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Lohse L, Bøtner A, Hansen ASL, Frederiksen T, Dupont K, Christensen CS, Baekbo P, Nielsen J. Examination for a viral co-factor in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Vet Microbiol 2007; 129:97-107. [PMID: 18155366 PMCID: PMC7131108 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to test the hypothesis that a putative co-factor for the development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs could be of viral origin, we performed extensive virological examinations on organ material from pigs diagnosed with PMWS originating from within a Danish PMWS-transmission study. Virus isolation attempts were carried out on a large panel of different cell types including primary pig kidney cells and lung macrophages, primary rabbit kidney cells and seven established cell lines (MARC-145, ST117, PK15, BHK21, HeLa, Vero, and MDCK). Although these represent cells with susceptibility to a wide range of known viruses, the results did not provide evidence for a specific virus other than PCV2 contributing to the development of PMWS. Furthermore, in order to test whether specific genotypes of PCV2 may trigger the switch from PCV2 infection to clinical disease, we compared complete DNA genome sequences of PCV2 derived from PMWS-positive as well as PMWS-negative pigs. On the basis of the DNA sequences, the PCV2 isolates were divided into two groups. Group 1 consisting of one isolate originating from a herd unaffected by PMWS, with group 2 consisting of nine isolates originating from four PMWS-affected herds, four PMWS-positive pigs plus one unaffected herd. The PCV2 genomes from the two groups showed 95.5% identity. Alignment analyses of the sequences encoding the replicase and capsid protein from group 1 and group 2 PCV2 isolates showed two amino acid differences encoded in the replicase protein, while 19 amino acid differences were predicted among the capsid protein sequences. The PCV2 DNA sequence analysis supports recent observations from studies in USA as well as Europe, which suggest that strain variations may influence the clinical outcome of PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Lohse
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
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102
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Bortolanza S, Alzuguren P, Buñuales M, Qian C, Prieto J, Hernandez-Alcoceba R. Human adenovirus replicates in immunocompetent models of pancreatic cancer in Syrian hamsters. Hum Gene Ther 2007; 18:681-90. [PMID: 17658991 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The preclinical evaluation of toxicity and antitumor effect of conditionally replicative (oncolytic) adenoviruses is hampered by the inability of human adenoviruses to replicate efficiently in murine cells. The Syrian golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) has been suggested as a permissive animal for adenoviral replication, and cancer cell lines derived from various hamster tumors are available. We provide evidence that wild-type adenovirus type 5 is able to infect and replicate in the pancreatic cancer cell lines HaP-T1 and H2T both in vitro and in vivo. Determination of cytopathic effect, viral spread, progeny production, and the expression of late viral proteins indicates that the complete viral cycle of adenovirus takes place, albeit less efficiently than in highly permissive human cancer cell lines A549 and HuH7. Intrahepatic inoculation of HaP-T1 and H2T cells gave rise to tumors in the liver of hamsters that resemble metastases of pancreatic cancer. The growth of HaP-T1-induced nodules was faster compared with those derived from H2T, but both caused progressive liver infiltration and peritoneal dissemination. When adenovirus was inoculated in these lesions, productive replication took place and newly formed infective virions could be recovered 4 days after administration. In conclusion, the Syrian hamster models described here offer the opportunity to evaluate the effect of oncolytic adenoviruses in an immunocompetent animal and may be a valuable tool in the preclinical evaluation of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergia Bortolanza
- Gene Therapy Unit, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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103
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Miakotina OL, McCoy DM, Shi L, Look DC, Mallampalli RK. Human adenovirus modulates surfactant phospholipid trafficking. Traffic 2007; 8:1765-1777. [PMID: 17897321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant, highly enriched with phosphatidylcholine (PC), is secreted into the airspace by a classic apical secretory route, thereby maintaining lung stability. Herein, we show that adenoviral infection decreases surfactant PC in lungs by inhibiting its apical secretion and redirecting its export in alveolar cells by a basolateral route. These effects were not observed with replication-deficient adenovirus (Ad), specifically lacking early region 1 (E1) gene products. Adenoviral stimulation of basolateral PC export from cells was not observed after pharmacologic inhibition of ATP-binding cassette proteins, after introduction of small interfering RNA to the lipid pump ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) or in ABCA1-defective human Tangier disease fibroblasts. Adenovirus and its E1A gene product increased ABCA1 levels by transcriptionally activating the ABCA1 gene. Thus, Ad lowers surfactant, in part, by triggering ABCA1-directed basolateral PC export, thereby limiting the cellular pool of surfactant PC destined for apical secretion. The results support a novel pathway, whereby a viral pathogen disrupts surfactant trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga L Miakotina
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Diann M McCoy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Dwight C Look
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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104
