101
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Haddach M, Michaux J, Schwaebe MK, Pierre F, O’Brien SE, Borsan C, Tran J, Raffaele N, Ravula S, Drygin D, Siddiqui-Jain A, Darjania L, Stansfield R, Proffitt C, Macalino D, Streiner N, Bliesath J, Omori M, Whitten JP, Anderes K, Rice WG, Ryckman DM. Discovery of CX-6258. A Potent, Selective, and Orally Efficacious pan-Pim Kinases Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:135-9. [PMID: 24900437 DOI: 10.1021/ml200259q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship analysis in a series of 3-(5-((2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methyl)furan-2-yl)amides identified compound 13, a pan-Pim kinases inhibitor with excellent biochemical potency and kinase selectivity. Compound 13 exhibited in vitro synergy with chemotherapeutics and robust in vivo efficacy in two Pim kinases driven tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Haddach
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Jerome Michaux
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Michael K. Schwaebe
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Fabrice Pierre
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Sean E. O’Brien
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Cosmin Borsan
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Joe Tran
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Nicholas Raffaele
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Suchitra Ravula
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Denis Drygin
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Adam Siddiqui-Jain
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Levan Darjania
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Ryan Stansfield
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Chris Proffitt
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Diwata Macalino
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Nicole Streiner
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Joshua Bliesath
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - May Omori
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Jeffrey P. Whitten
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Kenna Anderes
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - William G. Rice
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - David M. Ryckman
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5820 Nancy
Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
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102
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Abstract
The PIM genes represent a family of proto-oncogenes that encode three different serine/threonine protein kinases (PIM1, PIM2 and PIM3) with essential roles in the regulation of signal transduction cascades, which promote cell survival, proliferation and drug resistance. PIM kinases are overexpressed in several hematopoietic tumors and support in vitro and in vivo malignant cell growth and survival, through cell cycle regulation and inhibition of apoptosis. PIM kinases do not have an identified regulatory domain, which means that these proteins are constitutively active once transcribed. They appear to be critical downstream effectors of important oncoproteins and, when overexpressed, can mediate drug resistance to available agents, such as rapamycin. Recent crystallography studies reveal that, unlike other kinases, they possess a hinge region, which creates a unique binding pocket for ATP, offering a target for an increasing number of potent small-molecule PIM kinase inhibitors. Preclinical studies in models of various hematologic cancers indicate that these novel agents show promising activity and some of them are currently being evaluated in a clinical setting. In this review, we profile the PIM kinases as targets for therapeutics in hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesid Alvarado
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cancer Therapy & Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7979 Wurzbach Road, MC8232, San Antonio, 78229, TX, USA
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103
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Pastor J, Oyarzabal J, Saluste G, Alvarez RM, Rivero V, Ramos F, Cendón E, Blanco-Aparicio C, Ajenjo N, Cebriá A, Albarrán M, Cebrián D, Corrionero A, Fominaya J, Montoya G, Mazzorana M. Hit to lead evaluation of 1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridines as PIM kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1591-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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104
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Tsuganezawa K, Watanabe H, Parker L, Yuki H, Taruya S, Nakagawa Y, Kamei D, Mori M, Ogawa N, Tomabechi Y, Handa N, Honma T, Yokoyama S, Kojima H, Okabe T, Nagano T, Tanaka A. A novel Pim-1 kinase inhibitor targeting residues that bind the substrate peptide. J Mol Biol 2012; 417:240-52. [PMID: 22306408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A new screening method using fluorescent correlation spectroscopy was developed to select kinase inhibitors that competitively inhibit the binding of a fluorescently labeled substrate peptide. Using the method, among approximately 700 candidate compounds selected by virtual screening, we identified a novel Pim-1 kinase inhibitor targeting its peptide binding residues. X-ray crystal analysis of the complex structure of Pim-1 with the inhibitor indicated that the inhibitor actually binds to the ATP-binding site and also forms direct interactions with residues (Asp128 and Glu171) that bind the substrate peptide. These interactions, which cause small side-chain movements, seem to affect the binding ability of the fluorescently labeled substrate. The compound inhibited Pim-1 kinase in vitro, with an IC(50) value of 150 nM. Treatment of cultured leukemia cells with the compound reduced the amount of p21 and increased the amount of p27, due to Pim-1 inhibition, and then triggered apoptosis after cell-cycle arrest at the G(1)/S phase. This screening method may be widely applicable for the identification of various new Pim-1 kinase inhibitors targeting the residues that bind the substrate peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Tsuganezawa
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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105
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Huber K, Brault L, Fedorov O, Gasser C, Filippakopoulos P, Bullock AN, Fabbro D, Trappe J, Schwaller J, Knapp S, Bracher F. 7,8-dichloro-1-oxo-β-carbolines as a versatile scaffold for the development of potent and selective kinase inhibitors with unusual binding modes. J Med Chem 2012; 55:403-13. [PMID: 22136433 PMCID: PMC3257585 DOI: 10.1021/jm201286z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Development of both potent and selective kinase inhibitors is a challenging task in modern drug discovery. The innate promiscuity of kinase inhibitors largely results from ATP-mimetic binding to the kinase hinge region. We present a novel class of substituted 7,8-dichloro-1-oxo-β-carbolines based on the distinct structural features of the alkaloid bauerine C whose kinase inhibitory activity does not rely on canonical ATP-mimetic hinge interactions. Intriguingly, cocrystal structures revealed an unexpected inverted binding mode and the presence of halogen bonds with kinase backbone residues. The compounds exhibit excellent selectivity over a comprehensive panel of human protein kinases while inhibiting selected kinases such as the oncogenic PIM1 at low nanomolar concentrations. Together, our biochemical and structural data suggest that this scaffold may serve as a valuable template for the design and development of specific inhibitors of various kinases including the PIM family of kinases, CLKs, DAPK3 (ZIPK), BMP2K (BIKE), and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Huber
- Department of Pharmacy, Center
for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Laurent Brault
- Department of Biomedicine, University
Hospital of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031
Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oleg Fedorov
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical
Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt
Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Christelle Gasser
- Department of Biomedicine, University
Hospital of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031
Basel, Switzerland
| | - Panagis Filippakopoulos
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical
Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt
Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Alex N. Bullock
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical
Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt
Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Doriano Fabbro
- Novartis Pharma
AG, Klybeckstrasse 141, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Trappe
- Novartis Pharma
AG, Klybeckstrasse 141, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Schwaller
- Department of Biomedicine, University
Hospital of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031
Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical
Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt
Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center
for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany,Phone: +49-89-2180 77301. Fax: +49-89-2180 77802. E-mail:
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106
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Wang YY, Taniguchi T, Baba T, Li YY, Ishibashi H, Mukaida N. Identification of a phenanthrene derivative as a potent anticancer drug with Pim kinase inhibitory activity. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:107-15. [PMID: 21981263 PMCID: PMC11164172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pim-3, a proto-oncogene with serine/threonine kinase activity, is aberrantly expressed in malignant lesions, but not in normal tissues, of endoderm-derived organs, including the pancreas, liver, colon, and stomach. Furthermore, the development of hepatocellular carcinoma is accelerated in mice expressing Pim-3 transgene selectively in the liver when these mice are treated with a hepatocarcinogen. These observations suggest that a chemical targeting Pim-3 kinase may be a novel type of anticancer drug. In the present study, we screened low molecular weight chemicals and observed that the phenanthrene derivative T26 potently inhibited Pim-3 and Pim-1, but only weakly inhibited Pim-2. Moreover, T26 markedly inhibited the in vitro growth of human pancreatic cancer cell lines by inducing apoptosis and G(2) /M arrest. The growth inhibitory effects of T26 were reversed by overexpression of Pim-3 cDNA in human pancreatic cancer cells, indicating that T26 acts primarily on Pim-3. Furthermore, T26 inhibited the growth of a human pancreatic cancer cell line in nude mice without causing apparent adverse effects when it was administered after tumor formation was evident. These observations imply that the chemical and its related compounds may be effective for the treatment of cancers in which there is aberrant Pim-3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Wang
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa
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107
