101
|
Zouali M, Tsay G. Developing connections amongst B lymphocytes and deregulated pathways in autoimmunity. Mol Med 2016; 22:705-712. [PMID: 27730250 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunologists have long investigated B lymphocytes as solely antibody producing cells. With further studies, it became clear that B cells are able to exert a variety of functions within the immune system, and beyond. As a result, B cells are considered promising targets for immunotherapy in a variety of disorders. Recently, experts in B cell biology and autoimmunity convened to discuss important stepping stones to decipher the complexity of B lymphocyte-mediated pathways in autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moncef Zouali
- Inserm, U1132, Paris, F-75475, France.,Université Paris 7, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, F-75475, France
| | - Gregory Tsay
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Franks SE, Getahun A, Hogarth PM, Cambier JC. Targeting B cells in treatment of autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 43:39-45. [PMID: 27718447 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
B cells have emerged as effective targets for therapeutic intervention in autoimmunities in which the ultimate effectors are antibodies, as well as those in which T cells are primary drivers of inflammation. Proof of this principle has come primarily from studies of the efficacy of Rituximab, an anti-CD20 mAb that depletes B cells, in various autoimmune settings. These successes have inspired efforts to develop more effective anti-CD20s tailored for specific needs, as well as biologicals and small molecules that suppress B cell function without the risks inherent in B cell depletion. Here we review the current status of B cell-targeted therapies for autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Elizabeth Franks
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Centre for Biomedicine, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Contribution and underlying mechanisms of CXCR4 overexpression in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:842-849. [PMID: 27665947 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of CXCR4 has been indicated to play a role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the mechanism of CXCR4 dysregulation in SLE is unclear. This study is aimed to explore the clinical significance and possible mechanisms of abnormal CXCR4 expression on B cells from patients with untreated SLE. Expression of CXCR4 on peripheral B cells was determined by flow cytometry and western blotting. Freshly isolated B cells were cultured with exogenous interleukin 21(IL-21) in the presence or absence of CD40 ligand (CD40L) plus anti-IgM antibody (aIgM), and changes in CXCR4 expression were detected. Involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Janus kinase/Signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathways was assessed by adding blocking agents Ly294002 and AG490. Since CD63 is reported to mediate endosomal recruitment of CXCR4 and BCL6 is capable of silencing CD63 gene transcription, we also measured BCL6 and CD63 gene transcription with real-time PCR. It was shown that CXCR4 expression on B cells was significantly upregulated in SLE patients, especially in those with lupus nephritis, and was positively correlated with SLE Disease Activity Index scores and negatively with the serum complement 3 levels (P<0.05). Downregulation of CXCR4 by IL-21 was intact. In contrast, a similar effect of aIgM plus CD40L in downregulating CXCR4 expression was defective in SLE patients but was restored by co-stimulation with IL-21 in vitro. Both Ly294002 and AG490 promoted downregulation of surface CXCR4 expression on B cells from SLE patients (P=0.078 and P=0.064). Furthermore, B cells from SLE patients exhibited diminished CD63 mRNA and enhanced BCL6 mRNA expression (both P<0.05). To sum up, CXCR4 was overexpressed on SLE B cells, positively correlating with disease activity and kidney involvement. Overactivation of the PI3K/Akt and JAK/STAT pathways as well as defective CD63 synthesis may contribute to CXCR4 dysregulation in SLE.
