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González-Álvaro I, García-Vicuña R. Artritis reumatoide a día de hoy. Med Clin (Barc) 2016; 146:112-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chen HH, Chen DY, Chen YM, Tang CH. Is drug discontinuation risk of adalimumab compared with etanercept affected by concomitant methotrexate dose in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Patient Prefer Adherence 2016; 10:123-34. [PMID: 26917952 PMCID: PMC4751906 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s94396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare drug discontinuation risk between adalimumab (ADA) and etanercept (ETN) treatment among anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF)-naïve rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, in particular the influence of concomitant dose of methotrexate (MTX). METHODS This retrospective nationwide population-based cohort study identified 4,592 anti-TNF-naïve RA patients in whom ETN (n=2,609) or ADA (n=1,983) was initiated using National Health Insurance claims data. After adjustment for prior medication, concomitant medication, and baseline demographic data, the relative risk of drug discontinuation in ADA users compared with ETN users was quantified by calculating adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Cox proportional hazard regression analyses, stratified by the follow-up time (≤1 year, >1 year) and/or concomitant MTX dose (≤10 mg/wk, >10 mg/wk). RESULTS ADA users had a higher risk of drug discontinuation compared with ETN users during the first year of follow-up (aHR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.27), but not during all treatment periods (aHR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.98-1.16) or after 1 year (aHR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.87-1.13). However, ADA users had a significantly higher risk of drug discontinuation compared with ETN users among patients on concomitant MTX >10 mg/wk during all treatment periods (aHR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.10-1.47), during the first year of follow-up (aHR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.22-1.78), or after 1 year (aHR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.06-1.90), but not among patients on concomitant MTX 0-10 mg/wk. CONCLUSION This population-based cohort study demonstrated a modification effect of concomitant MTX dose on the relative risk of anti-TNF discontinuation for ADA compared with ETN among anti-TNF-naïve RA patients. However, the lack of exact cause of anti-TNF discontinuation limited causal inference of such a concomitant MTX dose-related modification effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hua Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Public Health and Community Medicine Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hsin-Hua Chen, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard Sect 4, Taichung 40705, Taiwan, Republic of China, Tel +886 4 237 41335, Fax +886 4 235 03285, Email
| | - Der-Yuan Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Education, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chao-Hsiun Tang
- School of Health Care Administration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Harnett J, Wiederkehr D, Gerber R, Gruben D, Koenig A, Bourret J. Real-world evaluation of TNF-inhibitor utilization in rheumatoid arthritis. J Med Econ 2016; 19:91-102. [PMID: 26401963 DOI: 10.3111/13696998.2015.1099538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate 12-month treatment patterns, healthcare resource use (HCRU), and costs for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), following initiation of index TNF inhibitors (TNFi) and subsequent biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs). METHODS This was a retrospective cohort analysis of adults with RA newly initiating TNFi in the Truven Marketscan Commercial Claims and Encounters and Medicare Supplemental Databases during 2010-2013. A sub-group of patients who switched to a bDMARD within 12 months post-index and within 180 days of last index TNFi were subsequently evaluated over 12 months. TNFi/bDMARD treatment patterns were characterized as: continuers, no gap >180 days in prescription/administration of index TNFi; discontinuers, gap >180 days; switchers, initiated new bDMARD. Concomitant conventional synthetic DMARD use, co-morbid chronic illnesses, and RA severity were assessed. All-cause/RA-related HCRU and costs were evaluated 12 months post-index. RESULTS Of 9567 identified patients, 67.2%, 17.3%, and 15.4% were continuers, discontinuers, and switchers, respectively. Switchers had the highest 12-month unadjusted mean all-cause costs of $34,585 vs $33,051 for continuers (p = 0.1158) and $24,915 for discontinuers (p < 0.0001; discontinuers vs continuers, p < 0.0001). RA-related costs comprised 82.8%, 31.4%, and 85.7% of total costs for continuers, discontinuers, and switchers, respectively. Of 764 switchers, 68.2% switched to alternative TNFi (cyclers), the rest to non-TNFi bDMARDs; 36.7% of patients who switched to TNFi switched again (to third-line bDMARD) vs 27.6% (p = 0.0313) of those who switched to non-TNFi bDMARDs. Switchers to non-TNFi bDMARDs had higher mean 12-month all-cause costs of $76,580 compared with $50,689 for switchers to alternative TNFi (p < 0.0001); biologic-administration visits comprised 78.8% of the greater total RA-related costs of switchers to non-TNFi bDMARDs. CONCLUSIONS Real-world TNFi discontinuation/switching rates correspond to randomized controlled trial non-response rates. TNFi cycling is common and associated with an increased likelihood of switching to third-line bDMARD. Switching to non-TNFi bDMARDs was associated with higher costs, mostly attributed to in-office administrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Harnett
- a a Pfizer Inc , New York , NY , USA
| | | | - R Gerber
- b b Pfizer Inc , Groton , CT , USA
| | - D Gruben
- b b Pfizer Inc , Groton , CT , USA
| | - A Koenig
- c c Pfizer Inc , Collegeville , PA , USA
| | - J Bourret
- c c Pfizer Inc , Collegeville , PA , USA
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Engel-Nitz NM, Ogale S, Kulakodlu M. Use of Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy: A Retrospective Study of Monotherapy and Adherence to Combination Therapy with Non-Biologic Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs. Rheumatol Ther 2015; 2:127-139. [PMID: 27747532 PMCID: PMC4883262 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-015-0015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the use of anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) monotherapy, adherence with non-biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (nbDMARDs) in patients receiving a combination of anti-TNF therapies and nbDMARDs, and the impact of nbDMARD adherence on anti-TNF persistence among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Patients with RA (aged ≥18 years) from a US commercial health plan with claims for anti-TNFs (2006-2010) were defined as either biologic-naive or -exposed anti-TNF initiators based on previous nbDMARD use. Adherence to nbDMARDs and anti-TNF persistence were estimated. Cox regression estimated the association between nbDMARD adherence and anti-TNF persistence. RESULTS Among 9764 patients identified (mean age 50.2 years; 78% female), 55% of biologic-naive patients and 49% of previously exposed patients initiated any combination therapy during follow-up. Among biologic-naive combination therapy patients, 53% adhered to nbDMARD therapy <80% of the time while receiving anti-TNF therapies; 33% had <60% adherence. Compared with the most adherent patients, patients adherent to nbDMARDs 20% to 79% of the time were 30% to 20% more likely to discontinue their anti-TNF therapy in the period >90 days after starting the anti-TNF therapy. This relationship was not observed for patients with nbDMARD adherence of <20% (who were less likely to discontinue their anti-TNF therapy during the first 90 days of treatment). CONCLUSION Almost one-third of patients with RA receiving anti-TNF therapy received it as pure monotherapy. About one-third of combination therapy recipients had <60% adherence to nbDMARDs. Higher nbDMARD adherence may be associated with better anti-TNF persistence after an initial treatment period.
