold standard in case management as well as exploratory therapies that have been studied in clinical trials. Although antiviral drug and therapeutic antibodies for dengue remain a work in progress, these studies have produced some promising results and may have the potential to be future drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Y Y Chan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
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122
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Wang C, Katzelnick LC, Montoya M, Hue KDT, Simmons CP, Harris E. Evolutionarily Successful Asian 1 Dengue Virus 2 Lineages Contain One Substitution in Envelope That Increases Sensitivity to Polyclonal Antibody Neutralization. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:975-84. [PMID: 26582957 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The 4 dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1-4) cause the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease of humans worldwide. DENV-2 Asian 1 (A1) genotype viruses replaced the Asian-American (AA) genotype in Vietnam and Cambodia, after which A1 viruses containing Q or M at envelope (E) residue 160 became more prevalent than those with residue 160K in both countries (2008-2011). We investigated whether these substitutions conferred a fitness advantage by measuring neutralizing antibody titer against reporter virus particles (RVPs) representing AA, A1-160K, A1-160Q, and A1-160M, using patient sera from Vietnam and a well-characterized Nicaraguan cohort. Surprisingly, we found that A1-160Q and A1-160M RVPs were better neutralized by heterologous antisera than A1-160K. Despite this, Vietnamese patients infected with A1-160Q or A1-160M viruses had higher viremia levels than those infected with A1-160K. We thus found that independent lineages in Vietnam and Cambodia acquired a substitution in E that significantly increased polyclonal neutralization but nonetheless were successful in disseminating and infecting human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Leah C Katzelnick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley Department of Zoology, Center for Pathogen Evolution, University of Cambridge
| | - Magelda Montoya
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Kien Duong Thi Hue
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Center for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cameron P Simmons
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Center for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute, Australia
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
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123
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Lam JH, Ong LC, Alonso S. Key concepts, strategies, and challenges in dengue vaccine development: an opportunity for sub-unit candidates? Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 15:483-95. [PMID: 26508565 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1106318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite 70 years of research that has intensified in the past decade, a safe and efficacious dengue vaccine has yet to be available. In addition to the expected challenges such as identifying immune correlates of protection, the dengue vaccine field has faced additional hurdles including the necessity to design a tetravalent formulation and the risk of antibody-mediated disease enhancement. Nevertheless, tetravalent live attenuated vaccine candidates have reached efficacy trials and demonstrated some benefit, despite imbalanced immunogenicity and incomplete protection against the four serotypes. Meanwhile, the development of sub-unit dengue vaccines has gained momentum. As the target of most of the neutralizing antibodies so far reported, the virus envelope E protein has been the focus of much effort and represents the leading dengue sub-unit vaccine candidate. However, its notorious poor immunogenicity has prompted the development of innovative approaches to make E-derived constructs part of the second generation dengue vaccines portfolio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hang Lam
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Li Ching Ong
- b Immunology programme, Life Sciences Institute , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore.,b Immunology programme, Life Sciences Institute , National University of Singapore , Singapore
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124
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Amorim JH, dos Santos Alves RP, Bizerra R, Araújo Pereira S, Ramos Pereira L, Nascimento Fabris DL, Santos RA, Romano CM, de Souza Ferreira LC. Antibodies are not required to a protective immune response against dengue virus elicited in a mouse encephalitis model. Virology 2015; 487:41-9. [PMID: 26496698 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Generating neutralizing antibodies have been considered a prerequisite to control dengue virus (DENV) infection. However, T lymphocytes have also been shown to be important in a protective immune state. In order to investigate the contribution of both humoral and cellular immune responses in DENV immunity, we used an experimental model in which a non-lethal DENV2 strain (ACS46) is used to intracranially prime Balb/C mice which develop protective immunity against a lethal DENV2 strain (JHA1). Primed mice generated envelope-specific antibodies and CD8(+) T cell responses targeting mainly non-structural proteins. Immune sera from protected mice did not confer passive protection to naïve mice challenged with the JHA1 strain. In contrast, depletion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes significantly reduced survival of ACS46-primed mice challenged with the JHA1 strain. Collectively, results presented in this study show that a cellular immune response targeting non-structural proteins are a promising way in vaccine development against dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Henrique Amorim
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil.
