101
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Jing ZT, Liu W, Wu SX, He Y, Lin YT, Chen WN, Lin XJ, Lin X. Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen Enhances the Sensitivity of Hepatocytes to Fas-Mediated Apoptosis via Suppression of AKT Phosphorylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2303-2314. [PMID: 30171166 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Fas receptor/ligand system plays a prominent role in hepatic apoptosis and hepatocyte death. Although hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface Ag (HBsAg) is the most abundant HBV protein in the liver and peripheral blood of patients with chronic HBV infection, its role in Fas-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis has not been disclosed. In this study, we report that HBsAg sensitizes HepG2 cells to agonistic anti-Fas Ab CH11-induced apoptosis through increasing the formation of SDS-stable Fas aggregation and procaspase-8 cleavage but decreasing both the expression of cellular FLIPL/S and the recruitment of FLIPL/S at the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Notably, HBsAg increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and consequently reduced AKT phosphorylation by deactivation of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDPK1) and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), leading to enhancement of Fas-mediated apoptosis. In a mouse model, expression of HBsAg in mice injected with recombinant adenovirus-associated virus 8 aggravated Jo2-induced acute liver failure, which could be effectively attenuated by the AKT activator SC79. Based on these results, it is concluded that HBsAg predisposes hepatocytes to Fas-mediated apoptosis and mice to acute liver failure via suppression of AKT prosurviving activity, suggesting that interventions directed at enhancing the activation or functional activity of AKT may be of therapeutic value in Fas-mediated progressive liver cell injury and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Tang Jing
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; and
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; and.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Shu-Xiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; and
| | - Yun He
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; and
| | - Yan-Ting Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; and
| | - Wan-Nan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; and.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Xin-Jian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; and
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; and .,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
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102
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Wu CC, Chen YS, Cao L, Chen XW, Lu MJ. Hepatitis B virus infection: Defective surface antigen expression and pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:3488-3499. [PMID: 30131655 PMCID: PMC6102499 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i31.3488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health concern. HBV causes chronic infection in patients and can lead to liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and other severe liver diseases. Thus, understanding HBV-related pathogenesis is of particular importance for prevention and clinical intervention. HBV surface antigens are indispensable for HBV virion formation and are useful viral markers for diagnosis and clinical assessment. During chronic HBV infection, HBV genomes may acquire and accumulate mutations and deletions, leading to the expression of defective HBV surface antigens. These defective HBV surface antigens have been found to play important roles in the progression of HBV-associated liver diseases. In this review, we focus our discussion on the nature of defective HBV surface antigen mutations and their contribution to the pathogenesis of fulminant hepatitis B. The relationship between defective surface antigens and occult HBV infection are also discussed.
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MESH Headings
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Disease Progression
- Genome, Viral/genetics
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/genetics
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/immunology
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/metabolism
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Hepatitis B virus/immunology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/pathology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/prevention & control
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Liver Failure, Acute/immunology
- Liver Failure, Acute/pathology
- Liver Failure, Acute/prevention & control
- Liver Failure, Acute/virology
- Mutation
- Virus Replication/genetics
- Virus Replication/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ying-Shan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Liang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Xin-Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Meng-Ji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45122, Germany
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103
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Feng Q, Yao J, Zhou G, Xia W, Lyu J, Li X, Zhao T, Zhang G, Zhao N, Yang J. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals That Arctigenin Alleviates Concanavalin A-Induced Hepatitis Through Suppressing Immune System and Regulating Autophagy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1881. [PMID: 30177931 PMCID: PMC6109684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis is a well-established experimental model for immune-mediated liver injury. It has been widely used in the therapeutic studies of immune hepatitis. The in-depth analysis of dysregulated proteins from comparative proteomic results indicated that the activation of immune system resulted in the deregulation of autophagy. Follow-up studies validated that some immune related proteins, including Stat1, Pkr, Atg7, and Adrm1, were indeed upregulated. The accumulations of LC3B-II and p62 were confirmed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses. Arctigenin pretreatment significantly alleviated the liver injury, as evidenced by biochemical and histopathological investigations, whose protective effects were comparable with Prednisone acetate and Cyclosporin A. Arctigenin pretreatment decreased the levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ, but increased the ones of IL-10. Next, the quantitative proteomic analysis demonstrated that ARC pretreatment suppressed the activation of immune system through the inhibition of IFN-γ signaling, when it downregulated the protein expressions of Stat1, P-Stat1, Pkr, P-Pkr, Bnip3, Beclin1, Atg7, LC3B, Adrm1, and p62. Meanwhile, Arctigenin pretreatment also reduced the gene expressions of Stat1, Pkr, and Atg7. These results suggested that Arctigenin alleviated autophagy as well as apoptosis through inhibiting IFN-γ/IL-6/Stat1 pathway and IL-6/Bnip3 pathway. In summary, the comparative proteomic analysis revealed that the activation of immune system led to Concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. Both autophagy and apoptosis had important clinical implications for the treatment of immune hepatitis. Arctigenin might exert great therapeutic potential in immune-mediated liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Jingchun Yao
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Ge Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenkai Xia
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Jingang Lyu
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Xin Li
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Guimin Zhang
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China.,School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Ningwei Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Shimadzu Biomedical Research Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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104
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Inoue J, Ninomiya M, Shimosegawa T, McNiven MA. Cellular Membrane Trafficking Machineries Used by the Hepatitis Viruses. Hepatology 2018; 68:751-762. [PMID: 29331069 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While the life cycles of hepatitis viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) have been modestly characterized, recent intensive studies have provided new insights. Because these viruses "hijack" the membrane trafficking of the host cell machinery during replicative propagation, it is essential to determine and understand these specific cellular pathways. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus are well known as leading causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. While substantial inroads toward treating hepatitis C virus patients have recently been made, patients with HBV continue to require lifelong treatment, which makes a thorough understanding of the HBV life cycle essential. Importantly, these viruses have been observed to "hijack" the secretory and endocytic membrane trafficking machineries of the hepatocyte. These can include the canonical clathrin-mediated endocytic process that internalizes virus through cell surface receptors. While these receptors are encoded by the host genome for normal hepatocellular functions, they also exhibit virus-specific recognition. Further, functions provided by the multivesicular body, which include endosomal sorting complexes required for transport, are now known to envelope a variety of different hepatitis viruses. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the cellular membrane trafficking machineries used by HBV in the context of other hepatitis viruses. (Hepatology 2018; 00:000-000).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Inoue
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masashi Ninomiya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tooru Shimosegawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mark A McNiven
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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105
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The role of HBV-induced autophagy in HBV replication and HBV related-HCC. Life Sci 2018; 205:107-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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106
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Abdoli A, Alirezaei M, Mehrbod P, Forouzanfar F. Autophagy: The multi-purpose bridge in viral infections and host cells. Rev Med Virol 2018; 28:e1973. [PMID: 29709097 PMCID: PMC7169200 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy signaling pathway is involved in cellular homeostasis, developmental processes, cellular stress responses, and immune pathways. The aim of this review is to summarize the relationship between autophagy and viruses. It is not possible to be fully comprehensive, or to provide a complete "overview of all viruses". In this review, we will focus on the interaction of autophagy and viruses and survey how human viruses exploit multiple steps in the autophagy pathway to help viral propagation and escape immune response. We discuss the role that macroautophagy plays in cells infected with hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, rotavirus gastroenteritis, immune cells infected with human immunodeficiency virus, and viral respiratory tract infections both influenza virus and coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDSPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Mehrdad Alirezaei
- Department of Immunology and Microbial ScienceThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Dept.Pasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Faezeh Forouzanfar
- University of Strasbourg, EA7292, DHPIInstitute of Parasitology and Tropical Pathology StrasbourgFrance
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107
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Kalyanasundram J, Hamid A, Yusoff K, Chia SL. Newcastle disease virus strain AF2240 as an oncolytic virus: A review. Acta Trop 2018; 183:126-133. [PMID: 29626432 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of tumour selective virus-mediated apoptosis marked the birth of an alternative cancer treatment in the form of oncolytic viruses. Even though, its oncolytic efficiency was demonstrated more than 50 years ago, safety concerns which resulted from mild to lethal side effects hampered the progress of oncolytic virus research. Since the classical oncolytic virus studies rely heavily on its natural oncolytic ability, virus manipulation was limited, thereby, restricted efforts to improve its safety. In order to circumvent such restriction, experiments involving non-human viruses such as the avian Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was conducted using cultured cells, animal models and human subjects. The corresponding reports on its significant tumour cytotoxicity along with impressive safety profile initiated immense research interest in the field of oncolytic NDV. The varying degree of oncolytic efficiency and virulency among NDV strains encouraged researchers from all around the world to experiment with their respective local NDV isolates in order to develop an oncolytic virus with desirable characteristics. Such desirable features include high tumour-killing ability, selectivity and low systemic cytotoxicity. The Malaysian field outbreak isolate, NDV strain AF2240, also currently, receives significant research attention. Apart from its high cytotoxicity against tumour cells, this strain also provided fundamental insight into NDV-mediated apoptosis mechanism which involves Bax protein recruitment as well as death receptor engagement. Studies on its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in tumour cells also resulted in a proposed p38 MAPK/NF-κB/IκBα pathway. The immunogenicity of AF2240 was also investigated through PBMC stimulation and macrophage infection. In addition, the enhanced oncolytic ability of this strain under hypoxic condition signifies its dynamic tumour tropism. This review is aimed to introduce and discuss the aforementioned details of the oncolytic AF2240 strain along with its current challenges which outlines the future research direction of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevanathan Kalyanasundram
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia; Malaysian Genome Institute, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia
| | - Aini Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor D.E., Malaysia
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia; Malaysian Genome Institute, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia
| | - Suet Lin Chia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia; Malaysian Genome Institute, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia.