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Fedorov O, Niesen FH, Knapp S. Kinase inhibitor selectivity profiling using differential scanning fluorimetry. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 795:109-18. [PMID: 21960218 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-337-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Fast, robust, and inexpensive screening methods are the heart of drug discovery processes. Moreover, it is useful to have access to several established assay formats, for validation purposes. If a targeted protein is an enzyme, the logical and widely used approach is the direct measurement of the effect of the added ligands on its activity. A variety of enzymatic assay formats have been successfully applied for inhibitor screening of protein kinases. However, enzymatic assays require an active enzyme with a known substrate and often time-consuming assay optimization. Several alternative approaches have been recently developed that detect binding of ligands to proteins. This chapter overviews and provides the experimental protocol of the successful application of differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) in our laboratory for fast and robust screening of medium-sized (<10,000) inhibitor libraries. DSF monitors the thermal stabilization of the native protein structure upon ligand binding. It allows selectivity profiling of any protein kinase without prior knowledge of either substrate or activity of the kinase under investigation. Comparative studies revealed that generated data is highly reproducible and correlates well with the results from other ligand binding methodologies, direct binding constants as well as enzymatic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Fedorov
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
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108
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Walpen T, Peier M, Haas E, Kalus I, Schwaller J, Battegay E, Humar R. Loss ofPim1Imposes a Hyperadhesive Phenotype on Endothelial Cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1159/000341484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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109
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Harris CJ, Hill RD, Sheppard DW, Slater MJ, Stouten PFW. The design and application of target-focused compound libraries. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2011; 14:521-31. [PMID: 21521154 PMCID: PMC3182092 DOI: 10.2174/138620711795767802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Target-focused compound libraries are collections of compounds which are designed to interact with an individual protein target or, frequently, a family of related targets (such as kinases, voltage-gated ion channels, serine/cysteine proteases). They are used for screening against therapeutic targets in order to find hit compounds that might be further developed into drugs. The design of such libraries generally utilizes structural information about the target or family of interest. In the absence of such structural information, a chemogenomic model that incorporates sequence and mutagenesis data to predict the properties of the binding site can be employed. A third option, usually pursued when no structural data are available, utilizes knowledge of the ligands of the target from which focused libraries can be developed via scaffold hopping. Consequently, the methods used for the design of target-focused libraries vary according to the quantity and quality of structural or ligand data that is available for each target family. This article describes examples of each of these design approaches and illustrates them with case studies, which highlight some of the issues and successes observed when screening target-focused libraries.
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110
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Tucaliuc R, Cotea VV, Moldoveanu C, Zbancioc G, Deleanu C, Jones PG, Mangalagiu II. An efficient and selective route to hybrid trifluoromethyl-substituted γ-lactones or fused nitrogen derivatives via cascade reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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111
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7-(4H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-yl)benzo[c][2,6]naphthyridines: A novel class of Pim kinase inhibitors with potent cell antiproliferative activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6687-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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112
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Rao S, Welsh L, Cunningham D, te-Poele RH, Benson M, Norman A, Saffery C, Giddings I, Workman P, Clarke PA. Correlation of overall survival with gene expression profiles in a prospective study of resectable esophageal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2011; 10:48-56. [PMID: 21609936 DOI: 10.3816/ccc.2011.n.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preoperative chemotherapy has demonstrated a survival benefit for patients with potentially resectable esophageal cancer; however, currently it is not possible to predict the benefit of this treatment for an individual patient. This prospective study was designed to correlate gene expression profiles with clinical outcome in this setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients were deemed to have resectable disease after staging by computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasound, and laparoscopy as indicated and following discussion at the multidisciplinary team meeting. All patients received neoadjuvant platinum and fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy; and clinical data were entered prospectively onto a study-specific database. Total RNA was isolated from pretreatment tumor biopsies obtained at baseline endoscopy and analyzed using a cDNA array consisting of 22,000 cDNA clones. RESULTS Of the patients with adequate follow-up accrued between 2002 and 2005, 35 satisfied the quality control measures for the microarray profiling. Median follow-up was 938 days. Supervised hierarchical clustering of normalized data revealed 165 significantly differentially expressed genes based on overall survival (OS; P < .01) with 2 distinct clusters: a poor outcome group: N = 17 (1 year OS 46.2%) and a good outcome group: N = 18 (1 year OS 100%). Genes identified included those previously associated with esophageal cancer and, interestingly, a group of genes encoding proteins involved in the regulation of the TOLL receptor-signaling pathway. CONCLUSION This initial study has highlighted groups of tumors with distinct gene expression profiles based on survival and warrants further validation in a larger cohort. This approach may further our understanding of individual tumor biology and thus facilitate the development of tailored treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela Rao
- Royal Marsden Hospital, London and Surrey, UK
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113
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Isaac M, Siu A, Jongstra J. The oncogenic PIM kinase family regulates drug resistance through multiple mechanisms. Drug Resist Updat 2011; 14:203-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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114
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Miduturu CV, Deng X, Kwiatkowski N, Yang W, Brault L, Filippakopoulos P, Chung E, Yang Q, Schwaller J, Knapp S, King RW, Lee JD, Herrgard S, Zarrinkar P, Gray NS. High-throughput kinase profiling: a more efficient approach toward the discovery of new kinase inhibitors. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2011; 18:868-79. [PMID: 21802008 PMCID: PMC3171802 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Selective protein kinase inhibitors have only been developed against a small number of kinase targets. Here we demonstrate that "high-throughput kinase profiling" is an efficient method for the discovery of lead compounds for established as well as unexplored kinase targets. We screened a library of 118 compounds constituting two distinct scaffolds (furan-thiazolidinediones and pyrimido-diazepines) against a panel of 353 kinases. A distinct kinase selectivity profile was observed for each scaffold. Selective inhibitors were identified with submicromolar cellular activity against PIM1, ERK5, ACK1, MPS1, PLK1-3, and Aurora A,B kinases. In addition, we identified potent inhibitors for so far unexplored kinases such as DRAK1, HIPK2, and DCAMKL1 that await further evaluation. This inhibitor-centric approach permits comprehensive assessment of a scaffold of interest and represents an efficient and general strategy for identifying new selective kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekhar V. Miduturu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xianming Deng
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas Kwiatkowski
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wannian Yang
- Weis Center for Research, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Laurent Brault
- University Hospital Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Panagis Filippakopoulos
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eunah Chung
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qingkai Yang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiological Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Juerg Schwaller
- University Hospital Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Randall W. King
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiing-Dwan Lee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiological Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sanna Herrgard
- Ambit Biosciences, 4215 Sorrento Valley Blvd., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Patrick Zarrinkar
- Ambit Biosciences, 4215 Sorrento Valley Blvd., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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115
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A potential therapeutic target for FLT3-ITD AML: PIM1 kinase. Leuk Res 2011; 36:224-31. [PMID: 21802138 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and a FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation have a poor prognosis, and FLT3 inhibitors are now under clinical investigation. PIM1, a serine/threonine kinase, is up-regulated in FLT3-ITD AML and may be involved in FLT3-mediated leukemogenesis. We employed a PIM1 inhibitor, AR00459339 (Array Biopharma Inc.), to investigate the effect of PIM1 inhibition in FLT3-mutant AML. Like FLT3 inhibitors, AR00459339 was preferentially cytotoxic to FLT3-ITD cells, as demonstrated in the MV4-11, Molm-14, and TF/ITD cell lines, as well as 12 FLT3-ITD primary samples. Unlike FLT3 inhibitors, AR00459339 did not suppress phosphorylation of FLT3, but did promote the de-phosphorylation of downstream FLT3 targets, STAT5, AKT, and BAD. Combining AR00459339 with a FLT3 inhibitor resulted in additive to mildly synergistic cytotoxic effects. AR00459339 was cytotoxic to FLT3-ITD samples from patients with secondary resistance to FLT3 inhibitors, suggesting a novel benefit to combining these agents. We conclude that PIM1 appears to be closely associated with FLT3 signaling, and that inhibition of PIM1 may hold therapeutic promise, either as monotherapy, or by overcoming resistance to FLT3 inhibitors.