| | | | - Raíza Bizerra
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Sara Araújo Pereira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Lennon Ramos Pereira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Robert Andreata Santos
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Camila Malta Romano
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo e Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias (LIMHC), Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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125
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Simmons CP, McPherson K, Van Vinh Chau N, Hoai Tam DT, Young P, Mackenzie J, Wills B. Recent advances in dengue pathogenesis and clinical management. Vaccine 2015; 33:7061-8. [PMID: 26458808 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This review describes and commentates on recent advances in the understanding of dengue pathogenesis and immunity, plus clinical research on vaccines and therapeutics. We expand specifically on the role of the dermis in dengue virus infection, the contribution of cellular and humoral immune responses to pathogenesis and immunity, NS1 and mechanisms of virus immune evasion. Additionally we review a series of therapeutic intervention trials for dengue, as well as recent clinical research aimed at improving clinical diagnosis, risk prediction and disease classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron P Simmons
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764 Vo Van Kiet street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Kirsty McPherson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nguyen Van Vinh Chau
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - D T Hoai Tam
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 217 Hong Bang, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Paul Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bridget Wills
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764 Vo Van Kiet street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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126
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A new quaternary structure epitope on dengue virus serotype 2 is the target of durable type-specific neutralizing antibodies. mBio 2015; 6:e01461-15. [PMID: 26463165 PMCID: PMC4620467 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01461-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2) is widespread and responsible for severe epidemics. While primary DENV2 infections stimulate serotype-specific protective responses, a leading vaccine failed to induce a similar protective response. Using human monoclonal antibodies (hMAbs) isolated from dengue cases and structure-guided design of a chimeric DENV, here we describe the major site on the DENV2 envelope (E) protein targeted by neutralizing antibodies. DENV2-specific neutralizing hMAb 2D22 binds to a quaternary structure epitope. We engineered and recovered a recombinant DENV4 that displayed the 2D22 epitope. DENV2 neutralizing antibodies in people exposed to infection or a live vaccine tracked with the 2D22 epitope on the DENV4/2 chimera. The chimera remained sensitive to DENV4 antibodies, indicating that the major neutralizing epitopes on DENV2 and -4 are at different sites. The ability to transplant a complex epitope between DENV serotypes demonstrates a hitherto underappreciated structural flexibility in flaviviruses, which could be harnessed to develop new vaccines and diagnostics. IMPORTANCE Dengue virus causes fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Dengue serotype 2 (DENV2) is widespread and frequently responsible for severe epidemics. Natural DENV2 infections stimulate serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies, but a leading DENV vaccine did not induce a similar protective response. While groups have identified epitopes of single monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), the molecular basis of DENV2 neutralization by polyclonal human immune sera is unknown. Using a recombinant DENV displaying serotype 2 epitopes, here we map the main target of DENV2 polyclonal neutralizing antibodies induced by natural infection and a live DENV2 vaccine candidate. Proper display of the epitope required the assembly of viral envelope proteins into higher-order structures present on intact virions. Despite the complexity of the epitope, it was possible to transplant the epitope between DENV serotypes. Our findings have immediate implications for evaluating dengue vaccines in the pipeline as well as designing next-generation vaccines.
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127
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Single Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting the VP1 GH Loop of Enterovirus 71 Inhibit both Virus Attachment and Internalization during Viral Entry. J Virol 2015; 89:12084-95. [PMID: 26401034 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02189-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Antibodies play a critical role in immunity against enterovirus 71 (EV71). However, how EV71-specific antibodies neutralize infections remains poorly understood. Here we report the working mechanism for a group of three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that potently neutralize EV71. We found that these three MAbs (termed D5, H7, and C4, respectively) recognize the same conserved neutralizing epitope within the VP1 GH loop of EV71. Single MAbs in this group, exemplified by D5, could inhibit EV71 infection in cell cultures at both the pre- and postattachment stages in a cell type-independent manner. Specifically, MAb treatment resulted in the blockade of multiple steps of EV71 entry, including virus attachment, internalization, and subsequent uncoating and RNA release. Furthermore, we show that the D5 and C4 antibodies can interfere with EV71 binding to its key receptors, including heparan sulfate, SCARB2, and PSGL-1, thus providing a possible explanation for the observed multi-inhibitory function of the MAbs. Collectively, our study unravels the mechanism of neutralization by a unique group of anti-EV71 MAbs targeting the conserved VP1 GH loop. The findings should enhance our understanding of MAb-mediated immunity against enterovirus infections and accelerate the development of MAb-based anti-EV71 therapeutic drugs. IMPORTANCE Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which has caused significant morbidities and mortalities in young children. Neither a vaccine nor an antiviral drug is available. Neutralizing antibodies are major protective components in EV71 immunity. Here, we unraveled an unusual mechanism of EV71 neutralization by a group of three neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). All of these MAbs bound the same conserved epitope located at the VP1 GH loop of EV71. Interestingly, mechanistic studies showed that single antibodies in this MAb group could block EV71 attachment and internalization during the viral entry process and interfere with EV71 binding to heparan sulfate, SCARB2, and PSGL-1 molecules, which are key receptors involved in different steps of EV71 entry. Our findings greatly enhance the understanding of the interplays among EV71, neutralizing antibodies, and host receptors, which in turn should facilitate the development of an MAb-based anti-EV71 therapy.
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128
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Defining New Therapeutics Using a More Immunocompetent Mouse Model of Antibody-Enhanced Dengue Virus Infection. mBio 2015; 6:e01316-15. [PMID: 26374123 PMCID: PMC4600115 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01316-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With over 3.5 billion people at risk and approximately 390 million human infections per year, dengue virus (DENV) disease strains health care resources worldwide. Previously, we and others established models for DENV pathogenesis in mice that completely lack subunits of the receptors (Ifnar and Ifngr) for type I and type II interferon (IFN) signaling; however, the utility of these models is limited by the pleotropic effect of these cytokines on innate and adaptive immune system development and function. Here, we demonstrate that the specific deletion of Ifnar expression on subsets of murine myeloid cells (LysM Cre+Ifnarflox/flox [denoted as Ifnarf/f herein]) resulted in enhanced DENV replication in vivo. The administration of subneutralizing amounts of cross-reactive anti-DENV monoclonal antibodies to LysM Cre+Ifnarf/f mice prior to infection with DENV serotype 2 or 3 resulted in antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection with many of the characteristics associated with severe DENV disease in humans, including plasma leakage, hypercytokinemia, liver injury, hemoconcentration, and thrombocytopenia. Notably, the pathogenesis of severe DENV-2 or DENV-3 infection in LysM Cre+Ifnarf/f mice was blocked by pre- or postexposure administration of a bispecific dual-affinity retargeting molecule (DART) or an optimized RIG-I receptor agonist that stimulates innate immune responses. Our findings establish a more immunocompetent animal model of ADE of infection with multiple DENV serotypes in which disease is inhibited by treatment with broad-spectrum antibody derivatives or innate immune stimulatory agents. Although dengue virus (DENV) infects hundreds of millions of people annually and results in morbidity and mortality on a global scale, there are no approved antiviral treatments or vaccines. Part of the difficulty in evaluating therapeutic candidates is the lack of small animal models that are permissive to DENV and recapitulate the clinical features of severe human disease. Using animals lacking the type I interferon receptor only on myeloid cell subsets, we developed a more immunocompetent mouse model of severe DENV infection with characteristics of the human disease, including vascular leakage, hemoconcentration, thrombocytopenia, and liver injury. Using this model, we demonstrate that pathogenesis by two different DENV serotypes is inhibited by therapeutic administration of a genetically modified antibody or a RIG-I receptor agonist that stimulates innate immunity.
