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Hiyoshi M, Okuma K, Tateyama S, Takizawa K, Saito M, Kuramitsu M, Araki K, Morishita K, Okada S, Yamamoto N, Biragyn A, Yamaguchi K, Hamaguchi I. Furin-dependent CCL17-fused recombinant toxin controls HTLV-1 infection by targeting and eliminating infected CCR4-expressing cells in vitro and in vivo. Retrovirology 2015; 12:73. [PMID: 26289727 PMCID: PMC4545545 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. However, there are no therapies to prevent ATL development in high-risk asymptomatic carriers. To develop a therapy targeting HTLV-1-infected cells that are known to express CCR4 frequently, we tested whether truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE38) fused to a CCR4 ligand, CCL17/thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), selectively eliminates such cells. RESULTS Our data show that TARC-PE38 efficiently killed HTLV-1-infected cell lines. It also shrank HTLV-1-associated solid tumors in an infected-cell-engrafted mouse model. In HTLV-1-positive humanized mice, TARC-PE38 markedly inhibited the proliferation of HTLV-1-infected human CD4(+)CD25(+) or CD4(+)CD25(+)CCR4(+) cells and reduced the proviral loads (PVLs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Importantly, TARC-PE38 significantly reduced the PVLs in PBMCs obtained from asymptomatic carriers. We show that the cytotoxicity of TARC-PE38 is mediated by the expression of the proprotein convertase, furin. The expression of furin was enhanced in HTLV-1-infected cells and correlated positively with PVLs in HTLV-1-infected individuals, suggesting that infected cells are more susceptible to TARC-PE38 than normal cells. CONCLUSIONS TARC-PE38 robustly controls HTLV-1 infection by eliminating infected cells in both a CCR4- and furin-dependent manner, indicating the excellent therapeutic potential of TARC-PE38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masateru Hiyoshi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Kazu Okuma
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Seiji Tateyama
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan. .,Medical Facilities Support Department, Micron Inc., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0005, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Takizawa
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Masumichi Saito
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Madoka Kuramitsu
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Kumiko Araki
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Morishita
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Kazunari Yamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
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Nwosu C, Yau HK, Becht S. Assignment of Core versus Antenna Fucosylation Types in Protein N-Glycosylation via Procainamide Labeling and Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5905-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Nwosu
- Pharmaceutical Product Development, 8551 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Hoi Kei Yau
- Pharmaceutical Product Development, 8551 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Steven Becht
- Pharmaceutical Product Development, 8551 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
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Schirrmann T, Steinwand M, Wezler X, Ten Haaf A, Tur MK, Barth S. CD30 as a therapeutic target for lymphoma. BioDrugs 2015; 28:181-209. [PMID: 24043362 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-013-0068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and ALK(+) anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) have become highly curable due to the success of modern regimens of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, up to one-third of the patients experience relapse or do not respond to first-line therapy, and half of them relapse again after secondary therapy with limited options for further treatment. In the last 15 years, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed to surface receptors became a new and valuable therapeutic option in many hematologic malignancies. Due to its restricted expression on normal activated lymphocytes and its high expression on malignant cells, CD30 represents an attractive target molecule for HL and ALCL therapy. However, unconjugated CD30 mAbs have demonstrated a lack of objective clinical responses in patients with recurrent HL. CD30 exhibits complex signaling pathways, and binding of its natural ligand or anti-CD30 mAbs can induce apoptosis but may also promote proliferation and activation depending on the cellular context. Moreover, CD30 rapidly internalizes after crosslinking, which counteracts efficient recruitment of immunologic effectors but also provides the opportunity to transfer cytotoxic payloads coupled to CD30-specific mAbs into the tumor cells. Several tumor targeting approaches have been studied, including radio-immunoconjugates, immunotoxins, immunoRNases, immunokinases, and antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). In 2011, the ADC brentuximab-vedotin, consisting of the CD30-specific chimeric mAb cAC10 and the potent tubulin toxin monomethyl auristatin E, gained regulatory approval as a well tolerated and highly active drug in patients with refractory and relapsed HL and ALCL. SGN-35 is on the way to being incorporated in the standard management of CD30(+) lymphoma with significant therapeutic impact. This review gives a critical overview about anti-CD30 therapies with unconjugated, engineered, and conjugated mAbs and the therapeutic challenges of treatment of CD30(+) lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schirrmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany,
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Iida S, Ishida T, Ueda R. [Development of mogamulizumab and establishment of an optimal therapy based on genomic biomarkers: from the academic viewpoint]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2015; 135:663-9. [PMID: 25948299 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mogamulizumab (Moga; KW-0761) is a defucosylated humanized anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) antibody engineered to exert potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). A collaborative investigation with industry in preclinical studies has demonstrated in vitro and in vivo efficacy via ADCC for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and CCR4-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). In a phase I study, once-weekly administration of mogamulizumab (0.01-1.0 mg/kg) for 4 weeks was well tolerated. In a phase II study of once-weekly mogamulizumab (1.0 mg/kg) for 8 weeks in relapsed/refractory ATLL patients, an overall response rate of 50% including 30% complete response rate with a median progression-free survival of 5.2 months was observed. The drug was subsequently approved by Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency(PMDA) in March 2012. Because CCR4 is abundantly expressed on the surface of effector regulatory T cells, a phase I study is being conducted to enhance antitumor immune response in patients with solid tumors. However, approximately 60% of patients receiving mogamulizumab experience skin eruption with 19% showing grade ≥ 3 rash. Postmarketing surveillance of mogamulizumab revealed a 3-4% incidence rate of skin-related serious adverse events (SAEs) such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Therefore we initiated a search for predictive genomic biomarkers in the blood of patients with ATLL or solid tumors prior to treatment with mogamulizumab for not only efficacy but also immune-related SAEs. We believe the results of this study may lead to safer and more efficient use of this agent in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Iida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
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105
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Niwa R, Satoh M. The Current Status and Prospects of Antibody Engineering for Therapeutic Use: Focus on Glycoengineering Technology. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:930-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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106
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Zhan PL, Chung JD. Challenges with afucosylation content in antibody-based drugs: Guidance provided by mathematical modeling. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:775-82. [PMID: 25644335 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The theory of competitive ligand-receptor binding has been used to analyze the effect of afucosylation-based antibody heterogeneity on Fc-FcγRIIIa ligand-receptor binding activity. In vitro activity is found to represent a linear combination of the component antibody activities, weighted by the relative concentrations of the different afucosylated antibody forms. An analysis of ELISA binding activity data has allowed for the dissection of the activity contributions of the different afucosylated antibodies, revealing that the heterogeneous afucosylated antibody exhibits greater activity, on a per mole basis, when compared to the homogeneous afucosylated antibody. The ratio of the afucosylated antibody equilibrium dissociation constants is computed to be KAF /KA ≈ 0.6-0.9, where KAF and KA denote the dissociation equilibrium constant of the heterogeneous and the homogeneous afucosylated antibodies, respectively. Our analysis also reveals that, in general, activity scales quadratically with the afucosylated glycan content of a sample. Linear activity-afucosylated glycan fraction correlations reported in the literature are shown to represent specific cases of this general scaling and result from oversimplifying the underlying antibody concentration distributions. The implications of our findings for drug development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Zhan
- Dept. of Molecular Biochemistry & Biophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - John D Chung
