101
|
Zhou P, Seder RA. CD40 ligand is not essential for induction of type 1 cytokine responses or protective immunity after primary or secondary infection with histoplasma capsulatum. J Exp Med 1998; 187:1315-24. [PMID: 9547342 PMCID: PMC2212226 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.8.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of type 1 immune responses (interleukin [IL]-12, interferon [IFN]-gamma) has been shown to be important in mediating protection against many intracellular infections including Histoplasma capsulatum. Costimulatory molecules such as CD40 ligand (CD40L) have been shown to be a central regulator of type 1 responses in vivo. To study the role of CD40L in mediating protection against infection with H. capsulatum, CD40L-deficient (CD40L-/-) and CD40L+/+ mice were infected with H. capsulatum and assessed for various parameters. After a lethal challenge of H. capsulatum, CD40L-/- mice were not substantially different from CD40L+/+ mice in terms of mortality, fungal burden, or production of IFN-gamma, IL-12, nitric oxide, or tumor necrosis factor alpha. Moreover, CD40L-/- mice treated with anti-IFN-gamma or anti-IL-12 at the time of infection had accelerated mortality, providing further evidence that IL-12 and IFN-gamma are produced in vivo in the absence of CD40L. In addition, CD40L-/- mice infected with a sublethal dose of H. capsulatum survived infection, whereas all mice infected with the same dose and treated with anti-IFN-gamma had accelerated mortality, demonstrating that IFN-gamma but not CD40L was essential for primary immunity to H. capsulatum infection. Interestingly, depletion of either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells resulted in accelerated mortality in CD40L-/- mice, suggesting a critical role for these cells in response to infection. Finally, CD40L-/- mice initially infected with a sublethal dose of H. capsulatum were protected from secondary infection with a lethal dose of H. capsulatum, demonstrating that CD40L is not required for the maintenance of memory immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Zhou
- Clinical Immunology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
102
|
Denis O, Tanghe A, Palfliet K, Jurion F, van den Berg TP, Vanonckelen A, Ooms J, Saman E, Ulmer JB, Content J, Huygen K. Vaccination with plasmid DNA encoding mycobacterial antigen 85A stimulates a CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitopic repertoire broader than that stimulated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infection. Infect Immun 1998; 66:1527-33. [PMID: 9529077 PMCID: PMC108084 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.4.1527-1533.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination of mice with plasmid DNA carrying the gene for the major secreted mycobacterial antigen 85A (Ag85A) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a powerful technique for generating robust specific Thl helper T-cell responses, CD8+-mediated cytotoxicity, and protection against M. tuberculosis challenge (K. Huygen et al., Nat. Med. 2:893-898, 1996). We have now analyzed in more detail the antigen-specific immune CD4+- and CD8+-T-cell responses induced in BALB/c mice vaccinated with Ag85A DNA and have compared these responses to those generated by intravenous infection with M. tuberculosis. T-cell-epitope mapping, as measured by interleukin-2 and gamma interferon secretion from splenic T cells restimulated in vitro with synthetic 20-mer peptides spanning the complete mature sequence of Ag85A, demonstrated that DNA vaccination stimulated a stronger and broader T-cell response than did M. tuberculosis infection. Moreover, elevated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity against Ag85A-transfected and peptide-pulsed P815 target cells could be generated exclusively by vaccination with plasmid DNA, not following M. tuberculosis infection. By using DNA vaccination, three Ag85A CTL epitopes with predicted major histocompatibility complex class I binding motifs were defined. One of them was previously reported as a dominant, promiscuously recognized T-cell epitope in healthy humans with primary infections. These data strengthen the potential of DNA vaccination with respect to inducing antituberculous immunity in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Denis
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
103
|
Lewinsohn DM, Bement TT, Xu J, Lynch DH, Grabstein KH, Reed SG, Alderson MR. Human Purified Protein Derivative-Specific CD4+ T Cells Use Both CD95-Dependent and CD95-Independent Cytolytic Mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.5.2374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CTL, both CD4+ and CD8+, are essential in the eradication of intracellular pathogens. Data generated using murine T cells have suggested a critical role for CD95 (Fas, Apo-1) in CD4+ T cell-induced apoptosis of target cells. In contrast, CD8+ CTL predominantly use the perforin/granzyme lytic pathway. At present little is known about the mechanism of CD4+ CTL lytic function during intracellular infection in humans. We have used human CD4+ T cells specific for purified protein derivative (PPD) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to explore whether CD95 is the dominant cytolytic mechanism. PPD-reactive CD4+ clones efficiently lysed Ag-pulsed autologous monocytes, adherent macrophages, and EBV-transformed B cells. Addition of an antagonistic CD95 Ab had a minimal effect on cytolysis, whereas addition of MgEGTA to block perforin/granzyme resulted in complete inhibition of killing. In contrast, lysis of activated peripheral blood B cells could be partially blocked with the antagonistic CD95 Ab. Supporting these observations, monocytes, macrophages, and EBV-transformed B cells were not lysed by an agonistic CD95 Ab. Activated B cells were readily lysed by the agonistic CD95 Ab. T cell clones triggered through the TCR with anti-CD3 were capable of lysing the CD95-sensitive Jurkat T cell line in a CD95-dependent manner, but were also able to release granzymes. We conclude that human CD4+ T cells are capable of lysing PPD-pulsed targets using both perforin/granzyme and CD95 pathways. The contribution of CD95 is strictly dependent on target cell susceptibility to CD95-mediated killing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Lewinsohn
