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Carrasco Flores D, Hotter V, Vuong T, Hou Y, Bando Y, Scherlach K, Burgunter-Delamare B, Hermenau R, Komor AJ, Aiyar P, Rose M, Sasso S, Arndt HD, Hertweck C, Mittag M. A mutualistic bacterium rescues a green alga from an antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2401632121. [PMID: 38568970 PMCID: PMC11009677 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2401632121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic protists, known as microalgae, are key contributors to primary production on Earth. Since early in evolution, they coexist with bacteria in nature, and their mode of interaction shapes ecosystems. We have recently shown that the bacterium Pseudomonas protegens acts algicidal on the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. It secretes a cyclic lipopeptide and a polyyne that deflagellate, blind, and lyse the algae [P. Aiyar et al., Nat. Commun. 8, 1756 (2017) and V. Hotter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 118, e2107695118 (2021)]. Here, we report about the bacterium Mycetocola lacteus, which establishes a mutualistic relationship with C. reinhardtii and acts as a helper. While M. lacteus enhances algal growth, it receives methionine as needed organic sulfur and the vitamins B1, B3, and B5 from the algae. In tripartite cultures with the alga and the antagonistic bacterium P. protegens, M. lacteus aids the algae in surviving the bacterial attack. By combining synthetic natural product chemistry with high-resolution mass spectrometry and an algal Ca2+ reporter line, we found that M. lacteus rescues the alga from the antagonistic bacterium by cleaving the ester bond of the cyclic lipopeptide involved. The resulting linearized seco acid does not trigger a cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis imbalance that leads to algal deflagellation. Thus, the algae remain motile, can swim away from the antagonistic bacteria and survive the attack. All three involved genera cooccur in nature. Remarkably, related species of Pseudomonas and Mycetocola also act antagonistically against C. reinhardtii or as helper bacteria in tripartite cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Carrasco Flores
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, General Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Vivien Hotter
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, General Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Trang Vuong
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, General Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Yu Hou
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, General Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Yuko Bando
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Hans Knöll Institute), Jena07745, Germany
| | - Bertille Burgunter-Delamare
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, General Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Ron Hermenau
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Hans Knöll Institute), Jena07745, Germany
| | - Anna J. Komor
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Hans Knöll Institute), Jena07745, Germany
| | - Prasad Aiyar
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, General Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Magdalena Rose
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, General Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena07743, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Severin Sasso
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, General Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena07743, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena07743, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Hans Knöll Institute), Jena07745, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Maria Mittag
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, General Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena07743, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
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2
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Ehinger FJ, Niehs SP, Dose B, Dell M, Krabbe J, Pidot SJ, Stinear TP, Scherlach K, Ross C, Lackner G, Hertweck C. Analysis of Rhizonin Biosynthesis Reveals Origin of Pharmacophoric Furylalanine Moieties in Diverse Cyclopeptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308540. [PMID: 37650335 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Rhizonin A and B are hepatotoxic cyclopeptides produced by bacterial endosymbionts (Mycetohabitans endofungorum) of the fungus Rhizopus microsporus. Their toxicity critically depends on the presence of 3-furylalanine (Fua) residues, which also occur in pharmaceutically relevant cyclopeptides of the endolide and bingchamide families. The biosynthesis and incorporation of Fua by non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), however, has remained elusive. By genome sequencing and gene inactivation we elucidated the gene cluster responsible for rhizonin biosynthesis. A suite of isotope labeling experiments identified tyrosine and l-DOPA as Fua precursors and provided the first mechanistic insight. Bioinformatics, mutational analysis and heterologous reconstitution identified dioxygenase RhzB as necessary and sufficient for Fua formation. RhzB is a novel type of heme-dependent aromatic oxygenases (HDAO) that enabled the discovery of the bingchamide biosynthesis gene cluster through genome mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich J Ehinger
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah P Niehs
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dose
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Dell
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Krabbe
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sacha J Pidot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - Timothy P Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia Ross
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerald Lackner
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Krespach MKC, Stroe MC, Netzker T, Rosin M, Zehner LM, Komor AJ, Beilmann JM, Krüger T, Scherlach K, Kniemeyer O, Schroeckh V, Hertweck C, Brakhage AA. Streptomyces polyketides mediate bacteria-fungi interactions across soil environments. Nat Microbiol 2023:10.1038/s41564-023-01382-2. [PMID: 37322111 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the interaction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms is crucial for the functioning of ecosystems, information about the processes driving microbial interactions within communities remains scarce. Here we show that arginine-derived polyketides (arginoketides) produced by Streptomyces species mediate cross-kingdom microbial interactions with fungi of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, and trigger the production of natural products. Arginoketides can be cyclic or linear, and a prominent example is azalomycin F produced by Streptomyces iranensis, which induces the cryptic orsellinic acid gene cluster in Aspergillus nidulans. Bacteria that synthesize arginoketides and fungi that decode and respond to this signal were co-isolated from the same soil sample. Genome analyses and a literature search indicate that arginoketide producers are found worldwide. Because, in addition to their direct impact, arginoketides induce a secondary wave of fungal natural products, they probably contribute to the wider structure and functioning of entire soil microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario K C Krespach
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria C Stroe
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tina Netzker
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Maira Rosin
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lukas M Zehner
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna J Komor
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Johanna M Beilmann
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Krüger
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Schroeckh
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany.
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Kuang Y, Scherlach K, Hertweck C, Yang S, Sampietro DA, Karlovsky P. Retraction Note: Fusaric acid detoxification: a strategy of Gliocladium roseum involved in its antagonism against Fusarium verticillioides. Mycotoxin Res 2023:10.1007/s12550-023-00481-7. [PMID: 37199832 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Kuang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Beutenbergstraße 11A, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Beutenbergstraße 11A, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Shengxiang Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, 311300, China.
| | - Diego A Sampietro
- LABIFITO, Facultad de Bioquímica, Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 471 (4000), San Miguel de Tucumán, Química, Argentina.