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129
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Veesler D, Kearney BM, Johnson JE. Integration of X-ray crystallography and electron cryo-microscopy in the analysis of virus structure and function. CRYSTALLOGR REV 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/0889311x.2015.1038530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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130
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Complexity of Neutralizing Antibodies against Multiple Dengue Virus Serotypes after Heterotypic Immunization and Secondary Infection Revealed by In-Depth Analysis of Cross-Reactive Antibodies. J Virol 2015; 89:7348-62. [PMID: 25972550 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00273-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) cause the most important and rapidly emerging arboviral diseases in humans. The recent phase 2b and 3 studies of a tetravalent dengue vaccine reported a moderate efficacy despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies, highlighting the need for a better understanding of neutralizing antibodies in polyclonal human sera. Certain type-specific (TS) antibodies were recently discovered to account for the monotypic neutralizing activity and protection after primary DENV infection. The nature of neutralizing antibodies after secondary DENV infection remains largely unknown. In this study, we examined sera from 10 vaccinees with well-documented exposure to first and second DENV serotypes through heterotypic immunization with live-attenuated vaccines. Higher serum IgG avidities to both exposed and nonexposed serotypes were found after secondary immunization than after primary immunization. Using a two-step depletion protocol to remove different anti-envelope antibodies, including group-reactive (GR) and complex-reactive (CR) antibodies separately, we found GR and CR antibodies together contributed to more than 50% of neutralizing activities against multiple serotypes after secondary immunization. Similar findings were demonstrated in patients after secondary infection. Anti-envelope antibodies recognizing previously exposed serotypes consisted of a large proportion of GR antibodies, CR antibodies, and a small proportion of TS antibodies, whereas those recognizing nonexposed serotypes consisted of GRand CR antibodies. These findings have implications for sequential heterotypic immunization or primary immunization of DENV-primed individuals as alternative strategies for DENV vaccination. The complexity of neutralizing antibodies after secondary infection provides new insights into the difficulty of their application as surrogates of protection. IMPORTANCE The four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) are the leading cause of arboviral diseases in humans. Despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies, a moderate efficacy was recently reported in phase 2b and 3 trials of a dengue vaccine; a better understanding of neutralizing antibodies in polyclonal human sera is urgently needed.We studied vaccinees who received heterotypic immunization of live-attenuated vaccines, as they were known to have received the first and second DENV serotype exposures.We found anti-envelope antibodies consist of group-reactive (GR), complex-reactive (CR), and type-specific (TS) antibodies, and that both GR and CR antibodies contribute significantly to multitypic neutralizing activities after secondary DENV immunization. These findings have implications for alternative strategies for DENV vaccination. Certain TS antibodies were recently discovered to contribute to the monotypic neutralizing activity and protection after primary DENV infection; our findings of the complexity of neutralizing activities after secondary immunization/infection provide new insights for neutralizing antibodies as surrogates of protection.
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131
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Hadjilaou A, Green AM, Coloma J, Harris E. Single-Cell Analysis of B Cell/Antibody Cross-Reactivity Using a Novel Multicolor FluoroSpot Assay. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3490-6. [PMID: 26320246 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is a major public health problem globally. It is caused by four antigenically distinct serotypes of dengue virus (DENV1-4), and although serotype-specific and strongly neutralizing cross-reactive immune responses against the four DENV serotypes are thought to be protective, subneutralizing Abs can contribute to increased disease severity upon secondary infection with a different DENV serotype. Understanding the breadth of the immune response in natural DENV infections and in vaccinees is crucial for determining the correlates of protection or disease severity. Transformation of B cell populations to generate mAbs and ELISPOT assays have been used to determine B cell and Ab specificity to DENV; however, both methods have technical limitations. We therefore modified the conventional ELISPOT to develop a Quad-Color FluoroSpot to provide a means of examining B cell/Ab serotype specificity and cross-reactivity on a single-cell basis. Abs secreted by B cells are captured by an Fc-specific Ab on a filter plate. Subsequently, standardized concentrations of all four DENV serotypes are added to allow equal stoichiometry for Ag binding. After washing, the spots, representing individual B cells, are visualized using four fluorescently labeled DENV serotype-specific detection mAbs. This method can be used to better understand the breadth and magnitude of B cell responses following primary and secondary DENV infection or vaccination and their role as immune correlates of protection from subsequent DENV infections. Furthermore, the Quad-Color FluoroSpot assay can be applied to other diseases caused by multiple pathogen serotypes in which determining the serotype or subtype-specific B cell response is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Hadjilaou
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Angela M Green
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Josefina Coloma
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
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Fibriansah G, Ibarra KD, Ng TS, Smith SA, Tan JL, Lim XN, Ooi JSG, Kostyuchenko VA, Wang J, de Silva AM, Harris E, Crowe JE, Lok SM. DENGUE VIRUS. Cryo-EM structure of an antibody that neutralizes dengue virus type 2 by locking E protein dimers. Science 2015; 349:88-91. [PMID: 26138979 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa8651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
There are four closely-related dengue virus (DENV) serotypes. Infection with one serotype generates antibodies that may cross-react and enhance infection with other serotypes in a secondary infection. We demonstrated that DENV serotype 2 (DENV2)-specific human monoclonal antibody (HMAb) 2D22 is therapeutic in a mouse model of antibody-enhanced severe dengue disease. We determined the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of HMAb 2D22 complexed with two different DENV2 strains. HMAb 2D22 binds across viral envelope (E) proteins in the dimeric structure, which probably blocks the E protein reorganization required for virus fusion. HMAb 2D22 "locks" two-thirds of or all dimers on the virus surface, depending on the strain, but neutralizes these DENV2 strains with equal potency. The epitope defined by HMAb 2D22 is a potential target for vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guntur Fibriansah
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore. Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kristie D Ibarra
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Thiam-Seng Ng
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore. Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Scott A Smith
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joanne L Tan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore. Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin-Ni Lim
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore. Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin S G Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore. Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor A Kostyuchenko
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore. Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore. Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aravinda M de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Shee-Mei Lok
