101
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Trivedi D, CM V, Bisht K, Janardan V, Pandit A, Basak B, H S, Ramesh N, Raghu P. A genome engineering resource to uncover principles of cellular organization and tissue architecture by lipid signaling. eLife 2020; 9:e55793. [PMID: 33320085 PMCID: PMC7771963 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PI) are key regulators of cellular organization in eukaryotes and genes that tune PI signaling are implicated in human disease mechanisms. Biochemical analyses and studies in cultured cells have identified a large number of proteins that can mediate PI signaling. However, the role of such proteins in regulating cellular processes in vivo and development in metazoans remains to be understood. Here, we describe a set of CRISPR-based genome engineering tools that allow the manipulation of each of these proteins with spatial and temporal control during metazoan development. We demonstrate the use of these reagents to deplete a set of 103 proteins individually in the Drosophila eye and identify several new molecules that control eye development. Our work demonstrates the power of this resource in uncovering the molecular basis of tissue homeostasis during normal development and in human disease biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Trivedi
- National Centre for Biological Sciences-TIFR, GKVK CampusBangaloreIndia
| | - Vinitha CM
- National Centre for Biological Sciences-TIFR, GKVK CampusBangaloreIndia
| | - Karishma Bisht
- National Centre for Biological Sciences-TIFR, GKVK CampusBangaloreIndia
| | - Vishnu Janardan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences-TIFR, GKVK CampusBangaloreIndia
| | - Awadhesh Pandit
- National Centre for Biological Sciences-TIFR, GKVK CampusBangaloreIndia
| | - Bishal Basak
- National Centre for Biological Sciences-TIFR, GKVK CampusBangaloreIndia
| | - Shwetha H
- National Centre for Biological Sciences-TIFR, GKVK CampusBangaloreIndia
| | - Navyashree Ramesh
- National Centre for Biological Sciences-TIFR, GKVK CampusBangaloreIndia
| | - Padinjat Raghu
- National Centre for Biological Sciences-TIFR, GKVK CampusBangaloreIndia
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102
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Krajnik A, Brazzo JA, Vaidyanathan K, Das T, Redondo-Muñoz J, Bae Y. Phosphoinositide Signaling and Mechanotransduction in Cardiovascular Biology and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:595849. [PMID: 33381504 PMCID: PMC7767973 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.595849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides, which are membrane-bound phospholipids, are critical signaling molecules located at the interface between the extracellular matrix, cell membrane, and cytoskeleton. Phosphoinositides are essential regulators of many biological and cellular processes, including but not limited to cell migration, proliferation, survival, and differentiation, as well as cytoskeletal rearrangements and actin dynamics. Over the years, a multitude of studies have uniquely implicated phosphoinositide signaling as being crucial in cardiovascular biology and a dominant force in the development of cardiovascular disease and its progression. Independently, the cellular transduction of mechanical forces or mechanotransduction in cardiovascular cells is widely accepted to be critical to their homeostasis and can drive aberrant cellular phenotypes and resultant cardiovascular disease. Given the versatility and diversity of phosphoinositide signaling in the cardiovascular system and the dominant regulation of cardiovascular cell functions by mechanotransduction, the molecular mechanistic overlap and extent to which these two major signaling modalities converge in cardiovascular cells remain unclear. In this review, we discuss and synthesize recent findings that rightfully connect phosphoinositide signaling to cellular mechanotransduction in the context of cardiovascular biology and disease, and we specifically focus on phosphatidylinositol-4,5-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase, phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Throughout the review, we discuss how specific phosphoinositide subspecies have been shown to mediate biomechanically sensitive cytoskeletal remodeling in cardiovascular cells. Additionally, we discuss the direct interaction of phosphoinositides with mechanically sensitive membrane-bound ion channels in response to mechanical stimuli. Furthermore, we explore the role of phosphoinositide subspecies in association with critical downstream effectors of mechanical signaling in cardiovascular biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Krajnik
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Joseph A Brazzo
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kalyanaraman Vaidyanathan
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Tuhin Das
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Javier Redondo-Muñoz
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Madrid, Spain.,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yongho Bae
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
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103
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Herrero-de-Dios C, Román E, Pla J, Alonso-Monge R. Hog1 Controls Lipids Homeostasis Upon Osmotic Stress in Candida albicans. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040355. [PMID: 33321998 PMCID: PMC7770603 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As opportunistic pathogen, Candida albicans adapts to different environmental conditions and its corresponding stress. The Hog1 MAPK (Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase) was identified as the main MAPK involved in the response to osmotic stress. It was later shown that this MAPK is also involved in the response to a variety of stresses and therefore, its role in virulence, survival to phagocytes and establishment as commensal in the mouse gastrointestinal tract was reported. In this work, the role of Hog1 in osmotic stress is further analyzed, showing that this MAPK is involved in lipid homeostasis. The hog1 mutant accumulates lipid droplets when exposed to osmotic stress, leading to an increase in cell permeability and delaying the endocytic trafficking routes. Cek1, a MAPK also implicated in the response to osmotic challenge, did not play a role in lipid homeostasis indicating that Hog1 is the main MAP kinase in this response. The alteration on lipid metabolism observed in hog1 mutants is proposed to contribute to the sensitivity to osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Herrero-de-Dios
- Servicio de Bioquímica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Elvira Román
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología-IRYCIS, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.); (J.P.)
| | - Jesús Pla
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología-IRYCIS, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.); (J.P.)
| | - Rebeca Alonso-Monge
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología-IRYCIS, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-394-1888
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104
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Snider CE, Willet AH, Brown HT, Chen JS, Evers JM, Gould KL. Fission yeast Opy1 is an endogenous PI(4,5)P 2 sensor that binds to the phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase Its3. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.247973. [PMID: 33172987 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.247973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIPs) are a dynamic family of lipids that execute diverse roles in cell biology. PIP levels are regulated by numerous enzymes, but our understanding of how these enzymes are controlled in space and time is incomplete. One role of the PIP phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] is to anchor the cytokinetic ring (CR) to the plasma membrane (PM) in Schizosaccharomyces pombe While examining potential PI(4,5)P2-binding proteins for roles in CR anchoring, we identified the dual pleckstrin homology (PH) domain-containing protein Opy1. Although related proteins are implicated in PIP regulation, we found no role for S. pombe Opy1 in CR anchoring, which would be expected if it modulated PM PI(4,5)P2 levels. Our data indicate that although Opy1 senses PM PI(4,5)P2 levels and binds to the phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PI5-kinase) Its3, Opy1 does not regulate Its3 kinase activity or PM PI(4,5)P2 levels, a striking difference from its Saccharomyces cerevisiae homolog. However, overexpression of Opy1 resulted in cytokinesis defects, as might be expected if it sequestered PI(4,5)P2 Our results highlight the evolutionary divergence of dual PH domain-containing proteins and the need for caution when interpreting results based on their overexpression.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe E Snider
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alaina H Willet
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - HannahSofia T Brown
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jun-Song Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Joshua M Evers
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kathleen L Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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105
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Steinfeld N, Lahiri V, Morrison A, Metur SP, Klionsky DJ, Weisman LS. Elevating PI3P drives select downstream membrane trafficking pathways. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 32:143-156. [PMID: 33237833 PMCID: PMC8120694 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-03-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide signaling lipids are essential for several cellular processes. The requirement for a phosphoinositide is conventionally studied by depleting the corresponding lipid kinase. However, there are very few reports on the impact of elevating phosphoinositides. That phosphoinositides are dynamically elevated in response to stimuli suggests that, in addition to being required, phosphoinositides drive downstream pathways. To test this hypothesis, we elevated the levels of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) by generating hyperactive alleles of the yeast phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Vps34. We find that hyperactive Vps34 drives certain pathways, including phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate synthesis and retrograde transport from the vacuole. This demonstrates that PI3P is rate limiting in some pathways. Interestingly, hyperactive Vps34 does not affect endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) function. Thus, elevating PI3P does not always increase the rate of PI3P-dependent pathways. Elevating PI3P can also delay a pathway. Elevating PI3P slowed late steps in autophagy, in part by delaying the disassembly of autophagy proteins from mature autophagosomes as well as delaying fusion of autophagosomes with the vacuole. This latter defect is likely due to a more general defect in vacuole fusion, as assessed by changes in vacuole morphology. These studies suggest that stimulus-induced elevation of phosphoinositides provides a way for these stimuli to selectively regulate downstream processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Steinfeld
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Vikramjit Lahiri
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Anna Morrison
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Shree Padma Metur
