101
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Trotta T, Panaro MA, Prifti E, Porro C. Modulation of Biological Activities in Glioblastoma Mediated by Curcumin. Nutr Cancer 2019; 71:1241-1253. [PMID: 31007066 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1604978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is an alkaloid with various pharmacologic properties; numerous investigations have suggested that in the Central Nervous System, Curcumin has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor effects. Gliomas are the most common primary intracranial tumors in adults. The prognosis of glioblastoma is still dismal. In this review, we profile that Curcumin could suppress cell proliferation and induce apoptosis of cancer cells and genomic modulation. In particular, Curcumin could exert its therapeutic effect via modulating miRNA, affecting a variety of miRNAs involved in the response to cancer therapy. The combination of Curcumin with chemotherapeutic drugs or radiotherapy could prime the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. We also discuss the use of exosomes as Curcumin delivery vehicles. In this context, exosomes containing Curcumin may change the behavior of recipient cells by targeting a sequence of cellular and molecular pathways. Hence, the application of exosomes containing Curcumin may prove to be an emerging area of research in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Trotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Maria A Panaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Elona Prifti
- Department of Clinical Materies, University of Elbasan "Aleksander Xhuvani", Faculty of Medical and Technical Science , Albania
| | - Chiara Porro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
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102
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Shin YJ, Sa JK, Lee Y, Kim D, Chang N, Cho HJ, Son M, Oh MYT, Shin K, Lee JK, Park J, Jo YK, Kim M, Paddison PJ, Tergaonkar V, Lee J, Nam DH. PIP4K2A as a negative regulator of PI3K in PTEN -deficient glioblastoma. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1120-1134. [PMID: 30898893 PMCID: PMC6504209 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor with profound genomic alterations. Tumor suppressor genes regulate multiple signaling networks that restrict cellular proliferation and present barriers to malignant transformation. While bona fide tumor suppressors such as PTEN and TP53 often undergo inactivation due to mutations, there are several genes for which genomic deletion is the primary route for tumor progression. To functionally identify putative tumor suppressors in GBM, we employed in vivo RNAi screening using patient-derived xenograft models. Here, we identified PIP4K2A, whose functional role and clinical relevance remain unexplored in GBM. We discovered that PIP4K2A negatively regulates phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling via p85/p110 component degradation in PTEN-deficient GBMs and specifically targets p85 for proteasome-mediated degradation. Overexpression of PIP4K2A suppressed cellular and clonogenic growth in vitro and impeded tumor growth in vivo. Our results unravel a novel tumor-suppressive role of PIP4K2A for the first time and support the feasibility of combining oncogenomics with in vivo RNAi screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jae Shin
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jason K Sa
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeri Lee
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Donggeon Kim
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Hee Jin Cho
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Miseol Son
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Cancer Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
| | - Michael Y T Oh
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Kayoung Shin
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Ku Lee
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwon Park
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jo
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Misuk Kim
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Patrick J Paddison
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Division of Cancer Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeongwu Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea .,Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
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103
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Modulation of Antioxidant Potential with Coenzyme Q10 Suppressed Invasion of Temozolomide-Resistant Rat Glioma In Vitro and In Vivo. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3061607. [PMID: 30984333 PMCID: PMC6432727 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3061607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The main reasons for the inefficiency of standard glioblastoma (GBM) therapy are the occurrence of chemoresistance and the invasion of GBM cells into surrounding brain tissues. New therapeutic approaches obstructing these processes may provide substantial survival improvements. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of lipophilic antioxidant coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to increase sensitivity to temozolomide (TMZ) and suppress glioma cell invasion. To that end, we used a previously established TMZ-resistant RC6 rat glioma cell line, characterized by increased production of ROS, altered antioxidative capacity, and high invasion potential. CoQ10 in combination with TMZ exerted a synergistic antiproliferative effect. These results were confirmed in a 3D model of microfluidic devices showing that the CoQ10 and TMZ combination is more cytotoxic to RC6 cells than TMZ monotherapy. In addition, cotreatment with TMZ increased expression of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes in RC6 cells. The anti-invasive potential of the combined treatment was shown by gelatin degradation, Matrigel invasion, and 3D spheroid invasion assays as well as in animal models. Inhibition of MMP9 gene expression as well as decreased N-cadherin and vimentin protein expression implied that CoQ10 can suppress invasiveness and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in RC6 cells. Therefore, our data provide evidences in favor of CoQ10 supplementation to standard GBM treatment due to its potential to inhibit GBM invasion through modulation of the antioxidant capacity.
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104
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Munoz JL, Walker ND, Mareedu S, Pamarthi SH, Sinha G, Greco SJ, Rameshwar P. Cycling Quiescence in Temozolomide Resistant Glioblastoma Cells Is Partly Explained by microRNA-93 and -193-Mediated Decrease of Cyclin D. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:134. [PMID: 30853911 PMCID: PMC6395452 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a fatal malignancy of the central nervous system, commonly associated with chemoresistance. The alkylating agent Temozolomide (TMZ) is the front-line chemotherapeutic agent and has undergone intense studies on resistance. These studies reported on mismatch repair gene upregulation, ABC-targeted drug efflux, and cell cycle alterations. The mechanism by which TMZ induces cell cycle arrest has not been well-established. TMZ-resistant GBM cells have been linked to microRNA (miRNA) and exosomes. A cell cycle miRNA array identified distinct miRNAs only in exosomes from TMZ-resistant GBM cell lines and primary spheres. We narrowed the miRs to miR-93 and -193 and showed in computational analyses that they could target Cyclin D1. Since Cyclin D1 is a major regulator of cell cycle progression, we performed cause-effect studies and showed a blunting effects of miR-93 and -193 in Cyclin D1 expression. These two miRs also decreased cell cycling quiescence and induced resistance to TMZ. Taken together, our data provide a mechanism by which GBM cells can exhibit TMZ-induced resistance through miRNA targeting of Cyclin D1. The data provide a number of therapeutic approaches to reverse chemoresistance at the miRNA, exosomal and cell cycle points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessian L Munoz
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States.,Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Nykia D Walker
- Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Satvik Mareedu
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States.,Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Sri Harika Pamarthi
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Garima Sinha
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States.,Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Steven J Greco
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States.,Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
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105
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Alieva M, Leidgens V, Riemenschneider MJ, Klein CA, Hau P, van Rheenen J. Intravital imaging of glioma border morphology reveals distinctive cellular dynamics and contribution to tumor cell invasion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2054. [PMID: 30765850 PMCID: PMC6375955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by highly invasive behavior allowing dissemination and progression. A conclusive image of the invasive process is not available. The aim of this work was to study invasion dynamics in GBM using an innovative in vivo imaging approach. Primary brain tumor initiating cell lines from IDH-wild type GBM stably expressing H2B-Dendra2 were implanted orthotopically in the brains of SCID mice. Using high-resolution time-lapse intravital imaging, tumor cell migration in the tumor core, border and invasive front was recorded. Tumor cell dynamics at different border configurations were analyzed and multivariate linear modelling of tumor cell spreading was performed. We found tumor border configurations, recapitulating human tumor border morphologies. Not only tumor borders but also the tumor core was composed of highly dynamic cells, with no clear correlation to the ability to spread into the brain. Two types of border configurations contributed to tumor cell spreading through distinct invasion patterns: an invasive margin that executes slow but directed invasion, and a diffuse infiltration margin with fast but less directed movement. By providing a more detailed view on glioma invasion patterns, our study may improve accuracy of prognosis and serve as a basis for personalized therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alieva
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Prinses Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Verena Leidgens
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology and Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph A Klein
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hau
- Department of Neurology and Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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106
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Li J, Xu H, Wang Q, Wang S, Xiong N. 14-3-3ζ promotes gliomas cells invasion by regulating Snail through the PI3K/AKT signaling. Cancer Med 2019; 8:783-794. [PMID: 30656845 PMCID: PMC6382716 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
14-3-3ζ has been reported to function as critical regulators of diverse cellular responses. However, the role of 14-3-3ζ in gliomas progression remains largely unknown. The expression level of 14-3-3ζ and Snail was detected by Western blot analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction in different grades of human gliomas. The effect of 14-3-3ζ on gliomas progression was measured using cell migration and invasion assay, the colony formation experiment, and CCK-8 assay. The effect of 14-3-3ζ on PI3K/AKT/Snail signaling protein expression levels was tested by Western blotting. Firstly, 14-3-3ζ was often up-regulated in high-grade gliomas relative to low-grade gliomas, and this overexpression was significantly related to tumor size, Karnofsky Performance Scale score and weaker disease-free survival. Secondly, the overexpression of 14-3-3ζ promoted gliomas cells proliferation, migration, and invasion. Conversely, the knockdown of 14-3-3ζ suppressed gliomas cells proliferation, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, subsequent mechanistic studies showed that 14-3-3ζ could activate PI3K/AKT/Snail signaling pathway to facilitate gliomas cells proliferation, migration, and invasion. This study shows that the overexpression of 14-3-3ζ can promote remarkably gliomas cells proliferation, migration, and invasion by regulating the Snail protein expression through activating PI3K/AKT signaling, and it may serve as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiangping Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sihua Wang