- *Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- †Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98104
| | | | | | | | | | - Steven G. Reed
- †Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98104
- ‡Corixa Corp., Seattle, WA 98104; and
| | | |
Collapse
|
104
|
Tascon RE, Stavropoulos E, Lukacs KV, Colston MJ. Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by CD8+ T cells requires the production of gamma interferon. Infect Immun 1998; 66:830-4. [PMID: 9453650 PMCID: PMC107978 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.2.830-834.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/1997] [Accepted: 10/29/1997] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of CD8 T cells in controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in mice was confirmed by comparing the levels of growth of the organism in control, major histocompatibility complex class II knockout, and athymic mice and by transferring T-cell populations into athymic mice. By using donor mice which were incapable of making gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), it was shown that IFN-gamma production was essential for CD8 cell mediation of protective immunity against M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Tascon
- National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
105
|
White DW, Harty JT. Perforin-Deficient CD8+ T Cells Provide Immunity to Listeria monocytogenes by a Mechanism That Is Independent of CD95 and IFN-γ but Requires TNF-α. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.2.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are effective mediators of immunity against Listeria monocytogenes, but the mechanisms by which they provide antilisterial immunity are poorly understood. CD8+ T cells efficiently lyse target cells in vitro by at least two independent pathways. To test the hypothesis that CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity to L. monocytogenes is dependent on perforin or CD95 (Fas, Apo-1), we used C57Bl/6 (B6) and perforin-deficient (PO) mice to generate CD8+ T cell lines specific for the L. monocytogenes-encoded Ag listeriolysin O (LLO). Both lines specifically produce IFN-γ and TNF-α, and mediate target cell lysis in vitro. Cytolysis mediated by the PO-derived CD8+ T cell line is delayed relative to the B6-derived line and is completely inhibited by anti-CD95 Abs. In vivo, PO-derived CD8+ T cells provide specific antilisterial immunity in B6 hosts, CD95-deficient hosts, and IFN-γ-depleted hosts. However, PO-derived CD8+ T cells fail to provide antilisterial immunity in hosts depleted of TNF-α. These results indicate that single Ag-specific CD8+ T cells derived from PO mice can mediate antilisterial immunity by a mechanism that is independent of CD95 or IFN-γ, but requires TNF-α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John T. Harty
- *Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology and
- †Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Lalvani A, Brookes R, Wilkinson RJ, Malin AS, Pathan AA, Andersen P, Dockrell H, Pasvol G, Hill AV. Human cytolytic and interferon gamma-secreting CD8+ T lymphocytes specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:270-5. [PMID: 9419365 PMCID: PMC18198 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.1.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is poorly understood, but mounting evidence, at least in animal models, implicates major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CD8+ T cells as an essential component. By using a highly sensitive assay for single cell interferon gamma release, we screened an array of M. tuberculosis antigen-derived peptides congruent with HLA class I allele-specific motifs. We identified CD8+ T cells specific for epitopes in the early secretory antigenic target 6 during active tuberculosis, after clinical recovery and in healthy contacts. Unrestimulated cells exhibited peptide-specific interferon gamma secretion, whereas lines or clones recognized endogenously processed antigen and showed cytolytic activity. These results provide direct evidence for the involvement of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in host defense against M. tuberculosis in humans and support current attempts to generate protective cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against M. tuberculosis by vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Lalvani
- Molecular Immunology Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
|
108
|
Elhay MJ, Andersen P. Immunological requirements for a subunit vaccine against tuberculosis. Immunol Cell Biol 1997; 75:595-603. [PMID: 9492199 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1997.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains one of the most important threats to world health. Current vaccination and prevention strategies are inadequate and there is an urgent need for a new vaccine. The current vaccine bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), is unable to protect against re-activation of disease in later life and its efficacy varies tremendously in different human populations. An ideal replacement would be a non-living subunit vaccine that could impart protective efficacy greater than BCG but without its drawbacks. Before such a goal is achieved, however, there are many parameters that need to be examined in experimental systems. Such studies have revealed that apart from the selection of immunologically relevant antigens, dosage of antigen and type of adjuvant need to be chosen carefully. These parameters need to be examined in the context of the complex biology of the disease and, despite recent progress in defining host/pathogen interactions, experimental vaccines tested so far have fallen short of the protective efficacy of BCG. A coordinated approach, stimulating the various facets of cell-mediated immunity will probably be essential for development of protective immunity through subunit vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Elhay