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Lois S Weisman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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106
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Braun C, Hegemann JH, Mölleken K. Insights Into a Chlamydia pneumoniae-Specific Gene Cluster of Membrane Binding Proteins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:565808. [PMID: 33194804 PMCID: PMC7609445 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.565808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae is an obligate intracellular pathogen that causes diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract and is linked to a number of severe and chronic conditions. Here, we describe a large, C. pneumoniae-specific cluster of 13 genes (termed mbp1-13) that encode highly homologous chlamydial proteins sharing the capacity to bind to membranes. The gene cluster is localized on the chromosome between the highly diverse adhesin-encoding pmp genes pmp15 and pmp14. Comparison of human clinical isolates to the predicted ancestral koala isolate indicates that the cluster was acquired in the ancestor and was adapted / modified during evolution. SNPs and IN/DELs within the cluster are specific to isolates taken from different human tissues and show an ongoing adaptation. Most of the cluster proteins harbor one or two domains of unknown function (DUF575 and DUF562). During ectopic expression in human cells these DUF domains are crucial for the association of cluster proteins to the endo-membrane system. Especially DUF575 which harbors a predicted transmembrane domain is important for binding to the membrane, while presence of the DUF562 seems to be of regulatory function. For Mbp1, founding member of the cluster that exhibits a very limited sequence identity to the human Rab36 protein, we found a specific binding to vesicles carrying the early endosomal marker PtdIns(3)P and the endosomal Rab GTPases Rab11 and Rab14. This binding is dependent on a predicted transmembrane domain with an α-helical / β-strand secondary structure, as the mutant version Mbp1mut, which lacks the β-strand secondary structure, shows a reduced association to PtdIns(3)P-positive membranes carrying Rab11 and Rab14. Furthermore, we could not only show that Mbp1 associates with Rab36, but found this specific Rab protein to be recruited to the early C. pneumoniae inclusion. Detection of endogenous Mbp1 and Mbp4 reveal a colocalization to the chlamydial outer membrane protein Momp on EBs. The same colocalization pattern with Momp was observed when we ectopically expressed Mbp4 in C. trachomatis. Thus, we identified a C. pneumoniae-specific cluster of 13 membrane binding proteins (Mbps) localizing to the bacterial outer membrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Braun
- Institute of Functional Microbial Genomics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes H Hegemann
- Institute of Functional Microbial Genomics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Mölleken
- Institute of Functional Microbial Genomics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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107
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Loss of Class III Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Vps34 Results in Cone Degeneration. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9110384. [PMID: 33171845 PMCID: PMC7695136 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The major pathway for the production of the low-abundance membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P) synthesis is catalyzed by class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) Vps34. The absence of Vps34 was previously found to disrupt autophagy and other membrane-trafficking pathways in some sensory neurons, but the roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and Vps34 in cone photoreceptor cells have not previously been explored. We found that the deletion of Vps34 in neighboring rods in mouse retina did not disrupt cone function up to 8 weeks after birth, despite diminished rod function. Immunoblotting and lipid analysis of cones isolated from the cone-dominant retinas of the neural retina leucine zipper gene knockout mice revealed that both PI(3)P and Vps34 protein are present in mouse cones. To determine whether Vps34 and PI(3)P are important for cone function, we conditionally deleted Vps34 in cone photoreceptor cells of the mouse retina. Overall retinal morphology and rod function appeared to be unaffected. However, the loss of Vps34 in cones resulted in the loss of structure and function. There was a substantial reduction throughout the retina in the number of cones staining for M-opsin, S-opsin, cone arrestin, and peanut agglutinin, revealing degeneration of cones. These studies indicate that class III PI3K, and presumably PI(3)P, play essential roles in cone photoreceptor cell function and survival.
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108
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Katan M, Cockcroft S. Phospholipase C families: Common themes and versatility in physiology and pathology. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 80:101065. [PMID: 32966869 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase Cs (PLCs) are expressed in all mammalian cells and play critical roles in signal transduction. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of these enzymes in physiology and pathology, a detailed structural, biochemical, cell biological and genetic information is required. In this review, we cover all these aspects to summarize current knowledge of the entire superfamily. The families of PLCs have expanded from 13 enzymes to 16 with the identification of the atypical PLCs in the human genome. Recent structural insights highlight the common themes that cover not only the substrate catalysis but also the mechanisms of activation. This involves the release of autoinhibitory interactions that, in the absence of stimulation, maintain classical PLC enzymes in their inactive forms. Studies of individual PLCs provide a rich repertoire of PLC function in different physiologies. Furthermore, the genetic studies discovered numerous mutated and rare variants of PLC enzymes and their link to human disease development, greatly expanding our understanding of their roles in diverse pathologies. Notably, substantial evidence now supports involvement of different PLC isoforms in the development of specific cancer types, immune disorders and neurodegeneration. These advances will stimulate the generation of new drugs that target PLC enzymes, and will therefore open new possibilities for treatment of a number of diseases where current therapies remain ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Katan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shamshad Cockcroft
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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109
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Krespach MKC, García-Altares M, Flak M, Hanno Schoeler, Scherlach K, Netzker T, Schmalzl A, Mattern DJ, Schroeckh V, Komor A, Mittag M, Hertweck C, Brakhage AA. Lichen-like association of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Aspergillus nidulans protects algal cells from bacteria. THE ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:2794-2805. [PMID: 32753730 PMCID: PMC7784976 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0731-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organismal interactions within microbial consortia and their responses to harmful intruders remain largely understudied. An important step toward the goal of understanding functional ecological interactions and their evolutionary selection is the study of increasingly complex microbial interaction systems. Here, we discovered a tripartite biosystem consisting of the fungus Aspergillus nidulans, the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and the algicidal bacterium Streptomyces iranensis. Genetic analyses and MALDI-IMS demonstrate that the bacterium secretes the algicidal compound azalomycin F upon contact with C. reinhardtii. In co-culture, A. nidulans attracts the motile alga C. reinhardtii, which becomes embedded and surrounded by fungal mycelium and is shielded from the algicide. The filamentous fungus Sordaria macrospora was susceptible to azalomycin F and failed to protect C. reinhardtii despite chemotactically attracting the alga. Because S. macrospora was susceptible to azalomycin F, this data imply that for protection the fungus needs to be resistant. Formation of the lichen-like association between C. reinhardtii and A. nidulans increased algal growth. The protection depends on the increased amounts of membrane lipids provided by resistant fungi, thereby generating a protective shelter against the bacterial toxin. Our findings reveal a strategy whereby algae survive lethal environmental algicides through cooperation with fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario K C Krespach
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - María García-Altares
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Metabolomics Platform, Department of Electronic Engineering (DEEEA), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Michal Flak
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Hanno Schoeler
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Tina Netzker
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Anica Schmalzl
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Derek J Mattern
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Schroeckh
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Komor
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Mittag
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany.
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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110
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Myelination of peripheral nerves is controlled by PI4KB through regulation of Schwann cell Golgi function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28102-28113. [PMID: 33106410 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007432117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Better understanding myelination of peripheral nerves would benefit patients affected by peripheral neuropathies, including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Little is known about the role the Golgi compartment plays in Schwann cell (SC) functions. Here, we studied the role of Golgi in myelination of peripheral nerves in mice through SC-specific genetic inactivation of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta (PI4KB), a Golgi-associated lipid kinase. Sciatic nerves of such mice showed thinner myelin of large diameter axons and gross aberrations in myelin organization affecting the nodes of Ranvier, the Schmidt-Lanterman incisures, and Cajal bands. Nonmyelinating SCs showed a striking inability to engulf small diameter nerve fibers. SCs of mutant mice showed a distorted Golgi morphology and disappearance of OSBP at the cis-Golgi compartment, together with a complete loss of GOLPH3 from the entire Golgi. Accordingly, the cholesterol and sphingomyelin contents of sciatic nerves were greatly reduced and so was the number of caveolae observed in SCs. Although the conduction velocity of sciatic nerves of mutant mice showed an 80% decrease, the mice displayed only subtle impairment in their motor functions. Our analysis revealed that Golgi functions supported by PI4KB are critically important for proper myelination through control of lipid metabolism, protein glycosylation, and organization of microvilli in the nodes of Ranvier of peripheral nerves.
