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Zavan B, De Almeida EM, Salles ÉDSL, do Amarante-Paffaro AM, Paffaro VA. COX-2 plays a role in angiogenic DBA(+) uNK cell subsets activation and pregnancy protection in LPS-exposed mice. Placenta 2016; 44:34-45. [PMID: 27452436 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although uterine Natural Killer (uNK) cells have cytoplasmic granules rich in perforin and granzymes, these cells do not degranulate in normal pregnancy. DBA lectin(+) uNK cells produce angiogenic factors which stimulate remodeling of uterine arterioles to increase blood flow within the growing feto-placental unit. We sought to investigate the importance of COX-2 on mouse pregnancy inoculated with Gram-negative bacteria Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by treating with a selective COX-2 inhibitor (nimesulide). METHODS We have combined histochemical, immunohistochemical, stereological, morphometric, behavioral, and litter analyses to investigate mouse pregnancy inoculated with LPS with or without pre-treatment with nimesulide 30 min before LPS injections, focusing on DBA(+) uNK cell response and viability of the pregnancy. RESULTS LPS caused sickness behavior, an immature DBA(+) uNK influx, decreased mature DBA(+) uNK cell numbers, and triggered a new DBA(low) uNK appearance. These effects of LPS, except the sickness behavior, were prevented by nimesulide. COX-2 inhibition also prevented the down-regulation of uNK perforin and spiral arteriole α-actin expression stimulated by LPS. While the litter size from Nimesulide + LPS-treated mothers was significantly smaller compared to those from LPS-treated group, nimesulide alone showed no effect on the offspring. DISCUSSION Collectively, our data indicate that COX-2 changes angiogenic DBA(+) uNK cells in order to protect mouse pregnancy after LPS injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Zavan
- Integrative Animal Biology Laboratory, Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-000, Brazil.
| | - Eliana Martins De Almeida
- Integrative Animal Biology Laboratory, Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-000, Brazil.
| | - Évila da Silva Lopes Salles
- Integrative Animal Biology Laboratory, Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-000, Brazil.
| | - Andréa Mollica do Amarante-Paffaro
- Integrative Animal Biology Laboratory, Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-000, Brazil.
| | - Valdemar Antonio Paffaro
- Integrative Animal Biology Laboratory, Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-000, Brazil.
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102
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Rojas-Morales P, Tapia E, Pedraza-Chaverri J. β-Hydroxybutyrate: A signaling metabolite in starvation response? Cell Signal 2016; 28:917-23. [PMID: 27083590 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ketone bodies β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetoacetate are important metabolic substrates for energy production during prolonged fasting. However, BHB also has signaling functions. Through several metabolic pathways or processes, BHB modulates nutrient utilization and energy expenditure. These findings suggest that BHB is not solely a metabolic intermediate, but also acts as a signal to regulate metabolism and maintain energy homeostasis during nutrient deprivation. We briefly summarize the metabolism and emerging physiological functions of ketone bodies and highlight the potential role for BHB as a signaling molecule in starvation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rojas-Morales
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edilia Tapia
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Renal, Departamento de Nefrología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología - Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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103
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Li N, Liu BW, Ren WZ, Liu JX, Li SN, Fu SP, Zeng YL, Xu SY, Yan X, Gao YJ, Liu DF, Wang W. GLP-2 Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammation in BV-2 Cells by Inhibiting ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:190. [PMID: 26861286 PMCID: PMC4783924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) often involves the over-activation of microglia. Over-activated microglia could produce several inflammatory mediators, which trigger excessive inflammation and ultimately cause dopaminergic neuron damage. Anti-inflammatory effects of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) in the periphery have been shown. Nonetheless, it has not been illustrated in the brain. Thus, in this study, we aimed to understand the role of GLP-2 in microglia activation and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. BV-2 cells were pretreated with GLP-2 and then stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cells were assessed for the responses of pro-inflammatory enzymes (iNOS and COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α); the related signaling pathways were evaluated by Western blotting. The rescue effect of GLP-2 on microglia-mediated neurotoxicity was also examined. The results showed that GLP-2 significantly reduced LPS-induced production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-s (COX-2), IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Blocking of Gαs by NF449 resulted in a loss of this anti-inflammatory effect in BV-2 cells. Analyses in signaling pathways demonstrated that GLP-2 reduced LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p65, while no effect was observed on p38 phosphorylation. In addition, GLP-2 could suppress microglia-mediated neurotoxicity. All results imply that GLP-2 inhibits LPS-induced microglia activation by collectively regulating ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p65.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Bo-Wen Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Wen-Zhi Ren