Collapse
|
104
|
Husakova M. MicroRNAs in the key events of systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2016; 160:327-42. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2016.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
|
105
|
Zhan Y, Guo Y, Lu Q. Aberrant Epigenetic Regulation in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Its Implication in Precision Medicine. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 149:141-155. [PMID: 27607472 DOI: 10.1159/000448793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Great progress has been made in the last decades in understanding the complex immune dysregulation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), yet the efforts to pursue an effective treatment of SLE proved to be futile. The pathoetiology of SLE involves extremely complicated and multifactorial interaction among various genetic and epigenetic factors. Multiple gene loci predispose to disease susceptibility, and the interaction with epigenetic modifications mediated through sex, hormones, and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis complicates susceptibility and manifestations of this disease. Finally, certain environmental and psychological factors probably trigger the disease via epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent epigenetic studies of SLE and suggest a personalized approach to the dissection of disease onset and therapy or precision medicine. We speculate that in the future, precision medicine based on epigenetic and genetic information could help guide more effective targeted therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Follicular Helper T Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Why Should They Be Considered as Interesting Therapeutic Targets? J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:5767106. [PMID: 27635407 PMCID: PMC5011227 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5767106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by B cell hyperactivity leading to the production of autoantibodies, some of which having a deleterious effect. Reducing autoantibody production thus represents a way of controlling lupus pathogenesis, and a better understanding of the molecular and cellular factors involved in the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells could allow identifying new therapeutic targets. Follicular helper T cells (TFH) represent a distinct subset of CD4+ T cells specialized in providing help to B cells. They are required for the formation of germinal centers and the generation of long-lived serological memory and, as such, are suspected to play a central role in SLE. Recent advances in the field of TFH biology have allowed the identification of important molecular factors involved in TFH differentiation, regulation, and function. Interestingly, some of these TFH-related molecules have been described to be dysregulated in lupus patients. In the present review, we give an overview of the aberrant expression and/or function of such key players in lupus, and we highlight their potential as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
107
|
Iwata S, Tanaka Y. B-cell subsets, signaling and their roles in secretion of autoantibodies. Lupus 2016; 25:850-856. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203316643172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
B cells play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the percentages of plasmablasts and IgD−CD27− double-negative memory B cells in peripheral blood are significantly increased, while IgD+CD27+ IgM memory B cells are significantly decreased compared to healthy donors. The phenotypic change is significantly associated with disease activity and concentration of autoantibodies. Treatment of B-cell depletion using rituximab results in the reconstitution of peripheral B cells in SLE patients with subsequent improvement in disease activity. Numerous studies have described abnormalities in B-cell receptor (BCR)-mediated signaling in B cells of SLE patients. Since differences in BCR signaling are considered to dictate the survival or death of naïve and memory B cells, aberrant BCR signal can lead to abnormality of B-cell subsets in SLE patients. Although Syk and Btk function as key molecules in BCR signaling, their pathological role in SLE remains unclear. We found that Syk and Btk do not only transduce activation signal through BCR, but also mediate crosstalk between BCR and Toll-like receptor (TLR) as well as BCR and JAK-STAT pathways in human B cells in vitro. In addition, pronounced Syk and Btk phosphorylation was observed in B cells of patients with active SLE compared to those of healthy individuals. The results suggest the involvement of Syk and Btk activation in abnormalities of BCR-mediated signaling and B-cell phenotypes during the pathological process of SLE and that Syk, Btk and JAK are potential therapeutic targets in SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Iwata
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Y Tanaka
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Getahun A, Beavers NA, Larson SR, Shlomchik MJ, Cambier JC. Continuous inhibitory signaling by both SHP-1 and SHIP-1 pathways is required to maintain unresponsiveness of anergic B cells. J Exp Med 2016; 213:751-69. [PMID: 27114609 PMCID: PMC4854724 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cambier et al. show that the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 and the inositol phosphatase SHIP-1 are required to maintain B cell anergy. Many autoreactive B cells persist in the periphery in a state of unresponsiveness called anergy. This unresponsiveness is rapidly reversible, requiring continuous BCR interaction with self-antigen and resultant regulatory signaling for its maintenance. Using adoptive transfer of anergic B cells with subsequent acute induction of gene deletion or expression, we demonstrate that the continuous activities of independent inhibitory signaling pathways involving the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 and the inositol phosphatase SHIP-1 are required to maintain anergy. Acute breach of anergy by compromise of either of these pathways leads to rapid cell activation, proliferation, and generation of short-lived plasma cells that reside in extrafollicular foci. Results are consistent with predicted/observed reduction in the Lyn–SHIP-1–PTEN–SHP-1 axis function in B cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Nicole A Beavers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Sandy R Larson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Wang JZ, Zhang YH, Guo XH, Zhang HY, Zhang Y. The double-edge role of B cells in mediating antitumor T-cell immunity: Pharmacological strategies for cancer immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 36:73-85. [PMID: 27111515 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence reveals the controversial role of B cells in antitumor immunity, but the underlying mechanisms have to be explored. Three latest articles published in the issue 521 of Nature in 2015 reconfirmed the puzzling topic and put forward some explanations of how B cells regulate antitumor T-cell responses both positively and negatively. This paper attempts to demonstrate that different B-cell subpopulations have distinct immunological properties and that they are involved in either antitumor responses or immunosuppression. Recent studies supporting the positive and negative roles of B cells in tumor development were summarized comprehensively. Several specific B-cell subpopulations, such as IgG(+), IgA(+), IL-10(+), and regulatory B cells, were described in detail. The mechanisms underlying the controversial B-cell effects were mainly attributed to different B-cell subpopulations, different B-cell-derived cytokines, direct B cell-T cell interaction, different cancer categories, and different malignant stages, and the immunological interaction between B cells and T cells is mediated by dendritic cells. Promising B-cell-based antitumor strategies were proposed and novel B-cell regulators were summarized to present interesting therapeutic targets. Future investigations are needed to make sure that B-cell-based pharmacological strategies benefit cancer immunotherapy substantially.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Zhang Wang
- Department of Medical Technology, College of Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056002, PR China.