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111
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Conduit SE, Vanhaesebroeck B. Phosphoinositide lipids in primary cilia biology. Biochem J 2020; 477:3541-3565. [PMID: 32970140 PMCID: PMC7518857 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are solitary signalling organelles projecting from the surface of most cell types. Although the ciliary membrane is continuous with the plasma membrane it exhibits a unique phospholipid composition, a feature essential for normal cilia formation and function. Recent studies have illustrated that distinct phosphoinositide lipid species localise to specific cilia subdomains, and have begun to build a 'phosphoinositide map' of the cilium. The abundance and localisation of phosphoinositides are tightly regulated by the opposing actions of lipid kinases and lipid phosphatases that have also been recently discovered at cilia. The critical role of phosphoinositides in cilia biology is highlighted by the devastating consequences of genetic defects in cilia-associated phosphoinositide regulatory enzymes leading to ciliopathy phenotypes in humans and experimental mouse and zebrafish models. Here we provide a general introduction to primary cilia and the roles phosphoinositides play in cilia biology. In addition to increasing our understanding of fundamental cilia biology, this rapidly expanding field may inform novel approaches to treat ciliopathy syndromes caused by deregulated phosphoinositide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Conduit
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Bart Vanhaesebroeck
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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112
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Katan M, Cockcroft S. Phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate: diverse functions at the plasma membrane. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:513-531. [PMID: 32844214 PMCID: PMC7517351 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol(4,5) bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) has become a major focus in biochemistry, cell biology and physiology owing to its diverse functions at the plasma membrane. As a result, the functions of PI(4,5)P2 can be explored in two separate and distinct roles - as a substrate for phospholipase C (PLC) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and as a primary messenger, each having unique properties. Thus PI(4,5)P2 makes contributions in both signal transduction and cellular processes including actin cytoskeleton dynamics, membrane dynamics and ion channel regulation. Signalling through plasma membrane G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and immune receptors all use PI(4,5)P2 as a substrate to make second messengers. Activation of PI3K generates PI(3,4,5)P3 (phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)trisphosphate), a lipid that recruits a plethora of proteins with pleckstrin homology (PH) domains to the plasma membrane to regulate multiple aspects of cellular function. In contrast, PLC activation results in the hydrolysis of PI(4,5)P2 to generate the second messengers, diacylglycerol (DAG), an activator of protein kinase C and inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate (IP3/I(1,4,5)P3) which facilitates an increase in intracellular Ca2+. Decreases in PI(4,5)P2 by PLC also impact on functions that are dependent on the intact lipid and therefore endocytosis, actin dynamics and ion channel regulation are subject to control. Spatial organisation of PI(4,5)P2 in nanodomains at the membrane allows for these multiple processes to occur concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Katan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Shamshad Cockcroft
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, U.K
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113
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The type II phosphoinositide 4-kinase FgLsb6 is important for the development and virulence of Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 144:103443. [PMID: 32800918 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the main pathogenic fungus causing Fusarium head blight (FHB), which is a wheat disease with a worldwide prevalence. In eukaryotes, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), which participates in many physiological processes, is located primarily in different organelles, including the trans-Golgi network (TGN), plasma membrane and endosomes. Type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4Ks) are involved in regulating the production of PI4P in yeast, plants and mammalian cells. However, the role of these proteins in phytopathogenic fungi is not well understood. In this study, we characterized the type II PI4K protein FgLsb6 in F. graminearum, a homolog of Lsb6 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Unlike Lsb6, FgLsb6 localizes to the vacuoles and endosomes. The ΔFglsb6 mutant displayed defects in vegetative growth, deoxynivalenol (DON) production and pathogenicity. Furthermore, the ΔFglsb6 deletion mutant also exhibited increased resistance to osmotic, oxidative and cell wall stresses. Further analyses of the ΔFglsb6 mutant showed that it was defective in the generation of PI4P on endosomes and endocytosis. Collectively, our data suggest that the decreased vegetative growth and pathogenicity of ΔFglsb6 was due to the conservative roles of FgLsb6 in the generation of PI4P on endosomes and endocytosis.
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114
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Redpath GMI, Betzler VM, Rossatti P, Rossy J. Membrane Heterogeneity Controls Cellular Endocytic Trafficking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:757. [PMID: 32850860 PMCID: PMC7419583 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytic trafficking relies on highly localized events in cell membranes. Endocytosis involves the gathering of protein (cargo/receptor) at distinct plasma membrane locations defined by specific lipid and protein compositions. Simultaneously, the molecular machinery that drives invagination and eventually scission of the endocytic vesicle assembles at the very same place on the inner leaflet of the membrane. It is membrane heterogeneity - the existence of specific lipid and protein domains in localized regions of membranes - that creates the distinct molecular identity required for an endocytic event to occur precisely when and where it is required rather than at some random location within the plasma membrane. Accumulating evidence leads us to believe that the trafficking fate of internalized proteins is sealed following endocytosis, as this distinct membrane identity is preserved through the endocytic pathway, upon fusion of endocytic vesicles with early and sorting endosomes. In fact, just like at the plasma membrane, multiple domains coexist at the surface of these endosomes, regulating local membrane tubulation, fission and sorting to recycling pathways or to the trans-Golgi network via late endosomes. From here, membrane heterogeneity ensures that fusion events between intracellular vesicles and larger compartments are spatially regulated to promote the transport of cargoes to their intracellular destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M I Redpath
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,The ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Verena M Betzler
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Rossatti
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Jérémie Rossy
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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115
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Shen W, Wei J, Gao C. Functional Analysis of Plant FYVE Domain Proteins in Endosomal Trafficking. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2177:83-94. [PMID: 32632807 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0767-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The FYVE domain is a double zinc finger-like domain that predominantly binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. The FYVE domain is usually found in proteins primarily involved in regulating various aspects of endomembrane homeostasis, including endosome tethering, endocytic recycling, membrane protein sorting, and autophagosome maturation. Whereas FYVE domain proteins have been extensively studied in mammals and yeast, only a few FYVE domain proteins have been identified and characterized in plants. Here, by using as an example FREE1 (FYVE DOMAIN PROTEIN REQUIRED FOR ENDOSOMAL SORTING 1), a protein previously identified by us as a critical factor for endosomal trafficking, we describe methods to determine its lipid binding properties and endosomal localization. In addition, we also demonstrate a method to quickly test whether an FYVE domain protein is involved in endosomal sorting in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiji Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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116
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Bilodeau P, Jacobsen D, Law-Vinh D, Lee JM. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta regulates cell shape, migration, and focal adhesion number. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1904-1916. [PMID: 32583740 PMCID: PMC7525810 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-11-0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell shape is regulated by cell adhesion and cytoskeletal and membrane dynamics. Cell shape, adhesion, and motility have a complex relationship and understanding them is important in understanding developmental patterning and embryogenesis. Here we show that the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta (PI4KIIIβ) regulates cell shape, migration, and focal adhesion (FA) number. PI4KIIIβ generates phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) from phosphatidylinositol and is highly expressed in a subset of human breast cancers. PI4KIIIβ and the PI4P it generates regulate a variety of cellular functions, ranging from control of Golgi structure, fly fertility, and Akt signaling. Here, we show that loss of PI4KIIIβ expression decreases cell migration and alters cell shape in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. The changes are accompanied by an increase in the number of FA in cells lacking PI4KIIIβ. Furthermore, we find that PI4P-containing vesicles move to the migratory leading edge during migration and that some of these vesicles tether to and fuse with FA. Fusion is associated with FA disassembly. This suggests a novel regulatory role for PI4KIIIβ and PI4P in cell adhesion and cell shape maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bilodeau
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Daniel Jacobsen
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Denise Law-Vinh
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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117
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Antoine M, Vandenbroere I, Ghosh S, Erneux C, Pirson I. IRSp53 is a novel interactor of SHIP2: A role of the actin binding protein Mena in their cellular localization in breast cancer cells. Cell Signal 2020; 73:109692. [PMID: 32535200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A tight control of the machineries regulating membrane bending and actin dynamics is very important for the generation of membrane protrusions, which are crucial for cell migration and invasion. Protein/protein and protein/phosphoinositides complexes assemble and disassemble to coordinate these mechanisms, the scaffold properties of the involved proteins playing a prominent role in this organization. The PI 5-phosphatase SHIP2 is a critical enzyme modulating PI(3,4,5)P3, PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4)P2 content in the cell. The scaffold properties of SHIP2 contribute to the specific targeting or retention of the protein in particular subcellular domains. Here, we identified IRSp53 as a new binding interactor of SHIP2 proline-rich domain. Both proteins are costained in HEK293T cells protrusions, upon transfection. We showed that the SH3-binding polyproline motif recognized by IRSp53 in SHIP2 is different from the regions targeted by other PRR binding partners i.e., CIN85, ITSN or even Mena a common interactor of both SHIP2 and IRSp53. We presented evidence that IRSp53 phosphorylation on S366 did not influence its interaction with SHIP2 and that Mena is not necessary for the association of SHIP2 with IRSp53 in MDA-MB-231 cells. The absence of Mena in MDA-MB-231 cells decreased the intracellular content in F-actin and modified the subcellular localization of SHIP2 and IRSp53 by increasing their relative content at the plasma membrane. Together our data suggest that SHIP2, through interaction with the cell protrusion regulators IRSp53 and Mena, participate to the formation of multi-protein complexes. This ensures the appropriate modulations of PIs which is important for regulation of membrane dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Antoine
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Isabelle Vandenbroere
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Somadri Ghosh
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Erneux
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Pirson
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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118
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Finkelstein S, Gospe SM, Schuhmann K, Shevchenko A, Arshavsky VY, Lobanova ES. Phosphoinositide Profile of the Mouse Retina. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061417. [PMID: 32517352 PMCID: PMC7349851 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are known to play multiple roles in eukaryotic cells. Although dysregulation of phosphoinositide metabolism in the retina has been reported to cause visual dysfunction in animal models and human patients, our understanding of the phosphoinositide composition of the retina is limited. Here, we report a characterization of the phosphoinositide profile of the mouse retina and an analysis of the subcellular localization of major phosphorylated phosphoinositide forms in light-sensitive photoreceptor neurons. Using chromatography of deacylated phosphatidylinositol headgroups, we established PI(4,5)P2 and PI(4)P as two major phosphorylated phosphoinositides in the retina. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, we revealed 18:0/20:4 and 16:0/20:4 as major fatty-acyl chains of retinal phosphoinositides. Finally, analysis of fluorescent phosphoinositide sensors in rod photoreceptors demonstrated distinct subcellular distribution patterns of major phosphoinositides. The PI(4,5)P2 reporter was enriched in the inner segments and synapses, but was barely detected in the light-sensitive outer segments. The PI(4)P reporter was mostly found in the outer and inner segments and the areas around nuclei, but to a lesser degree in the synaptic region. These findings provide support for future mechanistic studies defining the biological significance of major mono- (PI(4)P) and bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) phosphatidylinositols in photoreceptor biology and retinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Finkelstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (S.F.); (S.M.G.III); (V.Y.A.)
