101
|
Yoshida T, Zhang Y, Rivera Rosado LA, Zhang B. Repeated Treatment with Subtoxic Doses of TRAIL Induces Resistance to Apoptosis through Its Death Receptors in MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1835-44. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
102
|
Colombatti M, Grasso S, Porzia A, Fracasso G, Scupoli MT, Cingarlini S, Poffe O, Naim HY, Heine M, Tridente G, Mainiero F, Ramarli D. The prostate specific membrane antigen regulates the expression of IL-6 and CCL5 in prostate tumour cells by activating the MAPK pathways. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4608. [PMID: 19242540 PMCID: PMC2643478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the chemokine CCL5 are implicated in the development and progression of several forms of tumours including that of the prostate. The expression of the prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is augmented in high-grade and metastatic tumors. Observations of the clinical behaviour of prostate tumors suggest that the increased secretion of IL-6 and CCL5 and the higher expression of PSMA may be correlated. We hypothesized that PSMA could be endowed with signalling properties and that its stimulation might impact on the regulation of the gene expression of IL-6 and CCL5. We herein demonstrate that the cross-linking of cell surface PSMA with specific antibodies activates the small GTPases RAS and RAC1 and the MAPKs p38 and ERK1/2 in prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells. As downstream effects of the PSMA-fostered RAS-RAC1-MAPK pathway activation we observed a strong induction of NF-κB activation associated with an increased expression of IL-6 and CCL5 genes. Pharmacological blockade with specific inhibitors revealed that both p38 and ERK1/2 participate in the phenomenon, although a major role exerted by p38 was evident. Finally we demonstrate that IL-6 and CCL5 enhanced the proliferative potential of LNCaP cells synergistically and in a dose-dependent manner and that CCL5 functioned by receptor-mediated activation of the STAT5-Cyclin D1 pro-proliferative pathway. The novel functions attributable to PSMA which are described in the present report may have profound influence on the survival and proliferation of prostate tumor cells, accounting for the observation that PSMA overexpression in prostate cancer patients is related to a worse prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Grasso
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Porzia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Institute Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Fracasso
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Scupoli
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Medical Research (LURM), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Cingarlini
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ornella Poffe
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Hassan Y. Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Heine
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Tridente
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Clinical Immunology, Giovanni Battista Rossi Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mainiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Institute Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Dunia Ramarli
- Clinical Immunology, Giovanni Battista Rossi Hospital, Verona, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Yau TO, Chan CF, Gee-San Lam S, Cheung OF, Ching YP, Jin DY, Sham MH, Ng IOL. Hepatocyte-specific activation of NF-kappaB does not aggravate chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in transgenic mice. J Pathol 2009; 217:353-61. [PMID: 19090486 DOI: 10.1002/path.2451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The NF-kappaB signalling pathway plays important roles in liver organogenesis and carcinogenesis. Mouse embryos deficient in IKKbeta die in mid-gestation, due to excessive apoptosis of hepatoblasts. Although activation of the NF-kappaB signalling pathway has been demonstrated in human hepatocellular carcinoma, the role of NF-kappaB is controversial. Here, we have generated transgenic mice in which a constitutively active form of IKKbeta was expressed in a hepatocyte-specific manner. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we documented increased NF-kappaB activities and up-regulated levels of NF-kappaB downstream target genes, Bcl-xL and STAT5, in the transgenic mouse livers. These results confirmed that the NF-kappaB pathway was activated in the livers of the transgenic mice. However, there was no significant difference in tumour formation between transgenic and wild-type mice up to an age of 50 weeks. When we treated the transgenic mice with the chemical carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN), we observed no significant differences in the incidence and size of liver tumours formed in these mice with and without DEN treatment at 35 weeks of age, suggesting that the activated NF-kappaB pathway in the livers of the transgenic mice did not enhance hepatocarcinogenesis. Interestingly, some of the transient transgenic embryos (E12.5) had abnormal excessive accumulation of nucleated red blood cells in their developing livers. In summary, NF-kappaB activation in hepatocytes did not significantly affect chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. In addition, the TTR/IKKCA transgenic mice may serve as a useful model for studying the role of NF-kappaB activation in hepatocarcinogenesis as well as inflammatory and metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T-O Yau
- Liver Cancer and Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
104
|
Koppikar P, Lui VWY, Man D, Xi S, Chai RL, Nelson E, Tobey ABJ, Grandis JR. Constitutive activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 contributes to tumor growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor targeting. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 14:7682-90. [PMID: 19047094 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) is activated in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), where targeting of STAT5 inhibits tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. The role of STAT5 activation in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and response to therapy remains incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of STAT5 activation on squamous epithelial carcinogenesis and response to therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The functional consequences of STAT5 activation in squamous epithelial carcinogenesis were examined using cells derived from normal (Het-1A) and transformed mucosal epithelial cells engineered to express constitutive-active mutants of STAT5. RESULTS The growth rate of stable clones derived from both normal and transformed squamous epithelial cells expressing the constitutive-active STAT5 was increased. In SCCHN xenografts, tumor volumes were increased in constitutive-active STAT5 mutant cells compared with vector-transfected controls. Constitutive activation of STAT5 significantly increased cell migration and invasion through Matrigel, as well as the transforming efficiency of SCCHN cells in vitro, as assessed by soft agar assays. The constitutive-active STAT5 clones derived from SCCHN cells showed changes consistent with an epithelial-mesenchymal transition including decreased expression of E-cadherin and increased vimentin in comparison with control transfectants. In these cells, STAT5 activation was associated with resistance to cisplatin-mediated apoptosis and growth inhibition induced by the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, erlotinib. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that constitutive STAT5 signaling enhances tumor growth, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in squamous epithelial carcinogenesis and may contribute to resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor and chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Koppikar
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
105
|
Liang QC, Xiong H, Zhao ZW, Jia D, Li WX, Qin HZ, Deng JP, Gao L, Zhang H, Gao GD. Inhibition of transcription factor STAT5b suppresses proliferation, induces G1 cell cycle arrest and reduces tumor cell invasion in human glioblastoma multiforme cells. Cancer Lett 2009; 273:164-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
106
|
Dagvadorj A, Tan SH, Liao Z, Cavalli LR, Haddad BR, Nevalainen MT. Androgen-regulated and highly tumorigenic human prostate cancer cell line established from a transplantable primary CWR22 tumor. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:6062-72. [PMID: 18829484 PMCID: PMC2570751 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE One of the major obstacles in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the transition of prostate cancer growth from androgen dependency to a hormone-refractory state is the lack of androgen-regulated and tumorigenic human prostate cancer cell lines. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have established and characterized a new human prostate cancer cell line, CWR22Pc, derived from the primary CWR22 human prostate xenograft tumors. RESULTS The growth of CWR22Pc cells is induced markedly by dihydrotestosterone, and CWR22Pc cells express high levels of androgen receptor (AR) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Importantly, PSA expression in CWR22Pc cells is regulated by androgens. Stat5a/b, Stat3, Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinase were constitutively active or cytokine inducible in CWR22Pc cells. The AR in CWR22Pc cells contains the H874Y mutation, but not the exon 3 duplication or other mutations. When inoculated subcutaneously into dihydrotestosterone-supplemented castrated nude mice, large tumors formed rapidly in 20 of 20 mice, whereas no tumors developed in mice without circulating dihydrotestosterone. Moreover, the serum PSA levels correlated with the tumor volumes. When androgens were withdrawn from the CWR22Pc tumors grown in nude mice, the tumors initially shrank but regrew back as androgen-independent tumors. CONCLUSIONS This androgen-regulated and tumorigenic human prostate cancer cell line provides a valuable tool for studies on androgen regulation of prostate cancer cells and on the molecular mechanisms taking place in growth promotion of prostate cancer when androgens are withdrawn from the growth environment. CWR22Pc cells also provide a model system for studies on the regulation of transcriptional activity of mutated H874YAR in a prostate cancer cell context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Dagvadorj
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Tan SH, Nevalainen MT. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A/B in prostate and breast cancers. Endocr Relat Cancer 2008; 15:367-90. [PMID: 18508994 PMCID: PMC6036917 DOI: 10.1677/erc-08-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase signaling pathways, such as Janus kinase 2-Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A/B (JAK2-STAT5A/B), are of significant interest in the search for new therapeutic strategies in both breast and prostate cancers. In prostate cancer, the components of the JAK2-STAT5A/B signaling pathway provide molecular targets for small-molecule inhibition of survival and growth signals of the cells. At the same time, new evidence suggests that the STAT5A/B signaling pathway is involved in the transition of organ-confined prostate cancer to hormone-refractory disease. This implies that the active JAK2-STAT5A/B signaling pathway potentially provides the means for pharmacological intervention of clinical prostate cancer progression. In addition, active STAT5A/B may serve as a prognostic marker for identification of those primary prostate cancers that are likely to progress to aggressive disease. In breast cancer, the role of STAT5A/B is more complex. STAT5A/B may have a dual role in the regulation of malignant mammary epithelium. Data accumulated from mouse models of breast cancer suggest that in early stages of breast cancer STAT5A/B may promote malignant transformation and enhance growth of the tumor. This is in contrast to established breast cancer, where STAT5A/B may mediate the critical cues for maintaining the differentiation of mammary epithelium. In addition, present data suggest that activation of STAT5A/B in breast cancer predicts favorable clinical outcome. The dual nature of STAT5A/B action in breast cancer makes the therapeutic use of STAT5 A/B more complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Han Tan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 309, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
108
|