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore. Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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133
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Structure-Guided Design of an Anti-dengue Antibody Directed to a Non-immunodominant Epitope. Cell 2015; 162:493-504. [PMID: 26189681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is the most common vector-borne viral disease, causing nearly 400 million infections yearly. Currently there are no approved therapies. Antibody epitopes that elicit weak humoral responses may not be accessible by conventional B cell panning methods. To demonstrate an alternative strategy to generating a therapeutic antibody, we employed a non-immunodominant, but functionally relevant, epitope in domain III of the E protein, and engineered by structure-guided methods an antibody directed to it. The resulting antibody, Ab513, exhibits high-affinity binding to, and broadly neutralizes, multiple genotypes within all four serotypes. To assess therapeutic relevance of Ab513, activity against important human clinical features of dengue was investigated. Ab513 mitigates thrombocytopenia in a humanized mouse model, resolves vascular leakage, reduces viremia to nearly undetectable levels, and protects mice in a maternal transfer model of lethal antibody-mediated enhancement. The results demonstrate that Ab513 may reduce the public health burden from dengue.
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134
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Abstract
Dengue is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease worldwide. Yet, there are no vaccines or specific antivirals available to prevent or treat the disease. Several dengue vaccines are currently in clinical or preclinical stages. The most advanced vaccine is the chimeric tetravalent CYD-TDV vaccine of Sanofi Pasteur. This vaccine has recently cleared Phase III, and efficacy results have been published. Excellent tetravalent seroconversion was seen, yet the protective efficacy against infection was surprisingly low. Here, we will describe the complicating factors involved in the generation of a safe and efficacious dengue vaccine. Furthermore, we will discuss the human antibody responses during infection, including the epitopes targeted in humans. Also, we will discuss the current understanding of the assays used to evaluate antibody response. We hope this review will aid future dengue vaccine development as well as fundamental research related to the phenomenon of antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Flipse
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M. Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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135
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Chao DY, Crill WD, Davis BS, Chang GJJ. Can reductions in the cross-reactivity of flavivirus structural proteins lead to improved safety and immunogenicity of tetravalent dengue vaccine? Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Day-Yu Chao
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology & Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 401, Taiwan
| | - Wayne D Crill
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Brent S Davis
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Gwong-Jen J Chang
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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136
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Ye Q, Xu YP, Zhang Y, Li XF, Wang HJ, Liu ZY, Li SH, Liu L, Zhao H, Nian QG, Deng YQ, Qin ED, Qin CF. Genotype-specific neutralization determinants in envelope protein: implications for the improvement of Japanese encephalitis vaccine. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2165-2175. [PMID: 25908779 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis remains the leading cause of viral encephalitis in children in Asia and is expanding its geographical range to larger areas in Asia and Australasia. Five genotypes of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) co-circulate in the geographically affected areas. In particular, the emergence of genotype I (GI) JEV has displaced genotype III (GIII) as the dominant circulating genotype in many Asian regions. However, all approved vaccine products are derived from GIII strains. In the present study, bioinformatic analysis revealed that GI and GIII JEV strains shared two distinct amino acid residues within the envelope (E) protein (E222 and E327). By using reverse genetics approaches, A222S and S327T mutations were demonstrated to decrease live-attenuated vaccine (LAV) SA14-14-2-induced neutralizing antibodies in humans, without altering viral replication. A222S or S327T mutations were then rationally engineered into the infectious clone of SA14-14-2, and the resulting mutant strains retained the same genetic stability and attenuation characteristics as the parent strain. More importantly, immunization of mice with LAV-A222S or LAV-S327T elicited increased neutralizing antibodies against GI strains. Together, these results demonstrated that E222 and E327 are potential genotype-related neutralization determinants and are critical in determining the protective efficacy of live Japanese encephalitis vaccine SA14-14-2 against circulating GI strains. Our findings will aid in the rational design of the next generation of Japanese encephalitis LAVs capable of providing broad protection against all JEV strains belonging to different genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yan-Peng Xu
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Hong-Jiang Wang
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Zhong-Yu Liu
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Shi-Hua Li
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China.,Graduate School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Qing-Gong Nian
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - E-De Qin
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- Graduate School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China.,Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
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137
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138
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Kuhn RJ, Dowd KA, Beth Post C, Pierson TC. Shake, rattle, and roll: Impact of the dynamics of flavivirus particles on their interactions with the host. Virology 2015; 479-480:508-17. [PMID: 25835729 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable progress in structural biology has equipped virologists with insight into structures of viral proteins and virions at increasingly high resolution. Structural information has been used extensively to address fundamental questions about virtually all aspects of how viruses replicate in cells, interact with the host, and in the design of antiviral compounds. However, many critical aspects of virology exist outside the snapshots captured by traditional methods used to generate high-resolution structures. Like all proteins, viral proteins are not static structures. The conformational flexibility and dynamics of proteins play a significant role in protein-protein interactions, and in the structure and biology of virus particles. This review will discuss the implications of the dynamics of viral proteins on the biology, antigenicity, and immunogenicity of flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Kuhn
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Kimberly A Dowd
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Carol Beth Post
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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139