| | - Sidney M. Gospe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (S.F.); (S.M.G.III); (V.Y.A.)
| | - Kai Schuhmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (K.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (K.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Vadim Y. Arshavsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (S.F.); (S.M.G.III); (V.Y.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ekaterina S. Lobanova
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence:
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119
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Sun J, Singaram I, Soflaee MH, Cho W. A direct fluorometric activity assay for lipid kinases and phosphatases. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:945-952. [PMID: 32341006 PMCID: PMC7269761 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d120000794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid kinases and phosphatases play key roles in cell signaling and regulation, are implicated in many human diseases, and are thus attractive targets for drug development. Currently, no direct in vitro activity assay is available for these important enzymes, which hampers mechanistic studies as well as high-throughput screening of small molecule modulators. Here, we report a highly sensitive and quantitative assay employing a ratiometric fluorescence sensor that directly and specifically monitors the real-time concentration change of a single lipid species. Because of its modular design, the assay system can be applied to a wide variety of lipid kinases and phosphatases, including class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). When applied to PI3K, the assay provided detailed mechanistic information about the product inhibition and substrate acyl-chain selectivity of PI3K and enabled rapid evaluation of small molecule inhibitors. We also used this assay to quantitatively determine the substrate specificity of PTEN, providing new insight into its physiological function. In summary, we have developed a fluorescence-based real-time assay for PI3K and PTEN that we anticipate could be adapted to measure the activities of other lipid kinases and phosphatases with high sensitivity and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Indira Singaram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | | | - Wonhwa Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607. mailto:
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120
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Soll LG, Eisen JN, Vargas KJ, Medeiros AT, Hammar KM, Morgan JR. α-Synuclein-112 Impairs Synaptic Vesicle Recycling Consistent With Its Enhanced Membrane Binding Properties. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:405. [PMID: 32548120 PMCID: PMC7272675 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are neurological disorders associated with α-synuclein overexpression and aggregation. While it is well-established that overexpression of wild type α-synuclein (α-syn-140) leads to cellular toxicity and neurodegeneration, much less is known about other naturally occurring α-synuclein splice isoforms. In this study we provide the first detailed examination of the synaptic effects caused by one of these splice isoforms, α-synuclein-112 (α-syn-112). α-Syn-112 is produced by an in-frame excision of exon 5, resulting in deletion of amino acids 103-130 in the C-terminal region. α-Syn-112 is upregulated in the substantia nigra, frontal cortex, and cerebellum of parkinsonian brains and higher expression levels are correlated with susceptibility to Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple systems atrophy (MSA). We report here that α-syn-112 binds strongly to anionic phospholipids when presented in highly curved liposomes, similar to α-syn-140. However, α-syn-112 bound significantly stronger to all phospholipids tested, including the phosphoinositides. α-Syn-112 also dimerized and trimerized on isolated synaptic membranes, while α-syn-140 remained largely monomeric. When introduced acutely to lamprey synapses, α-syn-112 robustly inhibited synaptic vesicle recycling. Interestingly, α-syn-112 produced effects on the plasma membrane and clathrin-mediated synaptic vesicle endocytosis that were phenotypically intermediate between those caused by monomeric and dimeric α-syn-140. These findings indicate that α-syn-112 exhibits enhanced phospholipid binding and oligomerization in vitro and consequently interferes with synaptic vesicle recycling in vivo in ways that are consistent with its biochemical properties. This study provides additional evidence suggesting that impaired vesicle endocytosis is a cellular target of excess α-synuclein and advances our understanding of potential mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis in the synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey G Soll
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Julia N Eisen
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Karina J Vargas
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Audrey T Medeiros
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Katherine M Hammar
- Central Microscopy Facility, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer R Morgan
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
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121
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PI(4,5)P 2-dependent regulation of exocytosis by amisyn, the vertebrate-specific competitor of synaptobrevin 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13468-13479. [PMID: 32467162 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908232117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of nervous and neuroendocrine systems rely on fast and tightly regulated release of neurotransmitters stored in secretory vesicles through SNARE-mediated exocytosis. Few proteins, including tomosyn (STXBP5) and amisyn (STXBP6), were proposed to negatively regulate exocytosis. Little is known about amisyn, a 24-kDa brain-enriched protein with a SNARE motif. We report here that full-length amisyn forms a stable SNARE complex with syntaxin-1 and SNAP-25 through its C-terminal SNARE motif and competes with synaptobrevin-2/VAMP2 for the SNARE-complex assembly. Furthermore, amisyn contains an N-terminal pleckstrin homology domain that mediates its transient association with the plasma membrane of neurosecretory cells by binding to phospholipid PI(4,5)P2 However, unlike synaptrobrevin-2, the SNARE motif of amisyn is not sufficient to account for the role of amisyn in exocytosis: Both the pleckstrin homology domain and the SNARE motif are needed for its inhibitory function. Mechanistically, amisyn interferes with the priming of secretory vesicles and the sizes of releasable vesicle pools, but not vesicle fusion properties. Our biochemical and functional analyses of this vertebrate-specific protein unveil key aspects of negative regulation of exocytosis.