Dagvadorj A, Kirken RA, Leiby B, Karras J, Nevalainen MT. Transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 promotes growth of human prostate cancer cells in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:1317-24. [PMID: 18316550 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a/b (Stat5a/b) is the key mediator of prolactin effects in prostate cancer cells via activation of Janus-activated kinase 2. Prolactin is a locally produced growth factor in human prostate cancer. Prolactin protein expression and constitutive activation of Stat5a/b are associated with high histologic grade of clinical prostate cancer. Moreover, activation of Stat5a/b in primary prostate cancer predicts early disease recurrence. Here, we inhibited Stat5a/b by several different methodologic approaches. Our goal was to establish a proof of principle that Stat5a/b is critical for prostate cancer cell viability in vitro and for prostate tumor growth in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We inhibited Stat5a/b protein expression by antisense oligonucleotides or RNA interference and transcriptional activity of Stat5a/b by adenoviral expression of a dominant-negative mutant of Stat5a/b in prostate cancer cells in culture. Moreover, Stat5a/b activity was suppressed in human prostate cancer xenograft tumors in nude mice. Stat5a/b regulation of Bcl-X(L) and cyclin D1 protein levels was shown by antisense suppression of Stat5a/b protein expression followed by Western blotting. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We show here that inhibition of Stat5a/b by antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference, or adenoviral expression of dominant-negative Stat5a/b effectively kills prostate cancer cells. Moreover, we show that Stat5a/b is critical for human prostate cancer xenograft growth in nude mice. The effects of Stat5a/b on the viability of prostate cancer cells involve Stat5a/b regulation of Bcl-X(L) and cyclin D1 protein levels but not the expression or activation of Stat3. This work establishes Stat5a/b as a therapeutic target protein for prostate cancer. Pharmacologic inhibition of Stat5a/b in prostate cancer can be achieved by small-molecule inhibitors of transactivation, dimerization, or DNA binding of Stat5a/b.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Dagvadorj
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Tallet E, Rouet V, Jomain JB, Kelly PA, Bernichtein S, Goffin V. Rational design of competitive prolactin/growth hormone receptor antagonists. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2008; 13:105-17. [PMID: 18219565 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-008-9066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) act as growth-promoters of breast tumors. Recent arguments have accumulated to suggest that when they are locally-produced within the mammary tissue, these hormones, acting by an autocrine-paracrine mechanism may have enhanced, or even specific functions compared to endocrine PRL and GH. Classical drugs blocking pituitary hormone production (dopamine and somatostatin analogs) are ineffective on extrapituitary expression of PRL/GH genes, therefore the undesirable effects of these locally-produced hormones remain a target of interest for alternative strategies. This has encouraged the development of competitive PRL and/or GH receptor antagonists, which involve engineered variants of natural receptor ligands (PRL or GH) aimed at blocking receptor activation rather than hormone production in peripheral tissues. This article overviews the rational design of this new class of molecules, their specific molecular features (receptor specificity, biological properties, etc.) and whenever available, the data that have been obtained in cell or animal models of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Tallet
- Inserm, U845, Centre de Recherche Croissance et signalisation, Equipe PRL, GH et tumeurs, Paris, 75015, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a 23-kDa protein hormone that binds to a single-span membrane receptor, a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily, and exerts its action via several interacting signaling pathways. PRL is a multifunctional hormone that affects multiple reproductive and metabolic functions and is also involved in tumorigenicity. In addition to being a classical pituitary hormone, PRL in humans is produced by many tissues throughout the body where it acts as a cytokine. The objective of this review is to compare and contrast multiple aspects of PRL, from structure to regulation, and from physiology to pathology in rats, mice, and humans. At each juncture, questions are raised whether, or to what extent, data from rodents are relevant to PRL homeostasis in humans. Most current knowledge on PRL has been obtained from studies with rats and, more recently, from the use of transgenic mice. Although this information is indispensable for understanding PRL in human health and disease, there is sufficient disparity in the control of the production, distribution, and physiological functions of PRL among these species to warrant careful and judicial extrapolation to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nira Ben-Jonathan
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45255, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Tan SH, Dagvadorj A, Shen F, Gu L, Liao Z, Abdulghani J, Zhang Y, Gelmann EP, Zellweger T, Culig Z, Visakorpi T, Bubendorf L, Kirken RA, Karras J, Nevalainen MT. Transcription Factor Stat5 Synergizes with Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:236-48. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
112
|
Transcription Factors STAT5 and STAT3. Prostate Cancer 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-079-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
113
|
Li H, Zhou J, Miki J, Furusato B, Gu Y, Srivastava S, McLeod DG, Vogel JC, Rhim JS. Telomerase-immortalized non-malignant human prostate epithelial cells retain the properties of multipotent stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:92-102. [PMID: 17900565 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding prostate stem cells may provide insight into the origin of prostate cancer. Primary cells have been cultured from human prostate tissue but they usually survive only 15-20 population doublings before undergoing senescence. We report here that RC-170N/h/clone 7 cells, a clonal cell line from hTERT-immortalized primary non-malignant tissue-derived human prostate epithelial cell line (RC170N/h), retain multipotent stem cell properties. The RC-170N/h/clone 7 cells expressed a human embryonic stem cell marker, Oct-4, and potential prostate epithelial stem cell markers, CD133, integrin alpha2beta1(hi) and CD44. The RC-170N/h/clone 7 cells proliferated in KGM and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium with 10% fetal bovine serum and 5 microg/ml insulin (DMEM+10% FBS+Ins.) medium, and differentiated into epithelial stem cells that expressed epithelial cell markers, including CK5/14, CD44, p63 and cytokeratin 18 (CK18); as well as the mesenchymal cell markers, vimentin, desmin; the neuron and neuroendocrine cell marker, chromogranin A. Furthermore the RC170 N/h/clone 7 cells differentiated into multi tissues when transplanted into the sub-renal capsule and subcutaneously of NOD-SCID mice. The results indicate that RC170N/h/clone 7 cells retain the properties of multipotent stem cells and will be useful as a novel cell model for studying the mechanisms of human prostate stem cell differentiation and transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Li