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Iannone F, Lopalco G, Cantarini L, Galeazzi M, Lapadula G. Efficacy and safety of combination therapy for preventing bone damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2015; 35:19-23. [PMID: 26581205 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-015-3120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The main outcomes of the therapies for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) must be preventing, or at least lessening, the development of structural damage. Biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), targeting tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or other key steps (IL-1, IL-6, T cells, B cells) in the pathogenesis of RA, have given clues to be effective and safe as treatments for RA, being capable of improving disease activity, ameliorating functional ability and halting joint damage. A large body of evidence, stemming from randomized clinical trials, observational studies, and registries, has shown that the beneficial effects of the bDMARDs become optimal when combined with synthetic (s)-DMARDs, mainly methotrexate (MTX). Despite combination therapy is advocated by the international guidelines for the management of RA, data from the daily standard of care indicate that almost one third of RA patients are treated with bDMARDs as monotherapy. Many reasons may be taken into account to explain this gap from official recommendations, among which the fact that in real-life settings, the assessment of clinical outcomes is exclusively based on clinical indices, disregarding the evolution of bone damage. Furthermore, some bDMARDs have been launched in the market with the official approval to be used as monotherapy. But even for the latter, there is no conclusive proof that monotherapy regimen is comparable to co-therapy with MTX in preventing articular damage. In conclusion, the most recent published data show that combination therapy with bDMARDs and MTX represents the best therapeutic option for the treatment of RA since it can stop or at least slow the progression of disabling structural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florenzo Iannone
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lopalco
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Cantarini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Rheumatology Unit, Research Center of Systemic Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. .,Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Rheumatology Unit, Policlinico Le Scotte, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 1, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Mauro Galeazzi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Rheumatology Unit, Research Center of Systemic Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lapadula
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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106
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Souto A, Maneiro JR, Gómez-Reino JJ. Rate of discontinuation and drug survival of biologic therapies in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of drug registries and health care databases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015; 55:523-34. [PMID: 26490106 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the proportion of RA patients who discontinued biologics in world registries and health care databases and to identify causes and predictors of discontinuation. METHODS Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science electronic databases and ACR and EULAR meeting abstracts were used. The selection of studies from world registries and health care databases including RA patients treated with biologics was independently performed. Data extracted from articles and abstracts were combined using a random effects model. Meta-analyses of percentages and hazard ratios were used to assess discontinuation. RESULTS Ninety-eight studies with >200 000 patients from 11 242 articles and 119 abstracts met the inclusion criteria. Overall discontinuation rates of TNF inhibitors at 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 years were 21, 27, 37, 44 and 52%, respectively. Discontinuation of etanercept was significantly lower at 3 and 4 years (35% and 41%, respectively) than infliximab and adalimumab (46% and 52%, respectively). Predictors of time to discontinuation were etanercept [hazard ratios (HRs) 0.58 and 0.77 versus infliximab and adalimumab, respectively), concomitant use of DMARDs (HR 0.77), disease duration (HR 1.01) and female sex (HR 1.18). Studies from registries conducted after 2005 and from countries with lower biologics access showed higher percentages of discontinuation. Relevant data on abatacept and tocilizumab were missing. CONCLUSION In RA, treatment with etanercept has a lower percentage of discontinuation than infliximab and adalimumab. Concomitant use of DMARDs, disease duration before treatment with a biologic and female sex predict time to discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Souto
- Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Ramón Domínguez, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela and
| | - José Ramón Maneiro
- Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Ramón Domínguez, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela and
| | - Juan J Gómez-Reino
- Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Ramón Domínguez, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela and Department of Medicine, Medical School, Universidad de Santiago, Santiago, Spain
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Manders SHM, van de Laar MAFJ, Rongen-van Dartel SAA, Bos R, Visser H, Brus HL, Jansen T, Vonkeman HE, van Riel PLCM, Kievit W. Tapering and discontinuation of methotrexate in patients with RA treated with TNF inhibitors: data from the DREAM registry. RMD Open 2015; 1:e000147. [PMID: 26535151 PMCID: PMC4623370 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2015-000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To study the number of patients that taper or discontinue concomitant methotrexate (MTX) in daily practice in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) and to analyse the effects of that adaption on disease activity and drug survival. Methods Data were collected from the Dutch Rheumatoid Arthritis Monitoring (DREAM) registry. Patients who started their first TNFi were included in the study. Treatment effectiveness after MTX tapering or discontinuation was analysed using Disease Activity Score of 28 joints (DAS28). Drug survival of the TNFi was analysed using the Cox proportional hazard model with a time-dependent covariate. Results In 458 patients (34%), MTX was tapered, 126 patients (10%) discontinued MTX and 747 patients (56%) continued MTX at the same dose. On average, DAS28 improved after tapering MTX (−0.40, −0.45) and after stopping MTX (−0.28, −0.12) at 6 and 12 months. In the taper group, 21% of the patients relapsed (DAS28 increase >0.6), and in the discontinuation group this was 21% and 24% at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Patients who taper and discontinue MTX have a similar DAS28 score over time as patients who continue MTX. Moreover, there was no influence of tapering or discontinuation of MTX on long-term drug survival of TNFi. Conclusions In daily practice, tapering or discontinuation of concomitant MTX in patients with RA treated with TNFi frequently occurs and it does not seem to influence the average DAS28 over time or the long-term TNFi drug survival. It appears that in daily clinical practice the correct patients are selected to taper or discontinue MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie H M Manders
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ healthcare, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | | | - Sanne A A Rongen-van Dartel
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Rheumatic diseases, Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Reinhard Bos
- Department of Rheumatology , Medical Centre Leeuwarden , Leeuwarden , The Netherlands
| | - Henk Visser
- Department of Rheumatology , Rijnstate , Arnhem , The Netherlands
| | - Herman L Brus
- Department of Rheumatology , Twee Steden Ziekenhuis , Almelo , The Netherlands
| | - Tim Jansen
- Department of Rheumatology , VieCuri Ziekenhuis , Venlo , The Netherlands
| | - Harald E Vonkeman
- Department of Rheumatology , Twente University , Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Piet L C M van Riel
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ healthcare, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Wietske Kievit
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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Migliore A, Bizzi E, Egan CG, Bernardi M, Petrella L. Efficacy of biological agents administered as monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis: a Bayesian mixed-treatment comparison analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:1325-35. [PMID: 26366085 PMCID: PMC4562742 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s89678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological agents provide an important therapeutic alternative for rheumatoid arthritis patients refractory to conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Few head-to-head comparative trials are available. PURPOSE The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the relative efficacy of different biologic agents indicated for use as monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS A systemic literature search was performed on electronic databases to identify articles reporting double-blind randomized controlled trials investigating the efficacy of biologic agents indicated for monotherapy. Efficacy was assessed using American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20, 50, and 70 criteria at 16-24 weeks. Relative efficacy was estimated using Bayesian mixed-treatment comparison models. Outcome measures were expressed as odds ratio and 95% credible intervals. RESULTS Ten randomized controlled trials were selected for data extraction and analysis. Mixed-treatment comparison analysis revealed that tocilizumab offered 100% probability of being the best treatment for inducing an ACR20 response versus placebo, methotrexate, adalimumab, or etanercept. Likewise, for ACR50 and ACR70 outcome responses, tocilizumab had a 99.8% or 98.7% probability of being the best treatment, respectively, compared to other treatments or placebo. Tocilizumab increased the relative probability of being the best treatment (vs methotrexate) by 3.2-fold (odds ratio: 2.1-3.89) for all ACR outcomes. CONCLUSION Tocilizumab offered the greatest possibility of obtaining an ACR20, ACR50, and ACR70 outcome vs other monotherapies or placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Migliore
- Rheumatology Unit, San Pietro Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bizzi
- Rheumatology Unit, San Pietro Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Bernardi
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lea Petrella
- MEMOTEF Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Subesinghe S, Scott IC. Key findings from studies of methotrexate tapering and withdrawal in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2015; 8:751-60. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2015.1077698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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110
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Lee JW, Kang JH, Yim YR, Kim JE, Wen L, Lee KE, Park DJ, Kim TJ, Park YW, Lee SS. Predictors of Switching Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131864. [PMID: 26176701 PMCID: PMC4503780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential predictors of switching tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors in Korean patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The patients who had been treated with TNF-α inhibitors were divided into two groups depending on whether they had switched TNF-α inhibitors. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data at the time of initiation of TNF-α inhibitor treatment were compared between switchers and non-switchers, and within switchers according to the reasons for switching. Of the 269 patients, 70 (23%) had switched TNF-α inhibitors once; of these, 11 switched again. The median follow-up time was 52.7 months. Three- and five-year drug survival rates were 52%/48% for infliximab, 62%/42% for etanercept, and 71%/51% for adalimumab, respectively. Switchers were more likely to be prescribed disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs than non-switchers. A history of joint surgery and complete ankylosis of the sacroiliac joint was more frequent in switchers. Multivariate Cox’s proportional hazard analysis showed that the use of adalimumab as the first TNF-α inhibitor was less likely to lead to switching and complete ankylosis of the sacroiliac joints was more likely to lead to switching. The principal reasons for switching were drug inefficacy and adverse events, but the differences in the clinical data of these two groups of switchers were not significant. In AS patients who are candidates for TNF-α inhibitor therapy, switching may improve the therapeutic outcome based on clinical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Won Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyoun Kang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Rang Yim
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Lihui Wen
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Eun Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Park
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jong Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Wook Park
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Seok Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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111
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Duan XW, Zhang XL, Mao SY, Shang JJ, Shi XD. Efficacy and safety evaluation of a combination of iguratimod and methotrexate therapy for active rheumatoid arthritis patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rheumatol 2015; 34:1513-9. [PMID: 26139202 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-015-2999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of iguratimod (T-614) in combination with methotrexate (MTX) for active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Sixty active RA patients were enrolled according to the 2010 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) classification criteria, and were randomized into MTX + T-614 group and MTX group. T-614 was orally administered at a dosage of 50 mg/day (25 mg twice daily) for 24 weeks. MTX was orally administered to RA patients at a stable weekly dosage of 10 mg/week for the first 4 weeks and subsequent 12.5 mg/week for the later 20 weeks. Clinical features at baseline and efficacy endpoints of the ACR 20 % response (ACR20), ACR50, ACR70, and adverse events at 24 weeks were evaluated, respectively. After 24 weeks of treatment, clinical features at baseline, including counts for tender joints and swelling joints, visual analog scale for pain, patient's and physician's global assessment, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, disease activity score 28, health assessment questionnaire, simplified disease activity index, and ACR50 in the MTX + T-614 group, showed statistically significant differences comparing with the MTX group (P < 0.05). There was no significant increase in adverse events in the MTX + T-614 group comparing with the MTX group (P > 0.05). The combination of MTX and T-614 therapy appeared to have a good efficacy and safety for active RA and was superior to MTX-alone therapy after 24 weeks of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Wang Duan