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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5
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Büttner H, Pidot SJ, Scherlach K, Hertweck C. Endofungal bacteria boost anthelminthic host protection with the biosurfactant symbiosin. Chem Sci 2022; 14:103-112. [PMID: 36605741 PMCID: PMC9769094 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04167g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective protection of soil fungi from predators is crucial for their survival in the niche. Thus, fungi have developed efficient defence strategies. We discovered that soil beneficial Mortierella fungi employ a potent cytotoxin (necroxime) against fungivorous nematodes. Interestingly, this anthelminthic agent is produced by bacterial endosymbionts (Candidatus Mycoavidus necroximicus) residing within the fungus. Analysis of the symbiont's genome indicated a rich biosynthetic potential, yet nothing has been known about additional metabolites and their potential synergistic functions. Here we report that two distinct Mortierella endosymbionts produce a novel cyclic lipodepsipeptide (symbiosin), that is clearly of bacterial origin, but has striking similarities to various fungal specialized metabolites. The structure and absolute configuration of symbiosin were fully elucidated. By comparative genomics of symbiosin-positive strains and in silico analyses of the deduced non-ribosomal synthetases, we assigned the (sym) biosynthetic gene cluster and proposed an assembly line model. Bioassays revealed that symbiosin is not only an antibiotic, in particular against mycobacteria, but also exhibits marked synergistic effects with necroxime in anti-nematode tests. By functional analyses and substitution experiments we found that symbiosin is a potent biosurfactant and that this particular property confers a boost in the anthelmintic action, similar to formulations of therapeutics in human medicine. Our findings illustrate that "combination therapies" against parasites already exist in ecological contexts, which may inspire the development of biocontrol agents and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Büttner
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745 JenaGermany
| | - Sacha J. Pidot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute792 Elizabeth StreetMelbourne3000Australia
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745 JenaGermany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745 JenaGermany,Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena07743 JenaGermany
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6
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Niehs SP, Scherlach K, Dose B, Uzum Z, Stinear TP, Pidot SJ, Hertweck C. A highly conserved gene locus in endofungal bacteria codes for the biosynthesis of symbiosis-specific cyclopeptides. PNAS Nexus 2022; 1:pgac152. [PMID: 36714835 PMCID: PMC9802438 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The tight association of the pathogenic fungus Rhizopus microsporus and its toxin-producing, bacterial endosymbionts (Mycetohabitans spp.) is distributed worldwide and has significance for agriculture, food production, and human health. Intriguingly, the endofungal bacteria are essential for the propagation of the fungal host. Yet, little is known about chemical mediators fostering the symbiosis, and universal metabolites that support the mutualistic relationship have remained elusive. Here, we describe the discovery of a complex of specialized metabolites produced by endofungal bacteria under symbiotic conditions. Through full genome sequencing and comparative genomics of eight endofungal symbiont strains from geographically distant regions, we discovered a conserved gene locus (hab) for a nonribosomal peptide synthetase as a unifying trait. Bioinformatics analyses, targeted gene deletions, and chemical profiling uncovered unprecedented depsipeptides (habitasporins) whose structures were fully elucidated. Computational network analysis and labeling experiments granted insight into the biosynthesis of their nonproteinogenic building blocks (pipecolic acid and β-phenylalanine). Deletion of the hab gene locus was shown to impair the ability of the bacteria to enter their fungal host. Our study unveils a common principle of the endosymbiotic lifestyle of Mycetohabitans species and expands the repertoire of characterized chemical mediators of a globally occurring mutualistic association.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benjamin Dose
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Zerrin Uzum
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Timothy P Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - Sacha J Pidot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
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Horch T, Molloy EM, Bredy F, Haensch VG, Scherlach K, Dunbar KL, Franke J, Hertweck C. Alternative Benzoxazole Assembly Discovered in Anaerobic Bacteria Provides Access to Privileged Heterocyclic Scaffold. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205409. [PMID: 35656913 PMCID: PMC9400959 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Benzoxazole scaffolds feature prominently in diverse synthetic and natural product‐derived pharmaceuticals. Our understanding of their bacterial biosynthesis is, however, limited to ortho‐substituted heterocycles from actinomycetes. We report an overlooked biosynthetic pathway in anaerobic bacteria (typified in Clostridium cavendishii) that expands the benzoxazole chemical space to meta‐substituted heterocycles and heralds a distribution beyond Actinobacteria. The first benzoxazoles from the anaerobic realm (closoxazole A and B) were elucidated by NMR and chemical synthesis. By genome editing in the native producer, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, and systematic pathway dissection we show that closoxazole biosynthesis invokes an unprecedented precursor usage (3‐amino‐4‐hydroxybenzoate) and manner of assembly. Synthetic utility was demonstrated by the precursor‐directed biosynthesis of a tafamidis analogue. A bioinformatic survey reveals the pervasiveness of related gene clusters in diverse bacterial phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Horch
- Deptartment of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Evelyn M. Molloy
- Deptartment of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Florian Bredy
- Deptartment of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Veit G. Haensch
- Deptartment of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Deptartment of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Kyle L. Dunbar
- Deptartment of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Jonathan Franke
- Deptartment of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Deptartment of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
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8
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Horch T, Molloy EM, Bredy F, Haensch VG, Scherlach K, Dunbar KL, Franke J, Hertweck C. Alternative Benzoxazole Assembly Discovered in Anaerobic Bacteria Provides Access to Privileged Heterocyclic Scaffold. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Therese Horch
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans Knöll Institute: Leibniz-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knoll-Institut Biomolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Evelyn M. Molloy
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans Knöll Institute: Leibniz-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knoll-Institut Biomolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Florian Bredy
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans Knöll Institute: Leibniz-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knoll-Institut Biomolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Veit G. Haensch
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans Knöll Institute: Leibniz-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knoll-Institut Biomolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans Knöll Institute: Leibniz-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knoll-Institut Biomolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Kyle L. Dunbar
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans Knöll Institute: Leibniz-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knoll-Institut Biomolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Jonathan Franke
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans Knöll Institute: Leibniz-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knoll-Institut Biomolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena GERMANY
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Dose B, Thongkongkaew T, Zopf D, Kim HJ, Bratovanov EV, García‐Altares M, Scherlach K, Kumpfmüller J, Ross C, Hermenau R, Niehs S, Silge A, Hniopek J, Schmitt M, Popp J, Hertweck C. Multimodal Molecular Imaging and Identification of Bacterial Toxins Causing Mushroom Soft Rot and Cavity Disease. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2901-2907. [PMID: 34232540 PMCID: PMC8518961 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Soft rot disease of edible mushrooms leads to rapid degeneration of fungal tissue and thus severely affects farming productivity worldwide. The bacterial mushroom pathogen Burkholderia gladioli pv. agaricicola has been identified as the cause. Yet, little is known about the molecular basis of the infection, the spatial distribution and the biological role of antifungal agents and toxins involved in this infectious disease. We combine genome mining, metabolic profiling, MALDI-Imaging and UV Raman spectroscopy, to detect, identify and visualize a complex of chemical mediators and toxins produced by the pathogen during the infection process, including toxoflavin, caryoynencin, and sinapigladioside. Furthermore, targeted gene knockouts and in vitro assays link antifungal agents to prevalent symptoms of soft rot, mushroom browning, and impaired mycelium growth. Comparisons of related pathogenic, mutualistic and environmental Burkholderia spp. indicate that the arsenal of antifungal agents may have paved the way for ancestral bacteria to colonize niches where frequent, antagonistic interactions with fungi occur. Our findings not only demonstrate the power of label-free, in vivo detection of polyyne virulence factors by Raman imaging, but may also inspire new approaches to disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dose
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHKIBeutenbergstr. 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Tawatchai Thongkongkaew
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHKIBeutenbergstr. 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - David Zopf
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of PhotonicsHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) JenaMember of the Leibniz Research Alliance – Leibniz Health TechnologiesAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
| | - Hak Joong Kim
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHKIBeutenbergstr. 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Evgeni V. Bratovanov
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHKIBeutenbergstr. 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - María García‐Altares
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHKIBeutenbergstr. 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHKIBeutenbergstr. 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Jana Kumpfmüller
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHKIBeutenbergstr. 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Claudia Ross
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHKIBeutenbergstr. 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Ron Hermenau
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHKIBeutenbergstr. 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Sarah Niehs
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHKIBeutenbergstr. 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Anja Silge