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108
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Tumor microenvironment mediated by suppression of autophagic flux drives liver malignancy. Biomed J 2018; 41:163-168. [PMID: 30080656 PMCID: PMC6138774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological role of autophagy in the catabolic process of the body involves protein synthesis and degradation in homeostasis under normal and stressed conditions. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the role of tumor microenvironment (TME) has been concerned as the main issue in fighting against this deadly malignancy. During the last decade, the crosstalk between tumor cells and their TME in HCC extensively accumulated. However, a deeper knowledge for the actual function of autophagy in this interconnection which involved in supporting tumor development, progression and chemoresistance in HCC is needed but still largely unknown. Recent studies have shown that coagulants tissue factor (TF) and factor VII (FVII) has a pathological role in promoting tumor growth by activating protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). Autophagy-associated LC3A/B-II formation was selectively suppressed by FVII/PAR2 signaling which mediated by mTOR activation through Atg7 but not Atg5/Atg12 axis. The coagulant-derived autophagic suppression seemed potentiate a vicious circle of malignancy in producing more FVII and PAR2 which facilitate in vivo and in vitro tumor progression of HCC and the investigations are consistent with the clinical observations. In this review, we briefly summarize the current understanding of autophagy and discuss recent evidence for its role in HCC malignancy.
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109
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Chang H, Tian L, Chen J, Tang A, Li C, Li Z, Yang Z. Rapamycin and ZSTK474 can have differential effects at different post‑infection time‑points regarding CVB3 replication and CVB3‑induced autophagy. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1088-1094. [PMID: 29845290 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection has been shown to stimulate autophagy. We have demonstrated that the inhibition of phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC) signaling pathway could affect the autophagic reaction induced by CVB3 infection in our previous study. However, the processes associating autophagy and CVB3 replication remain to be determined. In the present study, CVB3‑induced autophagy and its impact on viral replication were investigated. Rapamycin (inhibitor of mTOR) and ZSTK474 (inhibitor of PI3K) were used to change the autophagic reaction caused by CVB3 in Hela cells at different post‑infection (p.i.) time points (6, 9, 12 and 24 h p.i.), meanwhile, we detected the CVB3 mRNA replication and CVB3 capsid protein VP1 expression following the change of autophagy. Here, it was showed that ZSTK474 and Rapamycin promoted CVB3‑induced autophagy, as well as decreasing CVB3 mRNA replication and CVB3 capsid protein VP1 expression at 6 and 9 h p.i. ZSTK474 also alleviated CVB3‑induced autophagy, and decreased CVB3 mRNA replication and VP1 expression at 12 and 24 h p.i. However, Rapamycin continued to promote CVB3‑induced autophagy and increase CVB3 mRNA replication at 12 and 24 h p.i, as well as increase VP1 expression at 12 h, but not at 24 h, p.i. In the present study, we found Rapamycin and ZSTK474 have differential effects at different p.i. time‑points regarding CVB3 replication and CVB3‑induced autophagy. This indicates that the association between CVB3‑induced autophagy and viral replication depends on the infection time. During the early course of infection, autophagy may help host cells clear the virus, thereby providing protection, whereas when the infection time increases, autophagy may be exploited for viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Lang Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Anliu Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Chunyun Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Zhuoying Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Zuocheng Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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110
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Wang X, Qi X, Yang B, Chen S, Wang J. Autophagy Benefits the Replication of Egg Drop Syndrome Virus in Duck Embryo Fibroblasts. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1091. [PMID: 29896171 PMCID: PMC5986908 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Egg drop syndrome virus (EDSV) is an economically important pathogen with a broad host range, and it causes disease that leads to markedly decreased egg production. Although EDSV is known to induce apoptosis in duck embryo fibroblasts (DEFs), the interaction between EDSV and its host needs to be further researched. Here, we provide the first evidence that EDSV infection triggers autophagy in DEFs through increases in autophagosome-like double-membrane vesicles, the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, and LC3 colocalization with viral hexon proteins. Conversely, P62/SQSTM1 degradation, LC3-II turnover, and colocalization of LAMP and LC3 confirmed that EDSV infection triggers complete autophagy. Furthermore, we demonstrated that inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine (CQ) and 3-methyladenine (3MA) or RNA interference targeting ATG-7 decreased the yield of EDSV progeny. In contrast, induction of autophagy by rapamycin increased the EDSV progeny yield. In addition, we preliminarily demonstrated that the class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR pathway contributes to autophagic induction following EDSV infection. Altogether, these finding lead us to conclude that EDSV infection induces autophagy, which benefits its own replication in host cells. These findings provide novel insights into EDSV-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xuefeng Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuying Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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111
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Elizalde MM, Pérez PS, Sevic I, Grasso D, Ropolo A, Barbini L, Campos RH, Vaccaro MI, Flichman DM. HBV subgenotypes F1b and F4 replication induces an incomplete autophagic process in hepatocytes: Role of BCP and preCore mutations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197109. [PMID: 29738548 PMCID: PMC5940199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and mutants have been associated with differences in clinical and virological characteristics. Autophagy is a cellular process that degrades long-lived proteins and damaged organelles. Viruses have evolved mechanisms to alter this process to survive in host cells. In this work, we studied the modulation of autophagy by the replication of HBV subgenotypes F1b and F4, and the naturally occurring mutants BCP and preCore. HBV subgenotypes F1b and F4 replication induced accumulation of autophagosomes in hepatoma cells. However, no autophagic protein degradation was observed, indicating a blockage of autophagic flux at later stages. This inhibition of autophagy flux might be due to an impairment of lysosomal acidification in hepatoma cells. Moreover, HBV-mediated autophagy modulation was independent of the viral subgenotypes and enhanced in viruses with BCP and preCore naturally occurring mutations. These results contribute to understand the mechanisms by which different HBV variants contribute to the pathogenesis of HBV infections. In addition, this study is the first to describe the role that two highly prevalent naturally occurring mutations exert on the modulation of HBV-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Mercedes Elizalde
- Cátedra de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Paula Soledad Pérez
- Cátedra de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ina Sevic
- Cátedra de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Grasso
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Ropolo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Barbini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo Héctor Campos
- Cátedra de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Inés Vaccaro
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Martín Flichman
- Cátedra de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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112
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Hepatitis B Virus Subverts the Autophagy Elongation Complex Atg5-12/16L1 and Does Not Require Atg8/LC3 Lipidation for Viral Maturation. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01513-17. [PMID: 29367244 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01513-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that hepatitis B virus (HBV) stimulates autophagy to favor its production. To understand how HBV co-opts autophagy as a proviral machinery, we studied the roles of key autophagy proteins in HBV-replicating liver cell cultures. RNA interference-mediated silencing of Atg5, Atg12, and Atg16L1, which promote autophagophore expansion and LC3 membrane conjugation, interfered with viral core/nucleocapsid (NC) formation/stability and strongly diminished virus yields. Concomitantly, the core/NC membrane association and their sorting to envelope-positive compartments were perturbed. A close inspection of the HBV/autophagy cross talk revealed that the virus depended on Atg12 covalently conjugated to Atg5. In support of this finding, HBV required the E2-like enzymes Atg10 and Atg3, which catalyze or facilitate Atg5-12 conjugation, respectively. Atg10 and Atg3 knockdowns decreased HBV production, while Atg3 overexpression increased virus yields. Mapping analyses demonstrated that the HBV core protein encountered the Atg5-12/16L1 complex via interaction with the intrinsically disordered region of the Atg12 moiety that is dispensable for autophagy function. The role of Atg12 in HBV replication was confirmed by its incorporation into virions. Although the Atg5-12/16L1 complex and Atg3 are essential for LC3 lipidation and, thus, for autophagosome maturation and closure, HBV propagation did not require LC3. Silencing of LC3B, the most abundant LC3 isoform, did not inhibit but rather augmented virus production. Similar augmenting effects were obtained upon overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of Atg4B that blocked the lipid conjugation of the LC3 isoforms and their GABARAP paralogues. Together, our data indicate that HBV subverts early, nondegradative autophagy components as assembly scaffolds, thereby concurrently avoiding autophagosomal destruction.IMPORTANCE Infections with the hepatitis B virus (HBV), an enveloped pararetrovirus, cause about 1 million deaths per year, as current therapies rarely achieve a cure. Understanding the HBV life cycle and concomitant host cell interactions is instrumental to develop new antiviral concepts. Here, we proceeded to dissect the roles of the autophagy machinery in virus propagation. By using RNA interference and overexpression studies in HBV-replicating cell lines, we identified the autophagic Atg5-12/16L1 elongation complex along with Atg10 and Atg3 to be an essential scaffold for HBV nucleocapsid assembly/stability. Deficits in Atg5-12/16L1 and Atg10/Atg3, which normally drive autophagophore membrane expansion, strongly impaired progeny virus yields. HBV gained access to Atg5-12/16L1 via interaction of its core protein with the Atg12 moiety of the complex. In contrast, subsequent autophagosome maturation and closure events were unnecessary for HBV replication, as evidenced by inhibition of Atg8/LC3 conjugation. Interfering with the HBV/Atg12 cross talk may be a tool for virus control.