- Chung Bioengineering Consulting and Mendocino College, Ukiah, CA
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Vela M, Aris M, Llorente M, Garcia-Sanz JA, Kremer L. Chemokine receptor-specific antibodies in cancer immunotherapy: achievements and challenges. Front Immunol 2015; 6:12. [PMID: 25688243 PMCID: PMC4311683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1990s brought a burst of information regarding the structure, expression pattern, and role in leukocyte migration and adhesion of chemokines and their receptors. At that time, the FDA approved the first therapeutic antibodies for cancer treatment. A few years later, it was reported that the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7 were involved on directing metastases to liver, lung, bone marrow, or lymph nodes, and the over-expression of CCR4, CCR6, and CCR9 by certain tumors. The possibility of inhibiting the interaction of chemokine receptors present on the surface of tumor cells with their ligands emerged as a new therapeutic approach. Therefore, many research groups and companies began to develop small molecule antagonists and specific antibodies, aiming to neutralize signaling from these receptors. Despite great expectations, so far, only one anti-chemokine receptor antibody has been approved for its clinical use, mogamulizumab, an anti-CCR4 antibody, granted in Japan to treat refractory adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma. Here, we review the main achievements obtained with anti-chemokine receptor antibodies for cancer immunotherapy, including discovery and clinical studies, proposed mechanisms of action, and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vela
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariana Aris
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Llorente
- Protein Tools Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A. Garcia-Sanz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Kremer
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Protein Tools Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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108
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Increase in Activated Treg in TIL in Lung Cancer and In Vitro Depletion of Treg by ADCC Using an Antihuman CCR4 mAb (KM2760). J Thorac Oncol 2015; 10:74-83. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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109
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Sun Q, Feng F, Huhe M, Mi L, Chen Z. Preclinical Pharmacokinetics, Tolerability, and Pharmacodynamics of Metuzumab, a Novel CD147 Human–Mouse Chimeric and Glycoengineered Antibody. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 14:162-73. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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110
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Remer M, Al-Shamkhani A, Glennie M, Johnson P. Mogamulizumab and the treatment of CCR4-positive T-cell lymphomas. Immunotherapy 2014; 6:1187-206. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyco-engineering has been developed to enhance the pharmacological properties of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) resulting in superior immune effector function. Mogamulizumab is the first approved glyco-engineered therapeutic antibody and first approved mAb to target the CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4). CCR4 is principally expressed on Tregs and helper T cells (Th) where it functions to induce homing of these leukocytes to sites of inflammation. Tregs play an essential role in maintaining immune balance; however, in malignancy, Tregs impair host antitumor immunity and provide a favorable environment for tumors to grow. CCR4 is highly expressed by aggressive peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs), particularly adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs). Mogamulizumab is a humanized anti-CCR4 mAb with a defucosylated Fc region that enhances antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In addition, mogamulizumab depletes CCR4+ Tregs, potentially evoking antitumor immune responses by autologous effector cells. This ability is highly pertinent as subsets of malignant T cells are believed to function as CD4+ Tregs, overexpressing CCR4. Clinical trials with mogamulizumab have demonstrated clinical efficacy and tolerability for the treatment of relapsed/refractory aggressive T-cell lymphomas, previously associated with very poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Remer
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin Glennie
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Peter Johnson
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, SO16 6YD, UK
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Armour KL, Smith CS, Ip NCY, Ellison CJ, Kirton CM, Wilkes AM, Williamson LM, Clark MR. Clearance of human IgG1-sensitised red blood cells in vivo in humans relates to the in vitro properties of antibodies from alternative cell lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109463. [PMID: 25302805 PMCID: PMC4193810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously produced a recombinant version of the human anti-RhD antibody Fog-1 in the rat myeloma cell line, YB2/0. When human, autologous RhD-positive red blood cells (RBC) were sensitised with this IgG1 antibody and re-injected, they were cleared much more rapidly from the circulation than had been seen earlier with the original human-mouse heterohybridoma-produced Fog-1. Since the IgG have the same amino acid sequence, this disparity is likely to be due to alternative glycosylation that results from the rat and mouse cell lines. By comparing the in vitro properties of YB2/0-produced Fog-1 IgG1 and the same antibody produced in the mouse myeloma cell line NS0, we now have a unique opportunity to pinpoint the cause of the difference in ability to clear RBC in vivo. Using transfected cell lines that express single human FcγR, we showed that IgG1 made in YB2/0 and NS0 cell lines bound equally well to receptors of the FcγRI and FcγRII classes but that the YB2/0 antibody was superior in FcγRIII binding. When measuring complexed IgG binding, the difference was 45-fold for FcγRIIIa 158F, 20-fold for FcγRIIIa 158V and approximately 40-fold for FcγRIIIb. The dissimilarity was greater at 100-fold in monomeric IgG binding assays with FcγRIIIa. When used to sensitise RBC, the YB2/0 IgG1 generated 100-fold greater human NK cell antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and had a 103-fold advantage over the NS0 antibody in activating NK cells, as detected by CD54 levels. In assays of monocyte activation and macrophage adherence/phagocytosis, where FcγRI plays major roles, RBC sensitised with the two antibodies produced much more similar results. Thus, the alternative glycosylation profiles of the Fog-1 antibodies affect only FcγRIII binding and FcγRIII-mediated functions. Relating this to the in vivo studies confirms the importance of FcγRIII in RBC clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Armour
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Cheryl S. Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha C. Y. Ip
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cara J. Ellison
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Lorna M. Williamson
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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113
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Yamauchi J, Coler-Reilly A, Sato T, Araya N, Yagishita N, Ando H, Kunitomo Y, Takahashi K, Tanaka Y, Shibagaki Y, Nishioka K, Nakajima T, Hasegawa Y, Utsunomiya A, Kimura K, Yamano Y. Mogamulizumab, an anti-CCR4 antibody, targets human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-infected CD8+ and CD4+ T cells to treat associated myelopathy. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:238-48. [PMID: 25104771 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) can cause chronic spinal cord inflammation, known as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Since CD4(+)CCR4(+) T cells are the main HTLV-1 reservoir, we evaluated the defucosylated humanized anti-CCR4 antibody mogamulizumab as a treatment for HAM/TSP. METHODS We assessed the effects of mogamulizumab on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 11 patients with HAM/TSP. We also studied how CD8(+) T cells, namely CD8(+) CCR4(+) T cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, are involved in HTLV-1 infection and HAM/TSP pathogenesis and how they would be affected by mogamulizumab. RESULTS Mogamulizumab effectively reduced the HTLV-1 proviral load (56.4% mean reduction at a minimum effective concentration of 0.01 µg/mL), spontaneous proliferation, and production of proinflammatory cytokines, including interferon γ (IFN-γ). Like CD4(+)CCR4(+) T cells, CD8(+)CCR4(+) T cells from patients with HAM/TSP exhibited high proviral loads and spontaneous IFN-γ production, unlike their CCR4(-) counterparts. CD8(+)CCR4(+) T cells from patients with HAM/TSP contained more IFN-γ-expressing cells and fewer interleukin 4-expressing cells than those from healthy donors. Notably, Tax-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes that may help control the HTLV-1 infection were overwhelmingly CCR4(-). CONCLUSIONS We determined that CD8(+)CCR4(+) T cells and CD4(+)CCR4(+) T cells are prime therapeutic targets for treating HAM/TSP and propose mogamulizumab as a new treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Yamauchi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
| | | | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science
| | - Natsumi Araya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science
| | - Naoko Yagishita
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science
| | - Hitoshi Ando
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science
| | - Yasuo Kunitomo
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science
| | | | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa
| | | | | | | | - Yasuhiro Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science
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115
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Ronda C, Pedersen LE, Hansen HG, Kallehauge TB, Betenbaugh MJ, Nielsen AT, Kildegaard HF. Accelerating genome editing in CHO cells using CRISPR Cas9 and CRISPy, a web-based target finding tool. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1604-16. [PMID: 24827782 PMCID: PMC4312910 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely used in the biopharmaceutical industry as a host for the production of complex pharmaceutical proteins. Thus genome engineering of CHO cells for improved product quality and yield is of great interest. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the efficacy of the CRISPR Cas9 technology in CHO cells by generating site-specific gene disruptions in COSMC and FUT8, both of which encode proteins involved in glycosylation. The tested single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) created an indel frequency up to 47.3% in COSMC, while an indel frequency up to 99.7% in FUT8 was achieved by applying lectin selection. All eight sgRNAs examined in this study resulted in relatively high indel frequencies, demonstrating that the Cas9 system is a robust and efficient genome-editing methodology in CHO cells. Deep sequencing revealed that 85% of the indels created by Cas9 resulted in frameshift mutations at the target sites, with a strong preference for single base indels. Finally, we have developed a user-friendly bioinformatics tool, named "CRISPy" for rapid identification of sgRNA target sequences in the CHO-K1 genome. The CRISPy tool identified 1,970,449 CRISPR targets divided into 27,553 genes and lists the number of off-target sites in the genome. In conclusion, the proven functionality of Cas9 to edit CHO genomes combined with our CRISPy database have the potential to accelerate genome editing and synthetic biology efforts in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Ronda
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of DenmarkHørsholm, Denmark; telephone: +45 2012 4629; fax: +45 4525 8001; e-mail:
| | - Lasse Ebdrup Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of DenmarkHørsholm, Denmark; telephone: +45 2012 4629; fax: +45 4525 8001; e-mail:
| | - Henning Gram Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of DenmarkHørsholm, Denmark; telephone: +45 2012 4629; fax: +45 4525 8001; e-mail:
| | - Thomas Beuchert Kallehauge
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of DenmarkHørsholm, Denmark; telephone: +45 2012 4629; fax: +45 4525 8001; e-mail:
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of DenmarkHørsholm, Denmark; telephone: +45 2012 4629; fax: +45 4525 8001; e-mail:
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland
| | - Alex Toftgaard Nielsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of DenmarkHørsholm, Denmark; telephone: +45 2012 4629; fax: +45 4525 8001; e-mail:
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of DenmarkHørsholm, Denmark; telephone: +45 2012 4629; fax: +45 4525 8001; e-mail:
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Araya N, Sato T, Ando H, Tomaru U, Yoshida M, Coler-Reilly A, Yagishita N, Yamauchi J, Hasegawa A, Kannagi M, Hasegawa Y, Takahashi K, Kunitomo Y, Tanaka Y, Nakajima T, Nishioka K, Utsunomiya A, Jacobson S, Yamano Y. HTLV-1 induces a Th1-like state in CD4+CCR4+ T cells. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3431-42. [PMID: 24960164 PMCID: PMC4109535 DOI: 10.1172/jci75250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is linked to multiple diseases, including the neuroinflammatory disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Evidence suggests that HTLV-1, via the viral protein Tax, exploits CD4+ T cell plasticity and induces transcriptional changes in infected T cells that cause suppressive CD4+CD25+CCR4+ Tregs to lose expression of the transcription factor FOXP3 and produce IFN-γ, thus promoting inflammation. We hypothesized that transformation of HTLV-1-infected CCR4+ T cells into Th1-like cells plays a key role in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. Here, using patient cells and cell lines, we demonstrated that Tax, in cooperation with specificity protein 1 (Sp1), boosts expression of the Th1 master regulator T box transcription factor (T-bet) and consequently promotes production of IFN-γ. Evaluation of CSF and spinal cord lesions of HAM/TSP patients revealed the presence of abundant CD4+CCR4+ T cells that coexpressed the Th1 marker CXCR3 and produced T-bet and IFN-γ. Finally, treatment of isolated PBMCs and CNS cells from HAM/TSP patients with an antibody that targets CCR4+ T cells and induces cytotoxicity in these cells reduced both viral load and IFN-γ production, which suggests that targeting CCR4+ T cells may be a viable treatment option for HAM/TSP.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Gene Products, tax/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/genetics
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology
- Receptors, CCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CCR4/immunology
- Receptors, CCR4/metabolism
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/immunology
- T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics
- T-Box Domain Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/virology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/virology
- Viral Load/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Araya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hitoshi Ando
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Utano Tomaru
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ariella Coler-Reilly
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Naoko Yagishita
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Atsuhiko Hasegawa
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mari Kannagi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Hasegawa
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katsunori Takahashi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yasuo Kunitomo
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Toshihiro Nakajima
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kusuki Nishioka
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Formolo T, Heckert A, Phinney KW. Analysis of deamidation artifacts induced by microwave-assisted tryptic digestion of a monoclonal antibody. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6587-98. [PMID: 25080027 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The thorough characterization of biopharmaceuticals is essential for ensuring their quality and safety since many potential variations can cause changes to the properties of a drug that may be detrimental to the patient such as decreased efficacy, shorter half-life or increased immunogenicity. Prior to approval and release, protein-based drugs are subject to a battery of analyses to assess the nature of those parameters that are considered critical quality attributes. In some cases the analytical method used may itself cause modifications that are impossible to distinguish from those induced by the intended test conditions (e.g. storage time/temperature, light exposure) which are used to assess drug stability. It is therefore important to develop and utilize analytical methods which impose as few artifactual modifications as possible. Asparagine deamidation is a common protein modification and it is known to be induced during tryptic digestion. Therefore we examined common tryptic digestion protocols and compared their propensities towards asparagine modification. Since microwave assisted hydrolysis techniques are often used to shorten digestion times and the effect on deamidation is unknown we sought to compare this method against alternate digestion protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trina Formolo
- Material Measurement Laboratory, Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8314, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA,
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118
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Hagemann UB, Gunnarsson L, Géraudie S, Scheffler U, Griep RA, Reiersen H, Duncan AR, Kiprijanov SM. Fully human antagonistic antibodies against CCR4 potently inhibit cell signaling and chemotaxis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103776. [PMID: 25080123 PMCID: PMC4117600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) represents a potentially important target for cancer immunotherapy due to its expression on tumor infiltrating immune cells including regulatory T cells (Tregs) and on tumor cells in several cancer types and its role in metastasis. METHODOLOGY Using phage display, human antibody library, affinity maturation and a cell-based antibody selection strategy, the antibody variants against human CCR4 were generated. These antibodies effectively competed with ligand binding, were able to block ligand-induced signaling and cell migration, and demonstrated efficient killing of CCR4-positive tumor cells via ADCC and phagocytosis. In a mouse model of human T-cell lymphoma, significant survival benefit was demonstrated for animals treated with the newly selected anti-CCR4 antibodies. SIGNIFICANCE For the first time, successful generation of anti- G-protein coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) antibodies using human non-immune library and phage display on GPCR-expressing cells was demonstrated. The generated anti-CCR4 antibodies possess a dual mode of action (inhibition of ligand-induced signaling and antibody-directed tumor cell killing). The data demonstrate that the anti-tumor activity in vivo is mediated, at least in part, through Fc-receptor dependent effector mechanisms, such as ADCC and phagocytosis. Anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 antibodies inhibiting receptor signaling have potential as immunomodulatory antibodies for cancer.