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116
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Bamborough P, Brown MJ, Christopher JA, Chung CW, Mellor GW. Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5131-43. [PMID: 21699136 DOI: 10.1021/jm200349b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A kinase-focused screening set of fragments has been assembled and has proved successful for the discovery of ligand-efficient hits against many targets. Here we present some of our general conclusions from this exercise. Notably, we present the first profiling results for literature fragments that have previously been used as starting points for optimization against individual kinases. We consider the importance of screening format and the extent to which selectivity is helpful in selecting fragments for progression. Results are also outlined for fragments targeting the DFG-out conformation and for atypical kinases such as PIM1 and lipid kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bamborough
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK.
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117
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Ren JX, Li LL, Zheng RL, Xie HZ, Cao ZX, Feng S, Pan YL, Chen X, Wei YQ, Yang SY. Discovery of novel Pim-1 kinase inhibitors by a hierarchical multistage virtual screening approach based on SVM model, pharmacophore, and molecular docking. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:1364-75. [PMID: 21618971 DOI: 10.1021/ci100464b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, we describe the discovery of novel potent Pim-1 inhibitors by employing a proposed hierarchical multistage virtual screening (VS) approach, which is based on support vector machine-based (SVM-based VS or SB-VS), pharmacophore-based VS (PB-VS), and docking-based VS (DB-VS) methods. In this approach, the three VS methods are applied in an increasing order of complexity so that the first filter (SB-VS) is fast and simple, while successive ones (PB-VS and DB-VS) are more time-consuming but are applied only to a small subset of the entire database. Evaluation of this approach indicates that it can be used to screen a large chemical library rapidly with a high hit rate and a high enrichment factor. This approach was then applied to screen several large chemical libraries, including PubChem, Specs, and Enamine as well as an in-house database. From the final hits, 47 compounds were selected for further in vitro Pim-1 inhibitory assay, and 15 compounds show nanomolar level or low micromolar inhibition potency against Pim-1. In particular, four of them were found to have new scaffolds which have potential for the chemical development of Pim-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Xia Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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118
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Abstract
Pim-3 is a member of the Provirus integrating site Moloney murine leukemia virus (Pim) family, which belongs to the Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) group and exhibits serine/threonine kinase activity. Similar to other members of the Pim family (i.e. Pim-1 and Pim-2), Pim-3 can prevent apoptosis and promote cell survival and protein translation, thereby enhancing cell proliferation of normal and malignant cells. Pim-3 is expressed in vital organs, such as the heart, lung, and brain. However, minimal phenotypic changes in Pim-3-deficient mice suggest that Pim-3 may be physiologically dispensable. Pim-3 expression is enhanced in several cancer tissues, particularly those of endoderm-derived organs, including the liver, pancreas, colon, and stomach. The development of hepatocellular carcinoma is accelerated in mice expressing the Pim-3 gene selectively in the liver only when these mice are treated with a hepatocarcinogen, indicating that Pim-3 can act as a promoter but not as an initiator. Moreover, inhibition of Pim-3 expression can retard in vitro cell proliferation of hepatocellular, pancreatic, and colon carcinoma cell lines by promoting cell apoptosis. Furthermore, a Pim-3 kinase inhibitor has been reported to inhibit cell proliferation in an in vivo xenograft model using a human pancreatic cancer cell line without inducing any major adverse effects. Thus, Pim-3 kinase may be a candidate molecule for the development of molecular targeting drugs against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Mukaida
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Microenvironment Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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119
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Xiang Y, Hirth B, Asmussen G, Biemann HP, Bishop KA, Good A, Fitzgerald M, Gladysheva T, Jain A, Jancsics K, Liu J, Metz M, Papoulis A, Skerlj R, Stepp JD, Wei RR. The discovery of novel benzofuran-2-carboxylic acids as potent Pim-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3050-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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120
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Fedorov O, Huber K, Eisenreich A, Filippakopoulos P, King O, Bullock AN, Szklarczyk D, Jensen LJ, Fabbro D, Trappe J, Rauch U, Bracher F, Knapp S. Specific CLK inhibitors from a novel chemotype for regulation of alternative splicing. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2011; 18:67-76. [PMID: 21276940 PMCID: PMC3145970 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing recognition of the importance of protein kinases in the control of alternative splicing. To define the underlying regulatory mechanisms, highly selective inhibitors are needed. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of the dichloroindolyl enaminonitrile KH-CB19, a potent and highly specific inhibitor of the CDC2-like kinase isoforms 1 and 4 (CLK1/CLK4). Cocrystal structures of KH-CB19 with CLK1 and CLK3 revealed a non-ATP mimetic binding mode, conformational changes in helix αC and the phosphate binding loop and halogen bonding to the kinase hinge region. KH-CB19 effectively suppressed phosphorylation of SR (serine/arginine) proteins in cells, consistent with its expected mechanism of action. Chemical inhibition of CLK1/CLK4 generated a unique pattern of splicing factor dephosphorylation and had at low nM concentration a profound effect on splicing of the two tissue factor isoforms flTF (full-length TF) and asHTF (alternatively spliced human TF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Fedorov
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Kilian Huber
- Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Eisenreich
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Centrum für Herz-und Kreislaufmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Panagis Filippakopoulos
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Oliver King
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alex N. Bullock
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Damian Szklarczyk
- NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars J. Jensen
- NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Doriano Fabbro
- Novartis Pharma AG, Klybeckstrasse 141, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Trappe
- Novartis Pharma AG, Klybeckstrasse 141, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Rauch
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Centrum für Herz-und Kreislaufmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- University of Oxford, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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121
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Magnuson NS, Wang Z, Ding G, Reeves R. Why target PIM1 for cancer diagnosis and treatment? Future Oncol 2011; 6:1461-78. [PMID: 20919829 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved proto-oncogenic protein PIM1 is an unusual serine or threonine kinase, in part because it is constitutively active. Overexpression of PIM1 experimentally leads to tumor formation in mice, while complete knockout of the protein has no observable phenotype. It appears to contribute to cancer development in three major ways when it is overexpressed; by inhibiting apoptosis, by promoting cell proliferation and by promoting genomic instability. Expression in normal tissues is nearly undetectable. However, in hematopoietic malignancies and in a variety of solid tumors, increased PIM1 expression has been shown to correlate with the stage of disease. This characteristic suggests it can serve as a useful biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Several specific and potent inhibitors of PIM1’s kinase activity have also been shown to induce apoptotic death of cancer cells, to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy and to synergize with other anti-tumor agents, thus making it an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S Magnuson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164–7520, USA
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122
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Abstract
Pim oncogenes are overexpressed in a wide range of tumours from a haematological and epithelial origin. Pim genes encode serine/threonine kinases that have been shown to counteract the increased sensitivity to apoptosis induction that is associated with MYC-driven tumorigenesis. Recently, considerable progress has been made in characterizing the pathways of PIM-mediated survival signalling. Given the unique structure of their active site and the minimal phenotype of mice mutant for all Pim family members, these oncogenes might be promising targets for highly specific and selective drugs with favourable toxicity profiles. In this Review, we discuss the physiological functions and oncogenic activities of Pim kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn C Nawijn
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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123
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Abstract
The serine/threonine Pim kinases are overexpressed in solid cancers and hematologic malignancies and promote cell growth and survival. Here, we find that a novel Pim kinase inhibitor, SMI-4a, or Pim-1 siRNA blocked the rapamycin-sensitive mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORC1) activity by stimulating the phosphorylation and thus activating the mTORC1 negative regulator AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK). Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) deficient for all three Pim kinases [triple knockout (TKO) MEFs] demonstrated activated AMPK driven by elevated ratios of AMPATP relative to wild-type MEFs. Consistent with these findings, TKO MEFs were found to grow slowly in culture and have decreased rates of protein synthesis secondary to a diminished amount of 5'-cap-dependent translation. Pim-3 expression alone in TKO MEFs was sufficient to reverse AMPK activation, increase protein synthesis, and drive MEF growth similar to wild type. Pim-3 expression was found to markedly increase the protein levels of both c-Myc and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), enzymes capable of regulating glycolysis and mitochondrial biogenesis, which were diminished in TKO MEFs. Overexpression of PGC-1α in TKO MEFs elevated ATP levels and inhibited the activation of AMPK. These results demonstrate the Pim kinase-mediated control of energy metabolism and thus regulation of AMPK activity. We identify an important role for Pim-3 in modulating c-Myc and PGC-1α protein levels and cell growth.