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113
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Song JM. Anti-infective potential of catechins and their derivatives against viral hepatitis. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2018; 7:37-42. [PMID: 29399578 PMCID: PMC5795043 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2018.7.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols including catechins from green tea (Camellia sinensis) have been reported to have anti-infective activities against a broad spectrum of viruses and other pathogens. During the last two decades, antiviral activities of catechins with different modes of action have been demonstrated on diverse families of viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, Herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, hepatitis B and C virus. In this study, we focused on the antiviral properties of catechins and their derivatives against viral hepatitis which have become a key public health issue due to their serious impact on human health with liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Song
- Department of Global Medical Science, Health & Wellness College, Sungshin University, Seoul, Korea
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114
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Kim SY, Kyaw YY, Cheong J. Functional interaction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and hepatitis B virus in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:7657-7665. [PMID: 29209107 PMCID: PMC5703926 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i43.7657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a non-cytopathic virus that causes acute and chronic inflammatory liver diseases, often leading to the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although many studies for the roles of HBV on pathogenesis of the liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatic inflammation, cirrhosis, and HCC, have been reported, the mechanisms are not fully understood. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria have the protective mechanisms to restore their damaged function by intrinsic or extrinsic stresses, but their chronic dysfunctions are associated with the pathogenesis of the various diseases. Furthermore, HBV can affect intra- or extracellular homeostasis through induction of ER and mitochondrial dysfunctions, leading to liver injury. Therefore, the mechanism by which HBV induces ER or mitochondrial stresses may be a therapeutic target for treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Yi Yi Kyaw
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Jaehun Cheong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
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115
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Han Y, Zhang L, Xing Y, Zhang L, Chen X, Tang P, Chen Z. Autophagy relieves the function inhibition and apoptosis‑promoting effects on osteoblast induced by glucocorticoid. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:800-808. [PMID: 29207032 PMCID: PMC5752167 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy may be a major mechanism by which osteoblasts (OBs) protect against the negative effects of chronic glucocorticoid (GC) usage. OBs are closely associated with the remodeling that occurs in GC-induced osteoporosis (GIO). In osteocytes, in response to stress induced by GCs, several pathways are activated, including cell necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy. However, the role of autophagy in OBs following treatment with excess GCs has not been addressed. In the current study, confocal microscopy observation of green fluorescent protein-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3β (LC3) punctuate, and western blotting for LC3II and Beclin 1 were performed for detection of autophagy in the MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell line. Flow cytometry and western blotting were used for the examination of apoptosis and expression of BAX apoptosis regulator (Bax)/apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (Bcl-2). The expression of genes associated with osteoblastic function, runt-related transcription factor 2, α-1 type 1 collagen and osteocalcin, were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results indicated that autophagy was induced in OBs during dexamethasone (Dex) treatment in a dose-dependent manner. The level of autophagy did not continue to increase over time, but peaked at 48 h and then decreased gradually. Subsequently, flow cytometry was used to demonstrate that inhibition of autophagy induced apoptosis in OBs under Dex treatment, and was associated with the upregulation of Bax and the downregulation of Bcl-2 protein expression. Furthermore, the data suggested that the inhibition of autophagy also suppressed the expression of osteoblastic genes. By contrast, the stimulation of autophagy maintained the gene expression level under Dex treatment. The data revealed that autophagy is an important regulator of osteoblastic apoptosis through its interaction with Bax/Bcl-2, and maintains the osteoblastic function of MC3T3-E1 cells following GC exposure. In addition, these results indicated that the suppression of autophagy in OBs under chronic GC therapy may increase the prevalence of GIO and fragility fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Lihai Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Yaling Xing
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Electromagnetic and Laser Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Electromagnetic and Laser Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Peifu Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Zhongbin Chen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Electromagnetic and Laser Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
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116
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Yu S, Wang Y, Jing L, Claret FX, Li Q, Tian T, Liang X, Ruan Z, Jiang L, Yao Y, Nan K, Lv Y, Guo H. Autophagy in the "inflammation-carcinogenesis" pathway of liver and HCC immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2017; 411:82-89. [PMID: 28987386 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a dual role in many types of cancer, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Autophagy seems to be inhibited and functions as a tumor-suppression mechanism in the "inflammation-carcinogenesis" pathway of the liver, including hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus, alcoholic steatohepatitis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis related HCC. However, in established tumors, autophagy plays a tumor-promoting role. Because of the varied function of autophagy in HCC, we hypothesized p62 as a marker to evaluate the autophagic level. Moreover, autophagy is critical in antigen presentation and homeostasis of immune cells and tumor microenvironment. Understanding the intricate relationships of autophagy, inflammation, and immunity provides us with new insights into HCC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhe Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Li Jing
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - F X Claret
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Tao Tian
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Xuan Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Zhiping Ruan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Kejun Nan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
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117
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X protein variants of the autochthonous Latin American hepatitis B virus F genotype promotes human hepatocyte death by the induction of apoptosis and autophagy. Virus Res 2017; 242:156-165. [PMID: 28986109 PMCID: PMC7114566 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The impact of BCP mutations on HBV-X biologic activity was analyzed. Genotype F wild type and mutant HBV-X induce apoptosis of human hepatocytes. HBV-X variants modulate the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins. Subgenotypes F1b and F4 HBV-X and variants induce autophagy of human hepatocytes.
The hepatitis B virus X protein (HBV-X) is a multifunctional regulatory protein associated with the pathogenesis of liver disease in chronic HBV infection. Basal core promoter mutations (BCP), associated with the clinical course of chronic HBV infection, affect HBV-X at 130–131 positions. The role of these mutations on HBV-X biological activity remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the presence of different amino acids at 130–131 positions of HBV-X on the biological activity of the protein. Transient expression of wild type and mutant F1b and F4 HBV-X increased cell mortality by the induction of apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. The wild type and mutant HBV-X differentially modulate the expression of pro-apoptotic (Bax) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2 and Bcl-X) regulatory proteins of the Bcl-2 family. Furthermore, the expression of HBV-X variants of both subgenotypes induced autophagy of human tumoral hepatocytes. In conclusion, HBV-X variants of the Latin American HBV F genotype promotes human hepatocytes death by the induction of apoptosis and autophagy. The results of this work describe some of the molecular mechanisms by which HBV-X variants contribute to the pathogenesis of liver diseases in the infected liver and help to the biological characterization of genotype F, responsible of the majority of HBV infections in Argentina.