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of PhotonicsHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Julian Hniopek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of PhotonicsHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) JenaMember of the Leibniz Research Alliance – Leibniz Health TechnologiesAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of PhotonicsHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of PhotonicsHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) JenaMember of the Leibniz Research Alliance – Leibniz Health TechnologiesAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHKIBeutenbergstr. 11a07745JenaGermany
- Faculty of Biological SciencesFriedrich Schiller University Jena07743JenaGermany
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10
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Rose MM, Scheer D, Hou Y, Hotter VS, Komor AJ, Aiyar P, Scherlach K, Vergara F, Yan Q, Loper JE, Jakob T, van Dam NM, Hertweck C, Mittag M, Sasso S. The bacterium Pseudomonas protegens antagonizes the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using a blend of toxins. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5525-5540. [PMID: 34347373 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the bacterium Pseudomonas protegens serve as a model to study the interactions between photosynthetic and heterotrophic microorganisms. P. protegens secretes the cyclic lipopeptide orfamide A that interferes with cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis in C. reinhardtii resulting in deflagellation of the algal cells. Here, we studied the roles of additional secondary metabolites secreted by P. protegens using individual compounds and co-cultivation of algae with bacterial mutants. Rhizoxin S2, pyrrolnitrin, pyoluteorin, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) and orfamide A all induce changes in cell morphology and inhibit the growth of C. reinhardtii. Rhizoxin S2 exerts the strongest growth inhibition, and its action depends on the spatial structure of the environment (agar versus liquid culture). Algal motility is unaffected by rhizoxin S2 and is most potently inhibited by orfamide A (IC50 = 4.1 μM). Pyrrolnitrin and pyoluteorin both interfere with algal cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis and motility whereas high concentrations of DAPG immobilize C. reinhardtii without deflagellation or disturbance of Ca2+ homeostasis. Co-cultivation with a regulatory mutant of bacterial secondary metabolism (ΔgacA) promotes algal growth under spatially structured conditions. Our results reveal how a single soil bacterium uses an arsenal of secreted antialgal compounds with complementary and partially overlapping activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Rose
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Scheer
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Yu Hou
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Vivien S Hotter
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna J Komor
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Prasad Aiyar
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Fredd Vergara
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Qing Yan
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Joyce E Loper
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Torsten Jakob
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Mittag
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Severin Sasso
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Abstract
Genetically encoded small molecules (secondary metabolites) play eminent roles in ecological interactions, as pathogenicity factors and as drug leads. Yet, these chemical mediators often evade detection, and the discovery of novel entities is hampered by low production and high rediscovery rates. These limitations may be addressed by genome mining for biosynthetic gene clusters, thereby unveiling cryptic metabolic potential. The development of sophisticated data mining methods and genetic and analytical tools has enabled the discovery of an impressive array of previously overlooked natural products. This review shows the newest developments in the field, highlighting compound discovery from unconventional sources and microbiomes. Natural products are an important source of bioactive compounds and have versatile applications in different fields, but their discovery is challenging. Here, the authors review the recent developments in genome mining for discovery of natural products, focusing on compounds from unconventional microorganisms and microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Jena, Germany. .,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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12
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Scherlach K, Kuttenlochner W, Scharf DH, Brakhage AA, Hertweck C, Groll M, Huber EM. Strukturelle und mechanistische Einblicke in die Bildung der C‐S‐Bindungen in Gliotoxin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Scherlach
- Abteilung Biomolekulare Chemie Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie (HKI) Beutenbergstraße 11a 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Kuttenlochner
- Technische Universität München Zentrum für Proteinforschung (CPA) Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Daniel H. Scharf
- Abteilung Molekulare und Angewandte Mikrobiologie Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie (HKI) Beutenbergstraße 11a 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie und Kinderkrankenhaus Zhejiang Universität Fakultät für Medizin Hangzhou 310058 Zhejiang V.R. China
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Abteilung Molekulare und Angewandte Mikrobiologie Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie (HKI) Beutenbergstraße 11a 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Fakultät für Biowissenschaften Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Abteilung Biomolekulare Chemie Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie (HKI) Beutenbergstraße 11a 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Fakultät für Biowissenschaften Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Michael Groll
- Technische Universität München Zentrum für Proteinforschung (CPA) Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Eva M. Huber
- Technische Universität München Zentrum für Proteinforschung (CPA) Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8 85747 Garching Deutschland
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13
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Dose B, Niehs SP, Scherlach K, Shahda S, Flórez LV, Kaltenpoth M, Hertweck C. Biosynthesis of Sinapigladioside, an Antifungal Isothiocyanate from Burkholderia Symbionts. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1920-1924. [PMID: 33739557 PMCID: PMC8252389 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sinapigladioside is a rare isothiocyanate-bearing natural product from beetle-associated bacteria (Burkholderia gladioli) that might protect beetle offspring against entomopathogenic fungi. The biosynthetic origin of sinapigladioside has been elusive, and little is known about bacterial isothiocyanate biosynthesis in general. On the basis of stable-isotope labeling, bioinformatics, and mutagenesis, we identified the sinapigladioside biosynthesis gene cluster in the symbiont and found that an isonitrile synthase plays a key role in the biosynthetic pathway. Genome mining and network analyses indicate that related gene clusters are distributed across various bacterial phyla including producers of both nitriles and isothiocyanates. Our findings support a model for bacterial isothiocyanate biosynthesis by sulfur transfer into isonitrile precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dose
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstr. 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Sarah P. Niehs
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstr. 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstr. 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Sophie Shahda
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstr. 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Laura V. Flórez
- Department for Evolutionary EcologyInstitute of Organismic and Molecular EvolutionJohannes Gutenberg UniversityJohann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 1355128MainzGermany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Department for Evolutionary EcologyInstitute of Organismic and Molecular EvolutionJohannes Gutenberg UniversityJohann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 1355128MainzGermany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstr. 11a07745JenaGermany
- Faculty of Biological SciencesFriedrich Schiller University Jena07743JenaGermany
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14
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Scherlach K, Kuttenlochner W, Scharf DH, Brakhage AA, Hertweck C, Groll M, Huber EM. Structural and Mechanistic Insights into C-S Bond Formation in Gliotoxin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14188-14194. [PMID: 33909314 PMCID: PMC8251611 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione‐S‐transferases (GSTs) usually detoxify xenobiotics. The human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus however uses the exceptional GST GliG to incorporate two sulfur atoms into its virulence factor gliotoxin. Because these sulfurs are essential for biological activity, glutathionylation is a key step of gliotoxin biosynthesis. Yet, the mechanism of carbon−sulfur linkage formation from a bis‐hydroxylated precursor is unresolved. Here, we report structures of GliG with glutathione (GSH) and its reaction product cyclo[‐l‐Phe‐l‐Ser]‐bis‐glutathione, which has been purified from a genetically modified A. fumigatus strain. The structures argue for stepwise processing of first the Phe and second the Ser moiety. Enzyme‐mediated dehydration of the substrate activates GSH and a helix dipole stabilizes the resulting anion via a water molecule for the nucleophilic attack. Activity assays with mutants validate the interactions of GliG with the ligands and enrich our knowledge about enzymatic C−S bond formation in gliotoxin and epipolythiodioxopiperazine (ETP) natural compounds in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kuttenlochner
- Technical University of Munich, Center for Protein Assemblies, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Strasse 8, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Daniel H Scharf
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Groll
- Technical University of Munich, Center for Protein Assemblies, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Strasse 8, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Eva M Huber
- Technical University of Munich, Center for Protein Assemblies, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Strasse 8, 85747, Garching, Germany
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15
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Liu M, Ohashi M, Hung YS, Scherlach K, Watanabe K, Hertweck C, Tang Y. AoiQ Catalyzes Geminal Dichlorination of 1,3-Diketone Natural Products. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7267-7271. [PMID: 33957045 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes that can perform halogenation of aliphatic carbons are of significant interest to the synthetic and biocatalysis communities. Here we describe the characterization of AoiQ, a single-component flavin-dependent halogenase (FDH) that catalyzes gem-dichlorination of 1,3-diketone substrates in the biosynthesis of dichlorodiaporthin. AoiQ represents the first biochemically reconstituted FDH that can halogenate an enolizable sp3-hybridized carbon atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - HKI, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - HKI, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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16