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122
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Bradley RP, Slochower DR, Janmey PA, Radhakrishnan R. Divalent cations bind to phosphoinositides to induce ion and isomer specific propensities for nano-cluster initiation in bilayer membranes. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:192208. [PMID: 32537210 PMCID: PMC7277276 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.192208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of asymmetric bilayers containing phosphoinositides in the presence of monovalent and divalent cations. We have characterized the molecular mechanism by which these divalent cations interact with phosphoinositides. Ca2+ desolvates more readily, consistent with single-molecule calculations, and forms a network of ionic-like bonds that serve as a 'molecular glue' that allows a single ion to coordinate with up to three phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate (PI(4, 5)P2) lipids. The phosphatidylinositol-(3,5)-bisphosphate isomer shows no such effect and neither does PI(4, 5)P2 in the presence of Mg2+. The resulting network of Ca2+-mediated lipid-lipid bonds grows to span the entire simulation space and therefore has implications for the lateral distribution of phosophoinositides in the bilayer. We observe context-specific differences in lipid diffusion rates, lipid surface densities and bilayer structure. The molecular-scale delineation of ion-lipid arrangements reported here provides insight into similar nanocluster formation induced by peripheral proteins to regulate the formation of functional signalling complexes on the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Bradley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David R. Slochower
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul A. Janmey
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ravi Radhakrishnan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Author for correspondence: Ravi Radhakrishnan e-mail:
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123
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Krahn MP. Phospholipids of the Plasma Membrane - Regulators or Consequence of Cell Polarity? Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:277. [PMID: 32411703 PMCID: PMC7198698 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is a key feature of many eukaryotic cells, including neurons, epithelia, endothelia and asymmetrically dividing stem cells. Apart from the specific localization of proteins to distinct domains of the plasma membrane, most of these cells exhibit an asymmetric distribution of phospholipids within the plasma membrane too. Notably, research over the last years has revealed that many known conserved regulators of apical-basal polarity in epithelial cells are capable of binding to phospholipids, which in turn regulate the localization and to some extent the function of these proteins. Conversely, phospholipid-modifying enzymes are recruited and controlled by polarity regulators, demonstrating an elaborated balance between asymmetrically localized proteins and phospholipids, which are enriched in certain (micro)domains of the plasma membrane. In this review, we will focus on our current understanding of apical-basal polarity and the implication of phospholipids within the plasma membrane during the cell polarization of epithelia and migrating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Krahn
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
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124
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Fujii Y, Murata-Kamiya N, Hatakeyama M. Helicobacter pylori CagA oncoprotein interacts with SHIP2 to increase its delivery into gastric epithelial cells. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1596-1606. [PMID: 32198795 PMCID: PMC7226221 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori cagA‐positive strains is causally associated with the development of gastric diseases, most notably gastric cancer. The cagA‐encoded CagA protein, which is injected into gastric epithelial cells by bacterial type IV secretion, undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation at the Glu‐Pro‐Ile‐Tyr‐Ala (EPIYA) segments (EPIYA‐A, EPIYA‐B, EPIYA‐C, and EPIYA‐D), which are present in various numbers and combinations in its C‐terminal polymorphic region, thereby enabling CagA to promiscuously interact with SH2 domain‐containing host cell proteins, including the prooncogenic SH2 domain‐containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2). Perturbation of host protein functions by aberrant complex formation with CagA has been considered to contribute to the development of gastric cancer. Here we show that SHIP2, an SH2 domain‐containing phosphatidylinositol 5′‐phosphatase, is a hitherto undiscovered CagA‐binding host protein. Similar to SHP2, SHIP2 binds to the Western CagA‐specific EPIYA‐C segment or East Asian CagA‐specific EPIYA‐D segment through the SH2 domain in a tyrosine phosphorylation‐dependent manner. In contrast to the case of SHP2, however, SHIP2 binds more strongly to EPIYA‐C than to EPIYA‐D. Interaction with CagA tethers SHIP2 to the plasma membrane, where it mediates production of phosphatidylinositol 3,4‐diphosphate [PI(3,4)P2]. The CagA‐SHIP2 interaction also potentiates the morphogenetic activity of CagA, which is caused by CagA‐deregulated SHP2. This study indicates that initially delivered CagA interacts with SHIP2 and thereby strengthens H. pylori‐host cell attachment by altering membrane phosphatidylinositol compositions, which potentiates subsequent delivery of CagA that binds to and thereby deregulates the prooncogenic phosphatase SHP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Fujii
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Max-Planck Center for Integrative Inflammology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Tumor Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Murata-Kamiya
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Max-Planck Center for Integrative Inflammology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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125
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Zhang B, Peng L, Zhu N, Yu Q, Li M. Novel role of the phosphatidylinositol phosphatase Sac1 in membrane homeostasis and polarized growth in Candida albicans. Int J Med Microbiol 2020; 310:151418. [PMID: 32245626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2020.151418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIPs) are one kind of membrane components functioning in many intracellular processes, especially in signaling transduction and membrane transport. Phosphatidylinositide phosphatases (PIPases) are specifically important for the PIP homeostasis in cell. In our previous study, we have identified the actin-related protein CaSac1 in Candida albicans, while its functional mechanisms in regulating membrane homeostasis has not been identified. Here, we show that the PIPase CaSac1 is a main membrane-related protein and regulates hyphal polarization by governing phosphoinositide dynamic and plasma membrane (PM) electrostatic field. Deletion of CaSAC1 resulted in large-scale abnormal redistribution of phosphatidylinositide 4-phosphate (PI4P) from the endomembrane to the PM. This abnormality further led to disturbance of the PM's negative electrostatic field and abnormally spotted distribution of phosphatidylinositide 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). These changes led to a severe defect in polarized hyphal growth, which could be diminished with recovery of the PM's negative electrostatic field by the anionic polymer polyacrylic acid (PAA). This study revealed that the PIPase CaSac1 plays an essential role in regulating membrane homeostasis and membrane traffic, contributing to establishment of polarized hyphal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Liping Peng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Nali Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qilin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Mingchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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126
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Phosphoinositides in Retinal Function and Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040866. [PMID: 32252387 PMCID: PMC7226789 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol and its phosphorylated derivatives, the phosphoinositides, play many important roles in all eukaryotic cells. These include modulation of physical properties of membranes, activation or inhibition of membrane-associated proteins, recruitment of peripheral membrane proteins that act as effectors, and control of membrane trafficking. They also serve as precursors for important second messengers, inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. Animal models and human diseases involving defects in phosphoinositide regulatory pathways have revealed their importance for function in the mammalian retina and retinal pigmented epithelium. New technologies for localizing, measuring and genetically manipulating them are revealing new information about their importance for the function and health of the vertebrate retina.
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127
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The C-terminal acidic motif of Phafin2 inhibits PH domain binding to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183230. [PMID: 32126233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Changes in membrane curvature are required to control the function of subcellular compartments; malfunctions of such processes are associated with a wide range of human diseases. Membrane remodeling often depends upon the presence of phosphoinositides, which recruit protein effectors for a variety of cellular functions. Phafin2 is a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P)-binding effector involved in endosomal and lysosomal membrane-associated signaling. Both the Phafin2 PH and the FYVE domains bind PtdIns3P, although their redundant function in the protein is unclear. Through a combination of lipid-binding assays, we found that, unlike the FYVE domain, recognition of the PH domain to PtdIns3P requires a lipid bilayer. Using site-directed mutagenesis and truncation constructs, we discovered that the Phafin2 FYVE domain is constitutive for PtdIns3P binding, whereas PH domain binding to PtdIns3P is autoinhibited by a conserved C-terminal acidic motif. These findings suggest that binding of the Phafin2 PH domain to PtdIns3P in membrane compartments occurs through a highly regulated mechanism. Potential mechanisms are discussed throughout this report.