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Steel JC, Morrison BJ, Mannan P, Abu-Asab MS, Wildner O, Miles BK, Yim KC, Ramanan V, Prince GA, Morris JC. Immunocompetent syngeneic cotton rat tumor models for the assessment of replication-competent oncolytic adenovirus. Virology 2007; 369:131-42. [PMID: 17727912 PMCID: PMC2104792 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses as a treatment for cancer have demonstrated limited clinical activity. Contributing to this may be the relevance of preclinical animal models used to study these agents. Syngeneic mouse tumor models are generally non-permissive for adenoviral replication, whereas human tumor xenograft models exhibit attenuated immune responses to the vector. The cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) is susceptible to human adenovirus infection, permissive for viral replication and exhibits similar inflammatory pathology to humans with adenovirus replicating in the lungs, respiratory passages and cornea. We evaluated three transplantable tumorigenic cotton rat cell lines, CCRT, LCRT and VCRT as models for the study of oncolytic adenoviruses. All three cells lines were readily infected with adenovirus type-5-based vectors and exhibited high levels of transgene expression. The cell lines supported viral replication demonstrated by the induction of cytopathogenic effect (CPE) in tissue culture, increase in virus particle numbers and assembly of virions seen on transmission electron microscopy. In vivo, LCRT and VCRT tumors demonstrated delayed growth after injection with replicating adenovirus. No in vivo antitumor activity was seen in CCRT tumors despite in vitro oncolysis. Adenovirus was also rapidly cleared from the CCRT tumors compared to LCRT and VCRT tumors. The effect observed with the different cotton rat tumor cell lines mimics the variable results of human clinical trials highlighting the potential relevance of this model for assessing the activity and toxicity of oncolytic adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C. Steel
- Cancer Gene Therapy Section, Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian J. Morrison
- Cancer Gene Therapy Section, Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
| | - Poonam Mannan
- Cancer Gene Therapy Section, Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
| | - Mones S. Abu-Asab
- Ultrastructural Pathology, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Wildner
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | - Vijay Ramanan
- Cancer Gene Therapy Section, Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
| | | | - John C. Morris
- Cancer Gene Therapy Section, Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
- *Corresponding Author: John C. Morris M.D., Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center, Room 4-5330, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1457. Phone: (301) 402-2912; Fax: (301) 402-1001; E-mail:
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105
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Hoffmann D, Bayer W, Grunwald T, Wildner O. Intratumoral expression of respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein in combination with cytokines encoded by adenoviral vectors as in situ tumor vaccine for colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:1942-50. [PMID: 17620425 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although cancers can naturally elicit immune responses, immune ignorance is a common observation preventing immune-mediated elimination of tumor cells. We assessed whether intratumoral expression of respiratory syncytial virus fusion (RSV-F) protein, encoded by a replication-defective adenovirus vector (Ad.RSV-F), alone or in combination with local coexpression of cytokines can induce tumor-specific immune responses in a syngeneic murine colon cancer model. We confirmed in vitro by dye colocalization that transduction of murine cells with Ad.RSV-F induces cell-cell fusion. In vivo, we showed in a bilateral syngeneic s.c. colon cancer model in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice that intratumoral injection of Ad.RSV-F leads to a significant volume reduction not only of the directly vector-treated tumor but also of the contralateral not directly vector-treated tumor. The intratumoral administration of Ad.RSV-F in combination with adenovirus vectors encoding interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IL-18, IL-21, or granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor significantly enhanced the antitumor effect on the directly vector-treated tumor and also on the contralateral tumor. The antineoplastic efficacy of this combined treatment was significantly higher than that of the individual treatment components and was associated with the induction of a tumor-specific CTL response and increased infiltration of the tumors by natural killer cells and macrophages. Intratumoral coexpression of RSV-F and IL-21 resulted in the highest tumor growth inhibition and improved survival. Our experimental data indicate that intratumoral expression of RSV-F in combination with cytokines is a promising novel tool for the development of in situ tumor vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Hoffmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Ruhr-University Bochum, Room 6/40, Building MA, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
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106
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Hoffmann D, Bayer W, Wildner O. In situ tumor vaccination with adenovirus vectors encoding measles virus fusogenic membrane proteins and cytokines. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:3063-70. [PMID: 17589921 PMCID: PMC4172612 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i22.3063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate whether intratumoral expression of measles virus fusogenic membrane glycoproteins H and F (MV-FMG), encoded by an adenovirus vector Ad.MV-H/F, alone or in combination with local coexpression of cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, IL-18, IL-21 or GM-CSF), can serve as a platform for inducing tumor-specific immune responses in colon cancer.