| | - Yu-Hua Zhang
- Department of Library, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, PR China
| | - Xin-Hua Guo
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056002, PR China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhang
- Department of Medical Technology, College of Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056002, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Medical Technology, College of Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056002, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Hyperactive mTOR pathway promotes lymphoproliferation and abnormal differentiation in autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. Blood 2016; 128:227-38. [PMID: 27099149 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-685024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a human disorder characterized by defective Fas signaling, resulting in chronic benign lymphoproliferation and accumulation of TCRαβ(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) double-negative T (DNT) cells. Although their phenotype resembles that of terminally differentiated or exhausted T cells, lack of KLRG1, high eomesodermin, and marginal T-bet expression point instead to a long-lived memory state with potent proliferative capacity. Here we show that despite their terminally differentiated phenotype, human ALPS DNT cells exhibit substantial mitotic activity in vivo. Notably, hyperproliferation of ALPS DNT cells is associated with increased basal and activation-induced phosphorylation of serine-threonine kinases Akt and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). The mTOR inhibitor rapamycin abrogated survival and proliferation of ALPS DNT cells, but not of CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells in vitro. In vivo, mTOR inhibition reduced proliferation and abnormal differentiation by DNT cells. Importantly, increased mitotic activity and hyperactive mTOR signaling was also observed in recently defined CD4(+) or CD8(+) precursor DNT cells, and mTOR inhibition specifically reduced these cells in vivo, indicating abnormal programming of Fas-deficient T cells before the DNT stage. Thus, our results identify the mTOR pathway as a major regulator of lymphoproliferation and aberrant differentiation in ALPS.
Collapse
|
111
|
Sagar V, Bond JR, Chowdhary VR. A 50-Year-Old Woman With Cowden Syndrome and Joint Pains. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2016; 67:1604-8. [PMID: 25989067 DOI: 10.1002/acr.22616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Sagar
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Garrett-Sinha LA, Kearly A, Satterthwaite AB. The Role of the Transcription Factor Ets1 in Lupus and Other Autoimmune Diseases. Crit Rev Immunol 2016; 36:485-510. [PMID: 28845756 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2017020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by excess B- and T-cell activation, the development of autoantibodies against self-antigens including nuclear antigens, and immune complex deposition in target organs, which triggers an inflammatory response and tissue damage. The genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the development of SLE have been studied extensively in both humans and mouse models of the disease. One of the important genetic contributions to SLE development is an alteration in the expression of the transcription factor Ets1, which regulates the functional differentiation of lymphocytes. Here, we review the genetic, biochemical, and immunological studies that have linked low levels of Ets1 to aberrant lymphocyte differentiation and to the pathogenesis of SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Alyssa Kearly
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Anne B Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatic Diseases Division; Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR, also known as mammalian target of rapamycin) is a ubiquitous serine/threonine kinase that regulates cell growth, proliferation and survival. These effects are cell-type-specific, and are elicited in response to stimulation by growth factors, hormones and cytokines, as well as to internal and external metabolic cues. Rapamycin was initially developed as an inhibitor of T-cell proliferation and allograft rejection in the organ transplant setting. Subsequently, its molecular target (mTOR) was identified as a component of two interacting complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, that regulate T-cell lineage specification and macrophage differentiation. mTORC1 drives the proinflammatory expansion of T helper (TH) type 1, TH17, and CD4(-)CD8(-) (double-negative, DN) T cells. Both mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibit the development of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T regulatory (TREG) cells and, indirectly, mTORC2 favours the expansion of T follicular helper (TFH) cells which, similarly to DN T cells, promote B-cell activation and autoantibody production. In contrast to this proinflammatory effect of mTORC2, mTORC1 favours, to some extent, an anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization that is protective against infections and tissue inflammation. Outside the immune system, mTORC1 controls fibroblast proliferation and chondrocyte survival, with implications for tissue fibrosis and osteoarthritis, respectively. Rapamycin (which primarily inhibits mTORC1), ATP-competitive, dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitors and upstream regulators of the mTOR pathway are being developed to treat autoimmune, hyperproliferative and degenerative diseases. In this regard, mTOR blockade promises to increase life expectancy through treatment and prevention of rheumatic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andras Perl