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118
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Zhao D, Liu Y, Liu X, Li T, Xin Z, Zhu X, Wu X, Liu Y. HBV suppresses thapsigargin-induced apoptosis via inhibiting CHOP expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:4403-4409. [PMID: 28943956 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for a proportion of cancer-associated mortalities worldwide. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of HCC in China. Thapsigargin (TG) is a potential antitumor prodrug, eliciting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress via the inhibition of the ER calcium pump, effectively inducing apoptosis. The present study therefore examined the role of HBV in TG-induced apoptosis using two HCC cell lines, HBV positive HepG2.2.15 and HBV negative HepG2. When these two cell lines were treated with TG, HepG2.2.15 was less susceptible to apoptosis than HepG2. This phenomenon was confirmed by an MTT assay and Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to detect the expression levels of genes in the ER stress pathway subsequent to treatment with TG. Notably, the mRNA and protein levels of the apoptosis factor DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (CHOP) increased significantly in the HepG2 cells compared with the HepG2.2.15 cells. Additionally, the HepG2.2.15 cells treated with interferon-α exhibited higher levels of CHOP compared with the untreated cells. The overexpression or knockdown of CHOP microRNA in HepG2.2.15 or HepG2 cells may reduce the difference in apoptosis status between the two cell lines. These results suggest that HBV may inhibit the apoptosis induced by ER stress. These findings may be useful in the development of selective therapies for patients with HBV-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Zhao
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Xing Liu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhui Xin
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Xilin Zhu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopan Wu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
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119
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Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated c-Jun NH 2-Terminal Kinase Activation Contributes to Hepatitis B Virus X Protein-Induced Autophagy via Regulation of the Beclin-1/Bcl-2 Interaction. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00001-17. [PMID: 28515304 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00001-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is closely associated with the regulation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. HBV X protein (HBx), a multifunctional regulator in HBV-associated biological processes, has been demonstrated to be crucial for autophagy induction by HBV. However, the molecular mechanisms of autophagy induction by HBx, especially the signaling pathways involved, remain elusive. In the present investigation, we demonstrated that HBx induced autophagosome formation independently of the class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In contrast, the class III PI3K(VPS34)/beclin-1 pathway was revealed to be critical for HBx-induced autophagosome formation. Further study showed that HBx did not affect the level of VPS34 and beclin-1 expression but inhibited beclin-1/Bcl-2 association, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling was found to be important for this process. Moreover, it was found that HBx treatment led to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inhibition of ROS activity abrogated both JNK activation and autophagosome formation. Of importance, ROS-JNK signaling was also revealed to play an important role in HBV-induced autophagosome formation and subsequent HBV replication. These data may provide deeper insight into the mechanisms of autophagy induction by HBx and help in the design of new therapeutic strategies against HBV infection.IMPORTANCE HBx plays a key role in diverse HBV-associated biological processes, including autophagy induction. However, the molecular mechanisms of autophagy induction by HBx, especially the signaling pathways involved, remain elusive. In the present investigation, we found that HBx induced autophagy independently of the class I PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, while the class III PI3K(VPS34)/beclin-1 pathway was revealed to be crucial for this process. Further data showed that ROS-JNK activation by HBx resulted in the release of beclin-1 from its association with Bcl-2 to form a complex with VPS34, thus enhancing autophagosome formation. Of importance, ROS-JNK signaling was also demonstrated to be critical for HBV replication via regulation of autophagy induction. These data help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of autophagy induction by HBx/HBV and might be useful for designing novel therapeutic approaches to HBV infection.
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120
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Rab33B Controls Hepatitis B Virus Assembly by Regulating Core Membrane Association and Nucleocapsid Processing. Viruses 2017. [PMID: 28635671 PMCID: PMC5490832 DOI: 10.3390/v9060157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses take advantage of cellular trafficking machineries to assemble and release new infectious particles. Using RNA interference (RNAi), we demonstrate that the Golgi/autophagosome-associated Rab33B is required for hepatitis B virus (HBV) propagation in hepatoma cell lines. While Rab33B is dispensable for the secretion of HBV subviral envelope particles, its knockdown reduced the virus yield to 20% and inhibited nucleocapsid (NC) formation and/or NC trafficking. The overexpression of a GDP-restricted Rab33B mutant phenocopied the effect of deficit Rab33B, indicating that Rab33B-specific effector proteins may be involved. Moreover, we found that HBV replication enhanced Rab33B expression. By analyzing HBV infection cycle steps, we identified a hitherto unknown membrane targeting module in the highly basic C-terminal domain of the NC-forming core protein. Rab33B inactivation reduced core membrane association, suggesting that membrane platforms participate in HBV assembly reactions. Biochemical and immunofluorescence analyses provided further hints that the viral core, rather than the envelope, is the main target for Rab33B intervention. Rab33B-deficiency reduced core protein levels without affecting viral transcription and hampered core/NC sorting to envelope-positive, intracellular compartments. Together, these results indicate that Rab33B is an important player in intracellular HBV trafficking events, guiding core transport to NC assembly sites and/or NC transport to budding sites.
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121
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Inducible Rubicon facilitates viral replication by antagonizing interferon production. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:607-620. [PMID: 28392573 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The RUN domain Beclin-1-interacting cysteine-rich-containing (Rubicon) protein is involved in the maturation step of autophagy and the endocytic pathway as a Beclin-1-binding partner, but little is known regarding the role of Rubicon during viral infection. Here, we performed functional studies of the identified target in interferon (IFN) signaling pathways associated with Rubicon to elucidate the mechanisms of viral resistance to IFN. The Rubicon protein levels were elevated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, sera and liver tissues from patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection relative to those in healthy individuals. Assays of the overexpression and knockdown of Rubicon showed that Rubicon significantly promoted HBV replication. In addition, Rubicon knockdown resulted in the inhibition of enterovirus 71, influenza A virus and vesicular stomatitis virus. The expression o0f Rubicon led to the suppression of virus-induced type-I interferon (IFN-α and IFN-β) and type-III interferon (IFN-λ1). Translocation of activated IRF3 and IRF7 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus was involved in this process, and the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), a key factor in the IFN pathway, was the target with which Rubicon interacted. Our results reveal a previously unrecognized function of Rubicon as a virus-induced protein that binds to NEMO, leading to the inhibition of type-I interferon production. Rubicon thus functions as an important negative regulator of the innate immune response, enhances viral replication and may play a role in viral immune evasion.
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Abstract
The concept of macroautophagy was established in 1963, soon after the discovery of lysosomes in rat liver. Over the 50 years since, studies of liver autophagy have produced many important findings. The liver is rich in lysosomes and possesses high levels of metabolic-stress-induced autophagy, which is precisely regulated by concentrations of hormones and amino acids. Liver autophagy provides starved cells with amino acids, glucose and free fatty acids for use in energy production and synthesis of new macromolecules, and also controls the quality and quantity of organelles such as mitochondria. Although the efforts of early investigators contributed markedly to our current knowledge of autophagy, the identification of autophagy-related genes represented a revolutionary breakthrough in our understanding of the physiological roles of autophagy in the liver. A growing body of evidence has shown that liver autophagy contributes to basic hepatic functions, including glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and β-oxidation, through selective turnover of specific cargos controlled by a series of transcription factors. In this Review, we outline the history of liver autophagy study, and then describe the roles of autophagy in hepatic metabolism under healthy and disease conditions, including the involvement of autophagy in α1-antitrypsin deficiency, NAFLD, hepatocellular carcinoma and viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ueno
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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Xing Y, Liqi Z, Jian L, Qinghua Y, Qian Y. Doxycycline Induces Mitophagy and Suppresses Production of Interferon-β in IPEC-J2 Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:21. [PMID: 28203548 PMCID: PMC5285722 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have demonstrated that the second-generation tetracycline derivative doxycycline (DOX) interrupts mitochondrial proteostasis and physiology, inhibits proliferation of many cell types, and induces apoptosis. However, the effects of DOX, which is widely used in porcine husbandry by feed, on the porcine intestinal epithelium are unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that DOX damaged mitochondrial morphology and induced the co-localization of mitochondria with autophagosomes, suggesting that DOX induces mitophagy in IPEC-J2 cells. We also found evidence that DOX increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or mitochondrial-specific ROS in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, 50 μg/ml DOX significantly decreased production of interferon-β and facilitated replication of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus in IPEC-J2 cells. These results demonstrated that DOX induced mitophagy and ROS production, which damaged the intestinal epithelium. As DOX is used extensively in pig husbandry, uncontrolled application poses a significant threat of viral infection, so stricter policies on its usage should be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Zhu Liqi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Jian
- Department of Zoology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Qinghua
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
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MITA/STING and Its Alternative Splicing Isoform MRP Restrict Hepatitis B Virus Replication. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169701. [PMID: 28056087 PMCID: PMC5215812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) requires the coordinated work of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. MITA/STING, an adapter protein of the innate immune signaling pathways, plays a key role in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses to DNA virus infection. Previously, we identified an alternatively spliced isoform of MITA/STING, called MITA-related protein (MRP), and found that MRP could specifically block MITA-mediated interferon (IFN) induction while retaining the ability to activate NF-κB. Here, we asked whether MITA/STING and MRP were able to control the HBV replication. Both MITA/STING and MRP significantly inhibited HBV replication in vitro. MITA overexpression stimulated IRF3-IFN pathway; while MRP overexpression activated NF-κB pathway, suggesting these two isoforms may inhibit HBV replication through different ways. Using a hydrodynamic injection (HI) mouse model, we found that HBV replication was reduced following MITA/STING and MRP expression vectors in mice and was enhanced by the knockout of MITA/STING (MITA/STING-/-). The HBV specific humoral and CD8+ T cell responses were impaired in MITA/STING deficient mice, suggesting the participation of MITA/STING in the initiation of host adaptive immune responses. In summary, our data suggest that MITA/STING and MRP contribute to HBV control via modulation of the innate and adaptive responses.