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Mahler L, Niehs SP, Martin K, Weber T, Scherlach K, Hertweck C, Roth M, Rosenbaum MA. Highly parallelized droplet cultivation and prioritization of antibiotic producers from natural microbial communities. eLife 2021; 10:64774. [PMID: 33764297 PMCID: PMC8081529 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics from few culturable microorganisms have saved millions of lives since the 20th century. But with resistance formation, these compounds become increasingly ineffective, while the majority of microbial and with that chemical compound diversity remains inaccessible for cultivation and exploration. Culturing recalcitrant bacteria is a stochastic process. But conventional methods are limited to low throughput. By increasing (i) throughput and (ii) sensitivity by miniaturization, we innovate microbiological cultivation to comply with biological stochasticity. Here, we introduce a droplet-based microscale cultivation system, which is directly coupled to a high-throughput screening for antimicrobial activity prior to strain isolation. We demonstrate that highly parallelized in-droplet cultivation starting from single cells results in the cultivation of yet uncultured species and a significantly higher bacterial diversity than standard agar plate cultivation. Strains able to inhibit intact reporter strains were isolated from the system. A variety of antimicrobial compounds were detected for a selected potent antibiotic producer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mahler
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah P Niehs
- Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Karin Martin
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Weber
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Roth
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Miriam A Rosenbaum
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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17
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Scharf DH, Chankhamjon P, Scherlach K, Dworschak J, Heinekamp T, Roth M, Brakhage AA, Hertweck C. N-Heterocyclization in Gliotoxin Biosynthesis is Catalyzed by a Distinct Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase. Chembiochem 2021; 22:336-339. [PMID: 32835438 PMCID: PMC7891397 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Gliotoxin and related epidithiodiketopiperazines (ETP) from diverse fungi feature highly functionalized hydroindole scaffolds with an array of medicinally and ecologically relevant activities. Mutation analysis, heterologous reconstitution, and biotransformation experiments revealed that a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (GliF) from the human-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus plays a key role in the formation of the complex heterocycle. In vitro assays using a biosynthetic precursor from a blocked mutant showed that GliF is specific to ETPs and catalyzes an unprecedented heterocyclization reaction that cannot be emulated with current synthetic methods. In silico analyses indicate that this rare biotransformation takes place in related ETP biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Scharf
- Department of Molecular and Applied MicrobiologyLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
- Department of MicrobiologyZhejiang University School of MedicineYuhangtang Road 866Hangzhou310058P. R. China
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineNational Clinical Research Center for Child HealthBinsheng Road 3333Hangzhou310052P. R. China
| | - Pranatchareeya Chankhamjon
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Jan Dworschak
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Thorsten Heinekamp
- Department of Molecular and Applied MicrobiologyLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Martin Roth
- Bio Pilot PlantLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied MicrobiologyLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
- Faculty of Biological SciencesFriedrich Schiller University Jena07743JenaGermany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
- Faculty of Biological SciencesFriedrich Schiller University Jena07743JenaGermany
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18
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Dose B, Ross C, Niehs SP, Scherlach K, Bauer JP, Hertweck C. Food‐Poisoning Bacteria Employ a Citrate Synthase and a Type II NRPS To Synthesize Bolaamphiphilic Lipopeptide Antibiotics**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dose
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Claudia Ross
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Sarah P. Niehs
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Johanna P. Bauer
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
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19
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Dose B, Ross C, Niehs SP, Scherlach K, Bauer JP, Hertweck C. Food-Poisoning Bacteria Employ a Citrate Synthase and a Type II NRPS To Synthesize Bolaamphiphilic Lipopeptide Antibiotics*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21535-21540. [PMID: 32780428 PMCID: PMC7756705 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mining the genome of the food-spoiling bacterium Burkholderia gladioli pv. cocovenenans revealed five nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene clusters, including an orphan gene locus (bol). Gene inactivation and metabolic profiling linked the bol gene cluster to novel bolaamphiphilic lipopeptides with antimycobacterial activity. A combination of chemical analysis and bioinformatics elucidated the structures of bolagladin A and B, lipocyclopeptides featuring an unusual dehydro-β-alanine enamide linker fused to an unprecedented tricarboxylic fatty acid tail. Through a series of targeted gene deletions, we proved the involvement of a designated citrate synthase (CS), priming ketosynthases III (KS III), a type II NRPS, including a novel desaturase for enamide formation, and a multimodular NRPS in generating the cyclopeptide. Network analyses revealed the evolutionary origin of the CS and identified cryptic CS/NRPS gene loci in various bacterial genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dose
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Claudia Ross
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Sarah P. Niehs
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Johanna P. Bauer
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
- Faculty of Biological SciencesFriedrich Schiller University Jena07743JenaGermany
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20
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Krespach MKC, García-Altares M, Flak M, Hanno Schoeler, Scherlach K, Netzker T, Schmalzl A, Mattern DJ, Schroeckh V, Komor A, Mittag M, Hertweck C, Brakhage AA. Lichen-like association of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Aspergillus nidulans protects algal cells from bacteria. ISME J 2020; 14:2794-2805. [PMID: 32753730 PMCID: PMC7784976 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0731-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organismal interactions within microbial consortia and their responses to harmful intruders remain largely understudied. An important step toward the goal of understanding functional ecological interactions and their evolutionary selection is the study of increasingly complex microbial interaction systems. Here, we discovered a tripartite biosystem consisting of the fungus Aspergillus nidulans, the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and the algicidal bacterium Streptomyces iranensis. Genetic analyses and MALDI-IMS demonstrate that the bacterium secretes the algicidal compound azalomycin F upon contact with C. reinhardtii. In co-culture, A. nidulans attracts the motile alga C. reinhardtii, which becomes embedded and surrounded by fungal mycelium and is shielded from the algicide. The filamentous fungus Sordaria macrospora was susceptible to azalomycin F and failed to protect C. reinhardtii despite chemotactically attracting the alga. Because S. macrospora was susceptible to azalomycin F, this data imply that for protection the fungus needs to be resistant. Formation of the lichen-like association between C. reinhardtii and A. nidulans increased algal growth. The protection depends on the increased amounts of membrane lipids provided by resistant fungi, thereby generating a protective shelter against the bacterial toxin. Our findings reveal a strategy whereby algae survive lethal environmental algicides through cooperation with fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario K C Krespach
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - María García-Altares
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Metabolomics Platform, Department of Electronic Engineering (DEEEA), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Michal Flak
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Hanno Schoeler
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Tina Netzker
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Anica Schmalzl
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Derek J Mattern
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Schroeckh
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Komor
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Mittag
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany.
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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21
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Abstract
Interactions among microbes are key drivers of evolutionary progress and constantly shape ecological niches. Microorganisms rely on chemical communication to interact with each other and surrounding organisms. They synthesize natural products as signaling molecules, antibiotics, or modulators of cellular processes that may be applied in agriculture and medicine. Whereas major insight has been gained into the principles of intraspecies interaction, much less is known about the molecular basis of interspecies interplay. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the understanding of chemically mediated bacterial-fungal interrelations. We discuss pairwise interactions among defined species and systems involving additional organisms as well as complex interactions among microbial communities encountered in the soil or defined as microbiota of higher organisms. Finally, we give examples of how the growing understanding of microbial interactions has contributed to drug discovery and hypothesize what may be future directions in studying and engineering microbiota for agricultural or medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
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22
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Stroe MC, Netzker T, Scherlach K, Krüger T, Hertweck C, Valiante V, Brakhage AA. Targeted induction of a silent fungal gene cluster encoding the bacteria-specific germination inhibitor fumigermin. eLife 2020; 9:52541. [PMID: 32083553 PMCID: PMC7034978 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms produce numerous secondary metabolites (SMs) with various biological activities. Many of their encoding gene clusters are silent under standard laboratory conditions because for their activation they need the ecological context, such as the presence of other microorganisms. The true ecological function of most SMs remains obscure, but understanding of both the activation of silent gene clusters and the ecological function of the produced compounds is of importance to reveal functional interactions in microbiomes. Here, we report the identification of an as-yet uncharacterized silent gene cluster of the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, which is activated by the bacterium Streptomyces rapamycinicus during the bacterial-fungal interaction. The resulting natural product is the novel fungal metabolite fumigermin, the biosynthesis of which requires the polyketide synthase FgnA. Fumigermin inhibits germination of spores of the inducing S. rapamycinicus, and thus helps the fungus to defend resources in the shared habitat against a bacterial competitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Stroe
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Tina Netzker
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Krüger
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, HKI, Jena, Germany
| | - Vito Valiante
- Leibniz Research Group - Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, HKI, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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23
