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Pleass RJ, Moore SC, Stevenson L, Hviid L. Immunoglobulin M: Restrainer of Inflammation and Mediator of Immune Evasion by Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. Trends Parasitol 2015; 32:108-119. [PMID: 26597020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is an ancient antibody class that is found in all vertebrates, with the exception of coelacanths, and is indispensable in both innate and adaptive immunity. The equally ancient human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, formed an intimate relationship with IgM with which it co-evolved. In this article, we discuss the association between IgM and human malaria parasites, building on several recent publications that implicate IgM as a crucial molecule that determines both host and parasite survival. Consequently, a better understanding of this association may lead to the development of improved intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Pleass
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Shona C Moore
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK; Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Liz Stevenson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology (ISIM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Hviid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology (ISIM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark.
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102
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Zerka A, Rydzak J, Lass A, Szostakowska B, Nahorski W, Wroczyńska A, Myjak P, Krotkiewski H, Jaskiewicz E. Studies on Immunogenicity and Antigenicity of Baculovirus-Expressed Binding Region of Plasmodium falciparum EBA-140 Merozoite Ligand. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 64:149-56. [PMID: 26439848 PMCID: PMC4805696 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The erythrocyte binding ligand 140 (EBA-140) is a member of the Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte binding antigens (EBA) family, which are considered as prospective candidates for malaria vaccine development. EBA proteins were identified as important targets for naturally acquired inhibitory antibodies. Natural antibody response against EBA-140 ligand was found in individuals living in malaria-endemic areas. The EBA-140 ligand is a paralogue of the well-characterized P. falciparum EBA-175 protein. They both share homology of domain structure, including the binding region (Region II), which consists of two homologous F1 and F2 domains and is responsible for ligand-erythrocyte receptor interaction during merozoite invasion. It was shown that the erythrocyte receptor for EBA-140 ligand is glycophorin C-a minor human erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein. In studies on the immunogenicity of P. falciparum EBA ligands, the recombinant proteins are of great importance. In this report, we have demonstrated that the recombinant baculovirus-obtained EBA-140 Region II is immunogenic and antigenic. It can raise specific antibodies in rabbits, and it is recognized by natural antibodies present in sera of patients with malaria, and thus, it may be considered for inclusion in multicomponent blood-stage vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Zerka
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Rydzak
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Lass
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Beata Szostakowska
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wacław Nahorski
- Department of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wroczyńska
- Department of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Myjak
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hubert Krotkiewski
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Jaskiewicz
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland. .,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Gora, Poland.
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103
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Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte-Specific Antibody Profiling Reveals Boosting through Natural Infection and Identifies Potential Markers of Gametocyte Exposure. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4229-36. [PMID: 26283330 PMCID: PMC4598406 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00644-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria elimination efforts would benefit from vaccines that block transmission of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes from humans to mosquitoes. A clear understanding of gametocyte-specific antibody responses in exposed populations could help determine whether transmission-blocking vaccines (TBV) would be boosted by natural gametocyte exposure, and also inform the development of serologic tools to monitor gametocyte exposure in populations targeted for malaria elimination. To this end, plasma was collected from Malian children and adults before and after the 6-month malaria season and probed against a microarray containing 1,204 P. falciparum proteins. Using publicly available proteomic data, we classified 91 proteins as gametocyte specific and 69 as proteins not expressed by gametocytes. The overall breadth and magnitude of gametocyte-specific IgG responses increased during the malaria season, although they were consistently lower than IgG responses to nongametocyte antigens. Notably, IgG specific for the TBV candidates Pfs48/45 and Pfs230 increased during the malaria season. In addition, IgGs specific for the gametocyte proteins Pfmdv1, Pfs16, PF3D7_1346400, and PF3D7_1024800 were detected in nearly all subjects, suggesting that seroconversion to these proteins may be a sensitive indicator of gametocyte exposure, although further studies are needed to determine the specificity and kinetics of these potential serologic markers. These findings suggest that TBV-induced immunity would be boosted through natural gametocyte exposure, and that antibody responses to particular antigens may reliably indicate gametocyte exposure.