- Department of Thoracic surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nanxiang Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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107
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Fernández-García P, Rosselló CA, Rodríguez-Lorca R, Beteta-Göbel R, Fernández-Díaz J, Lladó V, Busquets X, Escribá PV. The Opposing Contribution of SMS1 and SMS2 to Glioma Progression and Their Value in the Therapeutic Response to 2OHOA. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010088. [PMID: 30646599 PMCID: PMC6356341 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: 2-Hydroxyoleic acid (2OHOA) is particularly active against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and successfully finished a phase I/IIA trial in patients with glioma and other advanced solid tumors. However, its mechanism of action is not fully known. Methods: The relationship between SMS1 and SMS2 expressions (mRNA) and overall survival in 329 glioma patients was investigated, and so was the correlation between SMS expression and 2OHOA's efficacy. The opposing role of SMS isoforms in 2OHOA's mechanism of action and in GBM cell growth, differentiation and death, was studied overexpressing or silencing them in human GBM cells. Results: Patients with high-SMS1 plus low-SMS2 expression had a 5-year survival ~10-fold higher than patients with low-SMS1 plus high-SMS2 expression. SMS1 and SMS2 also had opposing effect on GBM cell survival and 2OHOA's IC50 correlated with basal SMS1 levels and treatment induced changes in SMS1/SMS2 ratio. SMSs expression disparately affected 2OHOA's cancer cell proliferation, differentiation, ER-stress and autophagy. Conclusions: SMS1 and SMS2 showed opposite associations with glioma patient survival, glioma cell growth and response to 2OHOA treatment. SMSs signature could constitute a valuable prognostic biomarker, with high SMS1 and low SMS2 being a better disease prognosis. Additionally, low basal SMS1 mRNA levels predict positive response to 2OHOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Fernández-García
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
- Lipopharma Therapeutics, Isaac Newton, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Catalina A Rosselló
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
- Lipopharma Therapeutics, Isaac Newton, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Raquel Rodríguez-Lorca
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Roberto Beteta-Göbel
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
- Lipopharma Therapeutics, Isaac Newton, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Javier Fernández-Díaz
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
- Lipopharma Therapeutics, Isaac Newton, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Victoria Lladó
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Xavier Busquets
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Pablo V Escribá
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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108
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Chen Q, Cheng J, Fan Y, Deng G, Liu B, Wang J. Levels of peripheral immune blood cells are related to the grade of isocitrate dehydrogenase-mutant oligodendroglioma. GLIOMA 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/glioma.glioma_20_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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109
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Li L, Huang Y, Gao Y, Shi T, Xu Y, Li H, Hyytiäinen M, Keski-Oja J, Jiang Q, Hu Y, Du Z. EGF/EGFR upregulates and cooperates with Netrin-4 to protect glioblastoma cells from DNA damage-induced senescence. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1215. [PMID: 30514230 PMCID: PMC6280426 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant central nervous system tumor. Alkylating agent, temozolomide (TMZ), is currently the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for GBM. However, the sensitivity of GBM cells to TMZ is affected by many factors. And, several clinic trials, including co-administration of TMZ with other drugs, have failed in successful treatment of GBM. We have previously reported that Netrin-4 (NTN4), a laminin-like axon guidance protein, plays a protective role in GBM cell senescence upon TMZ-triggered DNA damage. However, the master regulator of NTN4 needs further elucidation. Epidermal growth factor/Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF/EGFR) can modulate the expression of various extracellular matrix related molecules, and prevent DNA damage in GBM cells. In this study, we investigated the relationship between EGF/EGFR signaling and NTN4, and explored their effect on therapeutic efficacy in GBM cells upon TMZ treatment. METHODS Co-expression analysis were performed by using the RNA sequencing data from NIH 934 cell lines and from single cell RNA sequencing data of GBM tumor. The co-expressing genes were used for GO enrichment and signaling pathway enrichment. mRNA expression of the target genes were quantified by qPCR, and cell senescence were investigated by Senescence-Associated Beta-Galactosidase Staining. Protein phosphorylation were observed and analyzed by immunoblotting. The RNA sequencing data and clinical information of TMZ treated patients were extracted from TCGA-glioblastoma project, and then used for Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS Analysis of RNA sequencing data revealed a potential co-expression relationship between NTN4 and EGFR. GO enrichment of EGFR-correlated genes indicated that EGFR regulates GBM cells in a manner similar to that in central nervous system development and neural cell differentiation. Pathway analysis suggested that EGFR and its related genes contribute to cell adhesion, extracellular matrix (ECM) organization and caspase related signaling. We also show that EGF stimulates NTN4 expression in GBM cells and cooperates with NTN4 to attenuate GBM cell senescence induced by DNA damage, possibly via AKT and ERK. Clinical analysis showed that co-expression of EGFR and NTN4 significantly predicts poor survival in TMZ-treated GBM patients. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that EGF/EGFR regulates and cooperates with NTN4 in DNA damage resistance in GBM. Therefore, our findings provide a potential therapeutic target for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Oncology, the Second Clinical College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuge Gao
- Department of Oncology, the Second Clinical College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Shi
- Department of Oncology, the Second Clinical College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyun Xu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huini Li
- Departments of Virology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, the Haartman Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Research Program and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko Hyytiäinen
- Departments of Virology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, the Haartman Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Research Program and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Keski-Oja
- Departments of Virology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, the Haartman Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Research Program and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Qiuying Jiang
- Department of Oncology, the Second Clinical College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yizhou Hu
- Departments of Virology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, the Haartman Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Research Program and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Present address: Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Zhimin Du
- Department of pharmacy, the Second Clinical College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
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110
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Zhao W, Yin CY, Jiang J, Kong W, Xu H, Zhang H. MicroRNA-153 suppresses cell invasion by targeting SNAI1 and predicts patient prognosis in glioma. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:1189-1195. [PMID: 30655883 PMCID: PMC6313079 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common and rapidly progressive type of malignant primary brain tumor in adults. miR-153 plays a major role in many malignancies; nevertheless, few studies have been conducted on glioma. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of miR-153 and SNAI1 on invasion in glioma. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was employed to measure the expression levels of miR-153 and SNAI1 mRNA. Transwell assay was utilized to calculate the capacity of invasion. Luciferase report assay was applied to detect whether SNAI1 was a target of miR-153. miR-153 was downregulated in glioma tissues and cells versus paracancerous tissues and normal immortalized gliocyte HEB cells. Transwell assay was used to measure whether a low expression of miR-153 in glioma indicated inhibition of cell invasion. We verified that SNAI1 was a target of miR-153 and had a negative association with miR-153 detected by luciferase reporter assay. Additionally, miR-153 suppressed cell invasive ability by regulating SNAI1 expression, whose partial function was reversed by SNAI1. miR-153 suppressed cell invasion of glioma by directly targeting SNAI1. Thus, miR-153/SNAI1 axis may be a novel target for cervical cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Chang-You Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Emergency, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
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111
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Zhang D, Hao P, Jin L, Wang Y, Yan Z, Wu S. MicroRNA‑940 promotes cell proliferation and invasion of glioma by directly targeting Kruppel‑like factor 9. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:734-742. [PMID: 30431124 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA‑940 (miR‑940) has been extensively studied in the pathogenesis of numerous types of human cancer; however, the expression pattern, roles and molecular mechanisms underlying the regulatory actions of miR‑940 in glioma remain unknown. The present study aimed to further investigate miR‑940 by studying its expression, roles and mechanisms of action in glioma. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) was used to detect miR‑940 expression in glioma tissues and cell lines. The regulatory effects of miR‑940 in glioma cell proliferation and invasion were determined using MTT and cell invasion assays. Bioinformatics analyses was performed to identify the potential target of miR‑940, which was further confirmed by luciferase reporter assay, RT‑qPCR and western blot analysis. In the present study, significantly increased miR‑940 expression levels were observed in glioma tissues and cell lines compared with normal brain tissues and normal human astrocytes, respectively. Decreased miR‑940 expression levels attenuated glioma cell proliferation and invasion in vitro. Kruppel‑like factor 9 (KLF9) was predicted as a potential target of miR‑940. Further assays demonstrated that miR‑940 negatively regulated KLF9 expression in glioma cells by directly targeting the 3'‑untranslated regions of KLF9. Additionally, KLF9 expression was downregulated in glioma tissues and was inversely correlated with miR‑940. Furthermore, KLF9 knockdown was able to rescue the effects of miR‑940 on glioma cell proliferation and invasion. The results of the present study suggest that miR‑940 may function as an oncogene in glioma by targeting KLF9 and may be a considered a therapeutic target for the treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
| | - Puheng Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
| | - Lin Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
| | - Yuangang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
| | - Zhifeng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
| | - Shuqiang Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