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
B cells biology in systemic lupus erythematosus—from bench to bedside. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:1111-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4953-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
115
|
Hyperactivation and in situ recruitment of inflammatory Vδ2 T cells contributes to disease pathogenesis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14432. [PMID: 26395317 PMCID: PMC4585774 DOI: 10.1038/srep14432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we measured the proportion of peripheral Vδ2 T cells as well as the status and chemokine receptor expression profiles in SLE patients and healthy control (HC). In addition, Vδ2 T cell infiltration in the kidneys of patients with lupus nephritis was examined. The results showed that the percentage of peripheral Vδ2 T cells in new-onset SLE was decreased, and negatively correlated with the SLE Disease Activity Index score and the severity of proteinuria. These cells had a decreased apoptosis but an increased proliferation, and they showed increased accumulation in SLE kidneys. Moreover, IL-21 production and CD40L, CCR4, CCR7, CCR8, CXCR1 and CX3CR1 expression in Vδ2 T cells from SLE patients was significantly higher than from HC (p < 0.05), and these factors were downregulated in association with the repopulation of peripheral Vδ2 T cells in patients who were in remission (p < 0.05). In addition, anti-TCR Vδ2 antibodies activation significantly upregulated these chemokine receptors on Vδ2 T cells from HC, and this effect was blocked by inhibitors of PLC-γ1, MAPK/Erk, and PI3K signaling pathways. Our findings demonstrate that the distribution and function status of Vδ2 T cells from SLE patients are abnormal, and these aberrations may contribute to disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
116
|
Duroux-Richard I, Cuenca J, Ponsolles C, Piñeiro AB, Gonzalez F, Roubert C, Areny R, Chea R, Pefaur J, Pers YM, Figueroa FE, Jorgensen C, Khoury M, Apparailly F. MicroRNA Profiling of B Cell Subsets from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Reveals Promising Novel Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26225955 PMCID: PMC4581178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160816953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs control the differentiation and function of B cells, which are considered key elements in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, a common micro(mi)RNA signature has not emerged since published data includes patients of variable ethnic background, type of disease, and organ involvement, as well as heterogeneous cell populations. Here, we aimed at identifying a miRNA signature of purified B cells from renal and non-renal severe SLE patients of Latin American background, a population known to express severe disease. Genome-wide miRNA expression analyses were performed on naive and memory B cells and revealed two categories of miRNA signatures. The first signature represents B cell subset-specific miRNAs deregulated in SLE: 11 and six miRNAs discriminating naive and memory B cells of SLE patients from healthy controls (HC), respectively. Whether the miRNA was up or down-regulated in memory B cells as compared with naive B cells in HC, this difference was abolished in SLE patients, and vice versa. The second signature identifies six miRNAs associated with specific pathologic features affecting renal outcome, providing a further understanding for SLE pathogenesis. Overall, the present work provided promising biomarkers in molecular diagnostics for disease severity as well as potential new targets for therapeutic intervention in SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Duroux-Richard
- INSERM, U1183, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, University Hospital Saint Eloi, Montpellier 34295, France.
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France.
| | - Jimena Cuenca
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile.
- Cells for Cells, Santiago 7620001, Chile.
| | - Clara Ponsolles
- INSERM, U1183, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, University Hospital Saint Eloi, Montpellier 34295, France.
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France.
| | - Alejandro Badilla Piñeiro
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile.
| | - Fernando Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile.
| | | | - Roser Areny
- Hospital Félix Bulnes, Santiago 7510021, Chile.
| | - Rosa Chea
- Hospital Barros Luco, Santiago 8900085, Chile.
| | | | - Yves-Marie Pers
- INSERM, U1183, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, University Hospital Saint Eloi, Montpellier 34295, France.
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France.
- Clinical Department for Osteoarticular Diseases, University Hospital Lapeyronie, Montpellier 34295, France.
| | - Fernando E Figueroa
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile.
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- INSERM, U1183, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, University Hospital Saint Eloi, Montpellier 34295, France.
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France.
- Clinical Department for Osteoarticular Diseases, University Hospital Lapeyronie, Montpellier 34295, France.
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile.
- Cells for Cells, Santiago 7620001, Chile.
| | - Florence Apparailly
- INSERM, U1183, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, University Hospital Saint Eloi, Montpellier 34295, France.
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France.
- Clinical Department for Osteoarticular Diseases, University Hospital Lapeyronie, Montpellier 34295, France.