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 MinDe Road, Nanchang, 330006, China,
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112
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Abstract
Biologics, possibly in combination with a conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) - preferably methotrexate (MTX), are used in accordance with the recommendations of the international rheumatological societies. However, in clinical practice, this recommendation is often problematic, as many rheumatologists know from personal experience. The quality of life of the patient is affected mainly by drug-induced intolerances (eg, MTX). Thus, the acceptance of the patient to treatment is often so inadequate that a discontinuation of the drug is necessary. In daily practice, approximately 30% of patients with biological therapy receive no concomitant DMARD according to the register data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Detert
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascal Klaus
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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113
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Buckley F, Finckh A, Huizinga TWJ, Dejonckheere F, Jansen JP. Comparative Efficacy of Novel DMARDs as Monotherapy and in Combination with Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients with Inadequate Response to Conventional DMARDs: A Network Meta-Analysis. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2015; 21:409-23. [PMID: 25943002 PMCID: PMC10397966 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2015.21.5.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the availability of a number of alternative biologic treatment options and other novel disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) for the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), clinicians are faced with an increasingly challenging choice regarding optimal treatment. Biologics are usually combined with traditional DMARDs, primarily methotrexate (MTX), but some biologics and tofacitinib (together referred to in this article as novel DMARDs) have been shown to be efficacious as monotherapy as well. In real-world practice, approximately one-third of RA patients receiving biologics are on monotherapy, primarily because of intolerance of, or noncompliance with, MTX. Limited data, however, are available analyzing the effectiveness of monotherapy compared with combination therapy across novel DMARDs. OBJECTIVE To compare American College of Rheumatology (ACR) responses to approved novel DMARDs used as monotherapy or as combination therapy with methotrexate (MTX) at 24 weeks in RA patients who have shown inadequate response to conventional DMARDs (DMARD-IR). METHODS Through a systematic review of the literature, we identified randomized controlled trials that assessed approved novel DMARDs used as monotherapy or as combination therapy with MTX in DMARD-IR RA patients. Twenty-eight RCTs were identified that evaluated abatacept, anakinra, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, tocilizumab, or tofacitinib. ACR responses at 24 weeks were extracted and combined by means of Bayesian network meta-analyses. RESULTS With the exception of anakinra plus MTX, which was less efficacious, most novel DMARDs, when used in combination with MTX, demonstrated comparable ACR responses. When novel DMARDs were used as monotherapies, greater ACR20/50/70 responses were observed with tocilizumab than with anti-tumor necrosis factor agents (aTNF) or tofacitinib. Furthermore, ACR20/50/70 responses with tocilizumab plus MTX were similar to those with tocilizumab monotherapy (odds ratio [OR] for the indirect comparison = 1.08, 95% credible interval [CrI] = 0.40-2.84; OR = 1.24, CrI = 0.44-3.61; OR = 0.95, CrI = 0.33-2.72, respectively), whereas greater responses were observed with aTNF plus MTX than with aTNF monotherapy (OR = 2.41, CrI = 0.51-11.61; OR = 2.85, CrI = 0.51-17.67; OR = 1.28, CrI = 0.21-8.42, respectively). Relative efficacy estimates for the indirect comparison of tofacitinib plus MTX with tofacitinib monotherapy were very uncertain. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that in combination with MTX most of the available novel DMARDs have similar levels of efficacy in DMARD-IR patients. As monotherapy, however, tocilizumab displayed higher ACR responses than aTNF or tofacitinib. ACR responses with tocilizumab plus MTX were similar to those with tocilizumab as monotherapy, whereas aTNF in combination with MTX demonstrated greater ACR responses than aTNF as monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Buckley
- Senior Research Associate, Department of HEOR and Strategic Market Access, Mapi, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Axel Finckh
- Professor, Rheumatology Division, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tom W. J. Huizinga
- Professor, Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fred Dejonckheere
- International Payer Strategy Leader, Department of Global Pricing and Market Access, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen P. Jansen
- Adjunct Assistant Professor of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Gabay C, Riek M, Scherer A, Finckh A. Effectiveness of biologic DMARDs in monotherapy versus in combination with synthetic DMARDs in rheumatoid arthritis: data from the Swiss Clinical Quality Management Registry. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015; 54:1664-72. [PMID: 25922549 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency of use of biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs) in monotherapy, to describe the baseline characteristics of patients treated with bDMARDs in monotherapy and to compare the effectiveness of bDMARDs in monotherapy with that of bDMARDs in combination with synthetic DMARDs (sDMARDs). METHODS Using data from the Swiss RA (SCQM-RA) registry, bDMARD treatment courses (TCs) were classified either as monotherapy or as combination therapy, depending on the presence of concomitant sDMARDs. Prescription of bDMARD monotherapy was analysed using logistic regression. bDMARD retention was analysed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox models with the addition of time-varying covariate effects. Evolution of the DAS28 over time was analysed with mixed-effects models for longitudinal data. RESULTS A total of 4218 TCs on bDMARDs from 3111 patients were included, of which 1136 TCs (27%) were initiated as monotherapy. bDMARD monotherapy was preferentially prescribed to older, co-morbid patients with longer disease duration, lower BMI, more active disease and more previous bDMARDs. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, drug retention was significantly lower in monotherapy [hazard ratio 1.15 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.30)]. Other factors such as type of bDMARD and calendar year of prescription were associated with a stronger effect on drug retention. Response to treatment in terms of DAS28 evolution was also slightly but significantly less favourable in monotherapy (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that bDMARD monotherapy is prescribed to more complex cases and is significantly less effective than bDMARD therapy in combination with sDMARDs, but to an extent that is clinically only marginally relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Gabay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospitals of Geneva, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva and
| | - Myriam Riek
- Swiss Clinical Quality Management Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Almut Scherer
- Swiss Clinical Quality Management Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Axel Finckh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospitals of Geneva
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Scott DL, Ibrahim F, Farewell V, O'Keeffe AG, Walker D, Kelly C, Birrell F, Chakravarty K, Maddison P, Heslin M, Patel A, Kingsley GH. Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors versus combination intensive therapy with conventional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in established rheumatoid arthritis: TACIT non-inferiority randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2015; 350:h1046. [PMID: 25769495 PMCID: PMC4358851 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether intensive combinations of synthetic disease modifying drugs can achieve similar clinical benefits at lower costs to high cost biologics such as tumour necrosis factor inhibitors in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis resistant to initial methotrexate and other synthetic disease modifying drugs. DESIGN Open label pragmatic randomised multicentre two arm non-inferiority trial over 12 months. SETTING 24 rheumatology clinics in England. PARTICIPANTS Patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were eligible for treatment with tumour necrosis factor inhibitors according to current English guidance were randomised to either the tumour necrosis factor inhibitor strategy or the combined disease modifying drug strategy. INTERVENTIONS Biologic strategy: start tumour necrosis factor inhibitor; second biologic in six month for non-responders. Alternative strategy: start combination of disease modifying drugs; start tumour necrosis factor inhibitors after six months in non-responders. PRIMARY OUTCOME reduction in disability at 12 months measured with patient recorded heath assessment questionnaire (range 0.00-3.00) with a 0.22 non-inferiority margin for combination treatment versus the biologic strategy. SECONDARY OUTCOMES quality of life, joint damage, disease activity, adverse events, and costs. Intention to treat analysis used multiple imputation methods for missing data. RESULTS 432 patients were screened: 107 were randomised to tumour necrosis factor inhibitors and 101 started taking; 107 were randomised to the combined drug strategy and 104 started taking the drugs. Initial assessments were similar; 16 patients were lost to follow-up (seven with the tumour necrosis factor inhibitor strategy, nine with the combined drug strategy); 42 discontinued the intervention but were followed-up (19 and 23, respectively). The primary outcome showed mean falls in scores on the health assessment questionnaire of -0.30 with the tumour necrosis factor inhibitor strategy and -0.45 with the alternative combined drug strategy. The difference between groups in unadjusted linear regression analysis favoured the alternative strategy of combined drugs. The mean difference was -0.14, and the 95% confidence interval (-0.29 to 0.01) was below the prespecified non-inferiority boundary of 0.22. Improvements at 12 months in secondary outcomes, including quality of life and erosive progression, were similar with both strategies. Initial reductions in disease activity were greater with the biologic strategy, but these differences did not persist beyond six months. Remission was seen in 72 patients (44 with biologic strategy; 36 with alternative strategy); 28 patients had serious adverse events (18 and 10, respectively); six and 10 patients, respectively, stopped treatment because of toxicity. The alternative strategy reduced health and social care costs per patient by £3615 (€4930, $5585) for months 0-6 and £1930 for months 6-12. CONCLUSIONS In patients with active rheumatoid arthritis who meet English criteria for biologics an alternative strategy with combinations of intensive synthetic disease modifying drugs gives non-inferior outcomes to treatment with tumour necrosis factor inhibitors. Costs are reduced substantially.Trial Registration ISRCTN 37438295.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Scott
- Department of Rheumatology, King's College London School of Medicine, London SE5 9RJ, UK
| | - Fowzia Ibrahim
- Department of Rheumatology, King's College London School of Medicine, London SE5 9RJ, UK
| | - Vern Farewell
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, University Forvie Site, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Aidan G O'Keeffe
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - David Walker
- Musculoskeletal Unit, Freeman Hospital, High Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Clive Kelly
- Department Of Rheumatology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead NE9 6SX, UK
| | - Fraser Birrell
- Department Of Rheumatology, Northumbria Healthcare, Northumberland NE63 9JJ, UK
| | | | - Peter Maddison
- School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Margaret Heslin
- Centre for the Economics of Mental and Physical Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Anita Patel
- Centre for the Economics of Mental and Physical Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Gabrielle H Kingsley
- Department of Rheumatology, King's College London School of Medicine, London SE5 9RJ, UK
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Balsa A, Tovar Beltrán JV, Cáliz Cáliz R, Mateo Bernardo I, García-Vicuña R, Rodríguez-Gómez M, Belmonte Serrano MA, Marras C, Loza Cortina E, Pérez-Pampin E, Vila V. Patterns of use and dosing of tocilizumab in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in routine clinical practice: the ACT-LIFE study. Rheumatol Int 2015; 35:1525-34. [PMID: 25773655 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-015-3237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify and describe the patterns of use of tocilizumab in clinical practice to ensure safety and optimal management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This is a 12-month prospective observational study in patients with moderate or severe RA of ≥6 months' duration who have started tocilizumab after failure of at least one previous disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) including TNF inhibitors. For some analyses, patients were categorized by the use of tocilizumab as monotherapy or in combination, and by previous use of biological therapy. Overall, 379 were evaluable (84.4 % received tocilizumab after prior biologics and 78.4 % in combination with classic DMARDs). Tocilizumab was discontinued in 68/379 (17.9 %) patients after a median of 6.7 (3.7-10.4) months, mainly due to a lack of efficacy (24/379, 6.3 %) and adverse events (23/379, 6.1 %). Of 131 temporary interruptions of tocilizumab required in 101/379 (26.6 %) patients, 81/131 (61.8 %) were related to adverse events, and in 120/131 (91.6 %) cases, tocilizumab was reintroduced at 8 mg/kg. Thirty-six tocilizumab dose reductions occurred in 34/379 (9 %) patients due to abnormal laboratory values in 20/34 (55.6 %) cases. DAS28-ESR scores decreased from baseline (5.6 ± 1.0) to week 24 (3.0 ± 1.4) and week 52 (2.7 ± 1.3). DAS28 response differed between biologics-naive and biologics-experienced patients, both at weeks 24 and 52. In clinical practice, tocilizumab is effective in RA while retaining the expected safety and tolerability profile. Tocilizumab seems to be more effective for biologics-naive patients than for biologics-experienced patients, while it proves to be similarly effective when used in combination or monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Balsa