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119
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Munakata W, Tobinai K. An evaluation of mogamulizumab for the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2014. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2014.918845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Whaley KJ, Morton J, Hume S, Hiatt E, Bratcher B, Klimyuk V, Hiatt A, Pauly M, Zeitlin L. Emerging antibody-based products. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 375:107-26. [PMID: 22772797 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-based products are not widely available to address many global health challenges due to high costs, limited manufacturing capacity, and long manufacturing lead times. There are now tremendous opportunities to address these industrialization challenges as a result of revolutionary advances in plant virus-based transient expression. This review focuses on some antibody-based products that are in preclinical and clinical development, and have scaled up manufacturing and purification (mg of purified mAb/kg of biomass). Plant virus-based antibody products provide lower upfront cost, shorter time to clinical and market supply, and lower cost of goods (COGs). Further, some plant virus-based mAbs may provide improvements in pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Whaley
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc, 6160 Lusk Blvd, Suite C105, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA,
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Kobayashi E, Motoi S, Sugiura M, Kajikawa M, Kojima S, Kohroki J, Masuho Y. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and cytokine/chemokine secretion by KHYG-1 cells stably expressing FcγRIIIA. Immunol Lett 2014; 161:59-64. [PMID: 24841426 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by natural killer (NK) cells is a major mechanism of tumor therapy with antibodies. NK cells not only manifest cytotoxicity but also secrete a variety of cytokines/chemokines that regulate immune responses. Using a retroviral vector, in this study we established a KHYG-1 cell line that stably expresses FcγRIIIA (CD16A). The KHYG-1/FcγRIIIA cells exerted potent antibody concentration-dependent ADCC, whereas parental KHYG-1 cells did not. In contrast, without antibody, the natural killer activity of KHYG-1/FcγRIIIA cells was less potent than that of parental KHYG-1 cells. During the course of ADCC, KHYG-1/FcγRIIIA cells secreted IFN-γ and MIP-1α dependent upon antibody concentration, but parental KHYG-1 cells did not. These results suggest that KHYG-1/FcγRIIIA cells would be useful in studies to elucidate the function of NK cells and the mechanism of ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kobayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Sotaro Motoi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | | | | | - Shuji Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Junya Kohroki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Masuho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Fc glycan-modulated immunoglobulin G effector functions. J Clin Immunol 2014; 34 Suppl 1:S51-5. [PMID: 24760108 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules are glycoproteins and residues in the sugar moiety attached to the IgG constant fragment (Fc) are essential for IgG functionality such as binding to cellular Fc receptors and complement activation. The core of this sugar moiety consists of a bi-antennary heptameric structure of mannose and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), further decorated with terminal and branching residues including galactose, sialic acid, fucose, and GlcNAc. Presence or absence of distinct residues such as fucose and sialic acid can dramatically alter pro- and anti-inflammatory IgG activities which could be harnessed for immunotherapeutic purposes. Here we review recent advances in understanding the role of the IgG-Fc glycan during immune responses and for immunotherapy with a focus on sialic acid and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment.
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123
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Navid F, Sondel PM, Barfield R, Shulkin BL, Kaufman RA, Allay JA, Gan J, Hutson P, Seo S, Kim K, Goldberg J, Hank JA, Billups CA, Wu J, Furman WL, McGregor LM, Otto M, Gillies SD, Handgretinger R, Santana VM. Phase I trial of a novel anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody, Hu14.18K322A, designed to decrease toxicity in children with refractory or recurrent neuroblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:1445-52. [PMID: 24711551 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.50.4423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The addition of immunotherapy, including a combination of anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody (mAb), ch14.18, and cytokines, improves outcome for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. However, this therapy is limited by ch14.18-related toxicities that may be partially mediated by complement activation. We report the results of a phase I trial to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), safety profile, and pharmacokinetics of hu14.18K322A, a humanized anti-GD2 mAb with a single point mutation (K322A) that reduces complement-dependent lysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients with refractory or recurrent neuroblastoma received escalating doses of hu14.18K322A ranging from 2 to 70 mg/m(2) per day for 4 consecutive days every 28 days (one course). RESULTS Thirty-eight patients (23 males; median age, 7.2 years) received a median of two courses (range, one to 15). Dose-limiting grade 3 or 4 toxicities occurred in four of 36 evaluable patients and were characterized by cough, asthenia, sensory neuropathy, anorexia, serum sickness, and hypertensive encephalopathy. The most common non-dose-limiting grade 3 or 4 toxicities during course one were pain (68%) and fever (21%). Six of 31 patients evaluable for response by iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine score had objective responses (four complete responses; two partial responses). The first-course pharmacokinetics of hu14.18K322A were best described by a two-compartment linear model. Median hu14.18K322A α (initial phase) and β (terminal phase) half-lives were 1.74 and 21.1 days, respectively. CONCLUSION The MTD, and recommended phase II dose, of hu14.18K322A is 60 mg/m(2) per day for 4 days. Adverse effects, predominately pain, were manageable and improved with subsequent courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Navid
- Fariba Navid, Barry L. Shulkin, Robert A. Kaufman, Catherine A. Billups, Jianrong Wu, Wayne L. Furman, Lisa M. McGregor, and Victor M. Santana, St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Fariba Navid, Robert A. Kaufman, Wayne L. Furman, Lisa M. McGregor, and Victor M. Santana, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Jim A. Allay, Children's GMP, Memphis, TN; Paul M. Sondel, Jacek Gan, Paul Hutson, Songwon Seo, KyungMann Kim, Jacob Goldberg, Jacquelyn A. Hank, and Mario Otto, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Raymond Barfield, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Stephen D. Gillies, Provenance Biopharmaceuticals, Carlisle, MA; and Rupert Handgretinger, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
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Ogura M, Ishida T, Hatake K, Taniwaki M, Ando K, Tobinai K, Fujimoto K, Yamamoto K, Miyamoto T, Uike N, Tanimoto M, Tsukasaki K, Ishizawa K, Suzumiya J, Inagaki H, Tamura K, Akinaga S, Tomonaga M, Ueda R. Multicenter phase II study of mogamulizumab (KW-0761), a defucosylated anti-cc chemokine receptor 4 antibody, in patients with relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:1157-63. [PMID: 24616310 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.52.0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is expressed by peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) and is associated with poor outcomes. Mogamulizumab (KW-0761) is a defucosylated humanized anti-CCR4 antibody engineered to exert potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. This multicenter phase II study evaluated the efficacy and safety of mogamulizumab in patients with relapsed PTCL and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). PATIENTS AND METHODS Mogamulizumab (1.0 mg/kg) was administered intravenously once per week for 8 weeks to patients with relapsed CCR4-positive PTCL or CTCL. The primary end point was the overall response rate, and the secondary end points included safety, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS A total of 38 patients were enrolled, and 37 patients received mogamulizumab. Objective responses were noted for 13 of 37 patients (35%; 95% CI, 20% to 53%), including five patients (14%) with complete response. The median PFS was 3.0 months (95% CI, 1.6 to 4.9 months), and the median OS was not calculated. The mean maximum and trough mogamulizumab concentrations (± standard deviation) after the eighth infusion were 45.9 ± 9.3 and 29.0 ± 13.3 μg/mL, respectively. The most common adverse events were hematologic events, pyrexia, and skin disorders, all of which were reversible and manageable. CONCLUSION Mogamulizumab exhibited clinically meaningful antitumor activity in patients with relapsed PTCL and CTCL, with an acceptable toxicity profile. Further investigation of mogamulizumab for treatment of T-cell lymphoma is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michinori Ogura
- Michinori Ogura, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital; Takashi Ishida and Hiroshi Inagaki, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kazuhito Yamamoto, Aichi Cancer Center; Ryuzo Ueda, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagoya; Kiyohiko Hatake, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research; Kensei Tobinai, National Cancer Center Hospital; Shiro Akinaga, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Tokyo; Masafumi Taniwaki, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto; Kiyoshi Ando, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa; Katsuya Fujimoto, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo; Toshihiro Miyamoto, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Naokuni Uike, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center; Kazuo Tamura, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka; Mitsune Tanimoto, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama; Kunihiro Tsukasaki, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science; Masao Tomonaga, Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Hospital, Nagasaki; Kenichi Ishizawa, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai; and Junji Suzumiya, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
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125
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IgG-effector functions: "the good, the bad and the ugly". Immunol Lett 2014; 160:139-44. [PMID: 24495619 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
IgG-antibodies are potent and versatile mediators of host protection. They elicit their biological effects through specific interaction of the Fc-part with complement, specific cellular receptors, or both. Several factors should be taken into consideration when analyzing the nature and intensity of the immunological response elicited via IgG-effector functions, especially for the family of IgG-Fc receptors (FcγRs) exclusively expressed on immune cells. These include the various classes of leukocyte FcγR, expressed variably on different immune cells, each with distinct affinity for every IgG subclass, as well as genetic FcγR-polymorphisms affecting expression and affinity for IgG. Furthermore, various aspects of the IgG itself are also crucial for the outcome of the biological response. These include endogenously encoded IgG-polymorphisms, such as IgG3 polymorphisms, and post-transcriptional IgG-modifications, in particular IgG-Fc-glycosylation, affecting IgG effector functions through modified binding affinity to FcγR. These latter aspects concerning the variability in IgG3 on its half-life and placental transport and the clinical consequences of altered IgG-quality through glycosylation, will be the focus of this review.