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128
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Hong AW, Meng Z, Plouffe SW, Lin Z, Zhang M, Guan KL. Critical roles of phosphoinositides and NF2 in Hippo pathway regulation. Genes Dev 2020; 34:511-525. [PMID: 32115406 PMCID: PMC7111263 DOI: 10.1101/gad.333435.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Hong et al. provide new insights into how NF2 mediates upstream signals to regulate the Hippo pathway. They show that NF2's lipid-binding ability is critical for its function in activating the Hippo pathway in response to osmotic stress in mammalian cells, and identify the PIP5K family as novel regulators upstream of Hippo signaling. The Hippo pathway is a master regulator of tissue homeostasis and organ size. NF2 is a well-established tumor suppressor, and loss of NF2 severely compromises Hippo pathway activity. However, the precise mechanism of how NF2 mediates upstream signals to regulate the Hippo pathway is not clear. Here we report that, in mammalian cells, NF2's lipid-binding ability is critical for its function in activating the Hippo pathway in response to osmotic stress. Mechanistically, osmotic stress induces PI(4,5)P2 plasma membrane enrichment by activating the PIP5K family, allowing for NF2 plasma membrane recruitment and subsequent downstream Hippo pathway activation. An NF2 mutant deficient in lipid binding is unable to activate the Hippo pathway in response to osmotic stress, as measured by LATS and YAP phosphorylation. Our findings identify the PIP5K family as novel regulators upstream of Hippo signaling, and uncover the importance of phosphoinositide dynamics, specifically PI(4,5)P2, in Hippo pathway regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey W Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Zhipeng Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Steven W Plouffe
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Zhijie Lin
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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129
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Jongsma ML, Bakker J, Cabukusta B, Liv N, van Elsland D, Fermie J, Akkermans JL, Kuijl C, van der Zanden SY, Janssen L, Hoogzaad D, van der Kant R, Wijdeven RH, Klumperman J, Berlin I, Neefjes J. SKIP-HOPS recruits TBC1D15 for a Rab7-to-Arl8b identity switch to control late endosome transport. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102301. [PMID: 32080880 PMCID: PMC7073467 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endolysosomal system fulfils a myriad of cellular functions predicated on regulated membrane identity progressions, collectively termed maturation. Mature or “late” endosomes are designated by small membrane‐bound GTPases Rab7 and Arl8b, which can either operate independently or collaborate to form a joint compartment. Whether, and how, Rab7 and Arl8b resolve this hybrid identity compartment to regain functional autonomy is unknown. Here, we report that Arl8b employs its effector SKIP to instigate inactivation and removal of Rab7 from select membranes. We find that SKIP interacts with Rab7 and functions as its negative effector, delivering the cognate GAP, TBC1D15. Recruitment of TBC1D15 to SKIP occurs via the HOPS complex, whose assembly is facilitated by contacts between Rab7 and the KMI motif of SKIP. Consequently, SKIP mediates reinstatement of single identity Arl8b sub‐compartment through an ordered Rab7‐to‐Arl8b handover, and, together with Rab7's positive effector RILP, enforces spatial, temporal and morphological compartmentalization of endolysosomal organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlieke Lm Jongsma
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Bakker
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Birol Cabukusta
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nalan Liv
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne van Elsland
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Job Fermie
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy Ll Akkermans
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Coenraad Kuijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabina Y van der Zanden
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lennert Janssen
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Denise Hoogzaad
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rik van der Kant
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Faculty of Sciences, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud H Wijdeven
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ilana Berlin
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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130
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Agudelo-Romero P, Fortes AM, Suárez T, Lascano HR, Saavedra L. Evolutionary insights into FYVE and PHOX effector proteins from the moss Physcomitrella patens. PLANTA 2020; 251:62. [PMID: 32040768 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide identification, together with gene expression patterns and promoter region analysis of FYVE and PHOX proteins in Physcomitrella patens, emphasized their importance in regulating mainly developmental processes in P. patens. Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) is a signaling phospholipid, which regulates several aspects of plant growth and development, as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The mechanistic insights underlying PtdIns3P mode of action, specifically through effector proteins have been partially explored in plants, with main focus on Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we searched for genes coding for PtdIns3P-binding proteins such as FYVE and PHOX domain-containing sequences from different photosynthetic organisms to gather evolutionary insights on these phosphoinositide binding domains, followed by an in silico characterization of the FYVE and PHOX gene families in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PpFYVE proteins can be grouped in 7 subclasses, with an additional subclass whose FYVE domain was lost during evolution to higher plants. On the other hand, PpPHOX proteins are classified into 5 subclasses. Expression analyses based on RNAseq data together with the analysis of cis-acting regulatory elements and transcription factor (TF) binding sites in promoter regions suggest the importance of these proteins in regulating stress responses but mainly developmental processes in P. patens. The results provide valuable information and robust candidate genes for future functional analysis aiming to further explore the role of this signaling pathway mainly during growth and development of tip growing cells and during the transition from 2 to 3D growth. These studies would identify ancestral regulatory players undertaken during plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Agudelo-Romero
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, M082, Perth, 6009, Australia
- The ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, M316 Perth, Perth, 6009, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Ana Margarida Fortes
- Faculdade de Ciências, BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Trinidad Suárez
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hernán Ramiro Lascano
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- CONICET-Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Saavedra
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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131
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Schmidt O, Bohnert M. The Sweet and Sour Taste of Phosphoinositide Signaling: Protonation of PI4P Modulates Its Function in Response to Cytoplasmic pH Changes. Dev Cell 2020; 52:395-397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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132
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Swart AL, Hilbi H. Phosphoinositides and the Fate of Legionella in Phagocytes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:25. [PMID: 32117224 PMCID: PMC7025538 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of a severe pneumonia called Legionnaires' disease. The environmental bacterium replicates in free-living amoebae as well as in lung macrophages in a distinct compartment, the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV). The LCV communicates with a number of cellular vesicle trafficking pathways and is formed by a plethora of secreted bacterial effector proteins, which target host cell proteins and lipids. Phosphoinositide (PI) lipids are pivotal determinants of organelle identity, membrane dynamics and vesicle trafficking. Accordingly, eukaryotic cells tightly regulate the production, turnover, interconversion, and localization of PI lipids. L. pneumophila modulates the PI pattern in infected cells for its own benefit by (i) recruiting PI-decorated vesicles, (ii) producing effectors acting as PI interactors, phosphatases, kinases or phospholipases, and (iii) subverting host PI metabolizing enzymes. The PI conversion from PtdIns(3)P to PtdIns(4)P represents a decisive step during LCV maturation. In this review, we summarize recent progress on elucidating the strategies, by which L. pneumophila subverts host PI lipids to promote LCV formation and intracellular replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leoni Swart
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Hilbi
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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133
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Boukhalfa A, Nascimbeni AC, Ramel D, Dupont N, Hirsch E, Gayral S, Laffargue M, Codogno P, Morel E. PI3KC2α-dependent and VPS34-independent generation of PI3P controls primary cilium-mediated autophagy in response to shear stress. Nat Commun 2020; 11:294. [PMID: 31941925 PMCID: PMC6962367 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells subjected to stress situations mobilize specific membranes and proteins to initiate autophagy. Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P), a crucial lipid in membrane dynamics, is known to be essential in this context. In addition to nutriments deprivation, autophagy is also triggered by fluid-flow induced shear stress in epithelial cells, and this specific autophagic response depends on primary cilium (PC) signaling and leads to cell size regulation. Here we report that PI3KC2α, required for ciliogenesis and PC functions, promotes the synthesis of a local pool of PI3P upon shear stress. We show that PI3KC2α depletion in cells subjected to shear stress abolishes ciliogenesis as well as the autophagy and related cell size regulation. We finally show that PI3KC2α and VPS34, the two main enzymes responsible for PI3P synthesis, have different roles during autophagy, depending on the type of cellular stress: while VPS34 is clearly required for starvation-induced autophagy, PI3KC2α participates only in shear stress-dependent autophagy. The primary cilium is required for the autophagic response to shear stress. Here, the authors show that PI3KC2α has a role in ciliogenesis and promotes local PI3P production upon shear stress to induce autophagy that is distinct from VPS34-driven starvation-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Boukhalfa
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151 CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anna Chiara Nascimbeni
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151 CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Damien Ramel
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM UMR 1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Dupont
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151 CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Stephanie Gayral
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM UMR 1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Laffargue
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM UMR 1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151 CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Etienne Morel
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151 CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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134
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Barnett KC, Kagan JC. Lipids that directly regulate innate immune signal transduction. Innate Immun 2020; 26:4-14. [PMID: 31180799 PMCID: PMC6901815 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919852695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) detect evidence of infection and tissue damage. The activation of these receptors and their downstream signal transduction pathways initiate a protective immune response. These signaling pathways are influenced by their spatial context, and precise subcellular positioning of proteins and protein complexes in these pathways is essential for effective immune responses in vivo . This organization is not limited to transmembrane proteins that reside in specific organelles, but also to proteins that engage membrane lipid head groups for proper positioning. In this review, we focus on the role of cell membranes and protein–lipid interactions in innate immune signal transduction and how their mechanisms of localization regulate the immune response. We will discuss how lipids spatially regulate the sensing of damage or infection, mediate effector activity, and serve as messengers of cell death and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Barnett
- Harvard Medical School and Division of
Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Harvard Medical School and Division of
Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital, USA
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135
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Wilson KA, Wang L, MacDermott-Opeskin H, O'Mara ML. The Fats of Life: Using Computational Chemistry to Characterise the Eukaryotic Cell Membrane. Aust J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/ch19353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Our current knowledge of the structural dynamics and complexity of lipid bilayers is still developing. Computational techniques, especially molecular dynamics simulations, have increased our understanding significantly as they allow us to model functions that cannot currently be experimentally resolved. Here we review available computational tools and techniques, the role of the major lipid species, insights gained into lipid bilayer structure and function from molecular dynamics simulations, and recent progress towards the computational modelling of the physiological complexity of eukaryotic lipid bilayers.