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
114
|
Mallette FA, Gaumont-Leclerc MF, Huot G, Ferbeyre G. Myc Down-regulation as a Mechanism to Activate the Rb Pathway in STAT5A-induced Senescence. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:34938-44. [PMID: 17913706 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707074200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is a general antiproliferative program that avoids the expansion of cells bearing oncogenic mutations. We found that constitutively active STAT5A (ca-STAT5A) can induce a p53- and Rb-dependent cellular senescence response. However, ca-STAT5A did not induce p21 and p16(INK4a), which are responsible for inhibiting cyclin-dependent protein kinases and engaging the Rb pathway during the senescence response to oncogenic ras. Intriguingly, ca-STAT5A led to a down-regulation of Myc and Myc targets, including CDK4, a negative regulator of Rb. The down-regulation of Myc was in part proteasome-dependent and correlated with its localization to promyelocytic leukemia bodies, which were found to be highly abundant during STAT5-induced senescence. Introduction of CDK4 or Myc bypassed STAT5A-induced senescence in cells in which p53 was also inactivated. These results uncover a novel mechanism to engage the Rb pathway in oncogene-induced senescence and indicate the existence of oncogene-specific pathways that regulate senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédérick A Mallette
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Das S, Roth CP, Wasson LM, Vishwanatha JK. Signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 (STAT6) is a constitutively expressed survival factor in human prostate cancer. Prostate 2007; 67:1550-64. [PMID: 17705178 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-6 is a member of the STAT family of latent transcription factors. In this investigation, we examined STAT6 expression in clinical prostate cancer tissue specimen and determined its role in prostate cell proliferation and migration. METHODS STAT6 expression in cell lines and tissues was analyzed by RT-PCR, IHC and/or immunoblot analyses. Down-regulation of STAT6 expression was achieved by STAT6 siRNA and its effect on cell migration and apoptosis was measured. RESULTS STAT6 is highly expressed in the fibromuscular stroma of prostate cancer specimens. STAT6 is also expressed in the malignant epithelial layer and prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). STAT6 expression was significantly correlated with high histological grades of prostate cancer as well as with tumor size. Our data indicate deregulated STAT6 mRNA and protein expression in prostate cancer cells with high levels in the non-cancerous HPV 18C-1 and cancerous DU145 cell lines and low levels in PC3 and LNCaP cells. Phosphorylated STAT6 was expressed in all three cancer cell lines DU145, PC3, and LNCaP. Down-regulation of STAT6 using siRNA leads to the induction of early apoptosis in DU145 cells and inhibits migration of these cells. Significant reduction in cell viability and transcriptional down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-X(L) was observed followed by STAT6 down-regulation in DU145 cells. Interestingly STAT6 also regulates transcription of 15-lipoxygenase-1 gene in DU145 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that STAT6 is a survival factor in prostate cancer and regulates the genetic transcriptional program that is responsible for prostate cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susobhan Das
- Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Dagvadorj A, Collins S, Jomain JB, Abdulghani J, Karras J, Zellweger T, Li H, Nurmi M, Alanen K, Mirtti T, Visakorpi T, Bubendorf L, Goffin V, Nevalainen MT. Autocrine prolactin promotes prostate cancer cell growth via Janus kinase-2-signal transducer and activator of transcription-5a/b signaling pathway. Endocrinology 2007; 148:3089-101. [PMID: 17412813 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that promote progression of localized prostate cancer to hormone-refractory and disseminated disease are poorly understood. Prolactin (Prl) is a local growth factor produced in high-grade prostate cancer, and exogenously added Prl in tissue or explant cultures of normal and malignant prostate is a strong mitogen and survival factor for prostate epithelium. The key signaling proteins that mediate the biological effects of Prl in prostate cancer are Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (Stat)-5a/5b via activation of Janus kinase-2. Importantly, inhibition of Stat5a/b in prostate cancer cells induces apoptotic death. Using a specific Prl receptor antagonist (Delta1-9G129R-hPRL), we demonstrate here for the first time that autocrine Prl in androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells promotes cell viability via Stat5 signaling pathway. Furthermore, we examined a unique clinical material of human hormone refractory prostate cancers and metastases and show that autocrine Prl is expressed in 54% of hormone-refractory clinical human prostate cancers and 62% prostate cancer metastases. Finally, we demonstrate that autocrine Prl is expressed from both the proximal and distal promoters of the Prl gene in clinical human prostate cancers and in vivo and in vitro human prostate cancer models, independently of pituitary transcription factor-1 (Pit-1). Collectively, the data provide novel evidence for the concept that autocrine Prl signaling pathway is involved in growth of hormone-refractory and metastatic prostate cancer. The study also provides support for the use of Prl receptor antagonists or other therapeutic strategies to block the Prl-Janus kinase-2-Stat5 signaling pathway in advanced prostate cancer.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Janus Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Janus Kinase 2/genetics
- Janus Kinase 2/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Prolactin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Prolactin/genetics
- Prolactin/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
- Tyrphostins/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Dagvadorj