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124
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Morishita D, Takami M, Yoshikawa S, Katayama R, Sato S, Kukimoto-Niino M, Umehara T, Shirouzu M, Sekimizu K, Yokoyama S, Fujita N. Cell-permeable carboxyl-terminal p27(Kip1) peptide exhibits anti-tumor activity by inhibiting Pim-1 kinase. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:2681-8. [PMID: 21062737 PMCID: PMC3024764 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.092452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and death rate of prostate cancer is increasing rapidly. In addition, the low sensitivity of prostate cancer to chemotherapy makes it difficult to treat this condition. The serine/threonine kinase Pim-1 plays an important role in cell cycle progression and apoptosis inhibition, resulting in prostate tumorigenesis. Therefore, Pim-1 inhibition has been expected to be an attractive target for developing new anti-cancer drugs. However, no small compounds targeting Pim-1 have progressed to clinical use because of their lack of specificity. Here, we have reported a new cell-permeable Pim-1 inhibitory p27Kip1 peptide that could interfere with the binding of Pim-1 to its substrates and act as an anti-cancer drug. The peptide could bind to Pim-1 and inhibit phosphorylation of endogenous p27Kip1 and Bad by Pim-1. Treatment of prostate cancer with the peptide induces G1 arrest and subsequently apoptosis in vitro. However, the peptide showed almost no growth inhibitory or apoptosis-inducing effects in normal cells. The peptide could inhibit tumor growth in in vivo prostate cancer xenograft models. Moreover, the peptide treatment could overcome resistance to taxol, one of the first line chemotherapeutic agents for prostate cancer, and a combination of the peptide with taxol synergistically inhibited prostate cancer growth in vivo. These results indicate that a Pim-1 inhibitory p27Kip1 peptide could be developed as an anti-cancer drug against prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Morishita
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
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125
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Blanco-Aparicio C, Collazo AMG, Oyarzabal J, Leal JF, Albarán MI, Lima FR, Pequeño B, Ajenjo N, Becerra M, Alfonso P, Reymundo MI, Palacios I, Mateos G, Quiñones H, Corrionero A, Carnero A, Pevarello P, Lopez AR, Fominaya J, Pastor J, Bischoff JR. Pim 1 kinase inhibitor ETP-45299 suppresses cellular proliferation and synergizes with PI3K inhibition. Cancer Lett 2010; 300:145-53. [PMID: 21051136 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine Pim 1 kinase is an oncogene whose expression is deregulated in several human cancers. Overexpression of Pim 1 facilitates cell cycle progression and suppresses apoptosis. Hence pharmacologic inhibitors of Pim 1 are of therapeutic interest for cancer. ETP-45299 is a potent and selective inhibitor of Pim 1 that inhibits the phosphorylation of Bad and 4EBP1 in cells and suppresses the proliferation of several non-solid and solid human tumor cell lines. The combination of the PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 with ETP-45299 was strongly synergistic in MV-4-11 AML cells, indicating that the combination of selective Pim kinase inhibitors and PI3K inhibitor could have clinical benefit.
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126
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Santio NM, Vahakoski RL, Rainio EM, Sandholm JA, Virtanen SS, Prudhomme M, Anizon F, Moreau P, Koskinen PJ. Pim-selective inhibitor DHPCC-9 reveals Pim kinases as potent stimulators of cancer cell migration and invasion. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:279. [PMID: 20958956 PMCID: PMC2978147 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pim family kinases are small constitutively active serine/threonine-specific kinases, elevated levels of which have been detected in human hematopoietic malignancies as well as in solid tumours. While we and others have previously shown that the oncogenic Pim kinases stimulate survival of hematopoietic cells, we now examined their putative role in regulating motility of adherent cancer cells. For this purpose, we inhibited Pim kinase activity using a small molecule compound, 1,10-dihydropyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazole-3-carbaldehyde (DHPCC-9), which we had recently identified as a potent and selective inhibitor for all Pim family members. RESULTS We now demonstrate that the Pim kinase inhibitor DHPCC-9 is very effective also in cell-based assays. DHPCC-9 impairs the anti-apoptotic effects of Pim-1 in cytokine-deprived myeloid cells and inhibits intracellular phosphorylation of Pim substrates such as Bad. Moreover, DHPCC-9 slows down migration and invasion of cancer cells derived from either prostate cancer or squamocellular carcinoma patients. Silencing of Pim expression reduces cell motility, while Pim overexpression enhances it, strongly suggesting that the observed effects of DHPCC-9 are dependent on Pim kinase activity. Interestingly, DHPCC-9 also abrogates NFATc-dependent migration of cancer cells, implying that NFATc factors mediate at least part of the pro-migratory effects of Pim kinases. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our data indicate that DHPCC-9 is not only a powerful tool to investigate physiological effects of the oncogenic Pim family kinases, but also an attractive molecule for drug development to inhibit invasiveness of Pim-overexpressing cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina M Santio
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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127
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Akué-Gédu R, Nauton L, Théry V, Bain J, Cohen P, Anizon F, Moreau P. Synthesis, Pim kinase inhibitory potencies and in vitro antiproliferative activities of diversely substituted pyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazoles. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6865-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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128
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Chen LS, Balakrishnan K, Gandhi V. Inflammation and survival pathways: chronic lymphocytic leukemia as a model system. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1936-45. [PMID: 20696142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A primary response to inflammation is an increased survival of the target cell. Several pathways have been identified that promote maintenance of the cell. The principal mechanism for the extended survival is through induction of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. Bcl-2 was the founding member of this family with five additional members, Bcl-X(L), Bcl-W, Bcl-B, Bfl-1, and Mcl-1, discovered mostly in hematological malignancies. Another mechanism that could add to cell survival is the Pim kinase pathway. This family of enzymes is associated with Myc-driven transcription, cell cycle regulation, degradation of pro-apoptotic proteins, and protein translation. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia serves as an optimal model to understand the mechanism by which these two protein families provide survival advantage to cells. In addition, since this malignancy is known to be maintained by microenvironment milieu, this further adds advantage to investigate mechanisms by which these pro-survival proteins are induced in the presence of stromal support. Multiple mechanisms exists that result in increase in transcript and protein level of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members. Following these inductions, post-translational modifications occur resulting in increased stability of pro-survival proteins, while Pim-mediated phosphorylation inhibits pro-apoptotic protein activity. Furthermore, there is a cross-talk between these two (Bcl-2 family proteins and Pim family proteins) pathways that co-operate with each other for CLL cell survival and maintenance. Vigorous efforts are being made to create small molecules that affect these proteins directly or indirectly. Several of these pharmacological inhibitors are in early clinical trials for patients with hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Chen
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4095, USA
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129
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Samanta SK, Bhattacharya K, Mandal C, Pal BC. Identification and quantification of the active component quercetin 3-O-rutinoside from Barringtonia racemosa, targets mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2010; 12:639-648. [PMID: 20706898 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2010.489040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Barringtonia racemosa has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The antitumor property of the seed extract of this plant in mice model promotes us to search for the active component present in the fruit extract. Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (QOR) has been isolated from the fruits of this plant for the first time and quantified by HPLC method. The compound was identified by IR, mass, and NMR (1D, 2D) spectral data analysis. QOR showed dose- and time-dependent anti-proliferative activity in several leukemic cell lines with negligible effect on normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). A representative T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line (MOLT-3) showed phosphatidyl serine externalization and DNA fragmentation, indicating QOR-induced programmed cell death. We established that QOR-induced apoptosis occurred preferentially on accumulation of cells in the sub-G(0) phase and genomic DNA fragmentation through the activation of mitochondria-dependent caspase cascade for the first time in T-lineage ALL cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kumar Samanta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, A Unit of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