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Lin Y, Deng W, Pang J, Kemper T, Hu J, Yin J, Zhang J, Lu M. The microRNA-99 family modulates hepatitis B virus replication by promoting IGF-1R/PI3K/Akt/mTOR/ULK1 signaling-induced autophagy. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [PMID: 27886437 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small highly conserved noncoding RNAs that are widely expressed in multicellular organisms and participate in the regulation of various cellular processes including autophagy and viral replication. Evidently, microRNAs are able to modulate host gene expression and thereby inhibit or enhance hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. The miR-99 family members are highly expressed in the liver. Interestingly, the plasma levels of miR-99 family in the peripheral blood correspond with HBV DNA loads. Thus, we asked whether the miR-99 family regulated HBV replication and analyzed the underlying molecular mechanism. Compared with primary hepatocytes, miR-99 family expression was downregulated in hepatoma cells. Transfection of miR-99a, miR-99b, and miR-100 markedly increased HBV replication, progeny secretion, and antigen expression in hepatoma cells. However, miR-99 family had no effect on HBV transcription and HBV promoter activities, suggesting that they regulate HBV replication at posttranscriptional steps. Consistent with bioinformatic analysis and recent reports, ectopic expression of miR-99 family attenuated IGF-1R/Akt/mTOR pathway signaling and repressed insulin-stimulated activation in hepatoma cells. Moreover, the experimental data demonstrated that the miR-99 family promoted autophagy through mTOR/ULK1 signaling and thereby enhanced HBV replication. In conclusion, the miR-99 family promotes HBV replication posttranscriptionally through IGF-1R/PI3K/Akt/mTOR/ULK1 signaling-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wanyu Deng
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jinke Pang
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thekla Kemper
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jing Hu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jian Yin
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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126
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Mouna L, Hernandez E, Bonte D, Brost R, Amazit L, Delgui LR, Brune W, Geballe AP, Beau I, Esclatine A. Analysis of the role of autophagy inhibition by two complementary human cytomegalovirus BECN1/Beclin 1-binding proteins. Autophagy 2016; 12:327-42. [PMID: 26654401 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1125071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is activated early after human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection but, later on, the virus blocks autophagy. Here we characterized 2 HCMV proteins, TRS1 and IRS1, which inhibit autophagy during infection. Expression of either TRS1 or IRS1 was able to block autophagy in different cell lines, independently of the EIF2S1 kinase, EIF2AK2/PKR. Instead, TRS1 and IRS1 interacted with the autophagy protein BECN1/Beclin 1. We mapped the BECN1-binding domain (BBD) of IRS1 and TRS1 and found it to be essential for autophagy inhibition. Mutant viruses that express only IRS1 or TRS1 partially controlled autophagy, whereas a double mutant virus expressing neither protein stimulated autophagy. A mutant virus that did not express IRS1 and expressed a truncated form of TRS1 in which the BBD was deleted, failed to control autophagy. However, this mutant virus had similar replication kinetics as wild-type virus, suggesting that autophagy inhibition is not critical for viral replication. In fact, using pharmacological modulators of autophagy and inhibition of autophagy by shRNA knockdown, we discovered that stimulating autophagy enhanced viral replication. Conversely, inhibiting autophagy decreased HCMV infection. Thus, our results demonstrate a new proviral role of autophagy for a DNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Mouna
- a Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif sur Yvette , France
| | - Eva Hernandez
- a Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif sur Yvette , France
| | - Dorine Bonte
- b CNRS UMR8200, Univ Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy , Villejuif , France
| | - Rebekka Brost
- c Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Larbi Amazit
- d INSERM UMR-S-1185, Faculty of Medicine , Univ Paris-Sud , Le Kremlin Bicêtre , France
| | - Laura R Delgui
- e Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-CONICET , Mendoza , Argentina
| | - Wolfram Brune
- c Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Adam P Geballe
- f Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Isabelle Beau
- d INSERM UMR-S-1185, Faculty of Medicine , Univ Paris-Sud , Le Kremlin Bicêtre , France
| | - Audrey Esclatine
- a Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif sur Yvette , France
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Zhou L, Wen J, Huang Z, Nice EC, Huang C, Zhang H, Li Q. Redox proteomics screening cellular factors associated with oxidative stress in hepatocarcinogenesis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 11. [PMID: 27763721 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is a major global health problem being the sixth most common cancer and the third cause of cancer-related death, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) representing more than 90% of primary liver cancers. Mounting evidence suggests that, compared with their normal counterparts, many types of cancer cell have increased levels of ROS. Therefore, cancer cells need to combat high levels of ROS, especially at early stages of tumor development. Recent studies have revealed that ROS-mediated regulation of redox-sensitive proteins (redox sensors) is involved in the pathogenesis and/or progression of many human diseases, including cancer. Unraveling the altered functions of redox sensors and the underlying mechanisms in hepatocarcinogenesis is critical for the development of novel cancer therapeutics. For this reason, redox proteomics has been developed for the high-throughput screening of redox sensors, which will benefit the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HCC. In this review, we will briefly introduce several novel redox proteomics techniques that are currently available to study various oxidative modifications in hepatocarcinogenesis and summarize the most important discoveries in the study of redox processes related to the development and progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ji Wen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Visiting professor, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Haiyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, P. R. China
| | - Qifu Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, P. R. China
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128
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Mazzolini G, Sowa JP, Canbay A. Cell death mechanisms in human chronic liver diseases: a far cry from clinical applicability. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:2121-2138. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
The liver is constantly exposed to a host of injurious stimuli. This results in hepatocellular death mainly by apoptosis and necrosis, but also due to autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis and in some cases by an intricately balanced combination thereof. Overwhelming and continuous cell death in the liver leads to inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Although data from various disease models may suggest a specific (predominant) cell death mode for different aetiologies, the clinical reality is not as clear cut. Reliable and non-invasive cell death markers are not available in general practice and assessment of cell death mode to absolute certainty from liver biopsies does not seem feasible, yet. Various aetiologies probably induce different predominant cell death modes within the liver, although the death modes involved may change during disease progression. Moreover, current methods applicable in patients are limited to surrogate markers for apoptosis (M30), and possibly for pyroptosis (IL-1 family) and necro(pto)sis (HMGB1). Although markers for some death modes are not available at all (autophagy), others may not be specific for a cell death mode or might not always definitely indicate dying cells. Physicians need to take care in asserting the presence of cell death. Still the serum-derived markers are valuable tools to assess severity of chronic liver diseases. This review gives a short overview of known hepatocellular cell death modes in various aetiologies of chronic liver disease. Also the limitations of current knowledge in human settings and utilization of surrogate markers for disease assessment are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Mazzolini
- Department for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Medicas Aplicadas, Universidad Austral-CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Pilar Centro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jan-Peter Sowa
- Department for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Ali Canbay
- Department for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
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129
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Ma Y, Zhang L, Lu J, Shui T, Chen J, Yang J, Yuan J, Liu Y, Yang D. A Negative Feedback Loop Between Autophagy and Immune Responses in Mycobacterium leprae Infection. DNA Cell Biol 2016; 36:1-9. [PMID: 27854511 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular bacterium Mycobacterium leprae is the causative agent of leprosy and primarily infects macrophages, leading to irreversible nerve damage and deformities. So far, the underlying reasons allowing M. leprae to persist and propagate in macrophages, despite the presence of cellular immunity, are still a mystery. Here, we investigated the role of autophagy, a cellular process that degrades cytosolic materials and intracellular pathogens, in M. leprae infection. We found that live M. leprae infection of macrophages resulted in significantly elevated autophagy level. However, macrophages with high autophagy levels preferentially expressed lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and preferentially primed anti-inflammatory T cells responses, characterized by high IL-10 and low interferon-γ, granzyme B, and perforin responses. These anti-inflammatory T cells could suppress further induction of autophagy, leading to improved survival of intracellular M. leprae in infected macrophages. Therefore, these data demonstrated that although autophagy had a role in eliminating intracellular pathogens, the induction of autophagy resulted in anti-inflammatory immune responses, which suppressed autophagy in a negative feedback loop and allowed the persistence of M. leprae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelong Ma
- 1 Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- 1 Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Lu
- 2 Shiping County People's Hospital , Yunnan, China
| | - Tiejun Shui
- 3 Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Yunnan, China
| | - Jia Chen
- 1 Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yang
- 3 Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Yunnan, China
| | - Joanna Yuan
- 4 DICAT Biomedical Computation Centre , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yeqiang Liu
- 1 Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Degang Yang
- 1 Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
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130
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Kunanopparat A, Kimkong I, Palaga T, Tangkijvanich P, Sirichindakul B, Hirankarn N. Increased ATG5-ATG12 in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma and their role in apoptosis. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:8361-8374. [PMID: 27729742 PMCID: PMC5055866 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i37.8361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate autophagy-related genes, particularly ATG12, in apoptosis and cell cycle in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and non-HBV-HCC cell lines.
METHODS The expression of autophagy-related genes in HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma and non-HBV-HCC cell lines and human liver tissues was examined by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. The silencing of target genes was used to examine the function of various genes in apoptosis and cell cycle progression.
RESULTS The expression of autophagy related genes ATG5, ATG12, ATG9A and ATG4B expression was analyzed in HepG2.2.15 cells and compared with HepG2 and THLE cells. We found that ATG5 and ATG12 mRNA expression was significantly increased in HepG2.2.15 cells compared to HepG2 cells (P < 0.005). Moreover, ATG5-ATG12 protein levels were increased in tumor liver tissues compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues mainly from HCC patients with HBV infection. We also analyzed the function of ATG12 in cell apoptosis and cell cycle progression. The percentage of apoptotic cells increased by 11.4% in ATG12-silenced HepG2.2.15 cells (P < 0.005) but did not change in ATG12-silenced HepG2 cells under starvation with Earle’s balanced salt solution. However, the combination blockade of Notch signaling and ATG12 decreased the apoptotic rate of HepG2.2.15 cells from 55.6% to 50.4% (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION ATG12 is important for HBV-associated apoptosis and a potential drug target for HBV-HCC. Combination inhibition of ATG12/Notch signaling had no additional effect on HepG2.2.15 apoptosis.