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104
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Helb DA, Tetteh KKA, Felgner PL, Skinner J, Hubbard A, Arinaitwe E, Mayanja-Kizza H, Ssewanyana I, Kamya MR, Beeson JG, Tappero J, Smith DL, Crompton PD, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, Drakeley CJ, Greenhouse B. Novel serologic biomarkers provide accurate estimates of recent Plasmodium falciparum exposure for individuals and communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E4438-47. [PMID: 26216993 PMCID: PMC4538641 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1501705112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tools to reliably measure Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) exposure in individuals and communities are needed to guide and evaluate malaria control interventions. Serologic assays can potentially produce precise exposure estimates at low cost; however, current approaches based on responses to a few characterized antigens are not designed to estimate exposure in individuals. Pf-specific antibody responses differ by antigen, suggesting that selection of antigens with defined kinetic profiles will improve estimates of Pf exposure. To identify novel serologic biomarkers of malaria exposure, we evaluated responses to 856 Pf antigens by protein microarray in 186 Ugandan children, for whom detailed Pf exposure data were available. Using data-adaptive statistical methods, we identified combinations of antibody responses that maximized information on an individual's recent exposure. Responses to three novel Pf antigens accurately classified whether an individual had been infected within the last 30, 90, or 365 d (cross-validated area under the curve = 0.86-0.93), whereas responses to six antigens accurately estimated an individual's malaria incidence in the prior year. Cross-validated incidence predictions for individuals in different communities provided accurate stratification of exposure between populations and suggest that precise estimates of community exposure can be obtained from sampling a small subset of that community. In addition, serologic incidence predictions from cross-sectional samples characterized heterogeneity within a community similarly to 1 y of continuous passive surveillance. Development of simple ELISA-based assays derived from the successful selection strategy outlined here offers the potential to generate rich epidemiologic surveillance data that will be widely accessible to malaria control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica A Helb
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110; Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Kevin K A Tetteh
- Department Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Philip L Felgner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jeff Skinner
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852
| | - Alan Hubbard
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | | - Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Moses R Kamya
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James G Beeson
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Canada 3004
| | - Jordan Tappero
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
| | - David L Smith
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Sanaria Institute for Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Christopher J Drakeley
- Department Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110;
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105
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King CL, Davies DH, Felgner P, Baum E, Jain A, Randall A, Tetteh K, Drakeley CJ, Greenhouse B. Biosignatures of Exposure/Transmission and Immunity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:16-27. [PMID: 26259938 PMCID: PMC4574271 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A blood test that captures cumulative exposure over time and assesses levels of naturally acquired immunity (NAI) would provide a critical tool to monitor the impact of interventions to reduce malaria transmission and broaden our understanding of how NAI develops around the world as a function of age and exposure. This article describes a collaborative effort in multiple International Centers of Excellence in Malaria Research (ICEMRs) to develop such tests using malaria-specific antibody responses as biosignatures of transmission and immunity. The focus is on the use of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax protein microarrays to identify a panel of the most informative antibody responses in diverse malaria-endemic settings representing an unparalleled spectrum of malaria transmission and malaria species mixes before and after interventions to reduce malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. King
- * Address correspondence to Christopher L. King, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building Room 421, Cleveland, OH 44106, E-mail: or D. Huw Davies, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697. E-mail:
| | - D. Huw Davies
- * Address correspondence to Christopher L. King, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building Room 421, Cleveland, OH 44106, E-mail: or D. Huw Davies, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697. E-mail:
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106
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Atkinson SH, Uyoga SM, Armitage AE, Khandwala S, Mugyenyi CK, Bejon P, Marsh K, Beeson JG, Prentice AM, Drakesmith H, Williams TN. Malaria and Age Variably but Critically Control Hepcidin Throughout Childhood in Kenya. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1478-86. [PMID: 26629542 PMCID: PMC4634196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both iron deficiency (ID) and malaria are common among African children. Studies show that the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin is induced by malaria, but few studies have investigated this relationship longitudinally. We measured hepcidin concentrations, markers of iron status, and antibodies to malaria antigens during two cross-sectional surveys within a cohort of 324 Kenyan children ≤ 8 years old who were under intensive surveillance for malaria and other febrile illnesses. Hepcidin concentrations were the highest in the youngest, and female infants, declined rapidly in infancy and more gradually thereafter. Asymptomatic malaria and malaria antibody titres were positively associated with hepcidin concentrations. Recent episodes of febrile malaria were associated with high hepcidin concentrations that fell over time. Hepcidin concentrations were not associated with the subsequent risk of either malaria or other febrile illnesses. Given that iron absorption is impaired by hepcidin, our data suggest that asymptomatic and febrile malaria contribute to the high burden of ID seen in African children. Further, the effectiveness of iron supplementation may be sub-optimal in the presence of asymptomatic malaria. Thus, strategies to prevent and eliminate malaria may have the added benefit of addressing an important cause of ID for African children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Atkinson
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya ; Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University Hospitals, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ; Oxford University Clinical Academic Graduate School, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophie M Uyoga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Andrew E Armitage
- Medical Research Unit (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford University Hospitals, UK ; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre Oxford, UK
| | - Shivani Khandwala
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya ; Medical Research Unit (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford University Hospitals, UK
| | - Cleopatra K Mugyenyi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya ; Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Bejon
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Kevin Marsh
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew M Prentice
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, The Gambia ; Medical Research Council (MRC) International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- Medical Research Unit (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford University Hospitals, UK ; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas N Williams
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya ; Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
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