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Ma YS, Lin JJ, Lin CC, Lien JC, Peng SF, Fan MJ, Hsu FT, Chung JG. Benzyl isothiocyanate inhibits human brain glioblastoma multiforme GBM 8401 cell xenograft tumor in nude mice in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:1097-1104. [PMID: 29972272 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), a member of isothiocyanates (ITCs), has been shown to induce cell death in many human cancer cells, but there is no further report to show BITC suppresses glioblastoma multiforme cells in vivo. In the present study, we investigate the effects of BITC on the inhibition of GBM 8401/luc2 cell generated tumor on athymic nude mice. We established a luciferase expressing stable clone named as GBM 8401/luc2. Thirty male mice were inoculated subcutaneously with GBM 8401/luc2 cells to generate xenograft tumor mice model. Group I was treated with 110 μL phosphate-buffered solution plus 10 μL dimethyl sulfoxide, Group II-III with BITC (5 or 10 μmol/100 μL/day, relatively). Mice were given oral treatment of BITC by gavage for 21 days. Results showed that BITC did not affect the body weights. After anesthetized, the photons emitted from mice tumor were detected with Xenogen IVIS imaging system 200 and higher dose of BITC have low total photon flux than that of lower dose of BITC. Results also showed that higher dose of BITC have low total tumor volumes and weights than that of low dose of BITC. Isolated tumors were investigated by immunohistochemical analysis and results showed that BITC at both dose of treatment weakly stained with anti-MCL1 and -XIAP. However, both dose of BITC treatments have strong signals of caspase-3 and Bax. Overall, these data demonstrated that BITC suppressed tumor properties in vivo. Overall, based on these observations, BITC can be used against human glioblastoma multiforme in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shih Ma
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Jyh Lin
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chung Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taichung, Taiwan
- General Education Center, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Cherng Lien
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Peng
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Fan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fei-Ting Hsu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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113
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Vallée A, Guillevin R, Vallée JN. Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis initiation under normoxic conditions through Wnt/β-catenin pathway in gliomas. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:71-91. [PMID: 28822229 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway is up-regulated in gliomas and involved in proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Nuclear β-catenin accumulation correlates with malignancy. Hypoxia activates hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α by inhibiting HIF-1α prolyl hydroxylation, which promotes glycolytic energy metabolism, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, whereas HIF-1α is degraded by the HIF prolyl hydroxylase under normoxic conditions. We focus this review on the links between the activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the mechanisms underlying vasculogenesis and angiogenesis through HIF-1α under normoxic conditions in gliomas. Wnt-induced epidermal growth factor receptor/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, Wnt-induced signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling, and Wnt/β-catenin target gene transduction (c-Myc) can activate HIF-1α in a hypoxia-independent manner. The PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway activates HIF-1α through eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 and STAT3. The β-catenin/T-cell factor 4 complex directly binds to STAT3 and activates HIF-1α, which up-regulates the Wnt/β-catenin target genes cyclin D1 and c-Myc in a positive feedback loop. Phosphorylated STAT3 by interleukin-6 or leukemia inhibitory factor activates HIF-1α even under normoxic conditions. The activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway induces, via the Wnt target genes c-Myc and cyclin D1 or via HIF-1α, gene transactivation encoding aerobic glycolysis enzymes, such as glucose transporter, hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase M2, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 and lactate dehydrogenase-A, leading to lactate production, as the primary alternative of ATP, at all oxygen levels, even in normoxic conditions. Lactate released by glioma cells via the monocarboxylate lactate transporter-1 up-regulated by HIF-1α and lactate anion activates HIF-1α in normoxic endothelial cells by inhibiting HIF-1α prolyl hydroxylation and preventing HIF labeling by the von Hippel-Lindau protein. Increased lactate with acid environment and HIF-1α overexpression induce the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis under normoxic conditions. Hypoxia and acidic pH have no synergistic effect on VEGF transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, INSERM U1084, University of Poitiers, 11 Boulevard Marie et Pierre Curie, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Rémy Guillevin
- DACTIM, UMR CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers, F-86000 Poitiers, France
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Pantoprazole Induces Mitochondrial Apoptosis and Attenuates NF-κB Signaling in Glioma Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1491-1504. [PMID: 30302629 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0623-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastric H+/K+-ATPase or vacuolar-ATPases (V-ATPases) are critical for the cancer cells survival and growth in the ischemic microenvironment by extruding protons from the cell. The drugs which inhibit V-ATPases are known as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the anticancer efficacy of pantoprazole (PPZ) and its consequences on NF-κB signaling in glioma cells. We have used MTT and clonogenic assay to show PPZ effect on glioma cell growth. Propidium iodide and rhodamine 123 staining were performed to demonstrate cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial depolarization. TUNEL staining was used to evidence apoptosis after PPZ treatment. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence microscopy were performed to depict protein levels and localization, respectively. Luciferase assay was performed to confirm NF-κB suppression by PPZ. Our results revealed PPZ treatment inhibits cell viability or growth and induced cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. PPZ exposure arrested G0/G1 cyclic phase and increased TUNEL positivity, caspase-3 and PARP cleavage with altered pro and anti-apoptotic proteins. PPZ also induced ROS levels and depolarized mitochondria (Δψm) with increased cytosolic cytochrome c level. Further, PPZ suppressed TNF-α stimulated NF-κB signaling by repressing p65 nuclear translocation. NF-κB luciferase reporter assays revealed significant inhibition of NF-κB gene upon PPZ treatment. PPZ exposure also reduced the expression of NF-κB-associated genes, such as cyclin-D1, iNOS, and COX-2, which indicate NF-κB inhibition. Altogether, the present study disclosed that PPZ exerts mitochondrial apoptosis and attenuates NF-κB signaling suggesting PPZ can be an effective and safe anticancer drug for glioma.
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115
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Marjanovic Vicentic J, Drakulic D, Garcia I, Vukovic V, Aldaz P, Puskas N, Nikolic I, Tasic G, Raicevic S, Garros-Regulez L, Sampron N, Atkinson MJ, Anastasov N, Matheu A, Stevanovic M. SOX3 can promote the malignant behavior of glioblastoma cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2018; 42:41-54. [PMID: 30209685 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-018-0405-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal adult brain tumor. Despite current therapeutic strategies, including surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, the median survival of glioblastoma patients is 15 months. The development of this tumor depends on a sub-population of glioblastoma stem cells governing tumor propagation and therapy resistance. SOX3 plays a role in both normal neural development and carcinogenesis. However, little is known about its role in glioblastoma. Thus, the aim of this work was to elucidate the role of SOX3 in glioblastoma. METHODS SOX3 expression was assessed using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. MTT, immunocytochemistry and Transwell assays were used to evaluate the effects of exogenous SOX3 overexpression on the viability, proliferation, migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells, respectively. The expression of Hedgehog signaling pathway components and autophagy markers was assessed using RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses, respectively. RESULTS Higher levels of SOX3 expression were detected in a subset of primary glioblastoma samples compared to those in non-tumoral brain tissues. Exogenous overexpression of this gene was found to increase the proliferation, viability, migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells. We also found that SOX3 up-regulation was accompanied by an enhanced activity of the Hedgehog signaling pathway and by suppression of autophagy in glioblastoma cells. Additionally, we found that SOX3 expression was elevated in patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells, as well as in oncospheres derived from glioblastoma cell lines, compared to their differentiated counterparts, implying that SOX3 expression is associated with the undifferentiated state of glioblastoma cells. CONCLUSION From our data we conclude that SOX3 can promote the malignant behavior of glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Marjanovic Vicentic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Drakulic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Idoia Garcia
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vladanka Vukovic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Paula Aldaz
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nela Puskas
- Institute of Histology and Embryology "Aleksandar Ð. Kostić", School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Nikolic
- Clinical Center of Serbia, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Belgrade, Serbia.,Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Tasic
- Clinical Center of Serbia, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Belgrade, Serbia.,Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Savo Raicevic
- Clinical Center of Serbia, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Laura Garros-Regulez
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nicolas Sampron
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Madrid, Spain.,Neuro-oncology Tumor Board, Donostia Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Michael J Atkinson
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Radiation Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Natasa Anastasov
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ander Matheu
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Madrid, Spain.,Neuro-oncology Tumor Board, Donostia Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Milena Stevanovic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
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Gonçalves CS, de Castro JV, Pojo M, Martins EP, Queirós S, Chautard E, Taipa R, Pires MM, Pinto AA, Pardal F, Custódia C, Faria CC, Clara C, Reis RM, Sousa N, Costa BM. WNT6 is a novel oncogenic prognostic biomarker in human glioblastoma. Theranostics 2018; 8:4805-4823. [PMID: 30279739 PMCID: PMC6160775 DOI: 10.7150/thno.25025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a universally fatal brain cancer, for which novel therapies targeting specific underlying oncogenic events are urgently needed. While the WNT pathway has been shown to be frequently activated in GBM, constituting a potential therapeutic target, the relevance of WNT6, an activator of this pathway, remains unknown. Methods: WNT6 protein and mRNA levels were evaluated in GBM. WNT6 levels were silenced or overexpressed in GBM cells to assess functional effects in vitro and in vivo. Phospho-kinase arrays and TCF/LEF reporter assays were used to identify WNT6-signaling pathways, and significant associations with stem cell features and cancer-related pathways were validated in patients. Survival analyses were performed with Cox regression and Log-rank tests. Meta-analyses were used to calculate the estimated pooled effect. Results: We show that WNT6 is significantly overexpressed in GBMs, as compared to lower-grade gliomas and normal brain, at mRNA and protein levels. Functionally, WNT6 increases typical oncogenic activities in GBM cells, including viability, proliferation, glioma stem cell capacity, invasion, migration, and resistance to temozolomide chemotherapy. Concordantly, in in vivo orthotopic GBM mice models, using both overexpressing and silencing models, WNT6 expression was associated with shorter overall survival, and increased features of tumor aggressiveness. Mechanistically, WNT6 contributes to activate typical oncogenic pathways, including Src and STAT, which intertwined with the WNT pathway may be critical effectors of WNT6-associated aggressiveness in GBM. Clinically, we establish WNT6 as an independent prognostic biomarker of shorter survival in GBM patients from several independent cohorts. Conclusion: Our findings establish WNT6 as a novel oncogene in GBM, opening opportunities to develop more rational therapies to treat this highly aggressive tumor.