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130
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Xie Y, Burcu M, Linn DE, Qiu Y, Baer MR. Pim-1 kinase protects P-glycoprotein from degradation and enables its glycosylation and cell surface expression. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:310-8. [PMID: 20460432 PMCID: PMC11037423 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.061713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic serine/threonine kinase Pim-1 phosphorylates and activates the ATP-binding cassette transporter breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2). The ABC transporter P-glycoprotein (Pgp; ABCB1) also contains a Pim-1 phosphorylation consensus sequence, and we hypothesized that Pim-1 also regulates Pgp. Pgp is exported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a 150-kDa species that is glycosylated to 170-kDa Pgp, translocates to the cell surface, and mediates drug efflux; alternatively, 150-kDa Pgp is cleaved to a 130-kDa proteolytic product by ER proteases or undergoes ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Pim-1 and Pgp interaction was studied in GST pull-down and phosphorylation in in vitro kinase assays. Pim-1 knockdown and inhibition effects on Pgp expression were studied by immunoblotting and flow cytometry and on Pgp stability by immunoblotting after cycloheximide treatment. Pim-1 directly interacted with and phosphorylated Pgp in intact cells and in vitro. Pim-1 knockdown or inhibition decreased cellular and cell surface 170-kDa Pgp, in association with both transient increase in 130-kDa Pgp and increased Pgp ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Pim-1 inhibition also decreased expression of 150-kDa Pgp in the presence of the glycosylation inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose. Finally, Pim-1 inhibition sensitized Pgp-overexpressing cells to doxorubicin. Thus, Pim-1 regulates Pgp expression by protecting 150-kDa Pgp from proteolytic and proteasomal degradation and enabling Pgp glycosylation and cell surface translocation and thus Pgp-mediated drug efflux. Pim-1 inhibitors are entering clinical trials and may provide a novel approach to abrogating drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqiu Xie
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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131
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Cen B, Mahajan S, Zemskova M, Beharry Z, Lin YW, Cramer SD, Lilly MB, Kraft AS. Regulation of Skp2 levels by the Pim-1 protein kinase. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29128-37. [PMID: 20663873 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.137240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pim-1 protein kinase plays an important role in regulating both cell growth and survival and enhancing transformation by multiple oncogenes. The ability of Pim-1 to regulate cell growth is mediated, in part, by the capacity of this protein kinase to control the levels of the p27, a protein that is a critical regulator of cyclin-dependent kinases that mediate cell cycle progression. To understand how Pim-1 is capable of regulating p27 protein levels, we focused our attention on the SCF(Skp2) ubiquitin ligase complex that controls the rate of degradation of this protein. We found that expression of Pim-1 increases the level of Skp2 through direct binding and phosphorylation of multiple sites on this protein. Along with known Skp2 phosphorylation sites including Ser(64) and Ser(72), we have identified Thr(417) as a unique Pim-1 phosphorylation target. Phosphorylation of Thr(417) controls the stability of Skp2 and its ability to degrade p27. Additionally, we found that Pim-1 regulates the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C complex) that mediates the ubiquitination of Skp2. Pim-1 phosphorylates Cdh1 and impairs binding of this protein to another APC/C complex member, CDC27. These modifications inhibit Skp2 from degradation. Marked increases in Skp2 caused by these mechanisms lower cellular p27 levels. Consistent with these observations, we show that Pim-1 is able to cooperate with Skp2 to signal S phase entry. Our data reveal a novel Pim-1 kinase-dependent signaling pathway that plays a crucial role in cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cen
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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132
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Doudou S, Sharma R, Henchman RH, Sheppard DW, Burton NA. Inhibitors of PIM-1 kinase: a computational analysis of the binding free energies of a range of imidazo [1,2-b] pyridazines. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 50:368-79. [PMID: 20175582 DOI: 10.1021/ci9003514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The binding of a selection of competitive imidazo [1,2-b] pyridazine inhibitors of PIM-1 kinase with nanomolar activity has been analyzed using computational methods. Molecular dynamics simulations using umbrella sampling to determine a potential of mean force have been used to accurately predict the relative free energies of binding of these inhibitors, from -4.3 to -9.5 kcal mol(-1), in excellent agreement with the trends observed in previous experimental assays. The relative activity of the inhibitors could not be accounted for by any single effect or interaction within the active site and could only be fully reproduced when the overall free energies were considered, including important contributions from interactions outside the hinge region and using explicit solvent in the active site. The potential of mean force for the displacement of the glycine-rich phosphate binding loop (P-loop) has also been estimated and shown to be an important feature in the binding of these ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slimane Doudou
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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133
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Li YY, Wang YY, Taniguchi T, Kawakami T, Baba T, Ishibashi H, Mukaida N. Identification of stemonamide synthetic intermediates as a novel potent anticancer drug with an apoptosis-inducing ability. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:474-84. [PMID: 19921695 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that Pim-3, a protooncogene with serine/threonine kinase activity, was aberrantly expressed in malignant lesions but not in normal tissues of endoderm-derived organs, including pancreas, liver, colon and stomach. Moreover, aberrantly expressed Pim-3 can prevent tumor cell apoptosis by inactivating a proapoptotic molecule, Bad, and enhancing the expression of an antiapoptotic molecule, Bcl-X(L). These observations prompted us to speculate that a chemical targeting Pim-3 kinase may be a good candidate for a novel type of anticancer drug. Hence, we screened various low-molecule compounds by examining their capacity to inhibit Pim-3 kinase activity in vitro. We observed that some synthetic intermediates of stemonamide can inhibit in vitro activities of Pim-3 kinase and its related kinases, such as Pim-1 and Pim-2. Moreover, these compounds inhibit in vitro cell proliferation of various human pancreatic, hepatocellular and colon cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the compounds can induce apoptosis of human pancreatic cancer cell lines in vitro by reducing the amount of phospho-Ser(112)-Bad, but not total amounts of Bad and Pim-3. Finally, when the compound was administered to nude mice injected with a human pancreatic cancer cell line, it retarded tumor growth by increasing apoptotic cell numbers and decreasing proliferating cell numbers without causing serious adverse effects on blood counts. These observations indicate that the chemicals and its related compounds may be effective for the treatment of tumors of endoderm-derived organs, particularly the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yi Li
- Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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134
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López‐Ramos M, Prudent R, Moucadel V, Sautel CF, Barette C, Lafanechère L, Mouawad L, Grierson D, Schmidt F, Florent J, Filippakopoulos P, Bullock AN, Knapp S, Reise J, Cochet C. New potent dual inhibitors of CK2 and Pim kinases: discovery and structural insights. FASEB J 2010; 24:3171-85. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-143743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam López‐Ramos
- Centre de RechercheInstitut Curie Paris France
- Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 176 Paris France
- Centre de Recherche, Institut CurieUniversité Paris‐Sud Orsay France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U759Université Paris‐Sud Orsay France
| | - Renaud Prudent
- INSERMU873 Grenoble France
- Commissariat à l'Energie atomique (CEA)Institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV)/Laboratoire Transduction du Signal Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier (UJF) Grenoble France
| | - Virginie Moucadel
- INSERMU873 Grenoble France