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Costa JH, Wassano CI, Angolini CFF, Scherlach K, Hertweck C, Pacheco Fill T. Antifungal potential of secondary metabolites involved in the interaction between citrus pathogens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18647. [PMID: 31819142 PMCID: PMC6901458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous postharvest diseases have been reported that cause substantial losses of citrus fruits worldwide. Penicillium digitatum is responsible for up to 90% of production losses, and represent a problem for worldwide economy. In order to control phytopathogens, chemical fungicides have been extensively used. Yet, the use of some artificial fungicides cause concerns about environmental risks and fungal resistance. Therefore, studies focusing on new approaches, such as the use of natural products, are getting attention. Co-culture strategy can be applied to discover new bioactive compounds and to understand microbial ecology. Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) was used to screen for potential antifungal metabolites involved in the interaction between Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium citrinum. MSI revealed a chemical warfare between the fungi: two tetrapeptides, deoxycitrinadin A, citrinadin A, chrysogenamide A and tryptoquialanines are produced in the fungi confrontation zone. Antimicrobial assays confirmed the antifungal activity of the investigated metabolites. Also, tryptoquialanines inhibited sporulation of P. citrinum. The fungal metabolites reported here were never described as antimicrobials until this date, demonstrating that co-cultures involving phytopathogens that compete for the same host is a positive strategy to discover new antifungal agents. However, the use of these natural products on the environment, as a safer strategy, needs further investigation. This paper aimed to contribute to the protection of agriculture, considering health and ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Henrique Costa
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, CP 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.,Chair of Natural Product Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Taícia Pacheco Fill
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, CP 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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24
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Niehs SP, Dose B, Scherlach K, Pidot SJ, Stinear TP, Hertweck C. Genome Mining Reveals Endopyrroles from a Nonribosomal Peptide Assembly Line Triggered in Fungal-Bacterial Symbiosis. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1811-1818. [PMID: 31283172 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial endosymbiont (Burkholderia rhizoxinica) of the rice seedling blight fungus (Rhizopus microsporus) harbors a large number of cryptic biosynthesis gene clusters. Genome mining and sequence similarity networks based on an encoded nonribosomal peptide assembly line and the associated pyrrole-forming enzymes in the symbiont indicated that the encoded metabolites are unique among a large number of tentative pyrrole natural products in diverse and unrelated bacterial phyla. By performing comparative metabolic profiling using a mutant generated with an improved pheS Burkholderia counterselection marker, we found that the symbionts' biosynthetic pathway is mainly activated under salt stress and exclusively in symbiosis with the fungal host. The cryptic metabolites were fully characterized as novel pyrrole-substituted depsipeptides (endopyrroles). A broader survey showed that endopyrrole production is a hallmark of geographically distant endofungal bacteria, which produce the peptides solely under symbiotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P. Niehs
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dose
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sacha J. Pidot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Timothy P. Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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25
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König S, Pace S, Pein H, Heinekamp T, Kramer J, Romp E, Straßburger M, Troisi F, Proschak A, Dworschak J, Scherlach K, Rossi A, Sautebin L, Haeggström JZ, Hertweck C, Brakhage AA, Gerstmeier J, Proschak E, Werz O. Gliotoxin from Aspergillus fumigatus Abrogates Leukotriene B 4 Formation through Inhibition of Leukotriene A 4 Hydrolase. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:524-534.e5. [PMID: 30745237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The epidithiodioxopiperazine gliotoxin is a virulence factor of Aspergillus fumigatus, the most important airborne fungal pathogen of humans. Gliotoxin suppresses innate immunity in invasive aspergillosis, particularly by compromising neutrophils, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Neutrophils are the first responders among innate immune cells recruited to sites of infection by the chemoattractant leukotriene (LT)B4 that is biosynthesized by 5-lipoxygenase and LTA4 hydrolase (LTA4H). Here, we identified gliotoxin as inhibitor of LTA4H that selectively abrogates LTB4 formation in human leukocytes and in distinct animal models. Gliotoxin failed to inhibit the formation of other eicosanoids and the aminopeptidase activity of the bifunctional LTA4H. Suppression of LTB4 formation by gliotoxin required the cellular environment and/or reducing conditions, and only the reduced form of gliotoxin inhibited LTA4H activity. Conclusively, gliotoxin suppresses the biosynthesis of the potent neutrophil chemoattractant LTB4 by direct interference with LTA4H thereby impairing neutrophil functions in invasive aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie König
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Helmut Pein
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinekamp
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Kramer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Erik Romp
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Straßburger
- Transfer Group Antiinfectives, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Fabiana Troisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Dworschak
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Antonietta Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lidia Sautebin
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Jesper Z Haeggström
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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26
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Mahler L, Wink K, Beulig RJ, Scherlach K, Tovar M, Zang E, Martin K, Hertweck C, Belder D, Roth M. Publisher Correction: Detection of antibiotics synthetized in microfluidic picolitre-droplets by various actinobacteria. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15859. [PMID: 30353032 PMCID: PMC6199298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mahler
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology -Hans Knöll Institute-, Bio Pilot Plant, Jena, 07745, Germany. .,Friedrich Schiller University, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jena, 07745, Germany.
| | - Konstantin Wink
- Leipzig University, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - R Julia Beulig
- Leipzig University, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology -Hans Knöll Institute-, Biomolecular Chemistry, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Miguel Tovar
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology -Hans Knöll Institute-, Bio Pilot Plant, Jena, 07745, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Emerson Zang
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology -Hans Knöll Institute-, Bio Pilot Plant, Jena, 07745, Germany.,Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) GmbH - Group Biotechnology, Planegg, 82152, Germany
| | - Karin Martin
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology -Hans Knöll Institute-, Bio Pilot Plant, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Friedrich Schiller University, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jena, 07745, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology -Hans Knöll Institute-, Biomolecular Chemistry, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Leipzig University, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Martin Roth
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology -Hans Knöll Institute-, Bio Pilot Plant, Jena, 07745, Germany
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27
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Tsunematsu Y, Maeda N, Yokoyama M, Chankhamjon P, Watanabe K, Scherlach K, Hertweck C. Enzymatic Amide Tailoring Promotes Retro-Aldol Amino Acid Conversion To Form the Antifungal Agent Aspirochlorine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsunematsu
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Naoya Maeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Mamoru Yokoyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Pranatchareeya Chankhamjon
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena; 07743 Jena Germany
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28
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Fischer J, Müller SY, Netzker T, Jäger N, Gacek-Matthews A, Scherlach K, Stroe MC, García-Altares M, Pezzini F, Schoeler H, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Krespach MKC, Shelest E, Schroeckh V, Valiante V, Heinzel T, Hertweck C, Strauss J, Brakhage AA. Chromatin mapping identifies BasR, a key regulator of bacteria-triggered production of fungal secondary metabolites. eLife 2018; 7:e40969. [PMID: 30311911 PMCID: PMC6234034 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic epigenetic machinery can be modified by bacteria to reprogram the response of eukaryotes during their interaction with microorganisms. We discovered that the bacterium Streptomyces rapamycinicus triggered increased chromatin acetylation and thus activation of the silent secondary metabolism ors gene cluster in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Using this model, we aim understanding mechanisms of microbial communication based on bacteria-triggered chromatin modification. Using genome-wide ChIP-seq analysis of acetylated histone H3, we uncovered the unique chromatin landscape in A. nidulans upon co-cultivation with S. rapamycinicus and relate changes in the acetylation to that in the fungal transcriptome. Differentially acetylated histones were detected in genes involved in secondary metabolism, in amino acid and nitrogen metabolism, in signaling, and encoding transcription factors. Further molecular analyses identified the Myb-like transcription factor BasR as the regulatory node for transduction of the bacterial signal in the fungus and show its function is conserved in other Aspergillus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Fischer
- Department of Molecular and Applied MicrobiologyLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyJenaGermany
- Institute of MicrobiologyFriedrich Schiller University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Sebastian Y Müller
- Systems Biology and BioinformaticsLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyJenaGermany
| | - Tina Netzker
- Department of Molecular and Applied MicrobiologyLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyJenaGermany
| | - Nils Jäger
- Department of BiochemistryFriedrich Schiller UniversityJenaGermany
| | - Agnieszka Gacek-Matthews
- Department for Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyBOKU University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
- Institute of MicrobiologyUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyJenaGermany
| | - Maria C Stroe
- Department of Molecular and Applied MicrobiologyLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyJenaGermany
- Institute of MicrobiologyFriedrich Schiller University JenaJenaGermany
| | - María García-Altares
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyJenaGermany
| | - Francesco Pezzini
- Systems Biology and BioinformaticsLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyJenaGermany
| | - Hanno Schoeler
- Department of Molecular and Applied MicrobiologyLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyJenaGermany
- Institute of MicrobiologyFriedrich Schiller University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Mario KC Krespach
- Department of Molecular and Applied MicrobiologyLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyJenaGermany