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Ju-Xiong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Su-Nan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Shou-Peng Fu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Ya-Long Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Shi-Yao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xuan Yan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Ying-Jie Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Dian-Feng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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104
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Graff EC, Fang H, Wanders D, Judd RL. Anti-inflammatory effects of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2. Metabolism 2016; 65:102-13. [PMID: 26773933 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors (HCA1-3) are a family of G-protein-coupled receptors that are critical for sensing endogenous intermediates of metabolism. All three receptors are predominantly expressed on adipocytes and mediate anti-lipolytic effects. In addition to adipocytes, HCA2 is highly expressed on immune cells, including macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils and dermal dendritic cells, among other cell types. The endogenous ligand for HCA2 is beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), a ketone body produced by the liver through β-oxidation when an individual is in a negative energy balance. Recent studies demonstrate that HCA2 mediates profound anti-inflammatory effects in a variety of tissues, indicating that HCA2 may be an important therapeutic target for treating inflammatory disease processes. This review summarizes the roles of HCA2 on inflammation in a number of tissues and clinical states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Graff
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States; Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Han Fang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Desiree Wanders
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Robert L Judd
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.
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105
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Yang W, Chen YH, Liu H, Qu HD. Neuroprotective effects of piperine on the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:1369-76. [PMID: 26648012 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is second only to Alzheimer's disease as the most common and debilitating age-associated neurodegenerative disorder. Currently, no therapy has been shown to unequivocally retard or arrest the progression of the disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of piperine on the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6‑tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's mouse model. For MPTP treatment, the animals received repeated intraperitoneal injections (i.p.) of MPTP (30 mg/kg) solution for 7 days. Piperine (10 mg/kg) was administered orally for 15 days including 8 days of pretreatment. Motor behavior analysis was conducted with the rotarod test. The Morris water maze (MWM) was used to assess the cognitive learning ability of the mice. A histological examination was subsequently conducted. The results ddemonstrate that piperine treatment attenuated MPTP-induced deficits in motor coordination and cognitive functioning. Piperine also prevented MPTP-induced decreases in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the substantia nigra. Additionally, piperine reduced the number of activated microglia, expression of cytokine IL-1β, and oxidative stress following MPTP treatment. An anti-apoptotic property of piperine was identified by maintaining the balance of Bcl-2/Bax. In conclusion, the results show that piperine exerts a protective effect on dopaminergic neurons via antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in an MPTP-induced mouse model of PD. Thus, piperine is a potential therapeutic treatment for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hua Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Dang Qu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
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Fu SP, Liu BR, Wang JF, Xue WJ, Liu HM, Zeng YL, Huang BX, Li SN, Lv QK, Wang W, Liu JX. β-Hydroxybutyric acid inhibits growth hormone-releasing hormone synthesis and secretion through the GPR109A/extracellular signal-regulated 1/2 signalling pathway in the hypothalamus. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:212-22. [PMID: 25580562 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