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127
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CCR7 expression correlates with subcutaneous involvement in mycosis fungoides skin lesions and promotes migration of mycosis fungoides cells (MyLa) through mTOR activation. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 74:31-8. [PMID: 24411580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular pathogenesis of mycosis fungoides (MF) is currently poorly understood. The chemokine receptor CCR7 has been demonstrated to be involved in the development and progression of certain cancers, but its role in MF has rarely been investigated. OBJECTIVES We seek to determine whether CCR7 is expressed in MF skin lesions. In addition, we evaluate whether CCR7 plays a role in MF cell proliferation and migration, and which signaling pathways are involved. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining of 21 cases of MF pathology specimens with CCR7 was performed. Medical charts and pathology slides of these cases were reviewed. Surface expression of CCR7 on MyLa cells (MF cell line) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was assessed by flow cytometry. Cell proliferation and migration were evaluated with the Alamar Blue assay and transwell chemotaxis assay, respectively. RESULTS CCR7 was found to be expressed in 62% (13 out of 21) of MF pathology specimens, and its expression correlated with subcutaneous extension of lymphoma cells. CCR7 expression was increased on the surface of MyLa cells compared to that on PBMCs. Addition of CCL21 (CCR7 agonist) enhanced MyLa cell migration but not proliferation. The CCL21-induced MyLa cell migration was found to be mediated by the mTOR pathway. CONCLUSIONS CCR7 is more likely to be expressed in MF skin lesions with subcutaneous involvement. Activation of CCR7 promotes migration of MyLa cells (MF cell line) through the mTOR pathway. These findings provide new insights into the significance of CCR7 in the pathophysiology of MF.
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Silence K, Dreier T, Moshir M, Ulrichts P, Gabriels SME, Saunders M, Wajant H, Brouckaert P, Huyghe L, Van Hauwermeiren T, Thibault A, De Haard HJ. ARGX-110, a highly potent antibody targeting CD70, eliminates tumors via both enhanced ADCC and immune checkpoint blockade. MAbs 2013; 6:523-32. [PMID: 24492296 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of CD70 has been documented in a variety of solid and hematological tumors, where it is thought to play a role in tumor proliferation and evasion of immune surveillance. Here, we describe ARGX-110, a defucosylated IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) that selectively targets and neutralizes CD70, the ligand of CD27. ARGX-110 was generated by immunization of outbred llamas. The antibody was germlined to 95% human identity, and its anti-tumor efficacy was tested in several in vitro assays. ARGX-110 binds CD70 with picomolar affinity. In depletion studies, ARGX-110 lyses tumor cells with greater efficacy than its fucosylated version. In addition, ARGX-110 demonstrates strong complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis activity. ARGX-110 inhibits signaling of CD27, which results in blocking of the activation and proliferation of Tregs. In a Raji xenograft model, administration of the fucosylated version of ARGX-110 resulted in a prolonged survival at doses of 0.1 mg/kg and above. The pharmacokinetics of ARGX-110 was tested in cynomolgus monkeys; the calculated half-life is 12 days. In conclusion, ARGX-110 is a potent blocking mAb with a dual mode of action against both CD70-bearing tumor cells and CD70-dependent Tregs. This antibody is now in a Phase 1 study in patients with advanced malignancies expressing CD70 (NCT01813539).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine II; University Hospital Würzburg; Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Brouckaert
- VIB Department for Molecular Biomedical Research; Ghent University; Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Leander Huyghe
- VIB Department for Molecular Biomedical Research; Ghent University; Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) formed during pregnancy against human platelet antigens (HPAs) of the fetus mediates fetal or neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT). Because antibody titer or isotype does not strictly correlate with disease severity, we investigated by mass spectrometry variations in the glycosylation at Asn297 in the IgG Fc because the composition of this glycan can be highly variable, affecting binding to phagocyte IgG-Fc receptors (FcγR). We found markedly decreased levels of core fucosylation of anti-HPA-1a-specific IgG1 from FNAIT patients (n = 48), but not in total serum IgG1. Antibodies with a low amount of fucose displayed higher binding affinity to FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIIb, but not to FcγRIIa, compared with antibodies with a high amount of Fc fucose. Consequently, these antibodies with a low amount of Fc fucose showed enhanced phagocytosis of platelets using FcγRIIIb(+) polymorphonuclear cells or FcγRIIIa(+) monocytes as effector cells, but not with FcγRIIIa(-) monocytes. In addition, the degree of anti-HPA-1a fucosylation correlated positively with the neonatal platelet counts in FNAIT, and negatively to the clinical disease severity. In contrast to the FNAIT patients, no changes in core fucosylation were observed for anti-HLA antibodies in refractory thrombocytopenia (post platelet transfusion), indicating that the level of fucosylation may be antigen dependent and/or related to the immune milieu defined by pregnancy.