- Institute of MicrobiologyFriedrich Schiller University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Ekaterina Shelest
- Systems Biology and BioinformaticsLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyJenaGermany
| | - Volker Schroeckh
- Department of Molecular and Applied MicrobiologyLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyJenaGermany
| | - Vito Valiante
- Leibniz Research Group – Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product SynthesesLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyJenaGermany
| | - Thorsten Heinzel
- Department of BiochemistryFriedrich Schiller UniversityJenaGermany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyJenaGermany
- Chair for Natural Product ChemistryFriedrich Schiller UniversityJenaGermany
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Department for Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyBOKU University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied MicrobiologyLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyJenaGermany
- Institute of MicrobiologyFriedrich Schiller University JenaJenaGermany
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29
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Niehs SP, Dose B, Scherlach K, Roth M, Hertweck C. Genomics-Driven Discovery of a Symbiont-Specific Cyclopeptide from Bacteria Residing in the Rice Seedling Blight Fungus. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2167-2172. [PMID: 30113119 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The rice seedling blight fungus Rhizopus microsporus harbors endosymbiotic bacteria (Burkholderia rhizoxinica) that produce the virulence factor rhizoxin and control host development. Genome mining indicated a massive inventory of cryptic nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes, which have not yet been linked to any natural products. The discovery and full characterization of a novel cyclopeptide from endofungal bacteria is reported. In silico analysis of an orphan, symbiont-specific NRPS predicted the structure of a nonribosomal peptide, which was targeted by LC-MS/MS profiling of wild-type and engineered null mutants. NMR spectroscopy and chemical derivatization elucidated the structure of the bacterial cyclopeptide. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the relationship of starter C domains for rare N-acetyl-capped peptides. Heptarhizin is produced under symbiotic conditions in geographically constrained strains from the Pacific clade; this indicates a potential ecological role of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Niehs
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dose
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Roth
- BioPilotPlant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
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30
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Tsunematsu Y, Maeda N, Yokoyama M, Chankhamjon P, Watanabe K, Scherlach K, Hertweck C. Enzymatic Amide Tailoring Promotes Retro-Aldol Amino Acid Conversion To Form the Antifungal Agent Aspirochlorine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14051-14054. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsunematsu
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Naoya Maeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Mamoru Yokoyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Pranatchareeya Chankhamjon
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena; 07743 Jena Germany
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31
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Dose B, Niehs SP, Scherlach K, Flórez LV, Kaltenpoth M, Hertweck C. Unexpected Bacterial Origin of the Antibiotic Icosalide: Two-Tailed Depsipeptide Assembly in Multifarious Burkholderia Symbionts. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2414-2420. [PMID: 30160099 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Icosalide is an unusual two-tailed lipocyclopeptide antibiotic that was originally isolated from a fungal culture. Yet, its biosynthesis and ecological function have remained enigmatic. By genome mining and metabolic profiling of a bacterial endosymbiont ( Burkholderia gladioli) of the pest beetle Lagria villosa, we unveiled a bacterial origin of icosalide. Functional analysis of the biosynthetic gene locus revealed an unprecedented nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) that incorporates two β-hydroxy acids by means of two starter condensation domains in different modules. This unusual assembly line, which may inspire new synthetic biology approaches, is widespread among many symbiotic Burkholderia species from diverse habitats. Biological assays showed that icosalide is active against entomopathogenic bacteria, thus adding to the chemical armory protecting beetle offspring. By creating a null mutant, we found that icosalide is a swarming inhibitor, which may play a role in symbiotic interactions and bears the potential for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dose
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah P. Niehs
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Laura V. Flórez
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 13, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 13, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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32
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Scharf DH, Dworschak JD, Chankhamjon P, Scherlach K, Heinekamp T, Brakhage AA, Hertweck C. Reconstitution of Enzymatic Carbon-Sulfur Bond Formation Reveals Detoxification-Like Strategy in Fungal Toxin Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2508-2512. [PMID: 30075079 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gliotoxin is a virulence factor of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, the leading cause of invasive aspergillosis. The activity of this metabolite is mediated by a transannular disulfide bond, a hallmark of the epipolythiodiketopiperazine (ETP) family. Through the creation of fungal gene deletion mutants and heterologous protein expression, we unveiled the critical role of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP450) GliC for the stepwise bishydroxylation of the diketopiperazine (DKP) core. We show for the first time the formation of the C-S bond from the DKP in a combined assay of GliC and the glutathione- S-transferase (GST) GliG in vitro. Furthermore, we present experimental evidence for an intermediary imine species. The flexible substrate scope of GliC and GliG in combination parallels P450/GST pairs used in eukaryotic phase I/II detoxification pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Scharf
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jan D. Dworschak
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Pranatchareeya Chankhamjon
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinekamp
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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33
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Flórez LV, Scherlach K, Miller IJ, Rodrigues A, Kwan JC, Hertweck C, Kaltenpoth M. An antifungal polyketide associated with horizontally acquired genes supports symbiont-mediated defense in Lagria villosa beetles. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2478. [PMID: 29946103 PMCID: PMC6018673 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial symbionts are often a source of chemical novelty and can contribute to host defense against antagonists. However, the ecological relevance of chemical mediators remains unclear for most systems. Lagria beetles live in symbiosis with multiple strains of Burkholderia bacteria that protect their offspring against pathogens. Here, we describe the antifungal polyketide lagriamide, and provide evidence supporting that it is produced by an uncultured symbiont, Burkholderia gladioli Lv-StB, which is dominant in field-collected Lagria villosa. Interestingly, lagriamide is structurally similar to bistramides, defensive compounds found in marine tunicates. We identify a gene cluster that is probably involved in lagriamide biosynthesis, provide evidence for horizontal acquisition of these genes, and show that the naturally occurring symbiont strains on the egg are protective in the soil environment. Our findings highlight the potential of microbial symbionts and horizontal gene transfer as influential sources of ecological innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V Flórez
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 13, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ian J Miller
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705-2222, USA
| | - Andre Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Av. 24A, n. 1515-Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Jason C Kwan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705-2222, USA
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Natural Product Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 13, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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34
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Heine D, Holmes NA, Worsley SF, Santos ACA, Innocent TM, Scherlach K, Patrick EH, Yu DW, Murrell JC, Vieria PC, Boomsma JJ, Hertweck C, Hutchings MI, Wilkinson B. Chemical warfare between leafcutter ant symbionts and a co-evolved pathogen. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2208. [PMID: 29880868 PMCID: PMC5992151 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acromyrmex leafcutter ants form a mutually beneficial symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus and with Pseudonocardia bacteria. Both are vertically transmitted and actively maintained by the ants. The fungus garden is manured with freshly cut leaves and provides the sole food for the ant larvae, while Pseudonocardia cultures are reared on the ant-cuticle and make antifungal metabolites to help protect the cultivar against disease. If left unchecked, specialized parasitic Escovopsis fungi can overrun the fungus garden and lead to colony collapse. We report that Escovopsis upregulates the production of two specialized metabolites when it infects the cultivar. These compounds inhibit Pseudonocardia and one, shearinine D, also reduces worker behavioral defenses and is ultimately lethal when it accumulates in ant tissues. Our results are consistent with an active evolutionary arms race between Pseudonocardia and Escovopsis, which modifies both bacterial and behavioral defenses such that colony collapse is unavoidable once Escovopsis infections escalate. Acromyrmex ants cultivate fungus gardens that can be parasitized by Escovopsis sp., leading to colony collapse. Here, Heine et al. identify two secondary metabolites produced by Escovopsis that accumulate in Acromyrmex tissue, reduce behavioural defenses and suppress symbiotic Pseudonocardia bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Heine
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Neil A Holmes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Sarah F Worsley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Ana Carolina A Santos
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstraße 11a, Jena, 07745, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Departmento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, Via Washington Luiz KM 235, CP 676, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Tabitha M Innocent
- Department of Biology, Centre for Social Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstraße 11a, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Elaine H Patrick
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Douglas W Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - J Colin Murrell
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Paulo C Vieria
- Departmento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, Via Washington Luiz KM 235, CP 676, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Jacobus J Boomsma
- Department of Biology, Centre for Social Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstraße 11a, Jena, 07745, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthew I Hutchings
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Barrie Wilkinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK.