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Rodenhuis-Zybert IA, da Silva Voorham JM, Torres S, van de Pol D, Smit JM. Antibodies against immature virions are not a discriminating factor for dengue disease severity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003564. [PMID: 25760350 PMCID: PMC4356584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity plays an important role in controlling dengue virus (DENV) infection. Antibodies (Abs) developed during primary infection protect against subsequent infection with the same dengue serotype, but can enhance disease following secondary infection with a heterologous serotype. A DENV virion has two surface proteins, envelope protein E and (pre)-membrane protein (pr)M, and inefficient cleavage of the prM protein during maturation of progeny virions leads to the secretion of immature and partially immature particles. Interestingly, we and others found that historically regarded non-infectious prM-containing DENV particles can become highly infectious in the presence of E- and prM-Abs. Accordingly, we hypothesized that these virions contribute to the exacerbation of disease during secondary infection. Here, we tested this hypothesis and investigated the ability of acute sera of 30 DENV2-infected patients with different grades of disease severity, to bind, neutralize and/or enhance immature DENV2. We found that a significant fraction of serum Abs bind to the prM protein and to immature virions, but we observed no significant difference between the disease severity groups. Furthermore, functional analysis of the Abs did not underscore any specific correlation between the neutralizing/enhancing activity towards immature DENV2 and the development of more severe disease. Based on our analysis of acute sera, we conclude that Abs binding to immature virions are not a discriminating factor in dengue pathogenesis. The four serotypes of the mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV) cause an estimated 390 million human infections per annum. Symptomatic infection can manifest itself as a self-limiting febrile illness, dengue fever (DF), or as more severe and potentially life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Severe disease development is usually associated with the presence of pre-existing Abs that enhance DENV infection rather than neutralize it. Antibody-dependent enhancement of infection is believed to contribute to high viral loads that prelude the development of severe disease. Indeed, Abs binding to the DENV surface glycoproteins E and prM are known to enhance infection. Here, we studied the role of prM Abs and prM-containing immature virions in the pathogenesis of severe disease. We analyzed the ability of acute sera of DF, DHF and DSS patients to bind, neutralize and/or enhance immature DENV infection. We found that a significant fraction of Abs bind to prM protein of DENV2; however, there was no difference between the disease severity groups. Moreover, we did not observed any specific correlation between the neutralizing/enhancing activity towards immature DENV2 and disease presentation. Based on these data we inferred that prM Abs and immature virions are not a discriminating factor in dengue pathogenesis. These findings are important for the understanding of dengue pathogenesis and the development of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela A. Rodenhuis-Zybert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Júlia M. da Silva Voorham
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Torres
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denise van de Pol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M. Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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140
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Fibriansah G, Tan JL, Smith SA, de Alwis R, Ng TS, Kostyuchenko VA, Jadi RS, Kukkaro P, de Silva AM, Crowe JE, Lok SM. A highly potent human antibody neutralizes dengue virus serotype 3 by binding across three surface proteins. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6341. [PMID: 25698059 PMCID: PMC4346626 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infects ~400 million people annually. There is no licensed vaccine or therapeutic drug. Only a small fraction of the total DENV-specific antibodies in a naturally occurring dengue infection consists of highly neutralizing antibodies. Here we show that the DENV-specific human monoclonal antibody 5J7 is exceptionally potent, neutralizing 50% of virus at nanogram-range antibody concentration. The 9 Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the Fab 5J7–DENV complex shows that a single Fab molecule binds across three envelope proteins and engages three functionally important domains, each from a different envelope protein. These domains are critical for receptor binding and fusion to the endosomal membrane. The ability to bind to multiple domains allows the antibody to fully coat the virus surface with only 60 copies of Fab, that is, half the amount compared with other potent antibodies. Our study reveals a highly efficient and unusual mechanism of molecular recognition by an antibody. There is no licensed vaccine or therapeutic for dengue virus (DENV) infection. Here, the authors show that a highly potent human monoclonal antibody binds to DENV particles in an unusual and very effective way by interacting with three viral envelope proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guntur Fibriansah
- 1] Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore [2] Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117557, Singapore
| | - Joanne L Tan
- 1] Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore [2] Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117557, Singapore
| | - Scott A Smith
- 1] Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Avenue South, D-3100 Medical Center North, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2358, USA [2] The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University,Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11475 MRB IV-2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0417, USA
| | - Ruklanthi de Alwis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#7292, 9024 Burnett Womack, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7292, USA
| | - Thiam-Seng Ng
- 1] Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore [2] Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117557, Singapore
| | - Victor A Kostyuchenko
- 1] Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore [2] Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117557, Singapore
| | - Ramesh S Jadi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#7292, 9024 Burnett Womack, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7292, USA
| | - Petra Kukkaro
- 1] Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore [2] Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117557, Singapore
| | - Aravinda M de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#7292, 9024 Burnett Womack, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7292, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- 1] The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University,Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11475 MRB IV-2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0417, USA [2] Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11475 MRB IV-2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0417, USA
| | - Shee-Mei Lok
- 1] Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore [2] Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117557, Singapore
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141
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Dejnirattisai W, Wongwiwat W, Supasa S, Zhang X, Dai X, Rouvinski A, Jumnainsong A, Edwards C, Quyen NTH, Duangchinda T, Grimes JM, Tsai WY, Lai CY, Wang WK, Malasit P, Farrar J, Simmons CP, Zhou ZH, Rey FA, Mongkolsapaya J, Screaton GR. A new class of highly potent, broadly neutralizing antibodies isolated from viremic patients infected with dengue virus. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:170-177. [PMID: 25501631 PMCID: PMC4445969 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is a rapidly emerging, mosquito-borne viral infection, with an estimated 400 million infections occurring annually. To gain insight into dengue immunity, we characterized 145 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and identified a previously unknown epitope, the envelope dimer epitope (EDE), that bridges two envelope protein subunits that make up the 90 repeating dimers on the mature virion. The mAbs to EDE were broadly reactive across the dengue serocomplex and fully neutralized virus produced in either insect cells or primary human cells, with 50% neutralization in the low picomolar range. Our results provide a path to a subunit vaccine against dengue virus and have implications for the design and monitoring of future vaccine trials in which the induction of antibody to the EDE should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwisa Dejnirattisai