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Targeting chemokines and chemokine receptors with antibodies. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2013; 9:e227-314. [PMID: 24063738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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131
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Hristodorov D, Fischer R, Linden L. With or without sugar? (A)glycosylation of therapeutic antibodies. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 54:1056-68. [PMID: 23097175 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9612-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies and antibody-based drugs are currently the fastest-growing class of therapeutics. Over the last three decades, more than 30 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and derivatives thereof have been approved for and successfully applied in diverse indication areas including cancer, organ transplants, autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, and cardiovascular disease. The isotype of choice for antibody therapeutics is human IgG, whose Fc region contains a ubiquitous asparagine residue (N297) that acts as an acceptor site for N-linked glycans. The nature of these glycans can decisively influence the therapeutic performance of a recombinant antibody, and their absence or modification can lead to the loss of Fc effector functions, greater immunogenicity, and unfavorable pharmacokinetic profiles. However, recent studies have shown that aglycosylated antibodies can be genetically engineered to display novel or enhanced effector functions and that favorable pharmacokinetic properties can be preserved. Furthermore, the ability to produce aglycosylated antibodies in lower eukaryotes and bacteria offers the potential to broaden and simplify the production platforms and avoid the problem of antibody heterogeneity, which occurs when mammalian cells are used for production. In this review, we discuss the importance of Fc glycosylation focusing on the use of aglycosylated and glyco-engineered antibodies as therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrij Hristodorov
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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132
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Malerod H, Rogeberg M, Tanaka N, Greibrokk T, Lundanes E. Large volume injection of aqueous peptide samples on a monolithic silica based zwitterionic-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography system for characterization of posttranslational modifications. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1317:129-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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133
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Malaspina A, Collins BS, Dell A, Alter G, Onami TM. Conference report: "Functional Glycomics in HIV Type 1 Vaccine Design" workshop report, Bethesda, Maryland, April 30-May 1, 2012. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:1407-17. [PMID: 23767872 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A vital part of the renewed hope for a vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is based on recent studies that have highlighted major sites of HIV-1 vulnerability that could be effectively targeted by a preventive vaccine. One of these potential vulnerabilities includes the dense cluster of carbohydrates surrounding HIV-1's envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41, typically referred to as the "glycan shield." Recent data from several laboratories have shown that glycans on the HIV-1 envelope form key epitopes for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAb). Moreover, HIV-1 envelope glycans play an important role in viral transmission, antigenicity, and immunogenicity. The recent availability of novel tools and technologies has now allowed investigators to leverage glycomic structure-function relationships in the design of candidate HIV-1 vaccines. Additionally, glycans modulate the immune response, playing an essential role in Fc receptor and complement activity. To promote cross-disciplinary collaboration and promote synergistic HIV-1- glycomics research, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) cosponsored and convened a 1.5-day workshop entitled "Functional Glycomics in HIV-1 Vaccine Design." The meeting focused on the role of glycan interactions with neutralizing antibodies, the influence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc receptor glycosylation, newly available glycomics technologies, and how new information on the role of glycans could be applied in HIV-1 immunogen design strategies. This report summarizes the discussions of this workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Malaspina
- Preclinical Research and Development Branch, Division of AIDS, U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brenda S. Collins
- HJF-DAIDS, a Division of The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Contractor to NIAID, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anne Dell
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Thandi M. Onami
- Vaccine Clinical Research Branch, Division of AIDS, U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
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Yu X, Baruah K, Harvey D, Vasiljevic S, Alonzi DS, Song BD, Higgins M, Bowden TA, Scanlan CN, Crispin M. Engineering hydrophobic protein-carbohydrate interactions to fine-tune monoclonal antibodies. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9723-32. [PMID: 23745692 PMCID: PMC3788586 DOI: 10.1021/ja4014375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active conformations of the IgG1 Fc homodimer are maintained by multiple hydrophobic interactions between the protein surface and the N-glycan. The Fc glycan modulates biological effector functions, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) which is mediated in part through the activatory Fc receptor, FcγRIIIA. Consistent with previous reports, we found that site-directed mutations disrupting the protein-carbohydrate interface (F241A, F243A, V262E, and V264E) increased galactosylation and sialylation of the Fc and, concomitantly, reduced the affinity for FcγRIIIA. We rationalized this effect by crystallographic analysis of the IgG1 Fc F241A mutant, determined here to a resolution of 1.9 Å, which revealed localized destabilization of this glycan-protein interface. Given that sialylation of Fc glycans decreases ADCC, one explanation for the effect of these mutants on FcγRIIIA binding is their increased sialylation. However, a glycan-engineered IgG1 with hypergalactosylated and hypersialylated glycans exhibited unchanged binding affinity to FcγRIIIA. Moreover, when we expressed these mutants as a chemically uniform (Man5GlcNAc2) glycoform, the individual effect of each mutation on FcγRIIIA affinity was preserved. This effect was broadly recapitulated for other Fc receptors (FcγRI, FcγRIIA, FcγRIIB, and FcγRIIIB). These data indicate that destabilization of the glycan-protein interactions, rather than increased galactosylation and sialylation, modifies the Fc conformation(s) relevant for FcγR binding. Engineering of the protein-carbohydrate interface thus provides an independent parameter in the engineering of Fc effector functions and a route to the synthesis of new classes of Fc domain with novel combinations of affinities for activatory and inhibitory Fc receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yu
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Kavitha Baruah
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3QU, United Kingdom
| | - David
J. Harvey
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Snezana Vasiljevic
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic S. Alonzi
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Byeong-Doo Song
- Scripps Korea Antibody
Institute, 192-1 Hyoja-dong, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Matthew
K. Higgins
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Division of Structural
Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome
Trust Centre for Human
Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher N. Scanlan
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3QU, United Kingdom
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135
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Grainger RK, James DC. CHO cell line specific prediction and control of recombinant monoclonal antibodyN-glycosylation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:2970-83. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhian K. Grainger
- ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - David C. James
- ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
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Kinpara S, Kijiyama M, Takamori A, Hasegawa A, Sasada A, Masuda T, Tanaka Y, Utsunomiya A, Kannagi M. Interferon-α (IFN-α) suppresses HTLV-1 gene expression and cell cycling, while IFN-α combined with zidovudine induces p53 signaling and apoptosis in HTLV-1-infected cells. Retrovirology 2013; 10:52. [PMID: 23688327 PMCID: PMC3698133 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is the causative retrovirus of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1 gene expression is maintained at low levels in vivo by unknown mechanisms. A combination therapy of interferon-α (IFN-α) and zidovudin (AZT) shows therapeutic effects in ATL patients, although its mechanism is also obscure. We previously found that viral gene expression in IL-2-dependent HTLV-1-infected T-cells (ILTs) derived from ATL patients was markedly suppressed by stromal cells through a type I IFN response. Here, we investigated the effects of IFN-α with or without AZT on viral gene expression and cell growth in ILTs. RESULTS ILTs expressed variable but lower amounts of HTLV-1 Tax protein than HTLV-1-transformed HUT102 cells. Following the addition of IFN-α, the amounts of HTLV-1 p19 in the supernatants of these cells decreased in three days, while HTLV-1 gene expression decreased only in ILTs but not HUT102 cells. IFN-α also suppressed the spontaneous HTLV-1 induction in primary ATL cells cultured for 24 h. A time course study using ILTs revealed that the levels of intracellular Tax proteins decreased in the first 24 h after addition of IFN-α, before the reduction in HTLV-1 mRNA levels. The initial decreases of Tax protein following IFN-α treatment were observed in 6 of 7 ILT lines tested, although the reduction rates varied among ILT lines. An RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR)-inhibitor reversed IFN-mediated suppression of Tax in ILTs. IFN-α also induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and suppressed NF-κB activities in these cells. AZT alone did not affect HTLV-1 gene expression, cell viability or NF-κB activities. AZT combined with IFN-α markedly induced cell apoptosis associated with phosphorylation of p53 and induction of p53-responsive genes in ILTs. CONCLUSIONS IFN-α suppressed HTLV-1 gene expression at least through a PKR-mediated mechanism, and also induced cell cycle arrest in ILTs. In combination with AZT, IFN-α further induced p53 signaling and cell apoptosis in these cells. These findings suggest that HTLV-1-infected cells at an IL-2-dependent stage retain susceptibility to type I IFN-mediated regulation of viral expression, and partly explain how AZT/IFN-α produces therapeutic effects in ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Kinpara
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
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137
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Li C, Rossomando A, Wu SL, Karger BL. Comparability analysis of anti-CD20 commercial (rituximab) and RNAi-mediated fucosylated antibodies by two LC-MS approaches. MAbs 2013; 5:565-75. [PMID: 23751726 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.24814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing biosimilar or biobetter products, comparability to the reference product is required to claim similar integrity or intended purpose. In this work, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody developed using RNA interference to decrease core fucosylation (RNAi-mediated) was comprehensively characterized by LC-MS and compared with the commercially-available anti-CD20 rituximab (MabThera (®) ). As anticipated, < 30% core fucose was found within the RNAi-produced molecule (compared with > 90% in rituximab), and the reduction in fucose resulting in a significant improvement in FcγRΙΙΙa binding and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Two mutations, S258Y (fully mutated) and F174I/L (partially mutated), however, were detected in the production of the RNAi-mediated molecule. An alternative LC-MS approach using dimethyl labeling (i.e., 2CH 2 for rituximab and 2CD 2 for the RNAi-mediated molecule) was developed to additionally compare the two mAbs and confirm the full sequence with the two mutation sites. Furthermore, disulfide linkages were found to be the same for the two antibodies, with a small portion of unpaired cysteines in both products. Disulfides were correctly linked if the samples were prepared at low pH (i.e., enzymatic digestion by pepsin at pH 2); however, trace amounts of scrambling were found by trypsin digestion at pH 6.8, and this scrambling increased significantly at pH 8. Typical modifications, such as pyro-Glu formation at the N-terminus, K clipping at the C-terminus, oxidation at Met, and deamidation at Asn, were also detected with no significant differences between the two products. Using the LC-MS approaches for the comparability study, product integrity with critical structure information was revealed for confirmation of intended purpose (core fucosylation), identification of critical parameters (e.g., sample pH), and correction as needed (amino acid mutation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
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138
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Biological Insights into Therapeutic Protein Modifications throughout Trafficking and Their Biopharmaceutical Applications. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:273086. [PMID: 23690780 PMCID: PMC3652174 DOI: 10.1155/2013/273086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the lifespan of therapeutic proteins, from the point of biosynthesis to the complete clearance from tested subjects, they undergo various biological modifications. Therapeutic influences and molecular mechanisms of these modifications have been well appreciated for some while remained less understood for many. This paper has classified these modifications into multiple categories, according to their processing locations and enzymatic involvement during the trafficking events. It also focuses on the underlying mechanisms and structural-functional relationship between modifications and therapeutic properties. In addition, recent advances in protein engineering, cell line engineering, and process engineering, by exploring these complex cellular processes, are discussed and summarized, for improving functional characteristics and attributes of protein-based biopharmaceutical products.