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136
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Skotland T, Sagini K, Sandvig K, Llorente A. An emerging focus on lipids in extracellular vesicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:308-321. [PMID: 32151658 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles contain a lipid bilayer membrane that protects the encapsulated material, such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and metabolites, from the extracellular environment. These vesicles are released from cells via different mechanisms. During recent years extracellular vesicles have been studied as possible biomarkers for different diseases, as biological nanoparticles for drug delivery, and in basic studies as a tool to understand the structure of biological membranes and the mechanisms involved in vesicular trafficking. Lipids are essential molecular components of extracellular vesicles, but at the moment our knowledge about the lipid composition and the function of lipids in these vesicles is limited. However, the interest of the research community in these molecules is increasing as their role in extracellular vesicles is starting to be acknowledged. In this review, we will present the status of the field and describe what is needed to bring it forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Krizia Sagini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
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137
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Lorenzo‐Orts L, Couto D, Hothorn M. Identity and functions of inorganic and inositol polyphosphates in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:637-652. [PMID: 31423587 PMCID: PMC6973038 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphates (polyPs) and inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) form important stores of inorganic phosphate and can act as energy metabolites and signaling molecules. Here we review our current understanding of polyP and inositol phosphate (InsP) metabolism and physiology in plants. We outline methods for polyP and InsP detection, discuss the known plant enzymes involved in their synthesis and breakdown, and summarize the potential physiological and signaling functions for these enigmatic molecules in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lorenzo‐Orts
- Structural Plant Biology LaboratoryDepartment of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of Geneva30 Quai E. AnsermetGeneva1211Switzerland
| | - Daniel Couto
- Structural Plant Biology LaboratoryDepartment of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of Geneva30 Quai E. AnsermetGeneva1211Switzerland
| | - Michael Hothorn
- Structural Plant Biology LaboratoryDepartment of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of Geneva30 Quai E. AnsermetGeneva1211Switzerland
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138
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Pemberton JG, Kim YJ, Balla T. Integrated regulation of the phosphatidylinositol cycle and phosphoinositide-driven lipid transport at ER-PM contact sites. Traffic 2019; 21:200-219. [PMID: 31650663 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Among the structural phospholipids that form the bulk of eukaryotic cell membranes, phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) is unique in that it also serves as the common precursor for low-abundance regulatory lipids, collectively referred to as polyphosphoinositides (PPIn). The metabolic turnover of PPIn species has received immense attention because of the essential functions of these lipids as universal regulators of membrane biology and their dysregulation in numerous human pathologies. The diverse functions of PPIn lipids occur, in part, by orchestrating the spatial organization and conformational dynamics of peripheral or integral membrane proteins within defined subcellular compartments. The emerging role of stable contact sites between adjacent membranes as specialized platforms for the coordinate control of ion exchange, cytoskeletal dynamics, and lipid transport has also revealed important new roles for PPIn species. In this review, we highlight the importance of membrane contact sites formed between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membrane (PM) for the integrated regulation of PPIn metabolism within the PM. Special emphasis will be placed on non-vesicular lipid transport during control of the PtdIns biosynthetic cycle as well as toward balancing the turnover of the signaling PPIn species that define PM identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Pemberton
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yeun Ju Kim
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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139
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van IJzendoorn SCD, Agnetti J, Gassama-Diagne A. Mechanisms behind the polarized distribution of lipids in epithelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1862:183145. [PMID: 31809710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are polarized cells and typically display distinct plasma membrane domains: basal plasma membrane domains face the underlying tissue, lateral domains contact adjacent cells and apical domains face the exterior lumen. Each membrane domain is endowed with a specific macromolecular composition that constitutes the functional identity of that domain. Defects in apical-basal plasma membrane polarity altogether or more subtle defects in the composition of either apical or basal plasma membrane domain can give rise to severe diseases. Lipids are the main component of cellular membranes and mechanisms that control their polarized distribution in epithelial cells are emerging. In particular sphingolipids and phosphatidylinositol lipids have taken center stage in the organization of the apical and basolateral plasma membrane domain. This short review article discusses mechanisms that contribute to the polarized distribution of lipids in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven C D van IJzendoorn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jean Agnetti
- INSERM, Unité 1193, Villejuif F-94800, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1193, Villejuif F-94800, France
| | - Ama Gassama-Diagne
- INSERM, Unité 1193, Villejuif F-94800, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1193, Villejuif F-94800, France
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140
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Botté A, Potier MC. Focusing on cellular biomarkers: The endo-lysosomal pathway in Down syndrome. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 251:209-243. [PMID: 32057308 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent chromosomal disorder. It is caused by the triplication of human chromosome 21, leading to increased dosage of a variety of genes including APP (Amyloid Precursor Protein). Mainly for this reason, individuals with DS are at high risk to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD). Extensive literature identified various morphological and molecular abnormalities in the endo-lysosomal pathway both in DS and AD. Most studies in this field investigated the causative role of APP (Amyloid Precursor Protein) in endo-lysosomal dysfunctions, thus linking phenotypes observed in DS and AD. In DS context, several lines of evidence and emerging hypotheses suggest that other molecular players and pathways may be implicated in these complex phenotypes. In this review, we outline the normal functioning of endosomal trafficking and summarize the research on endo-lysosomal dysfunction in DS in light of AD findings. We emphasize the role of genes of chromosome 21 implicated in endocytosis to explain endosomal abnormalities and set the limitations and perspectives of models used to explore endo-lysosomal dysfunction in DS and find new biomarkers. The review highlights the complexity of endo-lysosomal dysfunction in DS and suggests directions for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Botté
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claude Potier
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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141
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Zhou Y, Dobritsa AA. Formation of aperture sites on the pollen surface as a model for development of distinct cellular domains. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 288:110222. [PMID: 31521218 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pollen grains are covered by the complex extracellular structure, called exine, which in most species is deposited on the pollen surface non-uniformly. Certain surface areas receive fewer exine deposits and develop into regions whose structure and morphology differ significantly from the rest of pollen wall. These regions are known as pollen apertures. Across species, pollen apertures can vary in their numbers, positions, and morphology, generating highly diverse patterns. The process of aperture formation involves establishment of cell polarity, formation of distinct plasma membrane domains, and deposition of extracellular materials at precise positions. Thus, pollen apertures present an excellent model for studying the development of cellular domains and formation of patterns at the single-cell level. Until very recently, the molecular mechanisms underlying the specification and formation of aperture sites were completely unknown. Here, we review recent advances in understanding of the molecular processes involved in pollen aperture formation, focusing on the molecular players identified through genetic approaches in the model plant Arabidopsis. We discuss a potential working model that describes the process of aperture formation, including specification of domains, creation of their defining features, and protection of these regions from exine deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Center for Applied Plant Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Anna A Dobritsa
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Center for Applied Plant Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States.
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142
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Robust and automated detection of subcellular morphological motifs in 3D microscopy images. Nat Methods 2019; 16:1037-1044. [PMID: 31501548 PMCID: PMC7238333 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-019-0539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid developments in live-cell 3D microscopy enable imaging of cell morphology and signaling with unprecedented detail. However, tools to systematically measure and visualize the intricate relationships between intracellular signaling, cytoskeletal organization, and downstream cell morphological outputs do not exist. Here we introduce u-shape3D, a computer graphics and machine-learning pipeline to probe molecular mechanisms underlying 3D cell morphogenesis and to test the intriguing possibility that morphogenesis itself affects intracellular signaling. We demonstrate a generic morphological motif detector that automatically finds lamellipodia, filopodia, blebs, and other motifs. Combining motif detection with molecular localization, we measure the differential association of PIP2 and KrasV12 with blebs. Both signals associate with bleb edges, as expected for membrane-localized proteins, but only PIP2 is enhanced on blebs. This indicates that sub-cellular signaling processes are differentially modulated by local morphological motifs. Overall, our computational workflow enables the objective, 3D analysis of the coupling of cell shape and signaling.
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143
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Bilanges B, Posor Y, Vanhaesebroeck B. PI3K isoforms in cell signalling and vesicle trafficking. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:515-534. [PMID: 31110302 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PI3Ks are a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate intracellular inositol lipids to regulate signalling and intracellular vesicular traffic. Mammals have eight isoforms of PI3K, divided into three classes. The class I PI3Ks generate 3-phosphoinositide lipids, which directly activate signal transduction pathways. In addition to being frequently genetically activated in cancer, similar mutations in class I PI3Ks have now also been found in a human non-malignant overgrowth syndrome and a primary immune disorder that predisposes to lymphoma. The class II and class III PI3Ks are regulators of membrane traffic along the endocytic route, in endosomal recycling and autophagy, with an often indirect effect on cell signalling. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the different PI3K classes and isoforms, focusing on recently uncovered biological functions and the mechanisms by which these kinases are activated. Deeper insight into the PI3K isoforms will undoubtedly continue to contribute to a better understanding of fundamental cell biological processes and, ultimately, of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Bilanges
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
| | - York Posor
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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144
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Mu Y, Tian Y, Zhang ZC, Han J. Metallophosphoesterase regulates light-induced rhodopsin endocytosis by promoting an association between arrestin and the adaptor protein AP2. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12892-12900. [PMID: 31324721 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-induced endocytosis of rhodopsin in the retina is critical for preventing photoreceptor hyperactivity and for the survival of photoreceptor cells. In Drosophila, this process is mediated by arrestin1 (Arr1). Because Arr1 lacks a clathrin-binding domain required for receptor internalization and the C-terminal sequence that interacts with the β-subunit of the clathrin adaptor protein AP2, the mechanism of how Arr1 mediates endocytosis of the major rhodopsin Rh1 is unclear. Here, using several approaches, including Arr binding and pulldown assays, immunofluorescence techniques, and EM imaging, we found that Drosophila metallophosphoesterase (dMPPE) is involved in light-induced rhodopsin endocytosis. We observed that the photoreceptor cells of a dmppe mutant exhibit impaired light-induced rhodopsin endocytosis and that this impairment is independent of dMPPE phosphoesterase activity. Furthermore, dMPPE directly interacted with Arr1 and promoted the association of Arr1 with AP2. Of note, genetic dmppe deletion largely prevented retinal degeneration in norpA (encoding phospholipase C) mutants, which were reported previously to contribute to retinal degeneration, by suppressing Rh1 endocytosis. Our findings demonstrate that Arr1 interacts with AP2 and that dMPPE functions as a critical regulator in Rh1 endocytosis and retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Mu
- Institute of Life Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yao Tian
- Institute of Life Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zi Chao Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Junhai Han
- Institute of Life Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China.