- Commissariat à l'Energie atomique (CEA)Institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV)/Laboratoire Transduction du Signal Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier (UJF) Grenoble France
| | - Céline F. Sautel
- INSERMU873 Grenoble France
- Commissariat à l'Energie atomique (CEA)Institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV)/Laboratoire Transduction du Signal Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier (UJF) Grenoble France
| | - Caroline Barette
- CEADirection des Sciences du Vivant (DSV)iRTSV/Centre de Criblage pour Molécules Bio‐Actives (CBMA) Grenoble France
- CNRSUMR 5168CEADSViRTSV/CMBA Grenoble France
| | - Laurence Lafanechère
- CEADirection des Sciences du Vivant (DSV)iRTSV/Centre de Criblage pour Molécules Bio‐Actives (CBMA) Grenoble France
- CNRSUMR 5168CEADSViRTSV/CMBA Grenoble France
| | - Liliane Mouawad
- Centre de Recherche, Institut CurieUniversité Paris‐Sud Orsay France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U759Université Paris‐Sud Orsay France
| | - David Grierson
- Centre de RechercheInstitut Curie Paris France
- Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 176 Paris France
| | - Frédéric Schmidt
- Centre de RechercheInstitut Curie Paris France
- Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 176 Paris France
| | - Jean‐Claude Florent
- Centre de RechercheInstitut Curie Paris France
- Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 176 Paris France
| | | | | | - Stefan Knapp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine Oxford UK
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyOxford University Oxford UK
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Reise
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean‐Pierre EbelCEA‐CNRS‐UJF Grenoble France
- Partnership for Structural Biology Grenoble France
| | - Claude Cochet
- INSERMU873 Grenoble France
- Commissariat à l'Energie atomique (CEA)Institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV)/Laboratoire Transduction du Signal Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier (UJF) Grenoble France
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135
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Abstract
The heterogeneity of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) has led to a multiplicity of treatments, from cytotoxic agents to signal transduction modulators, cell-cycle inhibitors and epigenetic therapies. While some have shown promising initial results, the outlook for AML patients, particularly older and relapsed patients, as well as patients whose cells exhibit certain adverse chromosomal abnormalities or mutant oncoproteins, continues to be grim. Combination chemotherapy using new agents that act at a number of different levels may provide the greatest potential for successful future therapies. A select number of new agents, approaches and combinations are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Grant
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA.
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136
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Brault L, Gasser C, Bracher F, Huber K, Knapp S, Schwaller J. PIM serine/threonine kinases in the pathogenesis and therapy of hematologic malignancies and solid cancers. Haematologica 2010; 95:1004-15. [PMID: 20145274 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.017079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification as cooperating targets of Proviral Integrations of Moloney virus in murine lymphomas suggested early on that PIM serine/threonine kinases play an important role in cancer biology. Whereas elevated levels of PIM1 and PIM2 were mostly found in hematologic malignancies and prostate cancer, increased PIM3 expression was observed in different solid tumors. PIM kinases are constitutively active and their activity supports in vitro and in vivo tumor cell growth and survival through modification of an increasing number of common as well as isoform-specific substrates including several cell cycle regulators and apoptosis mediators. PIM1 but not PIM2 seems also to mediate homing and migration of normal and malignant hematopoietic cells by regulating chemokine receptor surface expression. Knockdown experiments by RNA interference or dominant-negative acting mutants suggested that PIM kinases are important for maintenance of a transformed phenotype and therefore potential therapeutic targets. Determination of the protein structure facilitated identification of an increasing number of potent small molecule PIM kinase inhibitors with in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. Ongoing efforts aim to identify isoform-specific PIM inhibitors that would not only help to dissect the kinase function but hopefully also provide targeted therapeutics. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the role of PIM serine/threonine kinases for the pathogenesis and therapy of hematologic malignancies and solid cancers, and we highlight structural principles and recent progress on small molecule PIM kinase inhibitors that are on their way into first clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Brault
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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137
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138
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Mumenthaler SM, Ng PYB, Hodge A, Bearss D, Berk G, Kanekal S, Redkar S, Taverna P, Agus DB, Jain A. Pharmacologic inhibition of Pim kinases alters prostate cancer cell growth and resensitizes chemoresistant cells to taxanes. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 8:2882-93. [PMID: 19825806 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine family of Pim kinases function as oncogenes and have been implicated in prostate cancer progression, particularly in hormone-refractory prostate disease, as a result of their antiapoptotic function. In this study, we used a pharmacologic inhibitor targeting the Pim family members, SGI-1776, to determine whether modulation of Pim kinase activity could alter prostate cancer cell survival and modulate chemotherapy resistance. Extensive biochemical characterization of SGI-1776 confirmed its specificity for the three isoforms of the Pim family. Treatment of prostate cancer cells with SGI-1776 resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in phosphorylation of known Pim kinase substrates that are involved in cell cycle progression and apoptosis (p21(Cip1/WAF1) and Bad). Consequently, SGI-1776 compromised overall cell viability by inducing G(1) cell cycle arrest and triggering apoptosis. Overexpression of recombinant Pim-1 markedly increased sensitivity of SGI-1776-mediated prostate cancer cell apoptosis and p21(Cip1/WAF1) phosphorylation inhibition, reinforcing the specificity of SGI-1776. An additional cytotoxic effect was observed when SGI-1776 was combined with taxane-based chemotherapy agents. SGI-1776 was able to reduce cell viability in a multidrug resistance 1 protein-based taxane-refractory prostate cancer cell line. In addition, SGI-1776 treatment was able to resensitize chemoresistant cells to taxane-based therapies by inhibiting multidrug resistance 1 activity and inducing apoptosis. These findings support the idea that inhibiting Pim kinases, in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent, could play an important role in prostate cancer treatment by targeting the clinical problem of chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Mumenthaler
- Sumner M. Redstone Prostate Cancer Research Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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139
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Tao ZF, Hasvold LA, Leverson JD, Han EK, Guan R, Johnson EF, Stoll VS, Stewart KD, Stamper G, Soni N, Bouska JJ, Luo Y, Sowin TJ, Lin NH, Giranda VS, Rosenberg SH, Penning TD. Discovery of 3H-benzo[4,5]thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-ones as potent, highly selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitors of the human protooncogene proviral insertion site in moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6621-36. [PMID: 19842661 DOI: 10.1021/jm900943h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pim-1, Pim-2, and Pim-3 are a family of serine/threonine kinases which have been found to be overexpressed in a variety of hematopoietic malignancies and solid tumors. Benzothienopyrimidinones were discovered as a novel class of Pim inhibitors that potently inhibit all three Pim kinases with subnanomolar to low single-digit nanomolar K(i) values and exhibit excellent selectivity against a panel of diverse kinases. Protein crystal structures of the bound Pim-1 complexes of benzothienopyrimidinones 3b (PDB code 3JYA), 6e (PDB code 3JYO), and 12b (PDB code 3JXW) were determined and used to guide SAR studies. Multiple compounds exhibited potent antiproliferative activity in K562 and MV4-11 cells with submicromolar EC(50) values. For example, compound 14j inhibited the growth of K562 cells with an EC(50) value of 1.7 muM and showed K(i) values of 2, 3, and 0.5 nM against Pim-1, Pim-2, and Pim-3, respectively. These novel Pim kinase inhibitors efficiently interrupted the phosphorylation of Bad in both K562 and LnCaP-Bad cell lines, indicating that their potent biological activities are mechanism-based. The pharmacokinetics of 14j was studied in CD-1 mice and shown to exhibit bioavailability of 76% after oral dosing. ADME profiling of 14j suggested a long half-life in both human and mouse liver microsomes, good permeability, modest protein binding, and no CYP inhibition below 20 muM concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fu Tao
- Cancer Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, USA.