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139
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Einarsdottir HK, Selman MHJ, Kapur R, Scherjon S, Koeleman CAM, Deelder AM, van der Schoot CE, Vidarsson G, Wuhrer M. Comparison of the Fc glycosylation of fetal and maternal immunoglobulin G. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:147-57. [PMID: 22572841 PMCID: PMC3552368 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules are composed of two Fab portions and one Fc portion. The glycans attached to the Fc portions of IgG are known to modulate its biological activity as they influence interaction with both complement and various cellular Fc receptors. IgG glycosylation changes significantly with pregnancy, showing a vast increase in galactosylation and sialylation and a concomitant decrease in the incidence of bisecting GlcNAc. Maternal IgGs are actively transported to the fetus by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) expressed in syncytiotrophoblasts in the placenta, providing the fetus and newborn with immunological protection. Two earlier reports described significant differences in total glycosylation between fetal and maternal IgG, suggesting a possible glycosylation-selective transport via the placenta. These results might suggest an alternative maternal transport pathway, since FcRn binding to IgG does not depend on Fc-glycosylation. These early studies were performed by releasing N-glycans from total IgG. Here, we chose for an alternative approach analyzing IgG Fc glycosylation at the glycopeptide level in an Fc-specific manner, providing glycosylation profiles for IgG1 and IgG4 as well as combined Fc glycosylation profiles of IgG2 and 3. The analysis of ten pairs of fetal and maternal IgG samples revealed largely comparable Fc glycosylation for all the analyzed subclasses. Average levels of galactosylation, sialylation, bisecting GlcNAc and fucosylation were very similar for the fetal and maternal IgGs. Our data suggest that the placental IgG transport is not Fc glycosylation selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga K. Einarsdottir
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice H. J. Selman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Kapur
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sicco Scherjon
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien A. M. Koeleman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - André M. Deelder
- Department of Parasitology, Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C. Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Department of Parasitology, Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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140
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Shibui T, Bando K, Misawa S. High-level secretory expression, purification, and characterization of an anti-human Her II monoclonal antibody, trastuzumab, in the methylotrophic yeast <i>Pichia pastoris</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.45084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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141
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Gerdes CA, Nicolini VG, Herter S, van Puijenbroek E, Lang S, Roemmele M, Moessner E, Freytag O, Friess T, Ries CH, Bossenmaier B, Mueller HJ, Umaña P. GA201 (RG7160): A Novel, Humanized, Glycoengineered Anti-EGFR Antibody with Enhanced ADCC and Superior In Vivo Efficacy Compared with Cetuximab. Clin Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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142
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Tobinai K, Takahashi T, Akinaga S. Targeting chemokine receptor CCR4 in adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma and other T-cell lymphomas. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2012; 7:235-40. [PMID: 22538464 PMCID: PMC3425744 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-012-0124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a group of lymphoid malignancy that remains difficult to treat, as most PTCL becomes refractory or relapses, and thus there is an unmet medical need for novel treatment modalities. CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is expressed in various types of PTCL including adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL), which has the worst prognosis among them. A phase II study of a defucosylated, humanized anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody, mogamulizumab (KW-0761), yielded an overall response rate of 50 % (13/26) and a median progression-free survival of 5.2 months in relapsed patients with CCR4-positive ATL who had been previously treated with chemotherapy. Mogamulizumab also showed potential efficacy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in a US phase I/II study. Further preclinical and clinical investigations are needed to examine whether concomitant use of this novel agent with other agents with different mechanisms of action would be more effective for ATL and other PTCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensei Tobinai
- Department of Hematology, and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Takeshi Takahashi
- Clinical Development Department, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd, 1-6-1 Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8185 Japan
| | - Shiro Akinaga
- Development Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd, 1-6-1 Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8185 Japan
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143
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Chang DK, Sui J, Geng S, Muvaffak A, Bai M, Fuhlbrigge RC, Lo A, Yammanuru A, Hubbard L, Sheehan J, Campbell JJ, Zhu Q, Kupper TS, Marasco WA. Humanization of an anti-CCR4 antibody that kills cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells and abrogates suppression by T-regulatory cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:2451-61. [PMID: 22869555 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a heterogeneous group of neoplastic disorders characterized by clonally derived and skin-homing malignant T cells that express high level of chemokine receptor CCR4, which is associated with their skin-homing capacity. CCR4 is also highly expressed on T-regulatory cells (Tregs) that can migrate to several different types of chemotactic ligand CCL17- and CCL22-secreting tumors to facilitate tumor cell evasion from immune surveillance. Thus, its high-level expression on CTCL cells and Tregs makes CCR4 a potential ideal target for antibody-based immunotherapy for CTCL and other types of solid tumors. Here, we conducted humanization and affinity optimization of a murine anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody (mAb), mAb1567, that recognizes both the N-terminal and extracellular domains of CCR4 with high affinity and inhibits chemotaxis of CCR4(+) CTCL cells. In a mouse CTCL tumor model, mAb1567 exhibited a potent antitumor effect and in vitro mechanistic studies showed that both complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and neutrophil-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) likely mediated this effect. mAb1567 also exerts human NK cell-mediated ADCC activity in vitro. Moreover, mAb1567 also effectively inhibits chemotaxis of CD4(+)CD25(high) Tregs via CCL22 and abrogates Treg suppression activity in vitro. An affinity-optimized variant of humanized mAb1567, mAb2-3, was selected for further preclinical development based on its higher binding affinity and more potent ADCC and CDC activities. Taken together, this high-affinity humanized mAb2-3 with potent antitumor effect and a broad range of mechanisms of action may provide a novel immunotherapy for CTCL and other solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Kuan Chang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute-Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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144
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Huang W, Giddens J, Fan SQ, Toonstra C, Wang LX. Chemoenzymatic glycoengineering of intact IgG antibodies for gain of functions. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12308-18. [PMID: 22747414 DOI: 10.1021/ja3051266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The fine structures of Fc N-glycans can modulate the effector functions of IgG antibodies. It has been demonstrated that lack of the core fucose on the Fc N-glycans leads to drastic enhancement of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), while terminal α2,6-sialylation of Fc glycan plays a critical role for the anti-inflammatory activity of human intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). We describe in this paper a highly efficient chemoenzymatic method for site-selective Fc glycoengineering of intact monoclonal antibody and IVIG. Two new glycosynthase mutants (EndoS-D233A and D233Q) were generated by site-directed mutagenesis of EndoS (an endoglycosidase from Streptococcus pyogenes ) and were found to be capable of efficiently transferring predefined N-glycans from corresponding glycan oxazolines to the Fc-deglycosylated intact IgGs without product hydrolysis. As a model study, rituximab (a therapeutic monoclonal antibody) was successfully transformed from mixtures of G0F, G1F, and G2F glycoforms to well-defined homogeneous glycoforms, including a fully sialylated (S2G2F) glycoform that may gain anti-inflammatory activity, a nonfucosylated G2 glycoform that showed significantly enhanced FcγIIIa receptor-binding activity, and an azido-tagged glycoform that can be further transformed into other glycoforms. We also found that EndoS could selectively remove the Fc N-glycans in the presence of FAB glycosylation. This finding, coupled with the remarkable transglycosylation activity of the EndoS glycosynthase mutants, permitted a highly selective glycoengineering of the IVIG's Fc glycans into a fully sialylated Fc glycoform, which may possess significantly enhanced anti-inflammatory activity. The glycoengineering approach described here provides a general platform to modulate the effector functions of IgG antibodies, enabling the optimization of therapeutic efficacy and gain of new functions of monoclonal antibodies and IVIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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145