β-Hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) has recently been shown to regulate hormone synthesis and secretion in the hypothalamus. However, little is known about the effects of BHBA-mediated hormone regulation or the detailed mechanisms by which BHBA regulates growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) synthesis and secretion. In the present study, we examined the expression of the BHBA receptor GPR109A in primary hypothalamic cell cultures. We hypothesised that BHBA regulates GHRH via GPR109A and its downstream signals. Initial in vivo studies conducted in rats demonstrated that GHRH mRNA expression in the hypothalamus was strongly inversely correlated with BHBA levels in the cerebrospinal fluid during postnatal development (r = -0.89, P < 0.01). Furthermore, i.c.v. administration of BHBA acutely decreased GHRH mRNA expression in rats. Further in vitro studies revealed a decrease in GHRH synthesis and secretion in primary hypothalamic cells after treatment with BHBA; this effect was inhibited when hypothalamic cells were pretreated with pertussis toxin (PTX). BHBA had no effect on GHRH synthesis and secretion in GT1-7 cells, which do not exhibit cell surface expression of GPR109A. Furthermore, BHBA acutely decreased the transcription of the homeobox gene for Gsh-1 in the hypothalamus in both in vivo and in vitro, and this effect was also inhibited by PTX in vitro. In primary hypothalamic cells, BHBA activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinases, as shown by western blot analysis. Moreover, inhibition of ERK1/2 with U0126 attenuated the BHBA-mediated reduction in Gsh-1 expression and GHRH synthesis and secretion. These results strongly suggest that BHBA directly regulates GHRH synthesis and secretion via the GPR109A/ERK1/2 MAPK pathway, and also that Gsh-1 is essential for this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-P Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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107
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Fu SP, Wang JF, Xue WJ, Liu HM, Liu BR, Zeng YL, Li SN, Huang BX, Lv QK, Wang W, Liu JX. Anti-inflammatory effects of BHBA in both in vivo and in vitro Parkinson's disease models are mediated by GPR109A-dependent mechanisms. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:9. [PMID: 25595674 PMCID: PMC4310035 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that neuroinflammation plays an important role in the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Excessively activated microglia produce several pro-inflammatory enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to damage to surrounding neurons and eventually inducing neurodegeneration. Therefore, the inhibition of microglial overactivation may be a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent the further progression of PD. β-Hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) has been shown to suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in BV-2 cells and to protect dopaminergic neurons in previous studies, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, in this study, we further investigated this mechanism in LPS-induced in vivo and in vitro PD models. METHODS For the in vitro experiments, primary mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures were pretreated with BHBA and stimulated with LPS. [(3)H]dopamine (DA) uptake, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons and morphological analysis were evaluated and analyzed in primary mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures. In vivo, microglial activation and the injury of dopaminergic neurons were induced by LPS intranigral injection, and the effects of BHBA treatment on microglial activation and the survival ratio and function of dopaminergic neurons were investigated. Four our in vitro mechanistic experiment, primary microglial cells were pretreated with BHBA and stimulated with LPS; the cells were then assessed for the responses of pro-inflammatory enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the NF-κB signaling pathway was evaluated and analyzed. RESULTS We found that BHBA concentration-dependently attenuated the LPS-induced decrease in [(3)H]DA uptake and loss of TH-ir neurons in the primary mesencephalic neuron/glia mixed culture. BHBA treatment significantly improved the motor dysfunction of the PD model rats induced by intranigral injection of LPS, and this beneficial effect of BHBA was attributed to the inhibition of microglial overactivation and the protection of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Our in vitro mechanistic study revealed that the inhibitory effect of BHBA on microglia was mediated by G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) and involved the NF-κB signaling pathway, causing the inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzyme (iNOS and COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) production. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the present study supports the effectiveness of BHBA in protecting dopaminergic neurons against inflammatory challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Peng Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
| | - Jian-Fa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, P R China.
| | - Wen-Jing Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
| | - Hong-Mei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
| | - Bing-run Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
| | - Ya-Long Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
| | - Su-Nan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
| | - Bing-Xu Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
| | - Qing-Kang Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, P R China.
| | - Ju-Xiong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
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