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131
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Pant K, Yadav AK, Gupta P, Rathore AS, Nayak B, Venugopal SK. Humic acid inhibits HBV-induced autophagosome formation and induces apoptosis in HBV-transfected Hep G2 cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34496. [PMID: 27708347 PMCID: PMC5052648 DOI: 10.1038/srep34496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) utilizes several mechanisms to survive in the host cells and one of the main pathways being autophagosome formation. Humic acid (HA), one of the major components of Mineral pitch, is an Ayurvedic medicinal food, commonly used by the people of the Himalayan regions of Nepal and India for various body ailments. We hypothesized that HA could induce cell death and inhibit HBV-induced autophagy in hepatic cells. Incubation of Hep G2.2.1.5 cells (HepG2 cells stably expressing HBV) with HA (100 μM) inhibited both cell proliferation and autophagosome formation significantly, while apoptosis induction was enhanced. Western blot results showed that HA incubation resulted in decreased levels of beclin-1, SIRT-1 and c-myc, while caspase-3 and β-catenin expression were up-regulated. Western blot results showed that HA significantly inhibited the expression of HBx (3-fold with 50 μM and 5-fold with 100 μM) compared to control cells. When HA was incubated with HBx-transfected Hep G2 cells, HBx-induced autophagosome formation and beclin-1 levels were decreased. These data showed that HA induced apoptosis and inhibited HBV-induced autophagosome formation and proliferation in hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Pant
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Akbar Bhawan Chanakyapuri New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay K. Yadav
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Akbar Bhawan Chanakyapuri New Delhi, India
| | - Parul Gupta
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Akbar Bhawan Chanakyapuri New Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Singh Rathore
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Akbar Bhawan Chanakyapuri New Delhi, India
| | - Baibaswata Nayak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Senthil K. Venugopal
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Akbar Bhawan Chanakyapuri New Delhi, India
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132
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Zhou T, Jin M, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Huang S, Xie Q, Xu C, Cai W. Hepatitis B virus dampens autophagy maturation via negative regulation of Rab7 expression. Biosci Trends 2016; 10:244-50. [PMID: 27396843 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2016.01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection brings a huge challenge for medical health practitioners. It has been reported that invaded HBV escapes autophagic degradation through inhibiting lysosome maturation following enhanced autophagy formation, which putatively contributes to HBV replication and infection. However, the underlying mechanism by which HBV escapes from autophagic degradation remains elusive. In this study, we monitored the autophagic process using HepG2 cells and mice without or with transient HBV DNA plasmid transfection (pHepG2) or stable HBV infection (HepG2.2.15 cells) in vitro and in vivo. The results of Western blot, transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy, confirmed that HBV induced autophagy, while the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes was arrested. Furthermore, Rab7, a small GTPase that functions as a molecular switch responsible for the autophagosome-lysosome fusion, was inhibited, suggesting a potential mechanism for HBV-induced inhibition of autophagic degradation. In conclusion, our study proposes a potential mechanism for how HBV escapes autophagic degradation, which might be a novel therapeutic target for controlling HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhui Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
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133
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Granato M, Zompetta C, Vescarelli E, Rizzello C, Cardi A, Valia S, Antonelli G, Marchese C, Torrisi MR, Faggioni A, Cirone M. HCV derived from sera of HCV-infected patients induces pro-fibrotic effects in human primary fibroblasts by activating GLI2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30649. [PMID: 27476557 PMCID: PMC4967919 DOI: 10.1038/srep30649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of liver fibrosis, especially in developing countries. The process is characterized by the excess accumulation of ECM that may lead, over time, to hepatic cirrhosis, liver failure and also to hepatocarcinoma. The direct role of HCV in promoting fibroblasts trans-differentiation into myofibroblasts, the major fibrogenic cells, has not been fully clarified. In this study, we found that HCV derived from HCV-infected patients infected and directly induced the trans-differentiation of human primary fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, promoting fibrogenesis. This effect correlated with the activation of GLI2, one of the targets of Hedgehog signaling pathway previously reported to be involved in myofibroblast generation. Moreover, GLI2 activation by HCV correlated with a reduction of autophagy in fibroblasts, that may further promoted fibrosis. GLI2 inhibition by Gant 61 counteracted the pro-fibrotic effects and autophagy inhibition mediated by HCV, suggesting that targeting HH/GLI2 pathway might represent a promising strategy to reduce the HCV-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Granato
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - C Zompetta
- Dept. of Molecular medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - E Vescarelli
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - C Rizzello
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - A Cardi
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - S Valia
- Dept. of Molecular medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - G Antonelli
- Dept. of Molecular medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - C Marchese
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - M R Torrisi
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Dept. Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliera Sant' Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | - A Faggioni
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - M Cirone
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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134
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Wang Y, Chen N, Hegazy AM, Liu X, Wu Z, Liu X, Zhao L, Qin Q, Lan J, Lin L. Autophagy induced by snakehead fish vesiculovirus inhibited its replication in SSN-1 cell line. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:415-422. [PMID: 27311436 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in host protection against pathogen infection through activating innate and adaptive immunity. In the present study, we observed that the infection of snakehead fish vesiculovirus (SHVV) could induce apparent autophagy in striped snakehead fish cell line (SSN-1), including clear double-membrane vesicles, fluorescent punctate pattern of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (SSN-LC3B) and the conversion of SSN-LC3B-Ⅰ to SSN-LC3B-Ⅱ. Furthermore, we verified that autophagy inhibited the replication of SHVV by assessing mRNA and protein level of nucleoprotein as well as virus titer in the supernatant. These results will shed a new light on the prevention of the infection of SHVV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Abeer M Hegazy
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Central Laboratory for Environmental Quality Monitoring (CLEQM), National Water Research Center (NWRC), Cairo, 13621, Egypt
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhixin Wu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xueqin Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiangfeng Lan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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135
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Peng J, Zhu S, Hu L, Ye P, Wang Y, Tian Q, Mei M, Chen H, Guo X. Wild-type rabies virus induces autophagy in human and mouse neuroblastoma cell lines. Autophagy 2016; 12:1704-1720. [PMID: 27463027 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1196315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Different rabies virus (RABV) strains have their own biological characteristics, but little is known about their respective impact on autophagy. Therefore, we evaluated whether attenuated RABV HEP-Flury and wild-type RABV GD-SH-01 strains triggered autophagy. We found that GD-SH-01 infection significantly increased the number of autophagy-like vesicles, the accumulation of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-LC3 fluorescence puncta and the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, while HEP-Flury was not able to induce this phenomenon. When evaluating autophagic flux, we found that GD-SH-01 infection triggers a complete autophagic response in the human neuroblastoma cell line (SK), while autophagosome fusion with lysosomes was inhibited in a mouse neuroblastoma cell line (NA). In these cells, GD-SH-01 led to apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction while triggering autophagy, and apoptosis could be decreased by enhancing autophagy. To further identify the virus constituent causing autophagy, 5 chimeric recombinant viruses carrying single genes of HEP-Flury instead of those of GD-SH-01 were rescued. While the HEP-Flury virus carrying the wild-type matrix protein (M) gene of RABV triggered LC3-I to LC3-II conversion in SK and NA cells, replacement of genes of nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P) and glycoprotein (G) produced only minor autophagy. But no one single structural protein of GD-SH-01 induced autophagy. Moreover, the AMPK signaling pathway was activated by GD-SH-01 in SK. Therefore, our data provide strong evidence that autophagy is induced by GD-SH-01 and can decrease apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, the M gene of GD-SH-01 may cooperatively induce autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Peng
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
| | - Shenghe Zhu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
| | - Lili Hu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
| | - Pingping Ye
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yifei Wang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qin Tian
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
| | - Mingzhu Mei
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
| | - Hao Chen
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
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136
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Xie N, Yuan K, Zhou L, Wang K, Chen HN, Lei Y, Lan J, Pu Q, Gao W, Zhang L, Shen G, Li Q, Xiao H, Tang H, Xiang R, He M, Feng P, Nice EC, Wei Y, Zhang H, Yang J, Huang C. PRKAA/AMPK restricts HBV replication through promotion of autophagic degradation. Autophagy 2016; 12:1507-20. [PMID: 27305174 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1191857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial energy sensor that maintains cellular energy homeostasis. AMPK plays a critical role in macroautophagy/autophagy, and autophagy facilitates hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. To date, the intrinsic link among AMPK, autophagy and HBV production remains to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that PRKAA (a catalytic subunit of AMPK) is activated in response to HBV-induced oxidative stress, which in turn decreases the production of HBV. Mechanistic studies reveal that the autophagy machinery is associated with the inhibitory effect of PRKAA/AMPK on HBV production. Activation of PRKAA/AMPK promotes autolysosome-dependent degradation through stimulation of cellular ATP levels, which then leads to the depletion of autophagic vacuoles. Taken together, our data suggest that the activation of AMPK might be a stress response of host cells to restrict virus production through promotion of autophagic degradation. These findings therefore indicate that AMPK could provide a potential therapeutic target for HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xie
- a State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu , China
| | - Kefei Yuan
- a State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu , China
| | - Li Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu , China.,b Department of Neurology , the Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College , Haikou , China
| | - Kui Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu , China
| | - Hai-Ning Chen
- c Department of General Surgery , West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Yunlong Lei
- d Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Jiang Lan
- a State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu , China