- Department of Rheumatology, IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain,
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Carlson JJ, Ogale S, Dejonckheere F, Sullivan SD. Economic evaluation of tocilizumab monotherapy compared to adalimumab monotherapy in the treatment of severe active rheumatoid arthritis. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2015; 18:173-179. [PMID: 25773552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the cost-effectiveness of tocilizumab (TCZ) monotherapy (Mono) versus adalimumab (ADA) Mono from the US payer perspective in patients with rheumatoid arthritis for whom methotrexate is inappropriate. METHODS We compared TCZ Mono (8 mg/kg monthly) with ADA Mono (40 mg every other week), using efficacy results from a head-to-head study, ADalimumab ACTemrA (ADACTA). We calculated the incremental cost per responder (achievement of American College of Rheumatology [ACR] 20% improvement criteria, ACR 50% improvement criteria, ACR 70% improvement criteria, or low disease activity score) for TCZ versus ADA at 6 months. A patient-level simulation was used to estimate the lifetime incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) of initiating treatment with TCZ Mono versus ADA Mono. Both drugs are followed by an etanercept-certolizumab-palliative care sequence. Nonresponders discontinue at 6 months; responders experience a constant probability of discontinuation. Discontinuers move to the next treatment. ACR responses produce changes in the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score. We mapped the HAQ score to utility to estimate QALYs. Costs include those related to hospitalization and those related to treatment (drug acquisition, administration, and monitoring). Probabilistic and one-way sensitivity analyses were conducted, along with several scenario analyses. RESULTS Compared with ADA, TCZ was more effective, with an estimated 6-month incremental cost ranging from $6,570 per additional low disease activity score achiever to $14,265 per additional ACR 70% improvement criteria responder. The lifetime incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $36,944/QALY. CONCLUSIONS TCZ Mono is projected to be cost-effective compared with ADA Mono in patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis for whom methotrexate is not appropriate, from a US payer perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh J Carlson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | | | - Sean D Sullivan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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118
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Adherence to methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: a danish nationwide cohort study. ARTHRITIS 2015; 2015:915142. [PMID: 25810923 PMCID: PMC4355606 DOI: 10.1155/2015/915142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. To study adherence to methotrexate (MTX) and factors of importance thereof in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. Patients with a hospital diagnosis of RA (ICD10 codes M05.X or M06.X) after January 1, 1997, and aged ≥18 years at the date of first diagnosis/contact, with at least one prescription of MTX (L04AX03), were included. Results. A total of 18,703 (47.6%) patients had ever used MTX among 39,286 with a diagnosis of RA; among the MTX users, 16,503 (88.2%) had filed more than one MTX prescription. The median time from diagnosis to first MTX prescription was 0.66 (IQR 0.26–1.80) years. In those who filed more than one MTX prescription, the mean adherence time for ≥7.5 mg MTX per week was 1,925 (IQR 467–3,056) days for patients treated in private practice versus 1,892 (IQR 452–3,316) days for patients treated in hospital. The main determinants of nonadherence were female gender, younger age, and time from diagnosis to initiation of MTX. Conclusions. Treatment at hospital or in private practice did not influence the adherence to MTX. Nonmodifiable factors of importance were gender and age, while adherence to MTX therapy decreased with time lapse between diagnosis and prescription.
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119
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Siebert S, Tsoukas A, Robertson J, McInnes I. Cytokines as Therapeutic Targets in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Inflammatory Diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:280-309. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Pappas DA, Reed GW, Saunders K, John A, Shewade A, Greenberg JD, Kremer JM. Characteristics Associated with Biologic Monotherapy Use in Biologic-Naive Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis in a US Registry Population. Rheumatol Ther 2015; 2:85-96. [PMID: 27747494 PMCID: PMC4883255 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-015-0008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to describe factors associated with initiating a biologic as monotherapy vs in combination with a conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) in biologic-naive patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) enrolled in the Corrona registry. METHODS First biologic initiations were classified as monotherapy (Bio MT) or combination therapy (Bio CMB). Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were evaluated. Odds ratios (OR) based on mixed effects regression models estimated the association of covariates and use of monotherapy. Median odds ratios (MOR) based on estimated physician random effects quantified variation in individual physician use of monotherapy. RESULTS Between October 2001 and April 2012, 3,923 previously biologic-naive patients initiated biologic therapy, of which 19.1 % initiated as monotherapy. Baseline characteristics of patients initiating Bio MT and Bio CMB were similar for age, sex, duration of RA, and clinical disease activity index. Significantly higher proportions of Bio CMB initiators had prior conventional DMARD (97.23 vs 85.60 %; P < 0.01) and methotrexate (MTX) use (91.68 vs 71.87 %; P < 0.01) compared with Bio MT initiators. Variation in individual physician use of monotherapy [MOR 1.89; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 1.66-2.23] and use of biologics approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for monotherapy (OR 1.47; 95 % CI, 1.20-1.81) significantly influenced the odds of initiating Bio MT. Patient history of hepatic disease, neutropenia, and malignancy were associated with increased odds of being prescribed Bio MT. CONCLUSION In addition to regulatory approval for monotherapy and specific pre-existing comorbidities, significant variation in physician use of monotherapy was associated with increased likelihood of initiating Bio MT, independent of patient factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios A Pappas
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, P&S Building, 10th Floor, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Corrona, LLC, 352 Turnpike Rd, Suite 325, Southborough, MA, 01772, USA.
| | - George W Reed
- Corrona, LLC, 352 Turnpike Rd, Suite 325, Southborough, MA, 01772, USA
| | | | - Ani John
- Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ashwini Shewade
- Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Greenberg
- Corrona, LLC, 352 Turnpike Rd, Suite 325, Southborough, MA, 01772, USA.,New York University School of Medicine, 550 1st Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Joel M Kremer
- Albany Medical College and The Center for Rheumatology, 1367 Washington Ave, Suite 101, Albany, NY, 12206, USA
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121
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Comparison of tocilizumab as monotherapy or with add-on disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and inadequate responses to previous treatments: an open-label study close to clinical practice. Clin Rheumatol 2015; 34:563-71. [PMID: 25604316 PMCID: PMC4348534 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-014-2857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This was an exploratory analysis comparing the safety and efficacy of tocilizumab monotherapy with those of tocilizumab in combination with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Data were from a single-arm, nonrandomized, open-label, 24-week study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in which patients with inadequate responses to DMARDs or tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors received tocilizumab 8 mg/kg intravenously every 4 weeks plus methotrexate/other DMARD(s) combination therapy. If they were intolerant of methotrexate/other DMARD, patients received tocilizumab monotherapy. Effectiveness endpoints included American College of Rheumatology (ACR) responses (ACR20/50/70/90) and disease activity score using 28 joints (DAS28). Of 1,681 patients, 239 received tocilizumab monotherapy, and 1,442 received combination therapy. Methotrexate was the most common DMARD (79 %) used in combination therapy. The frequency of adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, and AEs leading to withdrawal were similar between tocilizumab monotherapy (82.4, 7.9, and 5.4 %, respectively) and combination therapy (76.6, 7.8, and 5.1 %, respectively). No differences in ACR20/50/70/90 responses were observed between treatment groups (66.9 %/43.5 %/23.8 %/10.0 % vs 66.9 %/47.2 %/26.8 %/8.5 %, respectively; p > 0.12 for all individual comparisons, including ACR50 propensity score analyses). The decrease in DAS28 was also similar between treatment groups (mean ± standard deviation: −3.41 ± 1.49 for tocilizumab monotherapy vs −3.43 ± 1.43 for combination therapy; p > 0.33 all analyses, including propensity score analyses). Tocilizumab had a comparable safety profile, and was similarly effective, when used as monotherapy or in combination with DMARDs in a broad population of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
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Barton JL, Koenig CJ, Evans-Young G, Trupin L, Anderson J, Ragouzeos D, Breslin M, Morse T, Schillinger D, Montori VM, Yelin EH. The design of a low literacy decision aid about rheumatoid arthritis medications developed in three languages for use during the clinical encounter. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2014; 14:104. [PMID: 25649726 PMCID: PMC4363399 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-014-0104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shared decision-making in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) care is a priority among policy makers, clinicians and patients both nationally and internationally. Demands on patients to have basic knowledge of RA, treatment options, and details of risk and benefit when making medication decisions with clinicians can be overwhelming, especially for those with limited literacy or limited English language proficiency. The objective of this study is to describe the development of a medication choice decision aid for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in three languages using low literacy principles. METHODS Based on the development of a diabetes decision aid, the RA decision aid (RA Choice) was developed through a collaborative process involving patients, clinicians, designers, decision-aid and health literacy experts. A combination of evidence synthesis and direct observation of clinician-patient interactions generated content and guided an iterative process of prototype development. RESULTS Three iterations of RA Choice were developed and field-tested before completion. The final tool organized data using icons and plain language for 12 RA medications across 5 issues: frequency of administration, time to onset, cost, side effects, and special considerations. The tool successfully created a conversation between clinician and patient, and garnered high acceptability from clinicians. CONCLUSIONS The process of collaboratively developing an RA decision aid designed to promote shared decision making resulted in a graphically-enhanced, low literacy tool. The use of RA Choice in the clinical encounter has the potential to enhance communication for RA patients, including those with limited health literacy and limited English language proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Barton
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Division of Hospital & Specialty Medicine, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | | | - Gina Evans-Young
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Phillip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Laura Trupin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Phillip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Dean Schillinger
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Victor M Montori
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Edward H Yelin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Phillip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Buhrmann C, Shayan P, Aggarwal BB, Shakibaei M. Evidence that TNF-β (lymphotoxin α) can activate the inflammatory environment in human chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 15:R202. [PMID: 24283517 PMCID: PMC3979010 DOI: 10.1186/ar4393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inflammatory cytokines play a key role in the pathogenesis of joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Current therapies target mainly tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) as this has proven benefits. However, a large number of patients do not respond to or become resistant to anti-TNF-α therapy. While the role of TNF-α in RA is quite evident, the role of TNF-β, also called lymphotoxin-α (LT-α), is unclear. In this study we investigated whether TNF-β and its receptor play a role in chondrocytes in the inflammatory environment. Methods An in vitro model of primary human chondrocytes was used to study TNF-β-mediated inflammatory signaling. Results Cytokine-induced inflammation enhances TNF-β and TNF-β-receptor expression in primary human chondrocytes accompanied by the up-regulation of inflammatory (cyclooxygenase-2), matrix degrading (matrix metalloproteinase-9 and -13) and apoptotic (p53, cleaved caspase-3) signaling pathways, all known to be regulated by NF-κB. In contrast, anti-TNF-β, similar to the natural NF-κB inhibitor (curcumin, diferuloylmethane) or the knockdown of NF-κB by using antisense oligonucleotides (ASO), suppressed IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation and its translocation to the nucleus, and abolished the pro-inflammatory and apoptotic effects of IL-1β. This highlights, at least in part, the crucial role of NF-κB in TNF-β-induced-inflammation in cartilage, similar to that expected for TNF-α. Finally, the adhesiveness between TNF-β-expressing T-lymphocytes and the responding chondrocytes was significantly enhanced through a TNF-β-induced inflammatory microenvironment. Conclusions These results suggest for the first time that TNF-β is involved in microenvironment inflammation in chondrocytes during RA parallel to TNF-α, resulting in the up-regulation of NF-κB signaling and activation of pro-inflammatory activity.