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Scholten DJ, Canals M, Maussang D, Roumen L, Smit MJ, Wijtmans M, de Graaf C, Vischer HF, Leurs R. Pharmacological modulation of chemokine receptor function. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1617-1643. [PMID: 21699506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and their peptidergic ligands are interesting therapeutic targets due to their involvement in various immune-related diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HIV-1 infection and cancer. To tackle these diseases, a lot of effort has been focused on discovery and development of small-molecule chemokine receptor antagonists. This has been rewarded by the market approval of two novel chemokine receptor inhibitors, AMD3100 (CXCR4) and Maraviroc (CCR5) for stem cell mobilization and treatment of HIV-1 infection respectively. The recent GPCR crystal structures together with mutagenesis and pharmacological studies have aided in understanding how small-molecule ligands interact with chemokine receptors. Many of these ligands display behaviour deviating from simple competition and do not interact with the chemokine binding site, providing evidence for an allosteric mode of action. This review aims to give an overview of the evidence supporting modulation of this intriguing receptor family by a range of ligands, including small molecules, peptides and antibodies. Moreover, the computer-assisted modelling of chemokine receptor-ligand interactions is discussed in view of GPCR crystal structures. Finally, the implications of concepts such as functional selectivity and chemokine receptor dimerization are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Scholten
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Canals
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Maussang
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L Roumen
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M J Smit
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Wijtmans
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C de Graaf
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H F Vischer
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Leurs
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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146
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Cérutti M, Golay J. Lepidopteran cells, an alternative for the production of recombinant antibodies? MAbs 2012; 4:294-309. [PMID: 22531440 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.19942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are used with great success in many different therapeutic domains. In order to satisfy the growing demand and to lower the production cost of these molecules, many alternative systems have been explored. Among them, the baculovirus/insect cells system is a good candidate. This system is very safe, given that the baculoviruses have a highly restricted host range and they are not pathogenic to vertebrates or plants. But the major asset is the speed with which it is possible to obtain very stable recombinant viruses capable of producing fully active proteins whose glycosylation pattern can be modulated to make it similar to the human one. These features could ultimately make the difference by enabling the production of antibodies with very low costs. However, efforts are still needed, in particular to increase production rates and thus make this system commercially viable for the production of these therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Cérutti
- CNRS UPS3044 Baculovirus et Thérapie, CNRS GDR3260, ACCITH Anticorps et Ciblage Thérapeutique and LabEx MabImprove, Saint Christol Lèz Alès, France.
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147
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Degree of sialylation and fucosylation of plasma and amniotic immunoglobulin G changes progressively during normal pregnancy. Prenat Diagn 2012; 32:432-9. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.3832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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148
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Haryadi R, Zhang P, Chan KF, Song Z. CHO-gmt5, a novel CHO glycosylation mutant for producing afucosylated and asialylated recombinant antibodies. Bioengineered 2012; 4:90-4. [PMID: 22989990 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.22262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) are powerful tools for creating double-stranded-breaks (DSBs) in genomic DNA in a site-specific manner. These DSBs generated by ZFNs can be repaired by homology-directed repair or nonhomologous end joining, in which the latter can be exploited to generate insertion or deletion mutants. Based on published literature, we designed a pair of zinc-finger nucleases and inactivated the GDP-fucose transporter gene (Slc35c1) in a previously reported CHO mutant that has a dysfunctional CMP-sialic acid transporter gene (Slc35a1). The resulting mutant cell line, CHO-gmt5, lacks functional GDP-fucose transporter and CMP-sialic acid transporter. As a result, these cells can only produce asialylated and afucosylated glycoproteins. It is now widely recognized that removal of the core fucose from the N-glycans attached to Asn(297) of human IgG1 significantly enhances its binding to its receptor, FcγRIIIa, and thereby dramatically improves antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Recent reports showed that removal of sialic acid from IgG1 also enhances ADCC. Therefore, CHO-gmt5 may represent a more advantageous cell line for the production of recombinant antibodies with enhanced ADCC. These cells show comparable growth rate to wild type CHO-K1 cells and uncompromised transfection efficiency, which make them desirable for use as a production line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Haryadi
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
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149
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Gasdaska JR, Sherwood S, Regan JT, Dickey LF. An afucosylated anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody with greater antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and B-cell depletion and lower complement-dependent cytotoxicity than rituximab. Mol Immunol 2012; 50:134-41. [PMID: 22305040 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the in vitro and in vivo activity of a novel afucosylated rituximab (BLX-300) expressed in a Lemna aquatic plant-based system free of zoonotic pathogens. The glycosylation of BLX-300 was shown to be homogeneous, composed of a single major N-glycan species without detectable fucose or xylose. Target cell binding and induction of apoptosis were similar for BLX-300 and rituximab. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was increased by BLX-300 versus rituximab in phenylalanine/phenylalanine (F/F), phenylalanine/valine (F/V) and valine/valine (V/V) genotype donors, as indicated by respective log reductions of 0.82, 1.07 and 0.92 in EC(50). BLX-300 also showed greater B-cell depletion than rituximab in whole blood from donors of F/F, F/V and V/V genotype in vitro and cynomolgus monkeys in vivo. Temporal changes in circulating levels of BLX-300 and rituximab were similar in cynomolgus monkeys. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) was attenuated by BLX-300 relative to rituximab, as judged by a log increase of 0.51 in EC(50). The higher ADCC and B-cell depletion suggest a potential improvement in effectiveness and potency, while lower CDC may mitigate infusion toxicity.
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150
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Zhong X, Cooley C, Seth N, Juo ZS, Presman E, Resendes N, Kumar R, Allen M, Mosyak L, Stahl M, Somers W, Kriz R. Engineering novel Lec1 glycosylation mutants in CHO-DUKX cells: Molecular insights and effector modulation of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:1723-34. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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