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 309B, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA, and Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoma of the prostate (CaP) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men in the United States. Signal transduction molecules such as tyrosine kinases play important roles in CaP. Src, a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (NRTK) and the first proto-oncogene discovered is shown to participate in processes such as cell proliferation and migration in CaP. Underscoring NRTK's and, specifically, Src's importance in cancer is the recent approval by the US Food and Drug Administration of dasatinib, the first commercial Src inhibitor for clinical use in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In this review we will focus on NRTKs and their roles in the biology of CaP. MATERIALS AND METHODS Publicly available literature from PubMed regarding the topic of members of NRTKs in CaP was searched and reviewed. RESULTS Src, FAK, JaK1/2, and ETK are involved in processes indispensable to the biology of CaP: cell growth, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Src emerges as a common signaling and regulatory molecule in multiple biological processes in CaP. Src's relative importance in particular stages of CaP, however, required further definition. Continued investigation of NRTKs will increase our understanding of their biological function and potential role as new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Chang
- Department of Urology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Sathyanarayana P, Menon MP, Bogacheva O, Bogachev O, Niss K, Kapelle WS, Houde E, Fang J, Wojchowski DM. Erythropoietin modulation of podocalyxin and a proposed erythroblast niche. Blood 2007; 110:509-18. [PMID: 17403918 PMCID: PMC1924484 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-11-056465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epo's erythropoietic capacity is ascribed largely to its antiapoptotic actions. In part via gene profiling of bone marrow erythroblasts, Epo is now shown to selectively down-modulate the adhesion/migration factors chemokine receptor-4 (Cxcr4) and integrin alpha-4 (Itga4) and to up-modulate growth differentiation factor-3 (Gdf3), oncostatin-M (OncoM), and podocalyxin like-1 (PODXL). For PODXL, Epo dose-dependent expression of this CD34-related sialomucin was discovered in Kit(+)CD71(high) proerythroblasts and was sustained at subsequent Kit(-)CD71(high) and Ter119(+) stages. In vivo, Epo markedly induced PODXL expression in these progenitors and in marrow-resident reticulocytes. This was further associated with a rapid release of PODXL(+) reticulocytes to blood. As studied in erythroblasts expressing minimal Epo receptor (EpoR) alleles, efficient PODXL induction proved dependence on an EpoR-PY343 Stat5 binding site. Moreover, in mice expressing an EpoR-HM F343 allele, compromised Epo-induced PODXL expression correlated with abnormal anucleated red cell representation in marrow. By modulating this select set of cell-surface adhesion molecules and chemokines, Epo is proposed to mobilize erythroblasts from a hypothesized stromal niche and possibly promote reticulocyte egress to blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Sathyanarayana
- Stem and Progenitor Cell Biology Program and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
Chen W, Khurana Hershey GK. Signal transducer and activator of transcription signals in allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:529-41; quiz 542-3. [PMID: 17336608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins are a group of transcription factors that transmit signals from the extracellular milieu of cells to the nucleus. They are crucial for the signaling of many cytokines that are mediators of allergic inflammation and impact various cell types critical to allergy including epithelial cells, mast cells, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and eosinophils. Dysregulation of STAT signaling has been implicated in allergic disease, highlighting the importance of these ubiquitous molecules in allergic inflammation and the potential of these pathways as a target for therapeutic intervention. This review will summarize the current understanding of the roles of STAT signaling in allergic disease and the potential of targeting STATs for the treatment of allergic disorders, emphasizing recent observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Chen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
120
|
Song C, Jun SY, Hong JH, Ahn H. Transforming growth factor-β downregulates interleukin-2-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 in human renal cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 133:487-92. [PMID: 17279417 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-007-0192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (STAT5) activation status in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in the process. METHODS Twenty normal and RCC tissues were obtained from radical nephrectomy specimens for the assessment of expressions of phosphorylated STAT5 (p-STAT5) and TGF-beta1 (Western blot) and for localization and assessment of their relationship (immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence stains). By using four RCC cell lines and four primary cultured cells, the effect of TGF-beta1 and/or interleukin-2 (IL-2) on the expressions of p-STAT5 were analyzed. RESULTS In RCC samples, expression of p-STAT5 was significantly reduced while expression of TGF-beta was enhanced compared with normal kidney tissues (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). P-STAT5 was observed almost exclusively in the nuclei of normal kidney tissues while TGF-beta was identified in the cytoplasm of cells of both tissues reflecting the Western results. In both RCC cell lines and cells from primary cultures, treatment with TGF-beta or antibody did not significantly alter STAT5 activation. However, TGF-beta significantly suppressed IL-2-induced STAT5 activation, whereas anti-TGF-beta antibodies enhanced IL-2-induced STAT5 further. CONCLUSIONS STAT5 activation is suppressed in RCC compared with normal renal parenchyma. It may be attributed to the RCC-derived TGF-beta which also interferes with IL-2-induced STAT5 pathway activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryn Song
- Department of Urology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 388-1 Poongnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea 138-736