| | - Qinqin Pu
- a State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu , China
| | - Wei Gao
- a State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu , China
| | - Lu Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu , China
| | - Guobo Shen
- a State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu , China
| | - Qifu Li
- b Department of Neurology , the Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College , Haikou , China
| | - Hengyi Xiao
- e Lab for Aging Research, Center for Medical Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Hong Tang
- f Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Rong Xiang
- g School of Medicine, Nankai University , Tianjin , China
| | - Mingliang He
- h Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Pinghui Feng
- i Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Edouard C Nice
- j Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria , Australia
| | - Yuquan Wei
- a State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu , China
| | - Haiyuan Zhang
- b Department of Neurology , the Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College , Haikou , China
| | - Jiayin Yang
- k Department of Liver Surgery , West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Canhua Huang
- a State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu , China
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137
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Radreau P, Porcherot M, Ramiére C, Mouzannar K, Lotteau V, André P. Reciprocal regulation of farnesoid X receptor α activity and hepatitis B virus replication in differentiated HepaRG cells and primary human hepatocytes. FASEB J 2016; 30:3146-54. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Radreau
- Centre International de Recherche en InfectiologieInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1111Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unités Mixte de Recherche 5308 Lyon France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon Lyon France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne France
- Université de Lyon Lyon France
- EnyoPharma Lyon France
| | - Marine Porcherot
- Centre International de Recherche en InfectiologieInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1111Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unités Mixte de Recherche 5308 Lyon France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon Lyon France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne France
- Université de Lyon Lyon France
- EnyoPharma Lyon France
| | - Christophe Ramiére
- Centre International de Recherche en InfectiologieInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1111Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unités Mixte de Recherche 5308 Lyon France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon Lyon France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne France
- Université de Lyon Lyon France
- Laboratoire de VirologieHôpital de la Croix–RousseHospices Civils de Lyon Lyon France
| | - Karim Mouzannar
- Centre International de Recherche en InfectiologieInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1111Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unités Mixte de Recherche 5308 Lyon France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon Lyon France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne France
- Université de Lyon Lyon France
| | - Vincent Lotteau
- Centre International de Recherche en InfectiologieInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1111Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unités Mixte de Recherche 5308 Lyon France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon Lyon France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne France
- Université de Lyon Lyon France
| | - Patrice André
- Centre International de Recherche en InfectiologieInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1111Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unités Mixte de Recherche 5308 Lyon France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon Lyon France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne France
- Université de Lyon Lyon France
- Laboratoire de VirologieHôpital de la Croix–RousseHospices Civils de Lyon Lyon France
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138
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Chen Q, Zhou Y, Richards AM, Wang P. Up-regulation of miRNA-221 inhibits hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced autophagy through the DDIT4/mTORC1 and Tp53inp1/p62 pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 474:168-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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139
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Montalbano R, Honrath B, Wissniowski TT, Elxnat M, Roth S, Ocker M, Quint K, Churin Y, Roederfeld M, Schroeder D, Glebe D, Roeb E, Fazio PD. Exogenous hepatitis B virus envelope proteins induce endoplasmic reticulum stress: involvement of cannabinoid axis in liver cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:20312-23. [PMID: 26967385 PMCID: PMC4991457 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HBV represents the most common chronic viral infection and major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although its exact role in liver tumorigenesis is unclear. Massive storage of the small (SHBs), middle (MHBs) and large surface (LHBs) HBV envelope proteins leads to cell stress and sustained inflammatory responses. Cannabinoid (CB) system is involved in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, stimulating acute and chronic inflammation, liver damage and fibrogenesis; it triggers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. The aim of our work was to investigate the activation of ER stress pathway after ectopic HBV envelope proteins expression, in liver cancer cells, and the role exerted by CB receptors. PCR, immunofluorescence and western blotting showed that exogenous LHBs and MHBs induce a clear ER stress response in Huh-7 cells expressing CB1 receptor. Up-regulation of the chaperone BiP/GRP78 (Binding Immunoglobulin Protein/Glucose-Regulated Protein 78) and of the transcription factor CHOP/GADD153 (C/EBP Homologous Protein/Growth Arrest and DNA Damage inducible gene 153), phosphorylation of PERK (PKR-like ER Kinase) and eIF2α (Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2α) and splicing of XBP1 (X-box binding protein 1) was observed. CB1-/- HepG2 cells did not show any ER stress activation. Inhibition of CB1 receptor counteracted BiP expression in transfected Huh-7 and in HBV+ PLC/PRF/5 cells; whereas no effect was observed in HBV- HLF cells. These results suggest that HBV envelope proteins are able to induce the ER stress pathway. CB1 expression is directly correlated with ER stress function. Further investigations are needed to clarify the involvement of cannabinoid in HCC progression after HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Montalbano
- 1 Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Honrath
- 1 Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Moritz Elxnat
- 1 Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Roth
- 1 Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Ocker
- 3 Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- 6 Present address: Department of Gastroenterology CBF, Charité University Medicine Berlin and Bayer Pharma AG, Experimental Medicine Oncology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Quint
- 3 Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Yuri Churin
- 4 Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Roederfeld
- 4 Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schroeder
- 4 Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dieter Glebe
- 5 Institute of Medical Virology, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B and D Viruses, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elke Roeb
- 4 Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Pietro Di Fazio
- 1 Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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140
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Levrero M, Zucman-Rossi J. Mechanisms of HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2016; 64:S84-S101. [PMID: 27084040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development through direct and indirect mechanisms. HBV DNA integration into the host genome occurs at early steps of clonal tumor expansion and induces both genomic instability and direct insertional mutagenesis of diverse cancer-related genes. Prolonged expression of the viral regulatory protein HBx and/or altered versions of the preS/S envelope proteins dysregulates cell transcription and proliferation control and sensitizes liver cells to carcinogenic factors. Accumulation of preS1 large envelope proteins and/or preS2/S mutant proteins activates the unfold proteins response, that can contribute to hepatocyte transformation. Epigenetic changes targeting the expression of tumor suppressor genes occur early in the development of HCC. A major role is played by the HBV protein, HBx, which is recruited on cellular chromatin and modulates chromatin dynamics at specific gene loci. Compared with tumors associated with other risk factors, HBV-related tumors have a higher rate of chromosomal alterations, p53 inactivation by mutations and overexpression of fetal liver/hepatic progenitor cells genes. The WNT/β-catenin pathway is also often activated but HBV-related tumors display a low rate of activating β-catenin mutations. HBV-related HCCs may arise on non-cirrhotic livers, further supporting the notion that HBV plays a direct role in liver transformation by triggering both common and etiology specific oncogenic pathways in addition to stimulating the host immune response and driving liver chronic necro-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Levrero
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL) - INSERM U1052, Lyon, France; IIT Centre for Life Nanoscience (CLNS), Rome, Italy; Dept of Internal Medicine (DMISM), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, Médecine, Biologie Humaine, Bobigny, France; Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
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141
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Paul P, Münz C. Autophagy and Mammalian Viruses: Roles in Immune Response, Viral Replication, and Beyond. Adv Virus Res 2016; 95:149-95. [PMID: 27112282 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an important cellular catabolic process conserved from yeast to man. Double-membrane vesicles deliver their cargo to the lysosome for degradation. Hence, autophagy is one of the key mechanisms mammalian cells deploy to rid themselves of intracellular pathogens including viruses. However, autophagy serves many more functions during viral infection. First, it regulates the immune response through selective degradation of immune components, thus preventing possibly harmful overactivation and inflammation. Additionally, it delivers virus-derived antigens to antigen-loading compartments for presentation to T lymphocytes. Second, it might take an active part in the viral life cycle by, eg, facilitating its release from cells. Lastly, in the constant arms race between host and virus, autophagy is often hijacked by viruses and manipulated to their own advantage. In this review, we will highlight key steps during viral infection in which autophagy plays a role. We have selected some exemplary viruses and will describe the molecular mechanisms behind their intricate relationship with the autophagic machinery, a result of host-pathogen coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Paul
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Münz
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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142
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Wu SY, Lan SH, Liu HS. Autophagy and microRNA in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:176-187. [PMID: 26755869 PMCID: PMC4698484 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 350 million people worldwide are chronically infected by hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV causes severe liver diseases including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In about 25% of affected patients, HBV infection proceeds to HCC. Therefore, the mechanisms by which HBV affects the host cell to promote viral replication and its pathogenesis have been the subject of intensive research efforts. Emerging evidence indicates that both autophagy and microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in HBV replication and HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize how HBV induces autophagy, the role of autophagy in HBV infection, and HBV-related tumorigenesis. We further discuss the emerging roles of miRNAs in HBV infection and how HBV affects miRNAs biogenesis. The accumulating knowledge pertaining to autophagy and miRNAs in HBV replication and its pathogenesis may lead to the development of novel strategies against HBV infection and HBV-related HCC tumorigenesis.