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35
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Thongkongkaew T, Ding W, Bratovanov E, Oueis E, Garcı́a-Altares M, Zaburannyi N, Harmrolfs K, Zhang Y, Scherlach K, Müller R, Hertweck C. Two Types of Threonine-Tagged Lipopeptides Synergize in Host Colonization by Pathogenic Burkholderia Species. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1370-1379. [PMID: 29669203 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections of agriculturally important mushrooms and plants pose a major threat to human food sources worldwide. However, structures of chemical mediators required by the pathogen for host colonization and infection remain elusive in most cases. Here, we report two types of threonine-tagged lipopeptides conserved among mushroom and rice pathogenic Burkholderia species that facilitate bacterial infection of hosts. Genome mining, metabolic profiling of infected mushrooms, and heterologous expression of orphan gene clusters allowed the discovery of these unprecedented metabolites in the mushroom pathogen Burkholderia gladioli (haereogladin, burriogladin) and the plant pathogen Burkholderia glumae (haereoglumin and burrioglumin). Through targeted gene deletions, the molecular basis of lipopeptide biosynthesis by nonribosomal peptide synthetases was revealed. Surprisingly, both types of lipopeptides feature unusual threonine tags, which yield longer peptide backbones than one would expect based on the canonical colinearity of the NRPS assembly lines. Both peptides play an indirect role in host infection as biosurfactants that enable host colonization by mediating swarming and biofilm formation abilities. Moreover, MALDI imaging mass spectrometry was applied to investigate the biological role of the lipopeptides. Our results shed light on conserved mechanisms that mushroom and plant pathogenic bacteria utilize for host infection and expand current knowledge on bacterial virulence factors that may represent a new starting point for the targeted development of crop protection measures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawatchai Thongkongkaew
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Evgeni Bratovanov
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Emilia Oueis
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marı́a Garcı́a-Altares
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nestor Zaburannyi
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Kirsten Harmrolfs
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Youming Zhang
- Shandong University−Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shanda Nanlu 27, 250100 Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Chair for Natural Product Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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36
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Abstract
This viewpoint summarizes recent advances in understanding the role of natural products as regulators of mutualistic microbial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry
- Infection Biology (HKI)
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry
- Infection Biology (HKI)
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
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37
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Niehs SP, Scherlach K, Hertweck C. Genomics-driven discovery of a linear lipopeptide promoting host colonization by endofungal bacteria. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:8345-8352. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01515e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The linear lipopeptide holrhizin is an important mediator of the Burkholderia-Rhizopus interaction that promotes bacterial colonization of the fungal host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P. Niehs
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
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38
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Marion A, Groll M, Scharf DH, Scherlach K, Glaser M, Sievers H, Schuster M, Hertweck C, Brakhage AA, Antes I, Huber EM. Gliotoxin Biosynthesis: Structure, Mechanism, and Metal Promiscuity of Carboxypeptidase GliJ. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1874-1882. [PMID: 28525266 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The formation of glutathione (GSH) conjugates, best known from the detoxification of xenobiotics, is a widespread strategy to incorporate sulfur into biomolecules. The biosynthesis of gliotoxin, a virulence factor of the human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, involves attachment of two GSH molecules and their sequential decomposition to yield two reactive thiol groups. The degradation of the GSH moieties requires the activity of the Cys-Gly carboxypeptidase GliJ, for which we describe the X-ray structure here. The enzyme forms a homodimer with each monomer comprising one active site. Two metal ions are present per proteolytic center, thus assigning GliJ to the diverse family of dinuclear metallohydrolases. Depending on availability, Zn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Co2+, or Ni2+ ions are accepted as cofactors. Despite this high metal promiscuity, a preference for zinc versus iron and manganese was noted. Mutagenesis experiments revealed details of metal coordination, and molecular modeling delivered insights into substrate recognition and processing by GliJ. The latter results suggest a reaction mechanism in which the two scissile peptide bonds of one gliotoxin precursor molecule are hydrolyzed sequentially and in a given order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Marion
- Center
for Integrated Protein Science Munich at the Department of Biosciences, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 8, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Groll
- Center
for Integrated Protein Science Munich at the Department Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Daniel H. Scharf
- Department
of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department
of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Manuel Glaser
- Center
for Integrated Protein Science Munich at the Department of Biosciences, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 8, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Holger Sievers
- Fachgruppe
Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Schuster
- Fachgruppe
Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department
of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Chair of
Natural Product Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University (FSU), D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department
of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Department
of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Friedrich Schiller University (FSU), D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Iris Antes
- Center
for Integrated Protein Science Munich at the Department of Biosciences, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 8, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Eva M. Huber
- Center
for Integrated Protein Science Munich at the Department Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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39
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Valiante V, Mattern DJ, Schüffler A, Horn F, Walther G, Scherlach K, Petzke L, Dickhaut J, Guthke R, Hertweck C, Nett M, Thines E, Brakhage AA. Discovery of an Extended Austinoid Biosynthetic Pathway in Aspergillus calidoustus. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1227-1234. [PMID: 28233494 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi produce a wide range of natural products that are commonly used in various industrial contexts (e.g., pharmaceuticals and insecticides). Meroterpenoids are natural products of interest because of their various biological activities. Among the meroterpenoids, there is a group of insecticidal compounds known as the austinoids. These compounds have also been studied because of their intriguing spiro-lactone ring formation along with various modifications. Here, we present an extension of the original austinol/dehydroaustinol biosynthesis pathway from Aspergillus nidulans in the recently identified filamentous fungus Aspergillus calidoustus. Besides the discovery and elucidation of further derivatives, genome mining led to the discovery of new putative biosynthetic genes. The genes involved in the biosynthesis of later austinoid products were characterized, and among them was a second polyketide synthase gene in the A. calidoustus cluster that was unusual because it was a noninterative polyketide synthase producing a diketide. This diketide product was then loaded onto the austinoid backbone, resulting in a new insecticidal derivative, calidodehydroaustin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anja Schüffler
- Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research, Erwin-Schroedinger-Strasse 56, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute of Biotechnology, Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eckhard Thines
- Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research, Erwin-Schroedinger-Strasse 56, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute of Biotechnology, Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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40
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Flórez LV, Scherlach K, Gaube P, Ross C, Sitte E, Hermes C, Rodrigues A, Hertweck C, Kaltenpoth M. Antibiotic-producing symbionts dynamically transition between plant pathogenicity and insect-defensive mutualism. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15172. [PMID: 28452358 PMCID: PMC5414355 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic and mutualistic bacteria associated with eukaryotic hosts often lack distinctive genomic features, suggesting regular transitions between these lifestyles. Here we present evidence supporting a dynamic transition from plant pathogenicity to insect-defensive mutualism in symbiotic Burkholderia gladioli bacteria. In a group of herbivorous beetles, these symbionts protect the vulnerable egg stage against detrimental microbes. The production of a blend of antibiotics by B. gladioli, including toxoflavin, caryoynencin and two new antimicrobial compounds, the macrolide lagriene and the isothiocyanate sinapigladioside, likely mediate this defensive role. In addition to vertical transmission, these insect symbionts can be exchanged via the host plant and retain the ability to initiate systemic plant infection at the expense of the plant's fitness. Our findings provide a paradigm for the transition between pathogenic and mutualistic lifestyles and shed light on the evolution and chemical ecology of this defensive mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V. Flórez
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 13, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstraβe 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Paul Gaube
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia Ross
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstraβe 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Sitte
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstraβe 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Hermes
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstraβe 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Andre Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Av. 24A, n. 1515-Bela Vista, Rio Claro, São Paulo 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstraβe 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Chair for Natural Product Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 13, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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41