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Bellezza I, Neuwirt H, Nemes C, Cavarretta IT, Puhr M, Steiner H, Minelli A, Bartsch G, Offner F, Hobisch A, Doppler W, Culig Z. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 antagonizes cAMP effects on proliferation and apoptosis and is expressed in human prostate cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 169:2199-208. [PMID: 17148681 PMCID: PMC1762483 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6, levels of which are elevated in prostate cancer, activates different signal transduction pathways including that of Janus kinases/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3. However, phosphorylation of STAT3 has been reported to be associated with either stimulatory or inhibitory effects on cellular proliferation. To better understand the mechanisms of STAT3 regulation in benign and malignant prostate, we have investigated the role of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3. Cell lines that did not express phosphorylated STAT3 were found to be SOCS-3-positive. SOCS-3 was re-expressed in LNCaP cells after treatment with a demethylating agent. SOCS-3 immunohistochemistry revealed a negative or weak reaction in benign areas, whereas its expression was detected in tumor tissue. To investigate the involvement of SOCS-3 in regulation of cellular events, we incubated cancer cells with a cAMP derivative. This treatment yielded higher SOCS-3 levels, reduced [3H]thymidine incorporation, and increased percentage of apoptotic cells. However, down-regulation of SOCS-3 by a short interfering RNA approach resulted in inhibition of proliferation and an increased apoptotic rate. Collectively, our results show that SOCS-3 antagonizes regulation of cellular events by cAMP and is expressed in human prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, and Department of Pathology, General Hospital Feldkirch, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Lee TK, Man K, Poon RTP, Lo CM, Yuen AP, Ng IO, Ng KT, Leonard W, Fan ST. Signal transducers and activators of transcription 5b activation enhances hepatocellular carcinoma aggressiveness through induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Res 2006; 66:9948-56. [PMID: 17047057 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with a high potential of vascular invasion and metastasis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key event in the tumor invasion process. Recently, signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (STAT5) has been linked to tumor progression by EMT induction. However, the precise roles of STAT5 genes (STAT5a and STAT5b) in human epithelial cancers have not been elucidated clearly. The aim of this study is to analyze the roles of STAT5 isoforms in HCC progression using HCC clinical samples. We showed that activation of STAT5b, but not STAT5a, was found in HCC clinical samples and its expression was significantly associated with younger age (P = 0.037), advanced tumor stages (P = 0.003), venous infiltration (P = 0.016), microsatellite formation (P = 0.024), multiple tumor nodules (P = 0.02), and poor patient survival. To specifically investigate the mechanism underlying constitutive activation of STAT5b in HCC, EGFP-HBX was introduced into Huh-7 cells. STAT5b activation in HCC is at least partially mediated by HBX activation. Ectopic STAT5b transfection conferred increased HCC cell motility and invasiveness by induction of EMT changes. In conclusion, STAT5b activation enhanced HCC aggressiveness by induction of EMT, which was possibly mediated by HBX activation. STAT5b could serve as a novel molecular target for HCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terence K Lee
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Goffin V, Touraine P, Culler MD, Kelly PA. Drug Insight: prolactin-receptor antagonists, a novel approach to treatment of unresolved systemic and local hyperprolactinemia? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:571-81. [PMID: 17024156 DOI: 10.1038/ncpendmet0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone whose major biological actions are related to normal lactation and reproduction. Abnormally high prolactin levels, referred to as hyperprolactinemia, can result in various reproductive disorders. Currently, therapeutic management of hyperprolactinemia relies on dopamine agonists, since dopamine is the primary physiological suppressor of pituitary prolactin production. Epidemiologic studies have shown that prolactin levels in the high-normal range, as well as medications that interfere with dopamine action (e.g. certain antipsychotic drugs), might correlate with increased breast cancer risk. In addition to circulating prolactin, it is now well established that prolactin is also produced locally within various tissues, including breast and prostate. Increasing evidence, mainly from animal studies at present, suggests that excess locally produced prolactin may promote the growth of breast and prostate tumors via an autocrine or paracrine mechanism. These findings have renewed the interest in finding alternative strategies to suppress prolactin actions when dopamine agonists are ineffective. Our studies of the relationship between prolactin structure and function have resulted in the development of pure prolactin-receptor antagonists. These molecules prevent endogenous prolactin from exerting its actions via a competitive mechanism for receptor binding. In this review, we discuss the possible future therapeutic utility of this novel class of compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Goffin
- INSERM, Unit 808, Laboratory Faculté de Médecine Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75730, Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Mirmohammadsadegh A, Hassan M, Bardenheuer W, Marini A, Gustrau A, Nambiar S, Tannapfel A, Bojar H, Ruzicka T, Hengge UR. STAT5 Phosphorylation in Malignant Melanoma Is Important for Survival and Is Mediated Through SRC and JAK1 Kinases. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:2272-80. [PMID: 16741510 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Altered signaling pathways are key regulators of cellular functions in tumor cells. Constitutive activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 and -5 may be involved in tumor formation and progression. We have investigated the role of STAT5 in cutaneous melanoma metastases using various RNA and protein techniques. In melanoma specimens, Stat5b transcripts were upregulated approximately 3.8-fold. In 13 of 21 (62%) human melanoma metastases, STAT5 was phosphorylated in comparison to normal human melanocytes and benign nevi. The STAT5 target gene Bcl-2 was frequently upregulated. The investigation of the underlying mechanism revealed specific STAT5 activation by recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rEGF). rEGF-induced activation of STAT5 occurred in vitro through the non-receptor tyrosine kinases transforming gene (src) of Rous Sarcoma virus and Janus kinase 1. Inhibition of Stat5b expression by small interfering RNA strongly reduced the expression of Bcl-2 and led to decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis in the melanoma cell lines A375 and BLM. Transfection with dominant-negative Stat5b caused enhanced cell death and G1 arrest in A375 cells. Our study identifies phosphorylated STAT5 in melanoma and shows regulation through rEGF; STAT5 may thus act as a survival factor for growth of human melanoma and may represent a potential target for molecular therapy.