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117
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Mikkelsen VE, Stensjøen AL, Granli US, Berntsen EM, Salvesen Ø, Solheim O, Torp SH. Angiogenesis and radiological tumor growth in patients with glioblastoma. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:862. [PMID: 30176826 PMCID: PMC6122710 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4768-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The preoperative growth of human glioblastomas (GBMs) has been shown to vary among patients. In animal studies, angiogenesis has been linked to hypoxia and faster growth of GBM, however, its relation to the growth of human GBMs is sparsely studied. We have therefore aimed to look for associations between radiological speed of growth and microvessel density (MVD) counts of the endothelial markers vWF (Factor VIII related antigen) and CD105 (endoglin). METHODS Preoperative growth was estimated from segmented tumor volumes of two preoperative T1-weighted postcontrast magnetic resonance imaging scans taken ≥14 days apart in patients with newly diagnosed GBMs. A Gompertzian growth curve was computed from the volume data and separated the patients into two groups of either faster or slower tumor growth than expected. MVD counts of the immunohistochemical markers von Willebrand factor (vWF) (a pan-endothelial marker) and CD105 (a marker of proliferating endothelial cells) were assessed for associations with fast-growing tumors using Mann-Whitney U tests and a multivariable binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS We found that only CD105-MVD was significantly associated with faster growth in a univariable analysis (p = 0.049). However, CD105-MVD was no longer significant when corrected for the presence of thromboses and high cellular density in a multivariable model, where the latter features were significant independent predictors of faster growth with respective odds ratios 4.2 (95% confidence interval, 1.2, 14.3), p = 0.021 and 2.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.0, 6.5), p = 0.048. CONCLUSIONS MVDs of neither endothelial marker were independently associated with faster growth, suggesting angiogenesis-independent processes contribute to faster glioblastoma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilde Elisabeth Mikkelsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Erling Skjalgssons gate 1, 7030, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Anne Line Stensjøen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurosurgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Unn Sophie Granli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Erling Skjalgssons gate 1, 7030, Trondheim, Norway.,Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core Facility (CMIC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erik Magnus Berntsen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Salvesen
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ole Solheim
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,National Advisory Unit for Ultrasound and Image Guided Therapy, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sverre Helge Torp
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Erling Skjalgssons gate 1, 7030, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Pathology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Hu C, Zhou Y, Liu C, Kang Y. Risk assessment model constructed by differentially expressed lncRNAs for the prognosis of glioma. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:2467-2476. [PMID: 30106138 PMCID: PMC6151882 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A risk assessment model was constructed using differentially expressed long non‑coding (lnc)RNAs for the prognosis of glioma. Transcriptome sequencing of the lncRNAs and mRNAs from glioma samples were obtained from the TCGA database. The samples were divided into bad and good prognosis groups based on survival time, then differently expressed lncRNAs between these two groups were screened using DEseq and edgeR packages. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to establish a risk assessment system according to the weighted regression coefficient of lncRNA expression. Survival analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve were conducted for the risk assessment model. Furthermore, the co‑expression network of the screened lncRNAs was constructed, followed by the functional enrichment analysis for associated genes. A total of 117 lncRNAs were screened using edgeR and DEseq packages. Among all differently expressed lncRNAs, five lncRNAs (RP3‑503A6, LINC00940, RP11‑453M23, AC009411 and CDRT7) were identified to establish the risk assessment model. The risk assessment model demonstrated a good prognostic function with high area under the curve values in the training, validation and entire sets. The risk score was certified as an independent prognostic factor for gliomas. Multiple genes were screened to be co‑expressed with these five lncRNAs. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that they were involved in cytoskeleton, adhesion and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway‑associated processes. The present study established a risk assessment model integrating five significantly different expressed lncRNAs, which may help to assess the prognosis of patients with glioma with increased accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggong Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yongfang Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yan Kang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Ji M, Wang L, Chen J, Xue N, Wang C, Lai F, Wang R, Yu S, Jin J, Chen X. CAT 3, a prodrug of 13a(S)-3-hydroxyl-6,7-dimethoxyphenanthro[9,10-b]-indolizidine, circumvents temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma via the Hedgehog signaling pathway, independently of O 6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase expression. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:3671-3684. [PMID: 29983575 PMCID: PMC6026589 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s163535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant high-grade glioma with a poor clinical outcome. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the first-line GBM chemotherapy; however, patients commonly develop resistance to its effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the antitumor activity of CAT3 in TMZ-resistant glioblastoma cell lines U251/TMZ and T98G. Orthotopic and subcutaneous mice tumor models were used to investigate the effects of various treatment regimes. RESULTS We found that PF403, the active metabolite of CAT3, inhibited proliferation of both cell lines. PF403 repressed the Hedgehog signaling pathway in the U251/TMZ cell line, reduced O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) expression, and abolished the effects of the Shh pathway. Moreover, PF403 blocked the Hedgehog signaling pathway in T98G MGMT-expressing cells and downregulated the expression of MGMT. CAT3 suppressed growth in the U251/TMZ orthotopic and T98G subcutaneous xenograft tumor models in vivo. We also demonstrated that inhibition of the Hedgehog pathway by PF403 counteracted TMZ resistance and enhanced the antitumor activity of TMZ in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION These results indicate that CAT3 is a potential therapeutic agent for TMZ-resistant GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Liyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Ju Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Nina Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Chunyang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Fangfang Lai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Rubing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Shishan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Jing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China, ;
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China, ;
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China, ;
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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Guillevin R, Vallée JN. Opposite Interplay Between the Canonical WNT/β-Catenin Pathway and PPAR Gamma: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Gliomas. Neurosci Bull 2018; 34:573-588. [PMID: 29582250 PMCID: PMC5960455 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In gliomas, the canonical Wingless/Int (WNT)/β-catenin pathway is increased while peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) is downregulated. The two systems act in an opposite manner. This review focuses on the interplay between WNT/β-catenin signaling and PPAR-γ and their metabolic implications as potential therapeutic target in gliomas. Activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway stimulates the transcription of genes involved in proliferation, invasion, nucleotide synthesis, tumor growth, and angiogenesis. Activation of PPAR-γ agonists inhibits various signaling pathways such as the JAK/STAT, WNT/β-catenin, and PI3K/Akt pathways, which reduces tumor growth, cell proliferation, cell invasiveness, and angiogenesis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, curcumin, antipsychotic drugs, adiponectin, and sulforaphane downregulate the WNT/β-catenin pathway through the upregulation of PPAR-γ and thus appear to provide an interesting therapeutic approach for gliomas. Temozolomide (TMZ) is an antiangiogenic agent. The downstream action of this opposite interplay may explain the TMZ-resistance often reported in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Laboratory of Mathematics and Applications, Unités Mixtes de Recherche (UMR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 7348, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
- Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation (DRCI), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France.
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien, Meaux, France
| | - Rémy Guillevin
- DACTIM, UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Laboratory of Mathematics and Applications, Unités Mixtes de Recherche (UMR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 7348, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- CHU Amiens Picardie, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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Sippl C, Ketter R, Bohr L, Kim YJ, List M, Oertel J, Urbschat S. MiRNA-181d Expression Significantly Affects Treatment Responses to Carmustine Wafer Implantation. Neurosurgery 2018; 85:147-155. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Sippl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saarland, Kirrbergerstraße, Homburg/ Saar, Germany
| | - Ralf Ketter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saarland, Kirrbergerstraße, Homburg/ Saar, Germany
| | - Lisa Bohr
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saarland, Kirrbergerstraße, Homburg/ Saar, Germany
| | - Yoo Jin Kim
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saarland, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Markus List
- Max-Planck-Institute of Informatics, Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Joachim Oertel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saarland, Kirrbergerstraße, Homburg/ Saar, Germany
| | - Steffi Urbschat
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saarland, Kirrbergerstraße, Homburg/ Saar, Germany
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Chen Z, Morales JE, Guerrero PA, Sun H, McCarty JH. PTPN12/PTP-PEST Regulates Phosphorylation-Dependent Ubiquitination and Stability of Focal Adhesion Substrates in Invasive Glioblastoma Cells. Cancer Res 2018; 78:3809-3822. [PMID: 29743287 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an invasive brain cancer with tumor cells that disperse from the primary mass, escaping surgical resection and invariably giving rise to lethal recurrent lesions. Here we report that PTP-PEST, a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase, controls GBM cell invasion by physically bridging the focal adhesion protein Crk-associated substrate (Cas) to valosin-containing protein (Vcp), an ATP-dependent protein segregase that selectively extracts ubiquitinated proteins from multiprotein complexes and targets them for degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome system. Both Cas and Vcp are substrates for PTP-PEST, with the phosphorylation status of tyrosine 805 (Y805) in Vcp impacting affinity for Cas in focal adhesions and controlling ubiquitination levels and protein stability. Perturbing PTP-PEST-mediated phosphorylation of Cas and Vcp led to alterations in GBM cell-invasive growth in vitro and in preclinical mouse models. Collectively, these data reveal a novel regulatory mechanism involving PTP-PEST, Vcp, and Cas that dynamically balances phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination of key focal proteins involved in GBM cell invasion.Significance: PTP-PEST balances GBM cell growth and invasion by interacting with the ATP-dependent ubiquitin segregase Vcp/p97 and regulating phosphorylation and stability of the focal adhesion protein p130Cas.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/14/3809/F1.large.jpg Cancer Res; 78(14); 3809-22. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John E Morales
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Paola A Guerrero
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Huandong Sun
- Institute for Applied Cancer Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Joseph H McCarty
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Xu W, Zheng J, Bie S, Kang L, Mao Q, Liu W, Guo J, Lu J, Xia R. Propofol inhibits Wnt signaling and exerts anticancer activity in glioma cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:402-408. [PMID: 29928428 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Wnt signaling is implicated in gliomagenesis. Propofol, the most commonly used intravenous anesthetic agent in clinics, exhibits potent antitumor activity in a variety of cancer cells through different mechanisms. However, the role of propofol on Wnt signaling and glioma cell growth remains to be fully elucidated. In the present study, propofol was identified as a potent inhibitor of Wnt signaling. In 293T cells transfected with Wnt1 or Wnt3 expression plasmids or treated with Wnt3A-conditioned medium, propofol significantly inhibited the transcriptional activity of the SuperTopFlash reporter and the expression of Wnt target genes. The inhibitory effect of propofol on Wnt signaling was also observed in glioma cells. Further experiments demonstrated that propofol suppressed glioma cell growth by decreasing cell proliferation and enhancing cell apoptosis. Finally, the potential antitumor efficiency of propofol was confirmed using xenograft experiments in vivo. Taken together, the results indicated a novel mechanism for the anticancer activity of propofol and provide supporting evidence for its use as a prospective anticancer drug to treat glioma in patients with deregulated Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
| | - Jiwei Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
| | - Shijie Bie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
| | - Liuyu Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
| | - Qingjun Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
| | - Jinxin Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
| | - Juan Lu
- Operating Room, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
| | - Rui Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
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Hypoxia-derived exosomes induce putative altered pathways in biosynthesis and ion regulatory channels in glioblastoma cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 14:104-113. [PMID: 29872742 PMCID: PMC5986551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, a hallmark characteristic of glioblastoma (GBM) induces changes in the transcriptome and the proteome of tumor cells. We discovered that hypoxic stress produces significant qualitative and quantitative changes in the protein content of secreted exosomes from GBM cells. Among the proteins found to be selectively elevated in hypoxic exosomes were protein-lysine 6-oxidase (LOX), thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), vascular derived endothelial factor (VEGF) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 1 (ADAMTS1), well studied contributors to tumor progression, metastasis and angiogenesis. Our findings demonstrate that hypoxic exosomes induce differential gene expression in recipient glioma cells. Glioma cells stimulated with hypoxic exosomes showed a marked upregulation of small nucleolar RNA, C/D box 116–21 (SNORD116-21) transcript among others while significantly downregulated the potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 3 (KCNJ3) message. This differential expression of certain genes is governed by the protein cargo being transferred via exosomes. Additionally, compared to normoxic exosomes, hypoxic exosomes increased various angiogenic related parameters vis-à-vis, overall tube length, branching intervals and length of isolated branches studied in tube formation assay with endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Thus, the intercellular communication facilitated via exosomes secreted from hypoxic GBM cells induce marked changes in the expression of genes in neighboring normoxic tumor cells and possibly in surrounding stromal cells, many of which are involved in cancer progression and treatment resistance mechanisms. In GBM, hypoxic stress induces profound changes in the protein content of secreted exosomes. Hypoxic exosomal contents induce angiogenesis and significant changes in recipient GBM cell transcriptome. Hypoxic exosomes play a major role leading to tumor proliferation, tumor growth and cell survival.