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Kobayakawa T, Kojima T, Takahashi N, Hayashi M, Yabe Y, Kaneko A, Shioura T, Saito K, Hirano Y, Kanayama Y, Miyake H, Asai N, Funahashi K, Hirabara S, Hanabayashi M, Asai S, Ishiguro N. Drug retention rates of second biologic agents after switching from tumor necrosis factor inhibitors for rheumatoid arthritis in Japanese patients on low-dose methotrexate or without methotrexate. Mod Rheumatol 2014; 25:251-6. [DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2014.953668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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125
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Huizinga TWJ, Conaghan PG, Martin-Mola E, Schett G, Amital H, Xavier RM, Troum O, Aassi M, Bernasconi C, Dougados M. Clinical and radiographic outcomes at 2 years and the effect of tocilizumab discontinuation following sustained remission in the second and third year of the ACT-RAY study. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:35-43. [PMID: 25169728 PMCID: PMC4283697 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of tocilizumab (TCZ) plus methotrexate/placebo (MTX/PBO) over 2 years and the course of disease activity in patients who discontinued TCZ due to sustained remission. Methods ACT-RAY was a double-blind 3-year trial. Patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite MTX were randomised to add TCZ to ongoing MTX (add-on strategy) or switch to TCZ plus PBO (switch strategy). Using a treat-to-target approach, open-label conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs), other than MTX, were added from week 24 if Disease Activity Score in 28 joints based on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) >3.2. Between weeks 52 and 104, patients in sustained clinical remission (DAS28-ESR <2.6 at two consecutive visits 12 weeks apart) discontinued TCZ and were assessed every 4 weeks for 1 year. If sustained remission was maintained, added csDMARDs, then MTX/PBO, were discontinued. Results Of the 556 randomised patients, 76% completed year 2. Of patients entering year 2, 50.4% discontinued TCZ after achieving sustained remission and 5.9% achieved drug-free remission. Most patients who discontinued TCZ (84.0%) had a subsequent flare, but responded well to TCZ reintroduction. Despite many patients temporarily stopping TCZ, radiographic progression was minimal, with differences favouring add-on treatment. Rates of serious adverse events and serious infections per 100 patient-years were 12.2 and 4.4 in add-on and 15.0 and 3.7 in switch patients. In patients with normal baseline values, alanine aminotransferase elevations >3×upper limit of normal were more frequent in add-on (14.3%) versus switch patients (5.4%). Conclusions Treat-to-target strategies could be successfully implemented with TCZ to achieve sustained remission, after which TCZ was stopped. Biologic-free remission was maintained for about 3 months, but most patients eventually flared. TCZ restart led to rapid improvement. Trial registration number NCT00810199.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Philip G Conaghan
- NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Emilio Martin-Mola
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Howard Amital
- Department of Medicine 'B', Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ricardo M Xavier
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Orrin Troum
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | | | | | - Maxime Dougados
- Rheumatology B Department, Paris-Descartes University, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
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Kojima T, Yabe Y, Kaneko A, Takahashi N, Funahashi K, Kato D, Hanabayashi M, Asai S, Hirabara S, Asai N, Hirano Y, Hayashi M, Miyake H, Kojima M, Ishiguro N. Importance of methotrexate therapy concomitant with tocilizumab treatment in achieving better clinical outcomes for rheumatoid arthritis patients with high disease activity: an observational cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 54:113-20. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Diamantopoulos A, Finckh A, Huizinga T, Sungher DK, Sawyer L, Neto D, Dejonckheere F. Tocilizumab in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a cost-effectiveness analysis in the UK. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2014; 32:775-87. [PMID: 24854959 PMCID: PMC4113684 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-014-0165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since receiving a positive recommendation in England, Wales and Scotland, tocilizumab (TCZ) is one of the options available to clinicians for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in the UK. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost effectiveness of adding TCZ to the current treatment sequence of RA patients from a UK payer's perspective over a patient lifetime horizon. METHODS An individual sampling model was developed to synthesise all clinical and economic inputs. Two scenarios were explored separately: patients contraindicated to methotrexate (MTX) and those MTX tolerant. For each scenario, the analysis compared three strategies. The standard of care (SoC) strategy included a sequence of the most commonly prescribed biologics; the other two comparator strategies considered the addition of TCZ to SoC at first line and second line. Patient characteristics were representative of UK patients. Treatment efficacy and quality-of-life evidence were synthesised from clinical trials and secondary sources. An analysis of a patient registry informed the model parameters regarding treatment discontinuation. The safety profile of all treatments in a given strategy was based on a network meta-analysis and literature review. Resource utilisation, treatment acquisition, administration, monitoring and adverse event treatment costs were considered. All costs reflect 2012 prices. Uncertainty in model parameters was explored by one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. RESULTS In the MTX-contraindicated population, if TCZ was added to the SoC in first line, the estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was £7,300 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained; if added in second line, the estimated ICER was £11,400 per QALY. In the MTX-tolerant population, the estimated costs and QALYs of the TCZ strategy were similar to those of the SoC strategy. Sensitivity analysis showed that parameters that affect the treatment cost (such as patient weight) can have a noticeable impact on the overall cost-effectiveness results. The majority of the other sensitivity analyses resulted in modest changes to the ICER. CONCLUSION For the treatment of RA in MTX-tolerant and contraindicated patients, the addition of TCZ to the SoC was estimated to be a cost-effective strategy.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/adverse effects
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/economics
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/economics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/economics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Contraindications
- Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Drug Costs
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Methotrexate
- Models, Economic
- Quality of Life
- Surveys and Questionnaires
- Treatment Outcome
- United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Diamantopoulos
- Symmetron Limited, Kinetic Centre, Theobald Street, Elstree, London, WD6 4PJ, UK,
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128
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Matsubara H, Kojima T, Kaneko A, Hirano Y, Ishikawa H, Hattori Y, Miyake H, Oguchi T, Takagi H, Yabe Y, Kato T, Ito T, Fukaya N, Kanayama Y, Shioura T, Hayashi M, Fujibayashi T, Takahashi N, Funahashi K, Kato D, Hanabayashi M, Terabe K, Ishiguro N. Longterm Retention Rate and Risk Factor for Discontinuation Due to Insufficient Efficacy and Adverse Events in Japanese Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Receiving Etanercept Therapy. J Rheumatol 2014; 41:1583-9. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.130901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Assessing retention rate and risk factor for drug discontinuation is important for drug evaluation. We examined a 3-year retention rate and the risk factor for discontinuation due to insufficient efficacy (IE) and adverse events (AE) in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who are receiving etanercept (ETN).Methods.Data were collected from 588 patients treated with ETN as a first biologic from the Tsurumai Biologics Communication Registry. Baseline characteristics for the incidence of both IE and AE were analyzed using the Cox proportional-hazards regression model. Patients were divided into groups based on age and concomitant methotrexate (MTX). Drug retention rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared among groups using the log-rank test.Results.ETN monotherapy without concomitant MTX [MTX(–)] was significantly related to a higher incidence of discontinuation due to IE [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.226, 95% CI 1.363–3.634]. Older age and MTX(–) were significantly related to a higher incidence of discontinuation due to AE [HR = 1.040, 1.746, 95% CI 1.020–1.060, 1.103–2.763, respectively]. The MTX(–)/≥ 65 years group had the lowest retention rate (p < 0.001). The discontinuation rate due to IE was lower in the MTX(+)/< 65 years group compared to < 65 years/MTX(–), ≥ 65 years/MTX(–) group (p = 0.006, p < 0.001, respectively). The discontinuation rate due to AE was highest in the MTX(–)/≥ 65 years group (p < 0.001).Conclusion.Our findings suggest that the risk of discontinuation due to IE was high in the patients who did not use concomitant MTX and that the risk of discontinuation due to AE was high in elderly patients who did not use concomitant MTX.