METHODS: We used confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry to analyze cell-cell fusion after expression of MV-FMG by dye colocalization. In a syngeneic bilateral subcutaneous MC38 and Colon26 colon cancer model in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, we assessed the effect on both the directly vector-treated tumor as well as the contralateral, not directly vector-treated tumor. We assessed the induction of a tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response with a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay.
RESULTS: We demonstrated in vitro that transduction of MC38 and Colon26 cells with Ad.MV-H/F resulted in dye colocalization, indicative of cell-cell fusion. In addition, in the syngeneic bilateral tumor model we demonstrated a significant regression of the directly vector-inoculated tumor upon intratumoral expression of MV-FMG alone or in combination with the tested cytokines. We observed the highest anti-neoplastic efficacy with MV-FMG and IL-21 coexpression. The degree of tumor regression of the not directly vector-treated tumor correlated with the anti-neoplastic response of the directly vector-treated tumor. This regression was mediated by a tumor-specific CTL response.
CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that intratumoral expression of measles virus fusogenic membrane glycoproteins is a promising tool both for direct tumor treatment as well as for tumor vaccination approaches that can be further enhanced by cytokine coexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Hoffmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bldg. MA, Rm. 6/40, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
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107
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Lindner HA. Deubiquitination in virus infection. Virology 2007; 362:245-56. [PMID: 17291557 PMCID: PMC7103280 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins and peptides by ubiquitin, a highly evolutionarily conserved 76 residue protein, and ubiquitin-like modifiers has emerged as a major regulatory mechanism in various cellular activities. Eukaryotic viruses are known to modulate protein ubiquitination to their advantage in various ways. At the same time, the evidence for the importance of deubiquitination as a viral target also is growing. This review centers on known viral interactions with protein deubiquitination, on viral enzymes for which deubiquitinating activities were recently demonstrated, and on the roles of viral ubiquitin-like sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger A Lindner
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Avenue Royalmount, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2.
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108
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Chen J, Hsu HC, Zajac AJ, Wu Q, Yang P, Xu X, McPherson SA, Li J, Curiel DT, Mountz JD. In vivo analysis of adenovirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in mice deficient in CD28, fas ligand, and perforin. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:669-82. [PMID: 16776575 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ad) have been extensively studied as gene delivery vectors in gene therapy and as vaccine carriers. The cell-mediated cytotoxicity induced by Ad is of great interest in both applications. However, the mechanism underlying Ad-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) generation and effector function remains unclear. In this study, we used a novel MHC class I tetramer and an in vivo CTL assay to examine the role of CD28, perforin, Fas ligand (FasL), and TNF-alpha in the generation and function of Ad-specific CTLs in vivo. During the primary response, there was a significant defect in both the generation and in vivo effector function of Ad-specific CTLs in CD28-/- mice, but not in CD4+ T cell-depleted mice or CD4-/- mice. The relative role of CTL effector molecules was assayed by in vivo CTL assay in perforin- or FasL-mutant mice, using donor cells from Fas-deficient or TNFR1/TNFR2-deficient mice. The results indicated that the in vivo CTL activity is mediated mainly by perforin. In the absence of perforin, production of FasL, but not TNF-alpha, by the CTLs results in lower level Ad-specific killing of target cells. These results provide important implications concerning the development of safe and effective Ad vectors for gene therapy and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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109
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Chen J, Hsu HC, Zajac AJ, Wu Q, Yang P, Xu X, McPherson SA, Li J, Curiel DT, Mountz JD. In Vivo Analysis of Adenovirus-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Response in Mice Deficient in CD28, Fas Ligand, and Perforin. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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