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Wiyada Wongwiwat
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sunpetchuda Supasa
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College, London, UK
- Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3569 Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Xinghong Dai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexander Rouvinski
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3569 Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Amonrat Jumnainsong
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College, London, UK
- The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Carolyn Edwards
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Nguyen Than Ha Quyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thaneeya Duangchinda
- Medical Biotechnology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Jonathan M Grimes
- Division of Structural Biology and Oxford Protein Production Facility, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Wen-Yang Tsai
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Chih-Yun Lai
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Wei-Kung Wang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Prida Malasit
- Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Medical Biotechnology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Jeremy Farrar
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Cameron P Simmons
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Felix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3569 Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College, London, UK
- Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College, London, UK
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Abstract
Dengue viruses have spread rapidly within countries and across regions in the past few decades, resulting in an increased frequency of epidemics and severe dengue disease, hyperendemicity of multiple dengue virus serotypes in many tropical countries, and autochthonous transmission in Europe and the USA. Today, dengue is regarded as the most prevalent and rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease of human beings. Importantly, the past decade has also seen an upsurge in research on dengue virology, pathogenesis, and immunology and in development of antivirals, vaccines, and new vector-control strategies that can positively impact dengue control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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143
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Rouvinski A, Guardado-Calvo P, Barba-Spaeth G, Duquerroy S, Vaney MC, Kikuti CM, Navarro Sanchez ME, Dejnirattisai W, Wongwiwat W, Haouz A, Girard-Blanc C, Petres S, Shepard WE, Desprès P, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Dussart P, Mongkolsapaya J, Screaton GR, Rey FA. Recognition determinants of broadly neutralizing human antibodies against dengue viruses. Nature 2015; 520:109-13. [PMID: 25581790 DOI: 10.1038/nature14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dengue disease is caused by four different flavivirus serotypes, which infect 390 million people yearly with 25% symptomatic cases and for which no licensed vaccine is available. Recent phase III vaccine trials showed partial protection, and in particular no protection for dengue virus serotype 2 (refs 3, 4). Structural studies so far have characterized only epitopes recognized by serotype-specific human antibodies. We recently isolated human antibodies potently neutralizing all four dengue virus serotypes. Here we describe the X-ray structures of four of these broadly neutralizing antibodies in complex with the envelope glycoprotein E from dengue virus serotype 2, revealing that the recognition determinants are at a serotype-invariant site at the E-dimer interface, including the exposed main chain of the E fusion loop and the two conserved glycan chains. This 'E-dimer-dependent epitope' is also the binding site for the viral glycoprotein prM during virus maturation in the secretory pathway of the infected cell, explaining its conservation across serotypes and highlighting an Achilles' heel of the virus with respect to antibody neutralization. These findings will be instrumental for devising novel immunogens to protect simultaneously against all four serotypes of dengue virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rouvinski
- 1] Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France [2] CNRS UMR 3569 Virologie, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Pablo Guardado-Calvo
- 1] Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France [2] CNRS UMR 3569 Virologie, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Giovanna Barba-Spaeth
- 1] Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France [2] CNRS UMR 3569 Virologie, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Stéphane Duquerroy
- 1] Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France [2] CNRS UMR 3569 Virologie, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France [3] Université Paris-Sud, Faculté des Sciences, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Marie-Christine Vaney
- 1] Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France [2] CNRS UMR 3569 Virologie, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Carlos M Kikuti
- 1] Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France [2] CNRS UMR 3569 Virologie, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - M Erika Navarro Sanchez
- 1] Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France [2] CNRS UMR 3569 Virologie, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Wanwisa Dejnirattisai
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Wiyada Wongwiwat
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ahmed Haouz
- Institut Pasteur, Protéopôle, CNRS UMR 3528, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | - Stéphane Petres
- Institut Pasteur, Protéopôle, CNRS UMR 3528, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - William E Shepard
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Desprès
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité des Interactions Moléculaires Flavivirus-Hôtes, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Fernando Arenzana-Seisdedos
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, INSERM U1108, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Institut Pasteur de Guyane, BP 6010, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- 1] Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK [2] Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Félix A Rey
- 1] Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France [2] CNRS UMR 3569 Virologie, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France [3] Institut Pasteur, Protéopôle, CNRS UMR 3528, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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144
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Pierson TC, Diamond MS. A game of numbers: the stoichiometry of antibody-mediated neutralization of flavivirus infection. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 129:141-66. [PMID: 25595803 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The humoral response contributes to the protection against viral pathogens. Although antibodies have the potential to inhibit viral infections via several mechanisms, an ability to neutralize viruses directly may be particularly important. Neutralizing antibody titers are commonly used as predictors of protection from infection, especially in the context of vaccine responses and immunity. Despite the simplicity of the concept, how antibody binding results in virus inactivation is incompletely understood despite decades of research. Flaviviruses have been an attractive system in which to seek a structural and quantitative understanding of how antibody interactions with virions modulate infection because of the contribution of antibodies to both protection and pathogenesis. This review will present a stoichiometric model of antibody-mediated neutralization of flaviviruses and discuss how these concepts can inform the development of vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore C Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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145
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232; Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden.