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Expression-based intrinsic glioma subtypes are prognostic in low-grade gliomas of the EORTC22033-26033 clinical trial. Eur J Cancer 2018; 94:168-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Qiu Y, Yu Q, Liu Y, Tang J, Wang X, Lu Z, Xu Z, He Q. Dual Receptor Targeting Cell Penetrating Peptide Modified Liposome for Glioma and Breast Cancer Postoperative Recurrence Therapy. Pharm Res 2018; 35:130. [PMID: 29700620 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2399-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) were widely used as motifs for drug delivery to tumor. In former study, an RGD reverse sequence dGR was used to develop active-targeting liposome R8dGR-Lip, which showed well penetrating ability and treatment efficiency on glioma model. However, recurrence after tumor resection caused by post-operative residual cancer cells was a huge obstacle in tumor treatment. In consideration of the effective anti-cancer effect of PTX-R8dGR-Lip when treating glioma in former study, we decide to evaluate its pharmacodynamics on tumor resection models, which were more invasive and resistant. METHOD In vitro, the effectiveness of PTX-R8dGR-Lip in reducing tumor initiating cell (TIC) was investigated using mammosphere formation. In vivo, the inhibition efficiency of PTX-R8dGR-Lip on C6 glioma recurrence and 4 T1 breast cancer recurrence model were evaluated, including tumor bioluminescence imaging, survival rate and immumohistochemical staining, etc.. RESULTS C6 mammosphere formation rate of PTX-R8dGR-Lip group was 48.06 ± 2.72%, and 4 T1 mammosphere formation rate of PTX-R8dGR-Lip group was 39.51 ± 4.02% when PBS group was set as 100%. C6 and 4 T1 bioluminescent tumor resected model were established, then effectiveness of different PTX-loaded preparations were evaluated on these two models. PTX-R8dGR-Lip could obviously inhibit tumor recurrence, prolong survival rate and reduce tumor tissue invasion. CONCLUSION PTX-R8dGR-Lip could reduce post-operative recurrence rate, prolong survival time, and decrease the proliferation of residual cancer cells through regulating the expression of recurrence-related cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianwen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengze Lu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuping Xu
- Ophthalmology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Kang S, Lee JM, Jeon B, Elkamhawy A, Paik S, Hong J, Oh SJ, Paek SH, Lee CJ, Hassan AHE, Kang SS, Roh EJ. Repositioning of the antipsychotic trifluoperazine: Synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico study of trifluoperazine analogs as anti-glioblastoma agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:186-198. [PMID: 29614416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Repositioning of the antipsychotic drug trifluoperazine for treatment of glioblastoma, an aggressive brain tumor, has been previously suggested. However, trifluoperazine did not increase the survival time in mice models of glioblastoma. In attempt to identify an effective trifluoperazine analog, fourteen compounds have been synthesized and biologically in vitro and in vivo assessed. Using MTT assay, compounds 3dc and 3dd elicited 4-5 times more potent inhibitory activity than trifluoperazine with IC50 = 2.3 and 2.2 μM against U87MG glioblastoma cells, as well as, IC50 = 2.2 and 2.1 μM against GBL28 human glioblastoma patient derived primary cells, respectively. Furthermore, they have shown a reasonable selectivity for glioblastoma cells over NSC normal neural cell. In vivo evaluation of analog 3dc confirmed its advantageous effect on reduction of tumor size and increasing the survival time in brain xenograft mouse model of glioblastoma. Molecular modeling simulation provided a reasonable explanation for the observed variation in the capability of the synthesized analogs to increase the intracellular Ca2+ levels. In summary, this study presents compound 3dc as a proposed new tool for the adjuvant chemotherapy of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokmin Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Moo Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Borami Jeon
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Elkamhawy
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Sora Paik
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinpyo Hong
- Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Oh
- Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed H E Hassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Sang Soo Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Joo Roh
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Liu L, Liu Z, Wang H, Chen L, Ruan F, Zhang J, Hu Y, Luo H, Wen S. 14-3-3β exerts glioma-promoting effects and is associated with malignant progression and poor prognosis in patients with glioma. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:2381-2387. [PMID: 29467845 PMCID: PMC5792794 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a type of tumor that affects the central nervous system. It has been demonstrated that 14-3-3β, a protein that is mainly concentrated in the brain, serves an important role in tumor regulation. However, the mechanism of action of 14-3-3β that underlies the pathogenesis of glioma remains to be elucidated. In the present study, 14-3-3β was silenced by RNA interference in the human glioma cell line U373-MG. Following knockdown of 14-3-3β, the proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle progression, migration and invasion of U373-MG cells were significantly decreased (P<0.01), whereas cell apoptosis was increased (P<0.01). Furthermore, in a tumor xenograft experiment, silencing 14-3-3β significantly inhibited the in vivo tumor growth of U373-MG cells (P<0.01). The results demonstrated that 14-3-3β levels were significantly higher in human glioma tissues compared with normal brain tissues (P<0.01) and high 14-3-3β expression was significantly associated with advanced pathological grade (P<0.03) and low Karnofsky performance scale (P<0.003). Patients with glioma who had high 14-3-3β levels had a significantly shorter survival time compared with those with low expression of 14-3-3β (P=0.031), suggesting that 14-3-3β may be an effective predictor of the prognosis of patients with glioma. The results of the present study indicate that 14-3-3β serves an oncogenic role in glioma, suggesting that 14-3-3β may have potential as a promising therapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Ningxiang County, Ningxiang, Hunan 410600, P.R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Ningxiang County, Ningxiang, Hunan 410600, P.R. China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Ningxiang County, Ningxiang, Hunan 410600, P.R. China
| | - Fuqiang Ruan
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Ningxiang County, Ningxiang, Hunan 410600, P.R. China
| | - Jihui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Ningxiang County, Ningxiang, Hunan 410600, P.R. China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Ningxiang County, Ningxiang, Hunan 410600, P.R. China
| | - Hengshan Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Ningxiang County, Ningxiang, Hunan 410600, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Ningxiang County, Ningxiang, Hunan 410600, P.R. China
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Ferrer VP, Moura Neto V, Mentlein R. Glioma infiltration and extracellular matrix: key players and modulators. Glia 2018; 66:1542-1565. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rolf Mentlein
- Department of Anatomy; University of Kiel; Kiel Germany
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130
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Shao F, Liu C. Revisit the Candidacy of Brain Cell Types as the Cell(s) of Origin for Human High-Grade Glioma. Front Mol Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29515370 PMCID: PMC5826356 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade glioma, particularly, glioblastoma, is the most aggressive cancer of the central nervous system (CNS) in adults. Due to its heterogeneous nature, glioblastoma almost inevitably relapses after surgical resection and radio-/chemotherapy, and is thus highly lethal and associated with a dismal prognosis. Identifying the cell of origin has been considered an important aspect in understanding tumor heterogeneity, thereby holding great promise in designing novel therapeutic strategies for glioblastoma. Taking advantage of genetic lineage-tracing techniques, performed mainly on genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), multiple cell types in the CNS have been suggested as potential cells of origin for glioblastoma, among which adult neural stem cells (NSCs) and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are the major candidates. However, it remains highly debated whether these cell types are equally capable of transforming in patients, given that in the human brain, some cell types divide so slowly, therefore may never have a chance to transform. With the recent advances in studying adult NSCs and OPCs, particularly from the perspective of comparative biology, we now realize that notable differences exist among mammalian species. These differences have critical impacts on shaping our understanding of the cell of origin of glioma in humans. In this perspective, we update the current progress in this field and clarify some misconceptions with inputs from important findings about the biology of adult NSCs and OPCs. We propose to re-evaluate the cellular origin candidacy of these cells, with an emphasis on comparative studies between animal models and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Shao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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131
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Li HY, Sun CR, He M, Yin LC, Du HG, Zhang JM. Correlation Between Tumor Location and Clinical Properties of Glioblastomas in Frontal and Temporal Lobes. World Neurosurg 2018; 112:e407-e414. [PMID: 29355809 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor location is a major prognostic factor in glioblastomas and may be associated with clinical properties. This study established and analyzed the correlation between tumor location and clinical properties of glioblastomas in frontal and temporal lobes. METHODS This retrospective study determined the location of glioblastomas in the frontal lobe (FL) or temporal lobe (TL) based on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical, radiologic, and molecular characteristics of FL and TL glioblastomas were compared to define their clinical properties, including sex, age, sides, relationship to ventricle, imaging subtypes, volume, isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation, promoter methylation of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, progression-free survival, and overall survival. RESULTS The study enrolled 406 patients (182 [44.83%] in FL group and 224 [55.17%] in TL group) with a mean age of 69.8 years. Compared with FL group, TL group had higher incidence of female patients (P = 0.024), tumor location distant to the ventricle (P = 0.006), isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations (P = 0.021), promoter methylation of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (P = 0.012), and prolonged progression-free survival and overall survival (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between groups with respect to age ≥60 years at study entry (P = 0.668), sides (P = 0.879), imaging subtypes (P = 0.362), or volume (P = 0.709). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that different tumor locations are associated with diverse clinical properties of glioblastomas in FL and TL. This information will aid in increasing understanding of glioblastoma biology for application in baseline comparisons in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chong-Ran Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Chun Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hang-Gen Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Lanzetta G, Minniti G. Treatment of Glioblastoma in Elderly Patients: An Overview of Current Treatments and Future Perspective. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 96:650-8. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161009600502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment of glioblastoma in the elderly includes surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but the prognosis remains extremely poor, and its optimal management is still debated. Longer survival after extensive resection compared with biopsy only has been reported, although the survival advantage remains modest. Radiation in the form of standard (60 Gy in 30 fractions over 6 weeks) and abbreviated courses of radiotherapy (30–50 Gy in 6–20 fractions over 2–4 weeks) has been employed in elderly patients with glioblastoma, showing survival benefits compared with supportive care alone. Temozolomide is an alkylating agent recently employed in older patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. The addition of concomitant and/or adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide to radiotherapy, which is currently the standard treatment in adults with glioblastoma, is emerging as an effective therapeutic option for older patients with favorable prognostic factors. The potential benefits on survival, improvement in quality of life and toxicity of different schedules of radiotherapy plus temozolomide need to be addressed in future randomized studies. Free full text available at www.tumorionline.it