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140
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Moldoveanu CC, Jones PG, Mangalagiu II. Spiroheterocyclic compounds: old stories with new outcomes. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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141
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Akué-Gédu R, Rossignol E, Azzaro S, Knapp S, Filippakopoulos P, Bullock AN, Bain J, Cohen P, Prudhomme M, Anizon F, Moreau P. Synthesis, kinase inhibitory potencies, and in vitro antiproliferative evaluation of new Pim kinase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6369-81. [PMID: 19788246 DOI: 10.1021/jm901018f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Pim kinase family have been identified as promising targets for the development of antitumor agents. After a screening of pyrrolo[2,3-a]- and [3,2-a]carbazole derivatives toward 66 protein kinases, we identified pyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazole as a new scaffold to design potent Pim kinase inhibitors. In particular, compound 9 was identified as a low nM selective Pim inhibitor. Additionally, several pyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazole derivatives showed selectivity for Pim-1 and Pim-3 over Pim-2. In vitro antiproliferative activities of 9 and 28, the most potent Pim inhibitors identified, were evaluated toward three human solid cancer cell lines (PA1, PC3, and DU145) and one human fibroblast primary culture, revealing IC50 values in the micromolar range. Finally, the crystal structure of Pim-1 complexed with lead compound 9 was determined. The structure revealed a non-ATP mimetic binding mode with no hydrogen bonds formed with the kinase hinge region and explained the selectivity of pyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazole derivatives for Pim kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufine Akué-Gédu
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire SEESIB, F-63177 Aubière, France
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142
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Nihira K, Ando Y, Yamaguchi T, Kagami Y, Miki Y, Yoshida K. Pim-1 controls NF-kappaB signalling by stabilizing RelA/p65. Cell Death Differ 2009; 17:689-98. [PMID: 19911008 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification and degradation of proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system are key regulatory mechanisms in cellular responses to various stimuli. The NF-kappaB signaling pathway is controlled by the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. RelA/p65, which is a main subunit of NF-kappaB, is ubiquitinated for degradation by SOCS-1, but the functional mechanism of its ubiquitination remains poorly understood. In this study we show that phosphorylation of RelA/p65 at Ser276 prevents its degradation by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. In contrast, impairment of Ser276 phosphorylation affects constitutive degradation of RelA/p65. Importantly, we identify Pim-1 as a further kinase responsible for the phosphorylation of RelA/p65 at Ser276. Depletion of Pim-1 hinders not only Ser276 phosphorylation but also transactivation of RelA/p65 target genes. We also show that Pim-1 contributes to recruitment of RelA/p65 to kappaB-elements to activate NF-kappaB signalling after TNF-alpha stimulation. In concert with these results, the knockdown of Pim-1 impairs IL-6 production and augments apoptosis by interfering RelA/p65 activation. These findings provide a model in which Pim-1 phosphorylation of RelA/p65 at Ser276 allows defense against ubiquitin-mediated degradation and whereby exerts activation of NF-kappaB signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nihira
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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143
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Bullock AN, Russo S, Amos A, Pagano N, Bregman H, Debreczeni JÉ, Lee WH, von Delft F, Meggers E, Knapp S. Crystal structure of the PIM2 kinase in complex with an organoruthenium inhibitor. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7112. [PMID: 19841674 PMCID: PMC2743286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The serine/threonine kinase PIM2 is highly expressed in human leukemia and lymphomas and has been shown to positively regulate survival and proliferation of tumor cells. Its diverse ATP site makes PIM2 a promising target for the development of anticancer agents. To date our knowledge of catalytic domain structures of the PIM kinase family is limited to PIM1 which has been extensively studied and which shares about 50% sequence identity with PIM2. Principal Findings Here we determined the crystal structure of PIM2 in complex with an organoruthenium complex (inhibition in sub-nanomolar level). Due to its extraordinary shape complementarity this stable organometallic compound is a highly potent inhibitor of PIM kinases. Significance The structure of PIM2 revealed several differences to PIM1 which may be explored further to generate isoform selective inhibitors. It has also demonstrated how an organometallic inhibitor can be adapted to the binding site of protein kinases to generate highly potent inhibitors. Enhanced version This article can also be viewed as an enhanced version in which the text of the article is integrated with interactive 3D representations and animated transitions. Please note that a web plugin is required to access this enhanced functionality. Instructions for the installation and use of the web plugin are available in Text S1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex N. Bullock
- University of Oxford, Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Santina Russo
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ann Amos
- University of Oxford, Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Pagano
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Howard Bregman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Judit É. Debreczeni
- University of Oxford, Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wen Hwa Lee
- University of Oxford, Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frank von Delft
- University of Oxford, Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- University of Oxford, Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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144
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Abstract
Pim kinases are involved in B-cell development and are overexpressed in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We hypothesized that Pim kinase inhibition would affect B-cell survival. Identified from a screen of imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine compounds, SGI-1776 inhibits Pim-1, Pim-2, and Pim-3. Treatment of CLL cells with SGI-1776 results in a concentration-dependent induction of apoptosis. To elucidate its mechanism of action, we evaluated the effect of SGI-1776 on Pim kinase function. Unlike in replicating cells, phosphorylation of traditional Pim-1 kinase targets, phospho-Bad (Ser112) and histone H3 (Ser10), and cell-cycle proteins were unaffected by SGI-1776, suggesting an alternative mechanism in CLL. Protein levels of total c-Myc as well as phospho-c-Myc(Ser62), a Pim-1 target site, were decreased after SGI-1776 treatment. Levels of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), XIAP, and proapoptotic Bak and Bax were unchanged; however, a significant reduction in Mcl-1 was observed that was not caused by caspase-mediated cleavage of Mcl-1 protein. The mechanism of decline in Mcl-1 was at the RNA level and was correlated with inhibition of global RNA synthesis. Consistent with a decline in new RNA synthesis, MCL-1 transcript levels were decreased after treatment with SGI-1776. These data suggest that SGI-1776 induces apoptosis in CLL and that the mechanism involves Mcl-1 reduction.