- Department of TB Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Skinner MA, Yuan S, Prestidge R, Chuk D, Watson JD, Tan PL. Immunization with heat-killed Mycobacterium vaccae stimulates CD8+ cytotoxic T cells specific for macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 1997; 65:4525-30. [PMID: 9353029 PMCID: PMC175650 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.11.4525-4530.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis are analyzed in mice which have been immunized with Mycobacterium vaccae to examine novel ways of altering protective immunity against M. tuberculosis. The spleen cells of mice immunized with M. vaccae proliferate and secrete gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in response to challenge with live M. tuberculosis in vitro. Immunization with M. vaccae results in the generation of CD8+ T cells which kill syngeneic macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis. These effector cytotoxic T cells (CTL) are detectable in the spleen at 2 weeks after immunization with M. vaccae but cannot be found in splenocytes 3 to 6 weeks postimmunization. However, M. tuberculosis-specific CTL are revealed following restimulation in vitro with heat-killed M. vaccae or M. tuberculosis, consistent with the activation of memory cells. These CD8+ T cells secrete IFN-gamma and enhance the production of interleukin 12 when cocultured with M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. It is suggested that CD8+ T cells with a cytokine secretion profile of the Tc1 class may themselves maintain the dominance of a Th1-type cytokine response following immunization with M. vaccae. Heat-killed M. vaccae deserves attention as an alternative to attenuated live mycobacterial vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Skinner
- Genesis Research & Development Corporation Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Lammas DA, Stober C, Harvey CJ, Kendrick N, Panchalingam S, Kumararatne DS. ATP-induced killing of mycobacteria by human macrophages is mediated by purinergic P2Z(P2X7) receptors. Immunity 1997; 7:433-44. [PMID: 9324363 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The death of BCG-infected human macrophages induced in vitro by ligation of surface CD95 (Fas), CD69, or complement-mediated lysis was shown not to result in the death of intracellular mycobacteria, whereas exposure to extracellular ATP initiated both macrophage death and killed the intracellular bacteria. ATP acted via P2Z receptors because these effects were mimicked by benzoylbenzoic ATP (a known agonist of P2Z receptors) and blocked by oxidized ATP, DIDS, suramin, amiloride, and KN62 (known inhibitors of P2Z-mediated responses). ATP-mediated bacterial killing was independent of reactive nitrogen and oxygen intermediates and of actinomycin D or cycloheximide inhibition. ATP-induced macrophage cell death, BCG killing, and lucifer yellow dye incorporation were minimal in 2 out of 19 healthy donors. The results suggest possible genetic heterogeneity of this mechanism of mycobacterial killing associated with P2Z-mediated pore formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Lammas
- Department of Immunology, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Stenger S, Mazzaccaro RJ, Uyemura K, Cho S, Barnes PF, Rosat JP, Sette A, Brenner MB, Porcelli SA, Bloom BR, Modlin RL. Differential effects of cytolytic T cell subsets on intracellular infection. Science 1997; 276:1684-7. [PMID: 9180075 DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5319.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In analyzing mechanisms of protection against intracellular infections, a series of human CD1-restricted T cell lines of two distinct phenotypes were derived. Both CD4(-)CD8(-) (double-negative) T cells and CD8(+) T cells efficiently lysed macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The cytotoxicity of CD4(-)CD8(-) T cells was mediated by Fas-FasL interaction and had no effect on the viability of the mycobacteria. The CD8(+) T cells lysed infected macrophages by a Fas-independent, granule-dependent mechanism that resulted in killing of bacteria. These data indicate that two phenotypically distinct subsets of human cytolytic T lymphocytes use different mechanisms to kill infected cells and contribute in different ways to host defense against intracellular infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Stenger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Cooper AM, D'Souza C, Frank AA, Orme IM. The course of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the lungs of mice lacking expression of either perforin- or granzyme-mediated cytolytic mechanisms. Infect Immun 1997; 65:1317-20. [PMID: 9119468 PMCID: PMC175134 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.4.1317-1320.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells have been shown to be protective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in the mouse. These cells have been shown to be cytolytic toward M. tuberculosis-infected cells and have also been shown to release the protective cytokine gamma interferon in response to mycobacterial antigen. It has therefore been unclear how these cells mediate their protective response. To dissect this problem, we compared the courses of M. tuberculosis infections in control, perforin gene-knockout, and granzyme gene-knockout mice exposed by the realistic pulmonary route. The inability to express either of these molecules limits the expression of the major lytic pathway but does not appear to influence the course of the infection or result in any discernible histologic differences. These data seem to rule against a lytic role for CD8 T cells in the lungs and hence tend to suggest instead that another type of mechanism, such as cytokine secretion by these cells, is their primary mode of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Cooper
- Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
113
|
|