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Dörner T, Shock A, Goldenberg DM, Lipsky PE. The mechanistic impact of CD22 engagement with epratuzumab on B cell function: Implications for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2015. [PMID: 26212727 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Epratuzumab is a B-cell-directed non-depleting monoclonal antibody that targets CD22. It is currently being evaluated in two phase 3 clinical trials in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a disease associated with abnormalities in B-cell function and activation. The mechanism of action of epratuzumab involves perturbation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling complex and intensification of the normal inhibitory role of CD22 on the BCR, leading to reduced signalling and diminished activation of B cells. Such effects may result from down-modulation of CD22 upon binding by epratuzumab, as well as decreased expression of other proteins involved in amplifying BCR signalling capability, notably CD19. The net result is blunting the capacity of antigen engagement to induce B-cell activation. The functional consequences of epratuzumab binding to CD22 include diminished B-cell proliferation, effects on adhesion molecule expression, and B-cell migration, as well as reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF. Studies in patients treated with epratuzumab have revealed a number of pharmacodynamic effects that are linked to the mechanism of action (i.e., a loss of the target molecule CD22 from the B-cell surface followed by a modest reduction in peripheral B-cell numbers after prolonged therapy). Together, these data indicate that epratuzumab therapy affords a unique means to modulate BCR complex expression and signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dörner
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Berlin and DRFZ Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anthony Shock
- UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough, West Berkshire, SL1 3WE, UK.
| | | | - Peter E Lipsky
- Formerly National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Abstract
Understanding the cell-intrinsic cues that permit self-reactivity in lymphocytes, and therefore autoimmunity, requires an understanding of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression in these cells. In this Review, we address seminal and recent research on microRNA (miRNA) regulation of central and peripheral tolerance. Human and mouse studies demonstrate that the PI3K pathway is a critical point of miRNA regulation of immune cell development and function that affects the development of autoimmunity. We also discuss how miRNA expression profiling in human autoimmune diseases has inspired mechanistic studies of miRNA function in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, and asthma.
Collapse
|
119
|
Zhang Z, Zhang R. Epigenetics in autoimmune diseases: Pathogenesis and prospects for therapy. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:854-63. [PMID: 26026695 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in genome function without underlying modifications in their nucleotide sequence. Disorders of epigenetic processes, which involve DNA methylation, histone modification, non-coding RNA and nucleosome remodeling, may influence chromosomal stability and gene expression, resulting in complicated syndromes. In the past few years, it has been disclosed that identified epigenetic alterations give rise to several typical human autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS). These emerging epigenetic studies provide new insights into autoimmune diseases. The identification of specific epigenetic dysregulation may inspire more discoveries of other uncharacterized mechanisms. Further elucidation of the biological functions and clinical significance of these epigenetic alterations may be exploited for diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zimu Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironments and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China; Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology,Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironments and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China; Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology,Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Chang NH, Li TT, Kim JJ, Landolt-Marticorena C, Fortin PR, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Wither JE. Interferon-α induces altered transitional B cell signaling and function in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Autoimmun 2015; 58:100-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
121
|
Luo S, Liu Y, Liang G, Zhao M, Wu H, Liang Y, Qiu X, Tan Y, Dai Y, Yung S, Chan TM, Lu Q. The role of microRNA-1246 in the regulation of B cell activation and the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:24. [PMID: 25789080 PMCID: PMC4364674 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has not yet been completely elucidated. One of the hallmarks of SLE is the production of autoantibodies by uncontrolled over-activated B cells. Early B cell factor 1 (EBF1) contributes to the development, activation, and proliferation of B cells through activation of the AKT signaling pathway. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that several microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases through the regulation of B cells in SLE. We aim to investigate the expression patterns of miR-1246 in B cells and its contribution to pathogenesis of SLE. Results Our results showed that the expression of miR-1246 was significantly decreased in B cells from SLE patients. We verified that miR-1246 specifically targeted the EBF1 messenger RNA (mRNA) by interacting with its 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) and regulated the expression of EBF1. Transfection of miR-1246 inhibitors into healthy B cells upregulated the expression of EBF1, enhanced B cell function, and increased the production of B cell surface co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, and CD86. We also observed that abnormal activation of the AKT signaling pathway was associated with decreased P53 expression, leading to the downregulation of the miR-1246 expression; and upregulation of the miR-1246 expression reversed the responsiveness of B cells by inhibiting EBF1 expression. Conclusions Activated B cells in lupus could decrease the expression of miR-1246 through the AKT-P53 signaling pathway, which in turn enhances the expression of EBF1, thereby promoting further activation of B cells. Conversely, upregulation of miR-1246 could interrupt this amplification pathway. Our findings thus provide a theoretical framework towards the research of novel biological targets in SLE treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-015-0063-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Gongping Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Yunsheng Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Xiangning Qiu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Yixin Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Yong Dai
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020 People's Republic of China
| | - Susan Yung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, 999077 China
| | - Tak-Mao Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, 999077 China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| |
Collapse
|