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146
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de Alwis R, Williams KL, Schmid MA, Lai CY, Patel B, Smith SA, Crowe JE, Wang WK, Harris E, de Silva AM. Dengue viruses are enhanced by distinct populations of serotype cross-reactive antibodies in human immune sera. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004386. [PMID: 25275316 PMCID: PMC4183589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENV) are mosquito-borne flaviviruses of global importance. DENV exist as four serotypes, DENV1-DENV4. Following a primary infection, individuals produce DENV-specific antibodies that bind only to the serotype of infection and other antibodies that cross-react with two or more serotypes. People exposed to a secondary DENV infection with another serotype are at greater risk of developing more severe forms of dengue disease. The increased risk of severe dengue in people experiencing repeat DENV infections appear to be due, at least in part, to the ability of pre-existing serotype cross-reactive antibodies to form virus-antibody complexes that can productively infect Fcγ receptor-bearing target cells. While the theory of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is supported by several human and small animal model studies, the specific viral antigens and epitopes recognized by enhancing human antibodies after natural infections have not been fully defined. We used antibody-depletion techniques to remove DENV-specific antibody sub-populations from primary DENV-immune human sera. The effects of removing specific antibody populations on ADE were tested both in vitro using K562 cells and in vivo using the AG129 mouse model. Removal of serotype cross-reactive antibodies ablated enhancement of heterotypic virus infection in vitro and antibody-enhanced mortality in vivo. Further depletion studies using recombinant viral antigens showed that although the removal of DENV E-specific antibodies using recombinant E (rE) protein resulted in a partial reduction in DENV enhancement, there was a significant residual enhancement remaining. Competition ADE studies using prM-specific Fab fragments in human immune sera showed that both rE-specific and prM-specific antibodies in primary DENV-immune sera significantly contribute to enhancement of heterotypic DENV infection in vitro. Identification of the targets of DENV-enhancing antibodies should contribute to the development of safe, non-enhancing vaccines against dengue. The mosquito-borne dengue viruses (DENV) are responsible for approximately 390 million new infections worldwide each year, and an estimated 100 million of these infections lead to clinical disease. The presence of four different serotypes of DENV allows the same individual to experience more than one DENV infection. Secondary DENV infections with a different serotype are more likely to cause severe dengue disease than primary infections. One of the explanations for the greater risk of severe disease during secondary DENV infections is the phenomenon called antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), where pre-existing DENV-specific antibodies enable entry of DENV into target host cells, and thereby enhance infection and disease. At the moment, the epitopes targeted by enhancing antibodies following a DENV infection are unclear. In the present study, we use novel techniques to fractionate human serum antibodies and test their ability to enhance DENV infection both in vitro (K562 cells) and in vivo (in a mouse model of lethal antibody-enhanced dengue disease). We found that antibodies binding both the envelope and prM proteins on the DENV virion play an important role in ADE of DENV by human immune sera. Our findings about DENV-enhancing antibodies in human immune sera are relevant to developing safe vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruklanthi de Alwis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Katherine L. Williams
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Schmid
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Chih-Yun Lai
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Bhumi Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Smith
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - James E. Crowe
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wei-Kung Wang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EH); (AMdS)
| | - Aravinda M. de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EH); (AMdS)
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147
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Variation of the specificity of the human antibody responses after tick-borne encephalitis virus infection and vaccination. J Virol 2014; 88:13845-57. [PMID: 25253341 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02086-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is an important human-pathogenic flavivirus endemic in large parts of Europe and Central and Eastern Asia. Neutralizing antibodies specific for the viral envelope protein E are believed to mediate long-lasting protection after natural infection and vaccination. To study the specificity and individual variation of human antibody responses, we developed immunoassays with recombinant antigens representing viral surface protein domains and domain combinations. These allowed us to dissect and quantify antibody populations of different fine specificities in sera of TBE patients and vaccinees. Postinfection and postvaccination sera both displayed strong individual variation of antibody titers as well as the relative proportions of antibodies to different domains of E, indicating that the immunodominance patterns observed were strongly influenced by individual-specific factors. The contributions of these antibody populations to virus neutralization were quantified by serum depletion analyses and revealed a significantly biased pattern. Antibodies to domain III, in contrast to what was found in mouse immunization studies with TBE and other flaviviruses, did not play any role in the human neutralizing antibody response, which was dominated by antibodies to domains I and II. Importantly, most of the neutralizing activity could be depleted from sera by a dimeric soluble form of the E protein, which is the building block of the icosahedral herringbone-like shell of flaviviruses, suggesting that antibodies to more complex quaternary epitopes involving residues from adjacent dimers play only a minor role in the total response to natural infection and vaccination in humans. IMPORTANCE Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is a close relative of yellow fever, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses and distributed in large parts of Europe and Central and Eastern Asia. Antibodies to the viral envelope protein E prevent viral attachment and entry into cells and thus mediate virus neutralization and protection from disease. However, the fine specificity and individual variation of neutralizing antibody responses are currently not known. We have therefore developed new in vitro assays for dissecting the antibody populations present in blood serum and determining their contribution to virus neutralization. In our analysis of human postinfection and postvaccination sera, we found an extensive variation of the antibody populations present in sera, indicating substantial influences of individual-specific factors that control the specificity of the antibody response. Our study provides new insights into the immune response to an important human pathogen that is of relevance for the design of novel vaccines.