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Jansen JP, Buckley F, Dejonckheere F, Ogale S. Comparative efficacy of biologics as monotherapy and in combination with methotrexate on patient reported outcomes (PROs) in rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to conventional DMARDs--a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2014; 12:102. [PMID: 24988902 PMCID: PMC4101713 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-12-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare biologics as monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate (MTX) in terms of patient reported outcomes (PROs) in RA patients with an inadequate response to conventional DMARDs (DMARD-IR). Methods With a systematic literature review 17 RCTs were identified that evaluated adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, abatacept, anakinra or tocilizumab. Treatment effects in terms of pain (0-100 mm), patient’s global assessment of disease activity (PGA; 0-100 mm), Health Assessment-Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index (DI; 0–3), and the physical component summary (PCS) of the SF36 Health Survey (0–100) at 24 weeks were combined by means of Bayesian network meta-analyses. Results With tocilizumab monotherapy, greater improvements in pain (difference = -11.1; (95% Credible Interval -21.3, -0.1)) and PGA (-10.3 (-20.4, 0.8)) were observed than with aTNF monotherapy. Tocilizumab was at least as efficacious as aTNF in HAQ-DI improvements (-0.16; (-0.37, 0.05)). aTNF + MTX (-17.9 (-23.1, -13.0) & -19.1 (-24.2, -14.4)), abatacept + MTX (-23.0 (-47.3, 1. 5) & -13.6 (-28.4, 2.0)) and tocilizumab + MTX (-16.0 (-26.3, -6.3) & -15.1 (-25.1, -5.7)) showed comparable reductions in pain and PGA relative to MTX. Efficacy of anakinra + MTX was much smaller as compared to other biologics. The greatest improvements in HAQ-DI relative to MTX were observed with aTNF + MTX (-0.30 (-0.37, -0.22)) and tocilizumab + MTX (-0.27 (-0.42, -0.12)), followed by abatacept + MTX (-0.21 (-0.37, -0.05)) and anakinra + MTX (-0.11 (-0.26, 0.05)). The improvements in SF36-PCS with abatacept + MTX, aTNF + MTX and tocilizumab + MTX were comparable. There is a >90% probability that aTNF + MTX results in a greater improvement in pain (-12.4), PGA (-16.1) and HAQ-DI (-0.21) than aTNF as monotherapy. Efficacy of tocilizumab + MTX showed comparable improvements in PROs as tocilizumab monotherapy. Conclusions Based on a network meta-analysis involving indirect comparison of trial findings, the following observations were made for DMARD-IR patients. In monotherapy, tocilizumab was associated with a greater improvement in pain and self-reported disease activity than aTNF, and was at least as efficacious regarding functional ability. The improvements in PROs with aTNF, abatacept and tocilizumab in combination with MTX were comparable. Improvements in PROs with tocilizumab as monotherapy were similar to that of tocilizumab + MTX, whereas aTNF as monotherapy was likely to be less efficacious than aTNF + MTX.
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130
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Radhakrishnan A, Tudawe D, Chakravarthi S, Chiew GS, Haleagrahara N. Effect of γ-tocotrienol in counteracting oxidative stress and joint damage in collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:1408-1414. [PMID: 24940448 PMCID: PMC3991526 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienols exhibit a significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect in numerous human diseases. However, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of tocotrienols in arthritic conditions are not well documented. Therefore, the effect of γ-tocotrienol supplementation against oxidative stress and joint pathology in collagen-induced arthritis in rats was investigated in the present study. Adult female Dark Agouti rats were randomly divided into groups: Control, γ-tocotrienol alone, arthritis alone and arthritis with γ-tocotrienol. Arthritis was induced using 4 mg/kg body weight collagen in complete Freund's adjuvant. The rats were treated orally with 5 mg/kg body weight of γ-tocotrienol between day 21 and day 45. After 45 days, serum C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total glutathione (GSH) assays were conducted. γ-tocotrienol significantly reduced the arthritis-induced changes in body weight, CRP, TNF-α, SOD and the total GSH levels. There was a significant reduction in the arthritis-induced histopathological changes in the γ-tocotrienol treatment group. The data indicated that administration of γ-tocotrienol resulted in a significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect on collagen-induced arthritis; therefore, γ-tocotrienol may have therapeutic potential as a long-term anti-arthritic agent in rheumatoid arthritis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammu Radhakrishnan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Dulanthi Tudawe
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Srikumar Chakravarthi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Gan Seng Chiew
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Nagaraja Haleagrahara
- Discipline of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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Dougados M, Kissel K, Conaghan PG, Mola EM, Schett G, Gerli R, Hansen MS, Amital H, Xavier RM, Troum O, Bernasconi C, Huizinga TWJ. Clinical, radiographic and immunogenic effects after 1 year of tocilizumab-based treatment strategies in rheumatoid arthritis: the ACT-RAY study. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 73:803-9. [PMID: 24473673 PMCID: PMC3995223 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the 1-year efficacy and safety of a regimen of tocilizumab plus methotrexate or placebo, which was augmented by a treat-to-target strategy from week 24. METHODS ACT-RAY was a double-blind, 3-year trial. Adults with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate were randomised to add tocilizumab to ongoing methotrexate (add-on strategy) or to switch to tocilizumab plus placebo (switch strategy). Tocilizumab 8 mg/kg was administered every 4 weeks. Conventional open-label disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) other than methotrexate were added at week 24 or later in patients with DAS28>3.2. RESULTS 556 patients were randomised; 85% completed 52 weeks. The proportion of patients receiving open-label DMARDs was comparable in the add-on (29%) and switch (33%) arms. Overall, week 24 results were maintained or further improved at week 52 in both arms. Some endpoints favoured the add-on strategy. Mean changes in Genant-modified Sharp scores were small; more add-on (92.8%) than switch patients (86.1%) had no radiographic progression. At week 52, comparable numbers of patients had antidrug antibodies (ADAs; 1.5% and 2.2% of add-on and switch patients, respectively) and neutralising ADAs (0.7% and 1.8%). Rates of serious adverse events and serious infections per 100 patient-year (PY) were 11.3 and 4.5 in add-on and 16.8 and 5.5 in switch patients. In patients with normal baseline values, alanine aminotransferase elevations >3× upper limit of normal were observed in 11% of add-on and 3% of switch patients. CONCLUSIONS Despite a trend favouring the add-on strategy, these data suggest that both tocilizumab add-on and switch strategies led to meaningful clinical and radiographic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Dougados
- Rheumatology B Department, Paris-Descartes University, Cochin Hospital, , Paris, France
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132
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Takeuchi T, Tanaka Y, Kaneko Y, Tanaka E, Hirata S, Kurasawa T, Kubo S, Saito K, Shidara K, Kimura N, Nagasawa H, Kameda H, Amano K, Yamanaka H. Effectiveness and safety of adalimumab in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis: retrospective analyses of data collected during the first year of adalimumab treatment in routine clinical practice (HARMONY study). Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-011-0516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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133
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Tanaka Y, Yamamoto K, Takeuchi T, Yamanaka H, Ishiguro N, Eguchi K, Watanabe A, Origasa H, Shoji T, Miyasaka N, Koike T. Long-term efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol in Japanese rheumatoid arthritis patients who could not receive methotrexate: 52-week results from an open-label extension of the HIKARI study. Mod Rheumatol 2013; 24:725-33. [PMID: 24372225 DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2013.865822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol (CZP) treatment and to assess the efficacy of two CZP maintenance dosing schedules in Japanese rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who could not receive methotrexate (MTX). METHODS HIKARI double-blind (DB) patients were entered into an open-label extension (OLE) study. Patients withdrawn at 16 weeks due to lack of efficacy and DB completers without a 24-week American College of Rheumatology (ACR)20 response received CZP 200 mg every 2 weeks (Q2W). DB completers with 24-week ACR20 responses were randomized to CZP 200 mg Q2W or CZP 400 mg every 4 weeks. RESULTS The ACR20/ACR50/ACR70 response rates of DB completers (n = 98) were 82.7%/56.1%/34.7% at OLE entry, and 83.7%/65.3%/48.0% at 52 weeks, respectively. Other clinical, functional, and radiographic outcomes were sustained during long-term administration of CZP, even without MTX. No new unexpected adverse events were observed during long-term CZP treatment. The efficacy and safety of CZP treatment were similar between the two dosing schedules. CONCLUSIONS Long-term CZP administration is efficacious and safe for RA patients. No obvious differences in clinical efficacy and safety were observed between the two dosing schedules. The choice between two maintenace regimens adds flexibility in administration schedules for RA patients and physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan , Kitakyushu, Fukuoka , Japan
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Callaghan CA, Boyter AC, Mullen AB, McRorie ER. Biological therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: is personalised medicine possible? Eur J Hosp Pharm 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2013-000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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135
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Cho SK, Sakai R, Nanki T, Koike R, Watanabe K, Yamazaki H, Nagasawa H, Tanaka Y, Nakajima A, Yasuda S, Ihata A, Ezawa K, Won S, Choi CB, Sung YK, Kim TH, Jun JB, Yoo DH, Miyasaka N, Bae SC, Harigai M. A comparison of incidence and risk factors for serious adverse events in rheumatoid arthritis patients with etanercept or adalimumab in Korea and Japan. Mod Rheumatol 2013; 24:572-9. [PMID: 24320747 DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2013.860695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence and risk factors of serious adverse events (SAEs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with etanercept (ETN) or adalimumab (ADA) between Korean and Japanese registries. METHODS We recruited 416 RA patients [505.2 patient-years (PYs)] who started ETN or ADA from Korean registry and 537 RA patients (762.0 PY) from Japanese registry. The patient background, incidence rate (IR) of SAE in 2 years, and risk factors for SAEs were compared. RESULTS Korean patients were younger and used more nonbiologic DMARDs, higher doses of methotrexate, and lower doses of prednisolone (PSL). The IR of SAEs (/100 PY) was higher in the Japanese registry compared to the Korean [13.65 vs. 6.73]. In both registries, infection was the most frequently reported SAE. The only significant risk factor for SAEs in Korean registry was age by decade [1.45]. In Japanese registry, age by decade [1.54], previous use of nonbiologic DMARDs ≥ 4 [1.93], and concomitant use of oral PSL ≥ 5 mg/day [2.20] were identified as risk factors for SAEs. CONCLUSIONS The IR of SAE in Japan, especially infection, was higher than that of Korea, which was attributed to the difference of demographic and clinical characteristics of RA patients and treatment profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Kyung Cho
- Department of Pharmacovigilance, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo , Japan