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Polke M, Sprenger M, Scherlach K, Albán-Proaño MC, Martin R, Hertweck C, Hube B, Jacobsen ID. A functional link between hyphal maintenance and quorum sensing in Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2016; 103:595-617. [PMID: 27623739 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis in Candida albicans requires hyphal initiation and maintenance, and both processes are regulated by the fungal quorum sensing molecule (QSM) farnesol. We show that deletion of C. albicans EED1, which is crucial for hyphal extension and maintenance, led to a dramatically increased sensitivity to farnesol, and thus identified the first mutant hypersensitive to farnesol. Furthermore, farnesol decreased the transient filamentation of an eed1Δ strain without inducing cell death, indicating that two separate mechanisms mediate quorum sensing and cell lysis by farnesol. To analyze the cause of farnesol hypersensitivity we constructed either hyperactive or deletion mutants of factors involved in farnesol signaling, by introducing the hyperactive RAS1G13V or pADH1-CYR1CAT allele, or deleting CZF1 or NRG1 respectively. Neither of the constructs nor the exogenous addition of dB-cAMP was able to rescue the farnesol hypersensitivity, highlighting that farnesol mediates its effects not only via the cAMP pathway. Interestingly, the eed1Δ strain also displayed increased farnesol production. When eed1Δ was grown under continuous medium flow conditions, to remove accumulating QSMs from the supernatant, maintenance of eed1Δ filamentation, although not restored, was significantly prolonged, indicating a link between farnesol sensitivity, production, and the hyphal maintenance-defect in the eed1Δ mutant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Polke
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Marcel Sprenger
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - María Cristina Albán-Proaño
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Ronny Martin
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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42
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De Felice A, Di Lorenzo F, Scherlach K, Ross C, Silipo A, Hertweck C, Molinaro A. Structural investigation of the lipopolysaccharide O-chain isolated from Burkholderia fungorum strain DSM 17061. Carbohydr Res 2016; 433:31-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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43
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Chankhamjon P, Tsunematsu Y, Ishida-Ito M, Sasa Y, Meyer F, Boettger-Schmidt D, Urbansky B, Menzel KD, Scherlach K, Watanabe K, Hertweck C. Regioselective Dichlorination of a Non-Activated Aliphatic Carbon Atom and Phenolic Bismethylation by a Multifunctional Fungal Flavoenzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11955-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pranatchareeya Chankhamjon
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Yuta Tsunematsu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Mie Ishida-Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Yuzuka Sasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Florian Meyer
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Daniela Boettger-Schmidt
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Barbara Urbansky
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Menzel
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
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Chankhamjon P, Tsunematsu Y, Ishida-Ito M, Sasa Y, Meyer F, Boettger-Schmidt D, Urbansky B, Menzel KD, Scherlach K, Watanabe K, Hertweck C. Regioselective Dichlorination of a Non-Activated Aliphatic Carbon Atom and Phenolic Bismethylation by a Multifunctional Fungal Flavoenzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pranatchareeya Chankhamjon
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Yuta Tsunematsu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Mie Ishida-Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Yuzuka Sasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Florian Meyer
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Daniela Boettger-Schmidt
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Barbara Urbansky
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Menzel
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
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Kröber A, Scherlach K, Hortschansky P, Shelest E, Staib P, Kniemeyer O, Brakhage AA. HapX Mediates Iron Homeostasis in the Pathogenic Dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae but Is Dispensable for Virulence. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150701. [PMID: 26960149 PMCID: PMC4784894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For many pathogenic fungi, siderophore-mediated iron acquisition is essential for virulence. The process of siderophore production and further mechanisms to adapt to iron limitation are strictly controlled in fungi to maintain iron homeostasis. Here we demonstrate that the human pathogenic dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae produces the hydroxamate siderophores ferricrocin and ferrichrome C. Additionally, we show that the iron regulator HapX is crucial for the adaptation to iron starvation and iron excess, but is dispensable for virulence of A. benhamiae. Deletion of hapX caused downregulation of siderophore biosynthesis genes leading to a decreased production of siderophores during iron starvation. Furthermore, HapX was required for transcriptional repression of genes involved in iron-dependent pathways during iron-depleted conditions. Additionally, the ΔhapX mutant of A. benhamiae was sensitive to high-iron concentrations indicating that HapX also contributes to iron detoxification. In contrast to other pathogenic fungi, HapX of A. benhamiae was redundant for virulence and a ΔhapX mutant was still able to infect keratinized host tissues in vitro. Our findings underline the highly conserved role of the transcription factor HapX for maintaining iron homeostasis in ascomycetous fungi but, unlike in many other human and plant pathogenic fungi, HapX of A. benhamiae is not a virulence determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Kröber
- Junior Research Group Fundamental Molecular Biology of Pathogenic Fungi, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Hortschansky
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Shelest
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Staib
- Junior Research Group Fundamental Molecular Biology of Pathogenic Fungi, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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De Felice A, Silipo A, Scherlach K, Ross C, Hertweck C, Molinaro A. Structural and Conformational Study of the O-Antigenic Portion of the Lipopolysaccharide Isolated fromBurkholderia gladiolipv.cocovenenans. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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47
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Dolatabadi S, Scherlach K, Figge M, Hertweck C, Dijksterhuis J, Menken SBJ, de Hoog GS. Food preparation with mucoralean fungi: A potential biosafety issue? Fungal Biol 2015; 120:393-401. [PMID: 26895868 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucorales have been used for production of fermented food in Asia and Africa since time immemorial. Particularly Rhizopus species are rapidly growing, active producers of lipases and proteases and occur naturally during the first stages of soybean fermentation. Two biosafety issues have been raised in recent literature: (1) pathogenicity, Rhizopus species being prevalent opportunists causing erosive infections in severely compromised patients, and (2) toxicity, strains harbouring endosymbiotic Burkholderia producing toxic secondary metabolites. At the molecular level, based on different gene markers, species identity was found between strains used for food processing and clinical strains. In this study, we screened for bacterial symbionts in 64 Rhizopus strains by light microscopy, 16S rRNA sequencing, and HPLC. Seven strains (11 %) carried bacteria identified as Burkholderia rhizoxinica and Burkholderia endofungorum, and an unknown Burkholderia species. The Burkholderia isolates proved to be able to produce toxic rhizoxins. Strains with endosymbionts originated from food, soil, and a clinical source, and thus their presence could not be linked to particular habitats. The presence of Burkholderia in Rhizopus producing toxins could not be excluded as a potential risk for human health. In contrast, given the type of diseases caused by Rhizopus species, we regard the practical risk of infection via the food industry as negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Dolatabadi
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Marian Figge
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | | | - Steph B J Menken
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Peking University Health Science Center, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing, China; Chang Zheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Basic Pathology Department, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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48
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Macheleidt J, Scherlach K, Neuwirth T, Schmidt-Heck W, Straßburger M, Spraker J, Baccile JA, Schroeder FC, Keller NP, Hertweck C, Heinekamp T, Brakhage AA. Transcriptome analysis of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A-regulated genes reveals the production of the novel natural compound fumipyrrole by Aspergillus fumigatus. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:148-62. [PMID: 25582336 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic human pathogenic fungus causing life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. Adaptation to different habitats and also virulence of the fungus depends on signal perception and transduction by modules such as the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Here, by transcriptome analysis, 632 differentially regulated genes of this important signaling cascade were identified, including 23 putative transcriptional regulators. The highest upregulated transcription factor gene was located in a previously unknown secondary metabolite gene cluster, which we named fmp, encoding an incomplete non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, FmpE. Overexpression of the regulatory gene fmpR using the Tet(On) system led to the specific expression of the other six genes of the fmp cluster. Metabolic profiling of wild type and fmpR overexpressing strain by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-HRESI-MS and structure elucidation by NMR led to identification of 5-benzyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, which we named fumipyrrole. Fumipyrrole was not described as natural product yet. Chemical synthesis of fumipyrrole confirmed its structure. Interestingly, deletion of fmpR or fmpE led to reduced growth and sporulation of the mutant strains. Although fmp cluster genes were transcribed in infected mouse lungs, deletion of fmpR resulted in wild-type virulence in a murine infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Macheleidt
- Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany; Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745, Jena, Germany
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49
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Chankhamjon P, Boettger-Schmidt D, Scherlach K, Urbansky B, Lackner G, Kalb D, Dahse HM, Hoffmeister D, Hertweck C. Titelbild: Biosynthesis of the Halogenated Mycotoxin Aspirochlorine in Koji Mold Involves a Cryptic Amino Acid Conversion (Angew. Chem. 49/2014). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Chankhamjon P, Boettger-Schmidt D, Scherlach K, Urbansky B, Lackner G, Kalb D, Dahse HM, Hoffmeister D, Hertweck C. Cover Picture: Biosynthesis of the Halogenated Mycotoxin Aspirochlorine in Koji Mold Involves a Cryptic Amino Acid Conversion (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49/2014). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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