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Minniti
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli (IS)
- Radiotherapy Oncology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
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133
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Targeted Drug Delivery via Folate Receptors for the Treatment of Brain Cancer: Can the Promise Deliver? J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3413-3420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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134
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Astone M, Dankert EN, Alam SK, Hoeppner LH. Fishing for cures: The alLURE of using zebrafish to develop precision oncology therapies. NPJ Precis Oncol 2017; 1. [PMID: 29376139 PMCID: PMC5784449 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-017-0043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish have proven to be a valuable model to study human cancer biology with the ultimate aim of developing new therapies. Danio rerio are amenable to in vivo imaging, high-throughput drug screening, mutagenesis, and transgenesis, and they share histological and genetic similarities with Homo sapiens. The significance of zebrafish in the field of precision oncology is rapidly emerging. Indeed, modeling cancer in zebrafish has already been used to identify tumor biomarkers, define therapeutic targets and provide an in vivo platform for drug discovery. New zebrafish studies are starting to pave the way to direct individualized clinical applications. Patient-derived cancer cell xenograft models have demonstrated the feasibility of using zebrafish as a real-time avatar of prognosis and drug response to identify the most ideal therapy for an individual patient. Genetic cancer modeling in zebrafish, now facilitated by rapidly evolving genome editing techniques, represents another innovative approach to recapitulate human oncogenesis and develop individualized treatments. Utilizing zebrafish to design customizable precision therapies will improve the clinical outcome of patients afflicted with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Astone
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912
| | - Erin N Dankert
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912
| | - Sk Kayum Alam
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912
| | - Luke H Hoeppner
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912
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135
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Chang YL, Huang LC, Chen YC, Wang YW, Hueng DY, Huang SM. The synergistic effects of valproic acid and fluvastatin on apoptosis induction in glioblastoma multiforme cell lines. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 92:155-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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136
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He L, Song XX, Wang M, Zhang BZ. Screening feature modules and pathways in glioma using EgoNet. Open Life Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biol-2017-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundTo investigate differential egonetwork modules and pathways in glioma using EgoNet algorithm.MethodologyBased on microarray data, EgoNet algorithm mainly comprised three stages: construction of differential co-expression network (DCN); EgoNet algorithm used to identify candidate ego-network modules based on the increased classification accuracy; statistical significance for candidate modules using random permutation testing. After that, pathway enrichment analysis for differential ego-network modules was implemented to illuminate the biological processes.ResultsWe obtained 109 ego genes. From every ego gene, we progressively grew the ego-networks by levels; we extracted 109 ego-networks and the mean node size in an ego-network was 6. By setting the classification accuracy threshold at 0.90 and the count of nodes in an ego-network module at 10, we extracted 8 candidate ego-network modules. After random permutation test with 1000 times, 5 modules including module 59, 72, 78, 86, and 90 were identified to be significant. Of note, the genes of module 90 and 86 were enriched in the pathway of resolution of sister chromatid cohesion and mitotic prometaphase, respectively.ConclusionThe identified modules and their corresponding ego genes might be beneficial in revealing the pathology underlying glioma and give insight for future research of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of of Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xian-Xu Song
- Department of General Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of of Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of of Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ben-Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of of Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
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137
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Mikkelsen VE, Stensjøen AL, Berntsen EM, Nordrum IS, Salvesen Ø, Solheim O, Torp SH. Histopathologic Features in Relation to Pretreatment Tumor Growth in Patients with Glioblastoma. World Neurosurg 2017; 109:e50-e58. [PMID: 28951271 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.09.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid growth is a well-known property of glioblastoma (GBM); however, growth rates vary among patients. Mechanisms behind such variation have not been widely studied in human patients. We sought to investigate relationships between histopathologic features and tumor growth estimated from pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging scans. METHODS In 106 patients with GBM, 2 preoperative T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans obtained at least 14 days apart were segmented to assess tumor growth. A fitted Gompertzian growth curve based on the segmented volumes divided the tumors into 2 groups: faster and slower growth than expected based on the initial tumor volume. Histopathologic features were investigated for associations with these groups, using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS The presence of high cellular density and thromboses was significantly associated with radiologic growth in the multivariable analysis (P = 0.018 and 0.019, respectively), with respective odds ratios of 3.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-7.4) and 4.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-14.5) for faster growing tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that high cellular density and thromboses are significant independent predictors of faster growth in human GBM. This finding underlines the importance of hypercellularity as a criterion in glioma grading. Furthermore, our findings are concordant with hypotheses suggesting hypoxia triggered by thromboses to be relevant for growth of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilde Elisabeth Mikkelsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Anne Line Stensjøen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erik Magnus Berntsen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ivar Skjåk Nordrum
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Pathology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Salvesen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ole Solheim
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; National Advisory Unit for Ultrasound and Image-Guided Therapy, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sverre Helge Torp
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Pathology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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138
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Neuropilin-1 modulates TGFβ signaling to drive glioblastoma growth and recurrence after anti-angiogenic therapy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185065. [PMID: 28938007 PMCID: PMC5609745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a rapidly progressive brain cancer that exploits the neural microenvironment, and particularly blood vessels, for selective growth and survival. Anti-angiogenic agents such as the vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) blocking antibody bevacizumab yield short-term benefits to patients due to blood vessel regression and stabilization of vascular permeability. However, tumor recurrence is common, and this is associated with acquired resistance to bevacizumab. The mechanisms that drive acquired resistance and tumor recurrence in response to anti-angiogenic therapy remain largely unknown. Here, we report that Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) regulates GBM growth and invasion by balancing tumor cell responses to VEGF-A and transforming growth factor βs (TGFβs). Nrp1 is expressed in GBM cells where it promotes TGFβ receptor internalization and signaling via Smad transcription factors. GBM that recur after bevacizumab treatment show down-regulation of Nrp1 expression, indicating that altering the balance between VEGF-A and TGFβ signaling is one mechanism that promotes resistance to anti-angiogenic agents. Collectively, these data reveal that Nrp1 plays a critical role in balancing responsiveness to VEGF-A versus TGFβ to regulate GBM growth, progression, and recurrence after anti-vascular therapy.
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139
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Hu H, Wang Z, Li M, Zeng F, Wang K, Huang R, Wang H, Yang F, Liang T, Huang H, Jiang T. Gene Expression and Methylation Analyses Suggest DCTD as a Prognostic Factor in Malignant Glioma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11568. [PMID: 28912488 PMCID: PMC5599690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11962-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma is the most common brain cancer with dismal outcomes. Individual variation of the patients’ survival times is remarkable. Here, we investigated the transcriptome and promoter methylation differences between patients of malignant glioma with short (less than one year) and the patients with long (more than three years) survival in CGGA (Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas), and validated the differences in TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) to identify the genes whose expression levels showed high concordance with prognosis of glioma patients, as well as played an important role in malignant progression. The gene coding a key enzyme in genetic material synthesis, dCMP deaminase (DCTD), was found to be significantly correlated with overall survival and high level of DCTD mRNA indicated shorter survival of the patients with malignant glioma in different databases. Our finding revealed DCTD as an efficient prognostic factor for malignant glioma. As DCTD inhibitor gemcitabine has been proposed as an adjuvant therapy for malignant glioma, our finding also suggests a therapeutic value of gemcitabine for the patients with high expression level of DCTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Hu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zeng
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Kuanyu Wang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyu Huang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | | | - Fan Yang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Tingyu Liang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.