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Emery P, Sebba A, Huizinga TWJ. Biologic and oral disease-modifying antirheumatic drug monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 72:1897-904. [PMID: 23918035 PMCID: PMC3841743 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence demonstrates coadministration of tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) agents and methotrexate (MTX) is more efficacious than administration of TNFi agents alone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, leading to the perception that coadministration of MTX with all biologic agents or oral disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs is necessary for maximum efficacy. Real-life registry data reveal approximately one-third of patients taking biologic agents use them as monotherapy. Additionally, an analysis of healthcare claims data showed that when MTX was prescribed in conjunction with a biologic agent, as many as 58% of patients did not collect the MTX prescription. Given this discrepancy between perception and real life, we conducted a review of the peer-reviewed literature and rheumatology medical congress abstracts to determine whether data support biologic monotherapy as a treatment option for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Our analysis suggests only for tocilizumab is there evidence that the efficacy of biologic monotherapy is comparable with combination therapy with MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Emery
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust United Kingdom, Leeds, UK
| | - Anthony Sebba
- Department of Rheumatology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Tom W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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de la Torre I, Valor L, Nieto JC, Montoro M, Carreño L. Minimum effective dosages of anti-TNF in rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 10:101-4. [PMID: 24280444 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the modified dosages of anti-TNF in controlling disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) measured by DAS28-ESR. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study: RA patients treated with etanercept (ETN), adalimumab (ADA) or infliximab (IFX), at standard or modified doses. MAIN VARIABLES dosage, concomitant disease modifying drugs (DMARDs), DAS28-ESR. RESULTS 195 RA patients included (79% women, mean age 58.1 years): ETN=81, ADA=56, IFX=58. Mean disease duration and time to first biological treatment was higher in IFX group (P=.01). Patients distribution by dosage: standard: ETN (72.8%), ADA (69.6%), IFX (27.6%); escalated: IFX (69%), ADA (5.4%), ETN (0%); reduced: ETN (27.1%), ADA (25%), IFX (3.4%). Concomitant DMARDs use was lower in ETN (58.2%) than ADA (66.07%) and IFX (79.31%). Higher proportion of responders (DAS28 ≤3.2) in ADA (65.3%) and ETN (61.7%) than IFX (48.3%). CONCLUSIONS RA clinical control can be preserved with modified anti-TNF dosages. Controlled prospective studies should be performed to define when therapy can be tailored and for which patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada de la Torre
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lara Valor
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Nieto
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Montoro
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Carreño
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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138
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Nash P, Nicholls D. Perceptions of methotrexate use in rheumatoid arthritis by rheumatologists and their patients: an Australian survey study. Int J Rheum Dis 2013; 16:652-61. [PMID: 24382276 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To improve treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), rheumatologists have embraced patient-reported outcomes; however, limited data are available on patient perceptions of treatment. Our objective was to assess the use and perceptions of methotrexate (MTX) by patients with RA (primary objective) and their rheumatologists, patient-reported adverse events (AEs) related to MTX, and patient-reported use of alcohol, folic acid and biologic agents. METHOD Each rheumatologist completed a rheumatologist questionnaire and then asked patients with RA to complete a patient questionnaire. RESULTS Questionnaires were completed by 46/50 rheumatologists and 1313/1313 patients. Patients (72% female, 38% > 10 years RA) took oral MTX regularly (72% never miss a dose) and at therapeutic doses. Most patients (79%) were currently taking MTX, but 36% of patients were on low doses (≤ 10 mg/week) and 8% intentionally and regularly did not take MTX. Most patients had a positive perception of MTX; 82% of patients considered MTX to be important; 60% preferred to continue taking MTX. Although AEs (generally mild and gastrointestinal) occurred regularly (38%) and in some patients continuously (13%), 41% of patients did not experience an AE. Patients abstained from alcohol (46%) and took folic acid (91%, but with variable dosage regimens and doses). There were 29% of patients taking biologic agent therapy; only 70% of these patients were also taking MTX. CONCLUSION MTX was well used, well tolerated and well perceived. However, to ensure that MTX therapy is as effective as possible, rheumatologists should discuss MTX use with their patients and consider alternative strategies for some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nash
- Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Coast Joint Care, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
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139
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McErlane F, Foster HE, Davies R, Lunt M, Watson KD, Symmons DPM, Hyrich KL. Biologic treatment response among adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 52:1905-13. [PMID: 23873820 PMCID: PMC3775296 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the use of and response to biologic therapies commenced in adults with JIA. METHODS Patients with arthritis onset <16 years were identified from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register for rheumatoid arthritis (BSRBR-RA) and stratified into ILAR JIA subtypes. Patterns of biologic use and treatment persistence were explored, with disability levels (HAQ) and remission rates [28-Joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28)] evaluated at 6 and 12 months. RESULTS Arthritis with an onset of <16 years was confirmed in 225 patients and the ILAR subtype was determined in 154 (68%). Only 58 (26%) patients had a diagnosis of JIA recorded in the BSRBR-RA. The median age at biologic commencement was 31 years [interquartile range (IQR) 23-39] and 76% were female. The biologic therapies were etanercept (49%), infliximab (28%), adalimumab (22%) and anakinra (1%). Fifty per cent of patients received more than one biologic during follow-up (2 agents, n = 64; ≥3 agents, n = 49). Treatment persistence at 1 year was 78% (95% CI 71%, 82%), falling to 42% (95% CI 34%, 49%) at 5 years. Both the HAQ and DAS28 improved significantly at 6 months, with 21% and 28% of patients in remission (DAS28 < 2.6) at 6 and 12 months, respectively. CONCLUSION This study describes patterns and identifies outcomes of biologic use in a national cohort of adults with JIA. With no national guidance currently available in this area, the choice of first biologic was inconsistent, although treatment outcomes were good. These data confirm that biologic therapies are an important treatment option in adults with active JIA in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora McErlane
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Room 2.800 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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140
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is a potent pro-inflammatory agent that plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of systemic inflammatory disease. Targeting this pathway in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) seems an attractive option as IL-6 is important for both joint destruction and systemic manifestations. Currently, tocilizumab, which binds the IL-6 receptor, is licensed for treatment in active, moderate to severe disease in RA and systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Several other promising IL-6 blocking agents as well as a subcutaneous form of tocilizumab are currently undergoing phase III clinical trials. The aim of this article is to provide an up-to-date analysis of clinical efficacy and tolerability data concerning the use of IL-6 inhibitors. Data from clinical trials demonstrated that clinical efficacy for tocilizumab, which included improvement in physical function and halting radiographic progression, were comparable to other biologics licensed for use in RA. Patients who should gain most are RA patients with systemic features such as high inflammatory markers and anaemia. Perhaps, the strongest selling point lies in its effectiveness as a monotherapy. This is particularly useful in those who are not tolerating combination treatment with methotrexate. Tocilizumab is one of a few biologics that have been shown to be superior to methotrexate in head-to-head studies. The safety profile of tocilizumab also is comparable to other currently available biologics. There is a small but significant increase in adverse events including infections in patients treated with tocilizumab compared to placebo, particularly in patients who are elderly and those with multiple comorbidities. Elevated lipid profiles are frequent but have not been associated with major cardiovascular events. IL-6 blockade is a major advancement in the treatment of RA as it targets a unique molecule. Over the next few years, evidence will be available on the long-term cardiovascular safety and efficacy of subcutaneous IL-6 blocking agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Yuzaiful Md Yusof
- Division of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Disease, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK
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141
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Pope JE, Haraoui B, Rampakakis E, Psaradellis E, Thorne C, Sampalis JS. Treating to a Target in Established Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Receiving a Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor: Results From a Real-World Cluster-Randomized Adalimumab Trial. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2013; 65:1401-9. [DOI: 10.1002/acr.22010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet E. Pope
- University of Western Ontario and St. Joseph's Health Care; London, Ontario; Canada
| | - Boulos Haraoui
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Hôpital Notre-Dame; MontréalQuebec; Canada
| | | | | | - Carter Thorne
- Southlake Regional Health Care; Newmarket, Ontario; Canada
| | - John S. Sampalis
- JSS Medical Research and McGill University; Montréal, Quebec; Canada
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142
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Richardson
- Newcastle University, UK
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - John Isaacs
- Newcastle University, UK
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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143
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Kaufmann J, Feist E, Roske AE, Schmidt WA. Monotherapy with tocilizumab or TNF-alpha inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: efficacy, treatment satisfaction, and persistence in routine clinical practice. Clin Rheumatol 2013; 32:1347-55. [PMID: 23703358 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-013-2281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the use of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) as monotherapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in "real world" clinical settings and to compare tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors and tocilizumab monotherapy in terms of efficacy and patient and clinician satisfaction with treatment. This study made use of a retrospective, cohort-19 based study including included data from 254 patients (TNF inhibitors n = 128; tocilizumab n = 126) managed in 30 centers throughout Germany. Efficacy of monotherapy and patient and physician overall satisfaction with treatment were assessed at baseline, 3, and 6 months of monotherapy using a range of measures including Disease Activity Score 28 joint (DAS28), swollen joint count (SJC) and tender joint count (TJC), and visual analogue scales (VAS). Between 18 and 41 % of patients treated with bDMARDs received the agent as monotherapy. Intolerance to DMARDs, contraindications for combination therapy, and comorbidities were the most common reasons for introduction of bDMARD monotherapy. Mean DAS28 (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR) was significantly lower at 3 and 6 months following tocilizumab vs. TNF inhibitors (p ≤ 0.001). Joint counts improved from baseline to month 6 in both groups (SJC -5.1 vs. -3.7 and TJC -5.6 vs. -5.1, for tocilizumab and TNF inhibitors, respectively). Patient as well as physician satisfaction (VAS 100 mm scale) was significantly higher for tocilizumab vs. TNF inhibitors (75.3 vs. 66.8; p = 0.001 and 74.9 vs. 67.1, p = 0.003, respectively). Significantly more patients remained on tocilizumab monotherapy vs. TNF-inhibitor monotherapy (89.7 vs. 75.8 %; p < 0.01). Monotherapy with bDMARDs is common in routine clinical practice. Tocilizumab monotherapy appeared to be superior over TNF-inhibitor monotherapy with respect to DAS28 and drug adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kaufmann
- Praxis Dr. Kaufmann, Am Bahnhof 4, 14974, Ludwigsfelde, Germany.