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145
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Connolly A, Gagnon E. Electrostatic interactions: From immune receptor assembly to signaling. Immunol Rev 2019; 291:26-43. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Connolly
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie/Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer Montréal Québec Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Etienne Gagnon
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie/Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer Montréal Québec Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
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146
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Li M, Xi P, Xu Y, Wang Z, Han X, Ren W, Phouthapane V, Miao J. Taurine Attenuates Streptococcus uberis-Induced Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells Inflammation via Phosphoinositides/Ca 2+ Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1825. [PMID: 31447841 PMCID: PMC6692464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Taurine may alleviate the inflammatory injury induced by Streptococcus uberis (S. uberis) infection by regulating intracellular Ca2+ levels. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Infection leads to subversion of phosphoinositides (PIs) which are closely related to Ca2+ signaling. In order to investigate whether taurine regulates inflammation by means of PIs/ Ca2+ systems, competitive inhibitors of taurine (β-alanine) siTauT, siPAT1, siPLC, siCaN, siPKC, and inhibitors of PLC (U73122), PKC (RO31-8220), and CaN (FK 506) were used. The results indicate that taurine transfers the extracellular nutrient signal for intercellular innate immunity to phosphoinositides without a need to enter the cytoplasm while regulating intracellular Ca2+ levels during inflammation. Both the Ca2+-PKCα-NF-κB, and Ca2+-CaM-CaN-NFAT signaling pathways of S. uberis infection and the regulatory roles of taurine follow activation of PIs/Ca2+ systems. These data increase our understanding on the mechanisms of multifunctional nutrient, taurine attenuated inflammatory responses caused by S. uberis infection, and provide theoretical support for the prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Panpan Xi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenglei Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangan Han
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Vanhnaseng Phouthapane
- Biotechnology and Ecology Institute, Ministry of Science and Technology, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Jinfeng Miao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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147
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Desterke C, Gassama-Diagne A. Protein-protein interaction analysis highlights the role of septins in membrane enclosed lumen and mRNA processing. Adv Biol Regul 2019; 73:100635. [PMID: 31420262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2019.100635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Septins are a family of GTP-binding proteins that assemble into non-polar filaments which can be recruited to negatively charged membranes and serve as a scaffold to recruit cytosolic proteins and cytoskeletal elements such as microtubules and actin so that they can perform their important biological functions. Human septins consist of four groups, each with 13 members, and filaments formation usually involve members from each group in specific positions. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that drive the binding of septins to membranes and its importance to their biological functions. Here we have built a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network around human septins and highlighted the connections with 170 partners. Functional enrichment by inference of the network of septins and their partners revealed their participation in functions consistent with some of the roles described for septins, including cell cycle, cell division and cell shape, but we also identified septin partners in these functions that had not previously been described. Interestingly, we identified important and multiple connections between septins and mRNA processing and their export from the nucleus. Analysis of the enrichment of gene ontology cellular components highlighted some important interactions between molecules involved in the spliceosome with septin 2 and septin 7 in particular. RNA splicing regulates gene expression, and through it, cell fate, development and physiology. Mutations in components of the in the splicing machinery is linked to several diseases including cancer, thus taken together, the different analyses presented here open new perspectives to elucidate the pathobiological role of septins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ama Gassama-Diagne
- INSERM, Unité 1193, Villejuif, F-94800, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1193, Villejuif, F-94800, France.
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148
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Kato M, Tsuge T, Maeshima M, Aoyama T. Arabidopsis PCaP2 modulates the phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate signal on the plasma membrane and attenuates root hair elongation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:610-625. [PMID: 30604455 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2 ] serves as a subcellular signal on the plasma membrane, mediating various cell-polarized phenomena including polar cell growth. Here, we investigated the involvement of Arabidopsis thaliana PCaP2, a plant-unique plasma membrane protein with phosphoinositide-binding activity, in PtdIns(4,5)P2 signaling for root hair tip growth. The long-root-hair phenotype of the pcap2 knockdown mutant was found to stem from its higher average root hair elongation rate compared with the wild type and to counteract the low average rate caused by a defect in the PtdIns(4,5)P2 -producing enzyme gene PIP5K3. On the plasma membrane of elongating root hairs, the PCaP2 promoter-driven PCaP2-green fluorescent protein (GFP), which complemented the pcap2 mutant phenotype, overlapped with the PtdIns(4,5)P2 marker 2xCHERRY-2xPHPLC in the subapical region, but not at the apex, suggesting that PCaP2 attenuates root hair elongation via PtdIns(4,5)P2 signaling on the subapical plasma membrane. Consistent with this, a GFP fusion with the PCaP2 phosphoinositide-binding domain PCaP2N23 , root hair-specific overexpression of which caused a low average root hair elongation rate, localized more intense to the subapical plasma membrane than to the apical plasma membrane similar to PCaP2-GFP. Inducibly overexpressed PCaP2-GFP, but not its derivative lacking the PCaP2N23 domain, replaced 2xCHERRY-2xPHPLC on the plasma membrane in root meristematic epidermal cells, and suppressed FM4-64 internalization in elongating root hairs. Moreover, inducibly overexpressed PCaP2 arrested an endocytic process of PIN2-GFP recycling. Based on these results, we conclude that PCaP2 functions as a negative modulator of PtdIns(4,5)P2 signaling on the subapical plasma membrane probably through competitive binding to PtdIns(4,5)P2 and attenuates root hair elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kato
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tsuge
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Maeshima
- Laboratory of Cell Dynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Aoyama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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149
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Wang H, Lo WT, Haucke V. Phosphoinositide switches in endocytosis and in the endolysosomal system. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 59:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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150
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Hirani N, Illukkumbura R, Bland T, Mathonnet G, Suhner D, Reymann AC, Goehring NW. Anterior-enriched filopodia create the appearance of asymmetric membrane microdomains in polarizing C. elegans zygotes. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.230714. [PMID: 31221727 PMCID: PMC6679585 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.230714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of molecules within membrane microdomains is critical for the intracellular organization of cells. During polarization of the C. elegans zygote, both polarity proteins and actomyosin regulators associate within dynamic membrane-associated foci. Recently, a novel class of asymmetric membrane-associated structures was described that appeared to be enriched in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), suggesting that PIP2 domains could constitute signaling hubs to promote cell polarization and actin nucleation. Here, we probe the nature of these domains using a variety of membrane- and actin cortex-associated probes. These data demonstrate that these domains are filopodia, which are stimulated transiently during polarity establishment and accumulate in the zygote anterior. The resulting membrane protrusions create local membrane topology that quantitatively accounts for observed local increases in the fluorescence signal of membrane-associated molecules, suggesting molecules are not selectively enriched in these domains relative to bulk membrane and that the PIP2 pool as revealed by PHPLCδ1 simply reflects plasma membrane localization. Given the ubiquity of 3D membrane structures in cells, including filopodia, microvilli and membrane folds, similar caveats are likely to apply to analysis of membrane-associated molecules in a broad range of systems. Summary: Apparent accumulation of PIP2 and cortex/polarity-related proteins within plasma membrane microdomains in polarizing C. elegans zygotes reflects local membrane topology induced by filopodia, not selective enrichment within signaling domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Hirani
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Tom Bland
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Grégoire Mathonnet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, and Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Delphine Suhner
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, and Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Anne-Cecile Reymann
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, and Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Nathan W Goehring
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK .,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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