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140
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Ziegler J, Pody R, Coutinho de Souza P, Evans B, Saunders D, Smith N, Mallory S, Njoku C, Dong Y, Chen H, Dong J, Lerner M, Mian O, Tummala S, Battiste J, Fung KM, Wren JD, Towner RA. ELTD1, an effective anti-angiogenic target for gliomas: preclinical assessment in mouse GL261 and human G55 xenograft glioma models. Neuro Oncol 2017; 19:175-185. [PMID: 27416955 PMCID: PMC5464087 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite current therapies, glioblastoma is a devastating cancer, and validation of effective biomarkers for it will enable better diagnosis and therapeutic intervention for this disease. We recently discovered a new biomarker for high-grade gliomas, ELTD1 (epidermal growth factor, latrophilin, and 7 transmembrane domain-containing protein 1 on chromosome 1) via bioinformatics, and validated that ELTD1 protein levels are significantly higher in human and rodent gliomas. The focus of this study was to assess the effect on tumor growth of an antibody against ELTD1 in orthotopic, GL261, and G55 xenograft glioma models. Methods The effect of anti-ELTD1 antibody therapy was assessed by animal survival, MRI measured tumor volumes, MR angiography, MR perfusion imaging, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) characterization of microvessel density in mouse glioma models. Comparative treatments included anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and anti-c-Met antibody therapies, compared with untreated controls. Results Tumor volume and survival data in this study show that antibodies against ELTD1 inhibit glioma growth just as effectively or even more so compared with other therapeutic targets studied, including anti-VEGF antibody therapy. Untreated GL261 or G55 tumors were found to have significantly higher ELTD1 levels (IHC) compared with contralateral normal brain. The anti-angiogenic effect of ELTD1 antibody therapy was observed in assessment of microvessel density, as well as from MR angiography and perfusion measurements, which indicated that anti-ELTD1 antibody therapy significantly decreased vascularization compared with untreated controls. Conclusions Either as a single therapy or in conjunction with other therapeutic approaches, anti-ELTD1 antibodies could be a valuable new clinical anti-angiogenic therapeutic for high-grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadith Ziegler
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Department of Pathology, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Richard Pody
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - Blake Evans
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Samantha Mallory
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,The University of Oklahoma Children's Hospital, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Charity Njoku
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Yunzhou Dong
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Karp Family Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Karp Family Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jiali Dong
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Megan Lerner
- Department of Surgery Research Laboratory, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Osamah Mian
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Sai Tummala
- Comparative Medicine, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - Kar-Ming Fung
- The Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Department of Pathology, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,The Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Department of Pathology, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Bentley RT, Ahmed AU, Yanke AB, Cohen-Gadol AA, Dey M. Dogs are man's best friend: in sickness and in health. Neuro Oncol 2017; 19:312-322. [PMID: 27298310 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
With the median survival of 14.6 months following best available standard of care, malignant gliomas (MGs) remain one of the biggest therapeutic challenges of the modern time. Although the last several decades have witnessed tremendous advancement in our understanding of MG and evolution of many successful preclinical therapeutic strategies, even the most successful preclinical therapeutic strategies often fail to cross the phase I/II clinical trial threshold. One of the significant, but less commonly discussed, barriers in developing effective glioma therapy is the lack of a robust preclinical model. For the last 30 years, rodent orthotopic xenograft models have been extensively used in the preclinical setting. Although they provide a good basic model for understanding tumor biology, their value in successfully translating preclinical therapeutic triumph into clinical success is extremely poor. Companion dogs, which share the same environmental stress as their human counterparts, also spontaneously develop MGs. Dog gliomas that develop spontaneously in an immunocompetent host are very similar to human gliomas and potentially provide a stronger platform for validating the efficacy of therapeutic strategies proven successful in preclinical mouse models. Integrating this model can accelerate development of effective therapeutic options that will benefit both human subjects and pet dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Timothy Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Amy B Yanke
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Mahua Dey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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142
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Chang N, Ahn SH, Kong DS, Lee HW, Nam DH. The role of STAT3 in glioblastoma progression through dual influences on tumor cells and the immune microenvironment. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 451:53-65. [PMID: 28089821 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of cancer that begins within the brain; generally, the patient has a dismal prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a critical mediator of tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and suppression of anti-tumor immunity in GBM. In a high percentage of GBM cells and tumor microenvironments, persistent activation of STAT3 induces cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis, glioma stem cell maintenance, tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. This makes STAT3 an attractive therapeutic target and a prognostic indicator in GBM. Targeting STAT3 affords an opportunity to disrupt multiple pro-oncogenic pathways at a single molecular hub. Unfortunately, there are no successful STAT3 inhibitors currently in clinical trials. However, strong clinical evidence implicating STAT3 as a major factor in GBM justifies the identification of safe and effective strategies for inhibiting STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakho Chang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Sun Hee Ahn
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Doo-Sik Kong
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea.
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Departments of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea.
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143
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Iorio AL, da Ros M, Genitori L, Lucchesi M, Colelli F, Signorino G, Cardile F, Laffi G, de Martino M, Pisano C, Sardi I. Tumor response of temozolomide in combination with morphine in a xenograft model of human glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:89595-89606. [PMID: 29163773 PMCID: PMC5685694 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite multimodal treatments comprising, radiation therapy (RT) and chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ), the prognosis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains dismal and consolidated therapy yields a median survival of 14.6 months. Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) mediated chemoresistance and high dose related toxicity make necessary the development of new therapeutic approach to sensitize GBM to TMZ. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of the treatment morphine plus TMZ metronmic doses (1,77 and 0,9 mg/kg) in GBM therapy. The effect of morphine, on tumor cell growth and P-glycoprothein (P-gp) activity, was investigate in in vitro models. The results demonstrated that GBM cells growth is not influenced by morphine treatment and, for the first time, we show that morphine is an inhibitor of the activity of P-gp efflux transporter who is markedly expressed on BBB. In vivo, response to the treatments TMZ plus morphine was investigated in an orthotopic nude mice model of GBM. Animals treated with TMZ metronomic doses showed a significant tumor growth inhibition compared to untreated mice and association with morphine appears to improve TMZ efficacy. Moreover, the combination of morphine with lower dose of TMZ result in a cytostatic effect on tumor growth over the period of the pharmacological treatments. In conclusion this novel approach could be a successful strategy to overcome chemoresistance and side effects TMZ mediated, reducing drug dosage and improving long term response, in GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lisa Iorio
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Martina da Ros
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Genitori
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizio Lucchesi
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giacomo Laffi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizio de Martino
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Iacopo Sardi
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Biau J, Chautard E, De Koning L, Court F, Pereira B, Verrelle P, Dutreix M. Predictive biomarkers of resistance to hypofractionated radiotherapy in high grade glioma. Radiat Oncol 2017; 12:123. [PMID: 28754127 PMCID: PMC5534104 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-017-0858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy plays a major role in the management of high grade glioma. However, the radioresistance of glioma cells limits its efficiency and drives recurrence inside the irradiated tumor volume leading to poor outcome for patients. Stereotactic hypofractionated radiotherapy is one option for recurrent high grade gliomas. Optimization of hypofractionated radiotherapy with new radiosensitizing agents requires the identification of robust druggable targets involved in radioresistance. Methods We generated 11 xenografted glioma models: 6 were derived from cell lines (1 WHO grade III and 5 grade IV) and 5 were patient derived xenografts (2 WHO grade III and 3 grade IV). Xenografts were treated by hypofractionated radiotherapy (6x5Gy). We searched for 89 biomarkers of radioresistance (39 total proteins, 26 phosphoproteins and 24 ratios of phosphoproteins on total proteins) using Reverse Phase Protein Array. Results Both type of xenografted models showed equivalent spectrum of sensitivity and profile of response to hypofractionated radiotherapy. We report that Phospho-EGFR/EGFR, Phospho-Chk1/Chk1 and VCP were associated to resistance to hypofractionated radiotherapy. Conclusions Several compounds targeting EGFR or CHK1 are already in clinical use and combining them with stereotactic hypofractionated radiotherapy for recurrent high grade gliomas might be of particular interest. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13014-017-0858-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Biau
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, 91400, Orsay, France. .,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, 75248, Paris, France. .,UMR3347, CNRS, 91400, Orsay, France. .,U1021, INSERM, 91400, Orsay, France. .,Université Paris Sud, 91400, Orsay, France. .,Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, U1240 IMoST, F-63000, Clermont Ferrand, France. .,Radiotherapy Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, Centre Jean Perrin, 58 rue Montalembert, 63011, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Emmanuel Chautard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, U1240 IMoST, F-63000, Clermont Ferrand, France.,Radiotherapy Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, Centre Jean Perrin, 58 rue Montalembert, 63011, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Leanne De Koning
- Department of Translational Research, RPPA platform, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75248, Paris cedex05, France
| | - Frank Court
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, GReD Laboratory, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics Department, DRCI, Clermont-Ferrand Hospital, 63003, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Verrelle
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, 91400, Orsay, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, 75248, Paris, France.,Radiotherapy Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, Centre Jean Perrin, 58 rue Montalembert, 63011, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,U1196, INSERM, 91400, Orsay, France.,UMR9187, CNRS, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Marie Dutreix
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, 91400, Orsay, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, 75248, Paris, France.,UMR3347, CNRS, 91400, Orsay, France.,U1021, INSERM, 91400, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, 91400, Orsay, France
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145
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Anna I, Bartosz P, Lech P, Halina A. Novel strategies of Raman imaging for brain tumor research. Oncotarget 2017; 8:85290-85310. [PMID: 29156720 PMCID: PMC5689610 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Raman diagnostics and imaging have been shown to be an effective tool for the analysis and discrimination of human brain tumors from normal structures. Raman spectroscopic methods have potential to be applied in clinical practice as they allow for identification of tumor margins during surgery. In this study, we investigate medulloblastoma (grade IV WHO) (n= 5), low-grade astrocytoma (grades I-II WHO) (n =4), ependymoma (n=3) and metastatic brain tumors (n= 1) and the tissue from the negative margins used as normal controls. We compare a high grade medulloblastoma, low grade astrocytoma and non-tumor samples from human central nervous system (CNS) tissue. Based on the properties of the Raman vibrational features and Raman images we provide a real–time feedback method that is label-free to monitor tumor metabolism that reveals reprogramming of biosynthesis of lipids, proteins, DNA and RNA. Our results indicate marked metabolic differences between low and high grade brain tumors. We discuss molecular mechanisms causing these metabolic changes, particularly lipid alterations in malignant medulloblastoma and low grade gliomas that may shed light on the mechanisms driving tumor recurrence thereby revealing new approaches for the treatment of malignant glioma. We have found that the high-grade tumors of central nervous system (medulloblastoma) exhibit enhanced level of β-sheet conformation and down-regulated level of α-helix conformation when comparing against normal tissue. We have found that almost all tumors studied in the paper have increased Raman signals of nucleic acids. This increase can be interpreted as increased DNA/RNA turnover in brain tumors. We have shown that the ratio of Raman intensities I2930/I2845 at 2930 and 2845 cm-1 is a good source of information on the ratio of lipid and protein contents. We have found that the ratio reflects the different lipid and protein contents of cancerous brain tissue compared to the non-tumor tissue. We found that levels of the saturated fatty acids were significantly reduced in the high grade medulloblastoma samples compared with non-tumor brain samples and low grade astrocytoma. Differences were also noted in the n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content between medulloblastoma and non-tumor brain samples. The content of the oleic acid (OA) was significantly smaller in almost all brain high grade brain tumors than that observed in the control samples. It indicates that the fatty acid composition of human brain tumors differs from that found in non-tumor brain tissue. The iodine number NI for the normal brain tissue is 60. For comparison OA has 87, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 464, α-linolenic acid (ALA) 274. The high grade tumors have the iodine numbers between that for palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid (NI=0) and oleic acid (NI=87). Most low grade tumors have NI similar to that of OA. The iodine number for arachidonic acid (AA) (NI=334) is much higher than those observed for all studied samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imiela Anna
- Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
| | - Polis Bartosz
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology, 3-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Polis Lech
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology, 3-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Abramczyk Halina
- Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
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146
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Abstract
Background Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) #162200) is an autosomal dominantly inherited tumour predisposition syndrome. Heritable constitutional mutations in the NF1 gene result in dysregulation of the RAS/MAPK pathway and are causative of NF1. The major known function of the NF1 gene product neurofibromin is to downregulate RAS. NF1 exhibits variable clinical expression and is characterized by benign cutaneous lesions including neurofibromas and café-au-lait macules, as well as a predisposition to various types of malignancy, such as breast cancer and leukaemia. However, acquired somatic mutations in NF1 are also found in a wide variety of malignant neoplasms that are not associated with NF1. Main body Capitalizing upon the availability of next-generation sequencing data from cancer genomes and exomes, we review current knowledge of somatic NF1 mutations in a wide variety of tumours occurring at a number of different sites: breast, colorectum, urothelium, lung, ovary, skin, brain and neuroendocrine tissues, as well as leukaemias, in an attempt to understand their broader role and significance, and with a view ultimately to exploiting this in a diagnostic and therapeutic context. Conclusion As neurofibromin activity is a key to regulating the RAS/MAPK pathway, NF1 mutations are important in the acquisition of drug resistance, to BRAF, EGFR inhibitors, tamoxifen and retinoic acid in melanoma, lung and breast cancers and neuroblastoma. Other curiosities are observed, such as a high rate of somatic NF1 mutation in cutaneous melanoma, lung cancer, ovarian carcinoma and glioblastoma which are not usually associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. Somatic NF1 mutations may be critical drivers in multiple cancers. The mutational landscape of somatic NF1 mutations should provide novel insights into our understanding of the pathophysiology of cancer. The identification of high frequency of somatic NF1 mutations in sporadic tumours indicates that neurofibromin is likely to play a critical role in development, far beyond that evident in the tumour predisposition syndrome NF1.