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144
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Gabay C, Emery P, van Vollenhoven R, Dikranian A, Alten R, Pavelka K, Klearman M, Musselman D, Agarwal S, Green J, Kavanaugh A. Tocilizumab monotherapy versus adalimumab monotherapy for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (ADACTA): a randomised, double-blind, controlled phase 4 trial. Lancet 2013; 381:1541-50. [PMID: 23515142 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roughly a third of patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with biological treatments receive them as monotherapy. Tocilizumab--an inhibitor of interleukin 6 receptor signalling--has been studied as monotherapy in several clinical trials. We assessed the efficacy and safety of tocilizumab monotherapy compared with adalimumab monotherapy for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS We did this randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, phase 4 superiority study in 76 centres in 15 countries in North and South America, Australasia, and Europe. We enrolled patients who were aged at least 18 years, had severe rheumatoid arthritis for 6 months or more, and were intolerant to methotrexate or were inappropriate for continued methotrexate treatment. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1; block size of four) to receive tocilizumab 8 mg per kg bodyweight intravenously every 4 weeks plus placebo subcutaneously every 2 weeks or adalimumab 40 mg subcutaneously every 2 weeks plus placebo intravenously every 4 weeks for 24 weeks. Investigators, patients, and sponsor personnel were masked to assignment. The primary endpoint was change in disease activity score using 28 joints (DAS28) from baseline to week 24. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01119859. FINDINGS We screened 452 patients and enrolled 326 patients. The intention-to-treat population contained 325 patients (163 assigned to tocilizumab, 162 assigned to adalimumab). Week 24 mean change from baseline in DAS28 was significantly greater in the tocilizumab group (-3·3) than in the adalimumab group (-1·8) patients (difference -1·5, 95% CI -1·8 to -1·1; p<0·0001). 16 of 162 (10%) patients in the adalimumab group versus 19 of 162 (12%) in the tocilizumab group had serious adverse events. More patients in the tocilizumab group than in the adalimumab group had increased LDL-cholesterol, increased alanine aminotransferase concentrations, and reduced platelet and neutrophil counts. INTERPRETATION Tocilizumab monotherapy was superior to adalimumab monotherapy for reduction of signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis in patients for whom methotrexate was deemed inappropriate. The adverse event profiles of tocilizumab and adalimumab were consistent with previous findings. FUNDING F Hoffmann-La Roche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Gabay
- University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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145
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A biologic pharmacosurveillance program for rheumatoid arthritis: a single-center experience. Clin Rheumatol 2013; 32:875-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-013-2177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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146
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Albrecht K, Krüger K, Müller-Ladner U, Wollenhaupt J. [Systematic literature research for S1 guidelines on sequential medical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis]. Z Rheumatol 2013; 71:604-18. [PMID: 22930111 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-012-1048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On behalf of the German association of Rheumatology national experts developed guidelines for the medical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) based on the EULAR recommendations for the management of RA published in 2010. Current evidence was provided with an update of the systematic literature review (SLR). The methods and results of the SLR are presented in this article. MATERIALS AND METHODS An update of the EULAR SLR for the medical treatment of RA was performed from January 2009 to August 2011. The SLR assessed all controlled studies dealing with the outcome in clinical aspects, function and structure of disease modifying treatment of RA. RESULTS Out of 6,869 screened publications, 138 articles and 56 abstracts were considered in the development of the German guidelines on the treatment of RA. A modified set of recommendations was approved in a consensus of national experts. CONCLUSION A systematic literature research provided current evidence for the German recommendations on the sequential medical treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Albrecht
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Rheumatologie, Köpenicker Str.48/49, 10179, Berlin, Deutschland.
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147
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Low A, Hyrich K. Evaluating the real-world benefits and risks of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapies. J Rheumatol 2013; 40:4-6. [PMID: 23280161 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.121260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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148
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de la Vega M, da Silveira de Carvalho HM, Ventura Ríos L, Goycochea Robles MV, Casado GC. The importance of rheumatology biologic registries in Latin America. Rheumatol Int 2012; 33:827-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-012-2610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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149
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Reynolds A, Koenig AS, Bananis E, Singh A. When is switching warranted among biologic therapies in rheumatoid arthritis? Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2012; 12:319-33. [PMID: 22812556 DOI: 10.1586/erp.12.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Switching among biologic therapies is common practice in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have an inadequate response or intolerable adverse events. Evidence from observational studies and association guidelines supports the use of sequential biologic therapy for these reasons. Owing to recent economic pressures on healthcare budgets, patients with rheumatoid arthritis who are well controlled on and tolerant of their current biologic therapy may be switched to alternative biologics, despite limited evidence supporting this practice. Clinical research and experience suggest that TNF antagonists are not interchangeable, as meaningful differences have been observed in their efficacy and safety profiles. Additional research is needed to assess the risk:benefit ratio of specific sequences of biologic therapies and the validity of switching biologic therapies for nonclinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Reynolds
- Reynolds Clinical Sciences Ltd, 13 Ladywood, Eastleigh, Hampshire, SO50 4RW, UK.
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150
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Guo YJ, Chen J, Xiong XG, Wu D, Zhu H, Liang QH. Effect of Bizhongxiao decoction and its dismantled formulae on IL-1 and TNF levels in collagen-induced arthritis in rat synovial joints. Theor Biol Med Model 2012; 9:47. [PMID: 23163934 PMCID: PMC3507724 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-9-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic autoimmune disease, affects sufferers in many different ways. Treatment of this chronic condition is particularly challenging. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) provides alternatives. Bizhongxiao decoction (BZX) is a TCM complex, which has been used clinically for many years to treat RA. The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of BZX decoction and its dismantled formulae on IL-1 and TNF-1 levels in rats with RA, and to elucidate its mechanism of action. Methods Ninety healthy normal female SD rats were randomly divided into six groups: normal (control), model, BZX decoction, and the three dismantled formulae (I: heat-clearing and detoxication, II: dissipating dampness, and III: blood circulation promotion). Apart from the normal (control) group, the rats in each group were injected subcutaneously with bovine type II collagen and complete Freund adjuvant to establish a collagen-induced arthritis model, so that inhibition of foot swelling in the rats by BZX decoction and its dismantled formulae could be observed. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF in synovial joints at various time points. Results Twenty-one days after the model was established, the levels of TNF and IL-1 were significantly higher in the model group, BZX decoction group and dismantled formula groups I, II and III than in the normal controls (P < 0.05). The levels of these cytokines were significantly higher in the model group than the BZX decoction or the three dismantled formula groups (P <0.01). At longer times, the TNF and IL-1 levels in model group rose gradually; those in the BZX decoction and dismantled formula groups were gradually reduced. The cytokine levels in the BZX decoction group were lower than in the three dismantled formula groups and continued to decline. Conclusions BZX decoction and the three dismantled formulae examined down-regulated the inflammatory factors IL-1 and TNF in collagen-induced arthritis rat models, but BZX exerted the strongest effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-jing Guo
- Institute of Combined Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
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