Collapse
|
125
|
Yang H, Yu LR, Yi M, Lucas DA, Lukes L, Lancaster M, Chan KC, Issaq HJ, Stephens RM, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Hunter KW. Parallel analysis of transcript and translation profiles: identification of metastasis-related signal pathways differentially regulated by drug and genetic modifications. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:1555-67. [PMID: 16823962 PMCID: PMC1501083 DOI: 10.1021/pr0504283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a complex multistep process normally involving dysregulation of multiple signal transduction pathways. In this study, we developed a novel approach to efficiently define dysreguated pathways associated with metastasis by comparing global gene and protein expressions of two distinct metastasis-suppressed models. Consequently, we identified common features shared by the two models which are potentially associated with metastasis. The efficiency of metastasis from the highly aggressive polyoma middle T-induced mouse mammary tumors was suppressed by either prolonged caffeine exposure or by breeding the animal to a low metastatic mouse strain. Molecular profiles of the primary tumors from both metastasis-suppressed classes were then derived to identify molecules and pathways that might underlie a common mechanism of metastasis. A number of differentially regulated genes and proteins were identified, including genes encoding basement membrane components, which were inversely related to metastatic efficiency. In addition, the analysis revealed that the Stat signal transduction pathways were potentially associated with metastasis inhibition, as demonstrated by enhanced Stat1 activation, and decreased Stat5 phosphorylation in both genetic and pharmacological modification models. Tumor cells of low-metastatic genotypes also demonstrated anti-apoptotic properties. The common changes of these pathways in all of the metastasis-suppressed systems suggest that they may be critical components in the metastatic cascade, at least in this model system. Our data demonstrate that analysis of common changes in genes and proteins in a metastatic-related context greatly decrease the complexity of data analysis, and may serve as a screening tool to identify biological important factors from large scale data.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Caffeine/therapeutic use
- Central Nervous System Stimulants/therapeutic use
- Crosses, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Metastasis/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Metastasis/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Signal Transduction/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yang
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Li-Rong Yu
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Ming Yi
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - David A. Lucas
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Luanne Lukes
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mindy Lancaster
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - King C. Chan
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Haleem J. Issaq
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Robert M. Stephens
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Thomas P. Conrads
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Timothy D. Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Kent W. Hunter
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
- *Corresponding author: Kent Hunter, Laboratory of Population Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 41 Library Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892. Tel: (301) 435-8957. Fax: (301) 435-8963 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Ma XT, Yu LW, Wang S, Du RY, Cui ZR. Effects of Stat5 antisense oligonucleotide combined with 5-fluorouracil on proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:1257-1261. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i13.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the mechanism of Stat5 antisense oligonucleotide (Stat5 AS-ON) combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in the treatment of gastric cancer.
METHODS: Human gastric cancer cell line BGC823 was treated with Stat5 AS-ON and 5-FU, respectively, or in combination. The expression of Stat5, p-Stat5, cyclin D1 and Bcl-xL in the cells were detected by Western blot, and the cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry.
RESULTS: After treatment with Stat5 AS-ON and 5-FU for 72 h, the ratio of G1-phase cells was up-regulated from 65.7% to 78.2%, and that of S-phase cells was down-regulated from 18.6% to 10.5%; the percentage of apoptotic cells was increased from 7.4% to 21.6%. Stat5 AS-ON and 5-FU synergically inhibited the growth of gastric cancer cells, induced significant apoptosis of the cancer cells, and they reduced the expression and phosphorylation of Stat5, as well as the expression of cyclin D1 and Bcl-xL.
CONCLUSION: Selective inhibition of specific signaling pathway in the cells may provide a new approach in the treatment of gastric cancer.
Collapse
|
127
|
Li H, Zhang Y, Glass A, Zellweger T, Gehan E, Bubendorf L, Gelmann EP, Nevalainen MT. Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 in prostate cancer predicts early recurrence. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:5863-8. [PMID: 16115927 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have shown previously that the signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (Stat5) is a critical survival factor in human prostate cancer cells. In addition, we recently showed that Stat5 is activated at a high level, particularly in high-grade human prostate cancers. Here, we investigated whether activation of Stat5 in prostate cancer was linked to clinical outcome with disease recurrence as end point. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immunohistochemistry was used to detect active, nuclear Stat5 in 357 paraffin-embedded prostate cancer specimens on a tissue microarray with clinical follow-up data. Stat5 activation status in prostate cancer specimens was analyzed by univariate and multivariate survival analysis to determine whether activation of Stat5 predicts earlier prostate cancer recurrence. Separate sets of statistical analysis were done for all patients regardless of Gleason grade and for patients with prostate cancer of intermediate Gleason grades (3 and 4). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Stat5 activation in prostate cancer was associated with early disease recurrence (P = 0.0399). Importantly, active Stat5 also predicted shorter progression-free survival in intermediate Gleason grade prostate cancers (P = 0.0409). Stat5 activation remained an independent prognostic marker after adjusting for Gleason grade, pT stage, perineural invasion, or seminal vesicle infiltration in all patients (P = 0.0565) and in Gleason grade 3 or 4 patients (P = 0.0582). The results of this work also confirmed our previous finding of association of Stat5 activation with a high histologic grade of prostate cancer (R = 0.11, P = 0.033). In summary, our study shows that active Stat5 distinguished prostate cancer patients whose disease is likely to progress earlier; therefore, active Stat5 may be a useful marker for selection of more individualized treatment. The results of this study need to be validated in a large prospective cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Li
- Department of Oncology and Biostatistics Unit, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown, University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
128
|