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147
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Cockle JV, Brüning-Richardson A, Scott KJ, Thompson J, Kottke T, Morrison E, Ismail A, Carcaboso AM, Rose A, Selby P, Conner J, Picton S, Short S, Vile R, Melcher A, Ilett E. Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Inhibits Pediatric Brain Tumor Migration and Invasion. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2017; 5:75-86. [PMID: 28547002 PMCID: PMC5435599 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade glioma (pHGG) and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) are invasive tumors with poor survival. Oncolytic virotherapy, initially devised as a direct cytotoxic treatment, is now also known to act via immune-mediated mechanisms. Here we investigate a previously unreported mechanism of action: the inhibition of migration and invasion in pediatric brain tumors. We evaluated the effect of oncolytic herpes simplex virus 1716 (HSV1716) on the migration and invasion of pHGG and DIPG both in vitro using 2D (scratch assay, live cell imaging) and 3D (spheroid invasion in collagen) assays and in vivo using an orthotopic xenograft model of DIPG invasion. HSV1716 inhibited migration and invasion in pHGG and DIPG cell lines. pHGG cells demonstrated reduced velocity and changed morphology in the presence of virus. HSV1716 altered pHGG cytoskeletal dynamics by stabilizing microtubules, inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3, and preventing localized clustering of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) to the leading edge of cells. HSV1716 treatment also reduced tumor infiltration in a mouse orthotopic xenograft DIPG model. Our results demonstrate that HSV1716 targets the migration and invasion of pHGG and DIPG and indicates the potential of an oncolytic virus (OV) to be used as a novel anti-invasive treatment strategy for pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V. Cockle
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
- Yorkshire Regional Centre for Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | | | - Karen J. Scott
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Jill Thompson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Timothy Kottke
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ewan Morrison
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Azam Ismail
- Department of Pathology, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | - Ailsa Rose
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Peter Selby
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | - Susan Picton
- Yorkshire Regional Centre for Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Susan Short
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Richard Vile
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alan Melcher
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
- Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Elizabeth Ilett
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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148
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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Guillevin R, Vallée JN. Thermodynamics in Gliomas: Interactions between the Canonical WNT/Beta-Catenin Pathway and PPAR Gamma. Front Physiol 2017; 8:352. [PMID: 28620312 PMCID: PMC5451860 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas cells are the site of numerous metabolic and thermodynamics abnormalities with an increasing entropy rate which is characteristic of irreversible processes driven by changes in Gibbs energy, heat production, intracellular acidity, membrane potential gradient, and ionic conductance. We focus our review on the opposing interactions observed in glioma between the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway and PPAR gamma and their metabolic and thermodynamic implications. In gliomas, WNT/beta-catenin pathway is upregulated while PPAR gamma is downregulated. Upregulation of WNT/beta-catenin signaling induces changes in key metabolic enzyme that modify their thermodynamics behavior. This leads to activation pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1(PDK-1) and monocarboxylate lactate transporter 1 (MCT-1). Consequently, phosphorylation of PDK-1 inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH). Thus, a large part of pyruvate cannot be converted into acetyl-CoA in mitochondria and in TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle. This leads to aerobic glycolysis despite the availability of oxygen, named Warburg effect. Cytoplasmic pyruvate is, in major part, converted into lactate. The WNT/beta-catenin pathway induces also the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation, cell invasiveness, nucleotide synthesis, tumor growth, and angiogenesis, such as c-Myc, cyclin D1, PDK. In addition, in gliomas cells, PPAR gamma is downregulated, leading to a decrease in insulin sensitivity and an increase in neuroinflammation. Moreover, PPAR gamma contributes to regulate some key circadian genes. Abnormalities in the regulation of circadian rhythms and dysregulation in circadian clock genes are observed in gliomas. Circadian rhythms are dissipative structures, which play a key role in far-from-equilibrium thermodynamics through their interactions with WNT/beta-catenin pathway and PPAR gamma. In gliomas, metabolism, thermodynamics, and circadian rhythms are tightly interrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1084, University of PoitiersPoitiers, France
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7348, Université de PoitiersPoitiers, France
| | | | - Rémy Guillevin
- DACTIM, Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications, Université de Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7348, SP2MIFuturoscope, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7348, Université de PoitiersPoitiers, France
- CHU Amiens Picardie, Université Picardie Jules VerneAmiens, France
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149
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Ivanov VN, Wu J, Hei TK. Regulation of human glioblastoma cell death by combined treatment of cannabidiol, γ-radiation and small molecule inhibitors of cell signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2017; 8:74068-74095. [PMID: 29088769 PMCID: PMC5650324 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. The challenging problem in cancer treatment is to find a way to upregulate radiosensitivity of GBM while protecting neurons and neural stem/progenitor cells in the brain. The goal of the present study was upregulation of the cytotoxic effect of γ-irradiation in GBM by non-psychotropic and non-toxic cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD). We emphasized three main aspects of signaling mechanisms induced by CBD treatment (alone or in combination with γ-irradiation) in human GBM that govern cell death: 1) CBD significantly upregulated the active (phosphorylated) JNK1/2 and MAPK p38 levels with the subsequent downregulation of the active phospho-ERK1/2 and phospho-AKT1 levels. MAPK p38 was one of the main drivers of CBD-induced cell death, while death levels after combined treatment of CBD and radiation were dependent on both MAPK p38 and JNK. Both MAPK p38 and JNK regulate the endogenous TRAIL expression. 2) NF-κB p65-P(Ser536) was not the main target of CBD treatment and this transcription factor was found at high levels in CBD-treated GBM cells. Additional suppression of p65-P(Ser536) levels using specific small molecule inhibitors significantly increased CBD-induced apoptosis. 3) CBD treatment substantially upregulated TNF/TNFR1 and TRAIL/TRAIL-R2 signaling by modulation of both ligand and receptor levels followed by apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that radiation-induced death in GBM could be enhanced by CBD-mediated signaling in concert with its marginal effects for neural stem/progenitor cells and astrocytes. It will allow selecting efficient targets for sensitization of GBM and overcoming cancer therapy-induced severe adverse sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Ivanov
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jinhua Wu
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tom K Hei
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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150
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Sun S, Kiang KMY, Ho ASW, Lee D, Poon MW, Xu FF, Pu JKS, Kan ANC, Lee NPY, Liu XB, Man K, Day PJR, Lui WM, Fung CF, Leung GKK. Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone prolyl 4-hydroxylase, beta polypeptide (P4HB) promotes malignant phenotypes in glioma via MAPK signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:71911-71923. [PMID: 29069756 PMCID: PMC5641099 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone Prolyl 4-hydroxylase, beta polypeptide (P4HB) has previously been identified as a novel target for chemoresistance in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Yet its functional roles in glioma carcinogenesis remain elusive. In clinical analysis using human glioma specimens and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) profiles, we found that aberrant expression of P4HB was correlated with high-grade malignancy and an angiogenic phenotype in glioma. Furthermore, P4HB upregulation conferred malignant characteristics including proliferation, invasion, migration and angiogenesis in vitro, and increased tumor growth in vivo via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Pathway analysis suggested genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of P4HB suppressed MAPK expression and its downstream targets were involved in angiogenesis and invasion. This is the first study that demonstrates the oncogenic roles of P4HB and its underlying mechanism in glioma. Since tumor invasion and Vascularisation are typical hallmarks in malignant glioma, our findings uncover a promising anti-glioma mechanism through P4HB-mediated retardation of MAPK signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Sun
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Karrie M Y Kiang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Amy S W Ho
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Derek Lee
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ming-Wai Poon
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Fei-Fan Xu
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jenny K S Pu
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Amanda N C Kan
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Biochemistry, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Nikki P Y Lee
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Xiao-Bing Liu
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kwan Man
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Philip J R Day
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Wai-Man Lui
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ching-Fai Fung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Gilberto K K Leung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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