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145
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Grundler R, Brault L, Gasser C, Bullock AN, Dechow T, Woetzel S, Pogacic V, Villa A, Ehret S, Berridge G, Spoo A, Dierks C, Biondi A, Knapp S, Duyster J, Schwaller J. Dissection of PIM serine/threonine kinases in FLT3-ITD-induced leukemogenesis reveals PIM1 as regulator of CXCL12-CXCR4-mediated homing and migration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:1957-70. [PMID: 19687226 PMCID: PMC2737164 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
FLT3-ITD–mediated leukemogenesis is associated with increased expression of oncogenic PIM serine/threonine kinases. To dissect their role in FLT3-ITD–mediated transformation, we performed bone marrow reconstitution assays. Unexpectedly, FLT3-ITD cells deficient for PIM1 failed to reconstitute lethally irradiated recipients, whereas lack of PIM2 induction did not interfere with FLT3-ITD–induced disease. PIM1-deficient bone marrow showed defects in homing and migration and displayed decreased surface CXCR4 expression and impaired CXCL12–CXCR4 signaling. Through small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown, chemical inhibition, expression of a dominant-negative mutant, and/or reexpression in knockout cells, we found PIM1 activity to be essential for proper CXCR4 surface expression and migration of cells toward a CXCL12 gradient. Purified PIM1 led to the phosphorylation of serine 339 in the CXCR4 intracellular domain in vitro, a site known to be essential for normal receptor recycling. In primary leukemic blasts, high levels of surface CXCR4 were associated with increased PIM1 expression, and this could be significantly reduced by a small molecule PIM inhibitor in some patients. Our data suggest that PIM1 activity is important for homing and migration of hematopoietic cells through modification of CXCR4. Because CXCR4 also regulates homing and maintenance of cancer stem cells, PIM1 inhibitors may exert their antitumor effects in part by interfering with interactions with the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Grundler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technical University, Munich 81739, Germany
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146
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Beharry Z, Zemskova M, Mahajan S, Zhang F, Ma J, Xia Z, Lilly M, Smith CD, Kraft AS. Novel benzylidene-thiazolidine-2,4-diones inhibit Pim protein kinase activity and induce cell cycle arrest in leukemia and prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1473-83. [PMID: 19509254 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Pim protein kinases play important roles in cancer development and progression, including prostate tumors and hematologic malignancies. To investigate the potential role of these enzymes as anticancer drug targets, we have synthesized novel benzylidene-thiazolidine-2,4-diones that function as potent Pim protein kinase inhibitors. With IC(50) values in the nanomolar range, these compounds block the ability of Pim to phosphorylate peptides and proteins in vitro and, when added to DU145 prostate cancer cells overexpressing Pim, inhibit the ability of this enzyme to phosphorylate a known substrate, the BH(3) protein BAD. When added to prostate cancer cell lines, including PC3, DU145, and CWR22Rv1, and human leukemic cells, MV4;11, K562, and U937 cells, these compounds induce G(1)-S cell cycle arrest and block the antiapoptotic effect of the Pim protein kinase. The cell cycle arrest induced by these compounds is associated with an inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and activity and translocation of the Pim-1 substrate p27(Kip1), a cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitory protein, to the nucleus. Furthermore, when added to leukemic cells, these compounds synergize with the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor rapamycin to decrease the phosphorylation level of the translational repressor 4E-BP1 at sites phosphorylated by mammalian target of rapamycin. Combinations of rapamycin and the benzylidene-thiazolidine-2,4-diones synergistically block the growth of leukemic cells. Thus, these agents represent novel Pim inhibitors and point to an important role for the Pim protein kinases in cell cycle control in multiple types of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanna Beharry
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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147
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Structure-based design of 3-aryl-6-amino-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine inhibitors of Pim-1 kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3019-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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148
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Abstract
The large-scale structural biology projects that target human proteins focus predominantly on the catalytic domains of potential therapeutic targets and the domains of human proteins that mediate protein-protein and protein-small-molecule interactions. Their main scientific objective is to elucidate the molecular basis for specificity and selectivity of function within large protein families of therapeutic interest, such as kinases, phosphatases, and proteins involved in epigenetic regulation. Half of the unique human protein structures determined in the past three years derive from these initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aled Edwards
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
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149
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Protein synthesis is resistant to rapamycin and constitutes a promising therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2009; 114:1618-27. [PMID: 19458359 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-10-184515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The deregulation of translation markedly contributes to the malignant phenotype in cancers, and the assembly of the translation initiating complex eIF4F is the limiting step of this process. The mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) is thought to positively regulate eIF4F assembly and subsequent oncogenic protein synthesis through 4E-BP1 phosphorylation. We showed here that the translation inhibitor 4EGI-1 decreased the clonogenic growth of leukemic progenitors and induced apoptosis of blast cells, with limited toxicity against normal hematopoiesis, which emphasize the importance of translation deregulation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) biology. However, the mTORC1 inhibitor RAD001 (a rapamycin derivate) did not induce AML blast cell apoptosis. We herein demonstrated that mTORC1 disruption using raptor siRNA or RAD001 failed to inhibit 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in AML. Moreover, RAD001 failed to inhibit eIF4F assembly, to decrease the proportion of polysome-bound c-Myc mRNA, and to reduce the translation-dependent accumulation of oncogenic proteins. We identified the Pim-2 serine/threonine kinase as mainly responsible for 4E-BP1 phosphorylation on the S(65) residue and subsequent translation control in AML. Our results strongly implicate an mTORC1-independent deregulation of oncogenic proteins synthesis in human myeloid leukemogenesis. Direct inhibition of the translation initiating complex thus represents an attractive option for the development of new therapies in AML.
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150
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Kinase domain insertions define distinct roles of CLK kinases in SR protein phosphorylation. Structure 2009; 17:352-62. [PMID: 19278650 PMCID: PMC2667211 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2008.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Splicing requires reversible phosphorylation of serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins, which direct splice site selection in eukaryotic mRNA. These phosphorylation events are dependent on SR protein (SRPK) and cdc2-like kinase (CLK) families. SRPK1 phosphorylation of splicing factors is restricted by a specific docking interaction whereas CLK activity is less constrained. To understand functional differences between splicing factor targeting kinases, we determined crystal structures of CLK1 and CLK3. Intriguingly, in CLKs the SRPK1 docking site is blocked by insertion of a previously unseen helix αH. In addition, substrate docking grooves present in related mitogen activating protein kinases (MAPKs) are inaccessible due to a CLK specific β7/8-hairpin insert. Thus, the unconstrained substrate interaction together with the determined active-site mediated substrate specificity allows CLKs to complete the functionally important hyperphosphorylation of splicing factors like ASF/SF2. In addition, despite high sequence conservation, we identified inhibitors with surprising isoform specificity for CLK1 over CLK3.
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