Haura EB, Turkson J, Jove R. Mechanisms of disease: Insights into the emerging role of signal transducers and activators of transcription in cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 2:315-24. [PMID: 16264989 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Members of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway, which were originally identified as key components linking cytokine signals to transcriptional events in cells, have recently been demonstrated to have a major role in cancer. They are cytoplasmic proteins that form functional dimers with each other when activated by tyrosine phosphorylation. Activated STAT proteins translocate to the nucleus to regulate expression of genes by binding to specific elements within gene promoters. Constitutive activation of the STAT family members Stat3 and Stat5, and/or loss of Stat1 signaling, is found in a large group of diverse tumors. Increasing evidence demonstrates that STAT proteins can regulate many pathways important in oncogenesis including cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, tumor angiogenesis, tumor-cell invasion and metastasis, and tumor-cell evasion of the immune system. Based on these findings, a growing effort is underway to target STAT proteins directly and indirectly for cancer therapy. This review will highlight STAT signaling pathways, STAT target genes involved in cancer, evidence for STAT activation in human cancers, and therapeutic strategies to target STAT molecules for anticancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Haura
- Thoracic Oncology Program, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Ray MR, Wafa LA, Cheng H, Snoek R, Fazli L, Gleave M, Rennie PS. Cyclin G-associated kinase: A novel androgen receptor-interacting transcriptional coactivator that is overexpressed in hormone refractory prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2005; 118:1108-19. [PMID: 16161052 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR), a steroid receptor family member, is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that has an integral role in normal prostate development. Alterations in AR-mediated activity can result in abnormal gene expression, dysregulated cell growth and prostate cancer. Coregulator proteins that interact with AR to influence activity and specificity of the AR-response may also have an important role in prostate cancer progression. Since the NH(2)-terminal domain (NTD) of AR encodes the ligand-independent activation function (AF)-1, this domain is incompatible with conventional yeast two-hybrid systems. Therefore, we have used the Tup1 repressed transactivator (RTA) system, which exploits the intrinsic transactivation properties of AR.NTD, for identification of novel AR-interacting proteins. Using this system, cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK) was identified as an AR interacting protein, and GST pull-down assays were used to confirm the interaction. GAK was shown to enhance the AF-1 function of AR activity in a ligand-dependent manner. Additionally, GAK enhanced the AR transcriptional response even at low concentrations of androgens, which is relevant to AR activity in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Finally, neo-adjuvant hormone therapy (NHT) tissue microarray analysis demonstrated that GAK expression increased significantly with prostate cancer progression to androgen independence, which suggests a prognostic role for GAK in advanced disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mira R Ray
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Abstract
The molecular pathology of prostate cancer is complex; not only are multiple genes involved in its pathogenesis, but additional environmental factors such as diet and inflammation are also involved. The exhaustive research into prostate cancer to date has demonstrated a complex interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors, some of which may be more important in individual prostate cancer cases. This is an exciting era, with the emergence of new investigative tools such as DNA microarray technology and the application of the field of proteomics to the study of human cancers. Knowledge of genetic changes underlying the initiation, development, and progression of prostate cancer is accumulating rapidly. With increasing knowledge, it may be possible to distinguish indolent from aggressive prostate tumours by molecular fingerprinting. This review discusses the most consistently reported molecular pathological findings in hereditary and sporadic prostate cancer, together with new concepts and technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Hughes
- Pathology Department, Trinity College Dublin and Coombe Women's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Kasper S. Survey of genetically engineered mouse models for prostate cancer: analyzing the molecular basis of prostate cancer development, progression, and metastasis. J Cell Biochem 2005; 94:279-97. [PMID: 15565647 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models have been generated to study the molecular basis of prostate cancer (PCa) development, progression, and metastasis. Selection of a prostate-specific promoter, such as the probasin (PB) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) promoters, is critical for generating sufficient levels of transgene expression to elicit a phenotypic response. To date, target genes have included growth factors, cell cycle regulators, pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, steroid hormone and growth factor receptors, oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and homeobox genes. The experimental approaches used to generate these mouse models include overexpression of the transgene, knock-out/knock-in of transgene expression and conditional regulation of expression using Cre/lox technology. This review summarizes the promoters, which have been utilized to create genetically engineered mouse models for PCa. Furthermore, the effects of gene disruption on promoting low- and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGPIN and HGPIN, respectively), locally invasive carcinoma and metastatic lesions will be discussed. To date, the PB-Cre4 x PTENloxp/loxp model appears to be the only model that represents the entire continuum of prostate adenocarcinoma development, tumor progression, and metastasis, although models that develop prostatic neuroendocrine (NE) cancer can be generated by disrupting one genetic event. Indeed, analysis of bigenic mouse models indicates that two genetic events are generally required for progression from HGPIN to locally invasive adenocarcinoma and that two to five genetic events can promote metastasis to distant sites. Studying the effects of genetic perturbation on PCa biology will increase our understanding of the disease process and potentially provide targets for developing novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kasper
- Department of Urologic Surgery, the Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2765, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Goffin V, Bernichtein S, Touraine P, Kelly PA. Development and potential clinical uses of human prolactin receptor antagonists. Endocr Rev 2005; 26:400-22. [PMID: 15814850 DOI: 10.1210/er.2004-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a large body of literature showing that prolactin (PRL) exerts growth-promoting activities in breast cancer, and possibly in prostate cancer and prostate hyperplasia. In addition, increasing evidence argues for the involvement of locally produced (autocrine) PRL, perhaps even more than pituitary-secreted (endocrine) PRL, in tumor growth. Because dopamine analogs are unable to inhibit PRL production in extrapituitary sites, alternative strategies need investigation. To that end, several PRL receptor antagonists have been developed by introducing various mutations into its natural ligands. For all but one of these analogs, the mechanism of action involves a competition with endogenous PRL for receptor binding. Such compounds are thus candidates to counteract the undesired actions of PRL, not only in tumors, but also in dopamine-resistant prolactinomas. In this review, we describe the different versions of antagonists that have been developed, with emphasis on the controversies regarding their characterization, and the limits for their potential development as a drug. The most recently developed antagonist, Delta1-9-G129R-hPRL, is the only one that is totally devoid of residual agonistic activity, meaning it acts as pure antagonist. We discuss to what extent this new molecule could be considered as a lead compound for inhibiting the actions of human PRL in the above-mentioned diseases. We also speculate on the multiple questions that could be addressed with respect to the therapeutic use of PRL receptor antagonists in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Goffin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 584, Faculté de Médecine Necker, 156, rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|