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143
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Guerrieri F, Belloni L, Pediconi N, Levrero M. Pathobiology of Hepatitis B Virus-Induced Carcinogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22330-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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144
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Rey-Jurado E, Riedel CA, González PA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Contribution of autophagy to antiviral immunity. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3461-70. [PMID: 26297829 PMCID: PMC7094639 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although identified in the 1960's, interest in autophagy has significantly increased in the past decade with notable research efforts oriented at understanding as to how this multi-protein complex operates and is regulated. Autophagy is commonly defined as a "self-eating" process evolved by eukaryotic cells to recycle senescent organelles and expired proteins, which is significantly increased during cellular stress responses. In addition, autophagy can also play important roles during human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative and autoimmune disorders. Furthermore, novel findings suggest that autophagy contributes to the host defense against microbial infections. In this article, we review the role of macroautophagy in antiviral immune responses and discuss molecular mechanisms evolved by viral pathogens to evade this process. A role for autophagy as an effector mechanism used both, by innate and adaptive immunity is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rey-Jurado
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; INSERM U1064, Nantes, France.
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145
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Luo MXM, Wong SH, Chan MTV, Yu L, Yu SSB, Wu F, Xiao Z, Wang X, Zhang L, Cheng ASL, Ng SSM, Chan FKL, Cho CH, Yu J, Sung JJY, Wu WKK. Autophagy Mediates HBx-Induced Nuclear Factor-κB Activation and Release of IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL2 in Hepatocytes. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2382-9. [PMID: 25708728 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and one of its encoded proteins, HBV X protein (HBx), have been shown to induce autophagy in hepatoma cells. Substantial evidence indicates that autophagy is a potent suppressor of inflammation. However, sporadic reports suggest that autophagy could promote pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and inflammation in some biological contexts. Here, we show that overexpression of HBx induces LC3B-positive autophagosome formation, increases autophagic flux and enhances the expression of ATG5, ATG7, and LC3B-II in normal hepatocytes. Abrogation of autophagy by small interfering RNA against ATG5 and ATG7 prevents HBx-induced formation of autophagosomes. Autophagy inhibition also abrogates HBx-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and CXCL2. These findings suggest that autophagy is required for HBx-induced NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production and could shed new light on the complex role of autophagy in the modulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millore X M Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sunny H Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Le Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sidney S B Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alfred S L Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon S M Ng
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Francis K L Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi H Cho
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph J Y Sung
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William K K Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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146
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Schinzari V, Barnaba V, Piconese S. Chronic hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections and cancer: synergy between viral and host factors. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:969-74. [PMID: 26163104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections represent major causes of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite inducing shared pathological events leading to oncogenic transformation, these two viruses present profound differences in their molecular features, life cycle and interplay with host factors, which significantly differentiate the prognostic and therapeutic approach to the related diseases. In the present review, we report the main mechanisms involved in the multistep process leading from HCV/HBV infection and cancer development, discussing side-by-side the analogies and differences between the two viruses. Such events can be broadly categorized into (a) direct oncogenic effects, involving integration in the host genome (in the case of HBV) and chromosomal instability, interference with oncosuppressor pathways, induction of oxidative stress, promotion of angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, alterations in the epigenetic asset and interaction with non-coding RNAs; and (b) indirect activities mostly mediated by host events, including chronic inflammation sustained by peculiar cytokine networks (such as interleukin-6 and lymphotoxins), metabolic dysfunctions promoted by steatohepatitis, interplay with gut microbiota and fibrotic events (mainly in HCV infection). This scenario suggests that the integrated study of viral and host factors may lead to the successful development of novel biomarkers and targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Schinzari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - V Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy; Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy.
| | - S Piconese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy; Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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147
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Steele S, Brunton J, Kawula T. The role of autophagy in intracellular pathogen nutrient acquisition. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:51. [PMID: 26106587 PMCID: PMC4460576 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following entry into host cells intracellular pathogens must simultaneously evade innate host defense mechanisms and acquire energy and anabolic substrates from the nutrient-limited intracellular environment. Most of the potential intracellular nutrient sources are stored within complex macromolecules that are not immediately accessible by intracellular pathogens. To obtain nutrients for proliferation, intracellular pathogens must compete with the host cell for newly-imported simple nutrients or degrade host nutrient storage structures into their constituent components (fatty acids, carbohydrates, and amino acids). It is becoming increasingly evident that intracellular pathogens have evolved a wide variety of strategies to accomplish this task. One recurrent microbial strategy is to exploit host degradative processes that break down host macromolecules into simple nutrients that the microbe can use. Herein we focus on how a subset of bacterial, viral, and eukaryotic pathogens leverage the host process of autophagy to acquire nutrients that support their growth within infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Steele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason Brunton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thomas Kawula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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148
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Zhong L, Hu J, Shu W, Gao B, Xiong S. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate opposes HBV-induced incomplete autophagy by enhancing lysosomal acidification, which is unfavorable for HBV replication. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1770. [PMID: 25996297 PMCID: PMC4669713 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenol in green tea, exhibits diverse beneficial properties, including antiviral activity. Autophagy is a cellular process that is involved in the degradation of long-lived proteins and damaged organelles. Recent evidence indicates that modulation of autophagy is a potential therapeutic strategy for various viral diseases. In the present study, we investigated the effect of EGCG on hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and the possible involvement of autophagy in this process. Our results showed that HBV induced autophagosome formation, which was required for replication of itself. However, although EGCG efficiently inhibited HBV replication, it enhanced, but not inhibited, autophagosome formation in hepatoma cells. Further study showed that HBV induced an incomplete autophagy, while EGCG, similar to starvation, was able to induce a complete autophagic process, which appeared to be unfavorable for HBV replication. Furthermore, it was found that HBV induced an incomplete autophagy by impairing lysosomal acidification, while it lost this ability in the presence of EGCG. Taken together, these data demonstrated that EGCG treatment opposed HBV-induced incomplete autophagy via enhancing lysosomal acidification, which was unfavorable for HBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhong
- Institute for Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - J Hu
- Institute for Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - W Shu
- Institute for Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - B Gao
- Institute for Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - S Xiong
- Institute for Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P.R. China
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149
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Inoue J, Krueger EW, Chen J, Cao H, Ninomiya M, McNiven MA. HBV secretion is regulated through the activation of endocytic and autophagic compartments mediated by Rab7 stimulation. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1696-706. [PMID: 25770103 PMCID: PMC4446738 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.158097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms by which hepatitis B virus (HBV) is assembled and exported are largely undefined. Recently, it has been suggested that these steps require the multivesicular body (MVB) and the autophagic machinery. However, the mechanisms by which HBV might regulate these compartments are unclear. In this study, we have found that by activating Rab7a, HBV alters its own secretion by inducing dramatic changes in the morphology of MVB and autophagic compartments. These changes are characterized by the formation of numerous tubules that are dependent upon the increase in Rab7 activity observed in the HBV-expressing HepG2.2.15 cells compared to HepG2 cells. Interestingly, transfection-based expression of the five individual viral proteins indicated that the precore protein, which is a precursor of HBeAg, was largely responsible for the increased Rab7 activity. Finally, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated depletion of Rab7 significantly increased the secretion of virions, suggesting that reduced delivery of the virus to the lysosome facilitates viral secretion. These findings provide novel evidence indicating that HBV can regulate its own secretion through an activation of the endo-lysosomal and autophagic pathway mediated by Rab7 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Eugene W Krueger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Masashi Ninomiya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Mark A McNiven
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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150
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Jackson WT. Viruses and the autophagy pathway. Virology 2015; 479-480:450-6. [PMID: 25858140 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the cellular autophagy pathway have exploded over the past twenty years. Now appreciated as a constitutive degradative mechanism that promotes cellular homeostasis, autophagy is also required for a variety of developmental processes, cellular stress responses, and immune pathways. Autophagy certainly acts as both an anti-viral and pro-viral pathway, and the roles of autophagy depend on the virus, the cell type, and the cellular environment. The goal of this review is to summarize, in brief, what we know so far about the relationship between autophagy and viruses, particularly for those who are not familiar with the field. With a massive amount of relevant published data, it is simply not possible to be comprehensive, or to provide a complete "parade of viruses", and apologies are offered to researchers whose work is not described herein. Rather, this review is organized around general themes regarding the relationship between autophagy and animal viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States.
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