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148
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Abstract
Dengue is the most common arboviral disease of humans. There is an unmet need for a therapeutic intervention that reduces the duration and severity of dengue symptoms and diminishes the likelihood of severe complications. To this end, there are active discovery efforts in industry and academia to develop interventions, with a focus on small molecule inhibitors of dengue virus replication that are suitable for therapy or chemoprophylaxis. Advancements in animal models of dengue virus infection together with the possibility of a dengue human infection model have further enhanced the platform for dengue drug discovery. Whilst drug discovery efforts gestate, there are ongoing clinical research designed to benefit today's patients, including trials of supportive care interventions, and descriptive studies that should improve the ability of clinicians to make an accurate diagnosis early in the illness course and to identify patients most at risk of progression to severe disease. This review provides a state of the art summary of dengue drug discovery, clinical trials, and supportive allied research and reflects discussions at the 2nd International Dengue Therapeutics Workshop held in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, in December 2013.
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149
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Toh YX, Gan V, Balakrishnan T, Zuest R, Poidinger M, Wilson S, Appanna R, Thein TL, Ong AKY, Ng LC, Leo YS, Fink K. Dengue serotype cross-reactive, anti-e protein antibodies confound specific immune memory for 1 year after infection. Front Immunol 2014; 5:388. [PMID: 25177321 PMCID: PMC4132268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus has four serotypes and is endemic globally in tropical countries. Neither a specific treatment nor an approved vaccine is available, and correlates of protection are not established. The standard neutralization assay cannot differentiate between serotype-specific and serotype cross-reactive antibodies in patients early after infection, leading to an overestimation of the long-term serotype-specific protection of an antibody response. It is known that the cross-reactive response in patients is temporary but few studies have assessed kinetics and potential changes in serum antibody specificity over time. To better define the specificity of polyclonal antibodies during disease and after recovery, longitudinal samples from patients with primary or secondary DENV-2 infection were collected over a period of 1 year. We found that serotype cross-reactive antibodies peaked 3 weeks after infection and subsided within 1 year. Since secondary patients rapidly produced antibodies specific for the virus envelope (E) protein, an E-specific ELISA was superior compared to a virus particle-specific ELISA to identify patients with secondary infections. Dengue infection triggered a massive activation and mobilization of both naïve and memory B cells possibly from lymphoid organs into the blood, providing an explanation for the surge of circulating plasmablasts and the increase in cross-reactive E protein-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiu Toh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) , Biopolis , Singapore
| | - Victor Gan
- Communicable Disease Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Thavamalar Balakrishnan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) , Biopolis , Singapore
| | - Roland Zuest
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) , Biopolis , Singapore
| | - Michael Poidinger
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) , Biopolis , Singapore
| | - Solomonraj Wilson
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) , Biopolis , Singapore
| | - Ramapraba Appanna
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) , Biopolis , Singapore
| | - Tun Linn Thein
- Communicable Disease Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Adrian Kheng-Yeow Ong
- Communicable Disease Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Lee Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Yee Sin Leo
- Communicable Disease Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore , Singapore ; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore ; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Katja Fink
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) , Biopolis , Singapore
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150
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Isolation of dengue virus-specific memory B cells with live virus antigen from human subjects following natural infection reveals the presence of diverse novel functional groups of antibody clones. J Virol 2014; 88:12233-41. [PMID: 25100837 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00247-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Natural dengue virus (DENV) infection in humans induces antibodies (Abs) that neutralize the serotype of infection in a potent and type-specific manner; however, most Abs generated in response to infection are serotype cross-reactive and poorly neutralizing. Such cross-reactive Abs may enhance disease during subsequent infection with a virus of a different DENV serotype. Previous screening assays for DENV-specific human B cells and antibodies, using viral and recombinant antigens, mainly led to the isolation of dominant nonneutralizing B cell clones. To improve upon our ability to recover and study rare but durable and potently neutralizing DENV-specific Abs, we isolated human DENV-specific B cells by using a primary screen of binding to live virus, followed by a secondary screen with a high-throughput, flow cytometry-based neutralization assay to identify DENV-specific B cell lines prior to generation of hybridomas. Using this strategy, we identified several new classes of serotype-specific and serotype-cross-neutralizing anti-DENV monoclonal Abs (MAbs), including ultrapotent inhibitory antibodies with neutralizing activity concentrations of <10 ng/ml. We isolated serotype-specific neutralizing Abs that target diverse regions of the E protein, including epitopes present only on the intact, fully assembled viral particle. We also isolated a number of serotype-cross-neutralizing MAbs, most of which recognized a region in E protein domain I/II containing the fusion loop. These data provide insights into targets of the protective Ab-mediated immune response to natural DENV infection, which will prove valuable in the design and testing of new experimental DENV vaccines. IMPORTANCE Dengue virus infection is one of the most common mosquito-borne diseases and occurs in most countries of the world. Infection of humans with dengue virus induces a small number of antibodies that inhibit the infecting strain but also induces a large number of antibodies that can bind but do not inhibit dengue virus strains of other serotypes. We used a focused screening strategy to discover a large number of rare potently inhibiting antibodies, and we mapped the regions on the virus that were recognized by such antibodies. Our studies revealed that humans have the potential to generate very potent antibodies directed to diverse regions of the dengue virus surface protein. These studies provide important new information about protection from dengue virus infection that will be useful in the design and testing of new experimental dengue vaccines for humans.
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