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Okoya F, Huang CC, Zhang Z, Lecca L, Calderón R, Contreras C, Yataco R, Galea J, Becerra M, Murray M. Culture-negative TB: clinical characteristics, risk factors and treatment outcomes. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2023; 27:557-563. [PMID: 37353876 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.22.0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although culture remains the standard for TB diagnosis, 15-20% of patients diagnosed and treated for TB are culture-negative. We explored clinical characteristics, risk factors and treatment outcomes for culture-negative TB in a Peruvian cohort.METHODS: We recruited 4,500 index TB patients and 10,160 household contacts in Lima, Peru, and enrolled 692 secondary patients diagnosed with TB during follow-up of household contacts. We analyzed smear and culture status, sociodemographic factors, clinical characteristics and TB treatment outcomes to compare culture-negative and positive patients.RESULTS: Of the 4,880 adult patients, 915 (18.8%) were culture-negative. Culture-negative patients were less likely to report symptoms of TB disease and disease of longer duration. A multivariate analysis showed no statistically significant difference in loss to follow-up, treatment failure or recurrence between the culture-negative and -positive groups but a higher rate of death among culture-negative patients with an adjusted OR of 1.65 (95% CI 1.05-2.60). In a multivariate analysis of determinants of culture negativity, older age, substance use and being a secondary case were associated with culture status.CONCLUSIONS: More recognition and awareness of culture-negative TB is key for early and correct diagnosis to reduce transmission and improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Okoya
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C C Huang
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women´s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women´s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Lecca
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Socios En Salud Sucursal, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - R Yataco
- Socios En Salud Sucursal, Lima, Peru
| | - J Galea
- School of Social Work & College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - M Becerra
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women´s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Murray
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women´s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Brooks MB, Hussain H, Siddiqui S, Ahmed JF, Jaswal M, Amanullah F, Becerra M, Malik AA. Two Clinical Prediction Tools to Inform Rapid Tuberculosis Treatment Decision-making in Children. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad245. [PMID: 37351457 PMCID: PMC10284336 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the absence of bacteriologic confirmation to diagnose tuberculosis (TB) in children, it is suggested that treatment should be initiated when sufficient clinical evidence of disease is available. However, it is unclear what clinical evidence is sufficient to make this decision. To identify children who would benefit from rapid initiation of TB treatment, we developed 2 clinical prediction tools. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of a prospective intensified TB patient-finding intervention conducted in Pakistan in 2014-2016. TB disease was determined through either bacteriologic confirmation or a clinical diagnosis. We derived 2 tools: 1 uses classification and regression tree (CART) analysis to develop decision trees, while the second uses multivariable logistic regression to calculate a risk score. Results Of the 5162 and 5074 children included in the CART and prediction score, respectively, 1417 (27.5%) and 1365 (26.9%) were eligible for TB treatment. CART identified abnormal chest radiographs and family history of TB as the most important predictors (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC], 0.949). The final prediction score model included age group (0-4, 5-9, 10-14), weight <5th percentile, cough, fever, weight loss, chest radiograph suggestive of TB disease, and family history of TB; the identified best cutoff score was 9 (AUC, 0.985%). Conclusions Use of clinical evidence was sufficient to accurately identify children who would benefit from treatment initiation. Our tools performed well compared with existing algorithms, though these results need to be externally validated before operationalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith B Brooks
- Correspondence: Meredith B. Brooks, PhD, MPH, Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118 (); or Amyn A. Malik, PhD, Interactive Research and Development Global, One George Street, Level 10, Singapore 049145 ()
| | | | - Sara Siddiqui
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Indus Hospital and Health Network, Korangi Crossing, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Junaid F Ahmed
- The Indus Hospital and Health Network, Korangi Crossing, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Maria Jaswal
- Interactive Research and Development Global, Singapore
| | - Farhana Amanullah
- The Indus Hospital and Health Network, Korangi Crossing, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Amyn A Malik
- Correspondence: Meredith B. Brooks, PhD, MPH, Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118 (); or Amyn A. Malik, PhD, Interactive Research and Development Global, One George Street, Level 10, Singapore 049145 ()
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Peinado J, Lecca L, Jiménez J, Calderón R, Yataco R, Becerra M, Murray M. Association between overweight/obesity and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 2023; 40:59-66. [PMID: 37377237 DOI: 10.17843/rpmesp.2023.401.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. To evaluate the association between overweight/obesity and multidrug resistance in patients with and without a history of tuberculosis treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Cross-sectional study of secondary data from a tuberculosis cohort, which included anthropometric and drug-sensitivity testing data at the baseline visit of patients with and without previous tuberculosis treatment. RESULTS. We evaluated 3,734 new cases and 766 with a history of having received treatment for tuberculosis. Overweight/obesity was not associated with multidrug resistance in patients with a history of tuberculosis treatment, with a prevalence ratio of 0.97 and a 95% confidence interval of 0.68-1.38. CONCLUSIONS. Overweight/obesity is not associated with multidrug resistance in tuberculosis. Overweight/obesity is a dynamic process that may influence the relationship between the immune system and the metabolic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Peinado
- 1 Socios en Salud Sucursal Perú, Lima, Perú
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú
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Jaswal M, Farooq S, Madhani F, Noorani S, Salahuddin N, Amanullah F, Khowaja S, Safdar N, Khan A, Yuen C, Keshavjee S, Becerra M, Hussain H, Malik AA. Implementing 3HP vs. IPT as TB preventive treatment in Pakistan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2022; 26:741-746. [PMID: 35898140 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.21.0676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: We assessed treatment uptake and completion for 6 months of isoniazid (6H) and 3 months of isoniazid plus rifapentine weekly (3HP) in a programmatic setting in Pakistan.METHODS: All household contacts were clinically evaluated to rule out TB disease. 6H was used for TB preventive treatment (TPT) from October 2016 to April 2017; from May to September 2017, 3HP was used for contacts aged ≥2 years. We compared clinical evaluation, TPT uptake and completion rates between contacts aged ≥2 years in the 6H period and in the 3HP period.RESULTS: We identified 3,442 contacts for the 6H regimen. After clinical evaluation, 744/1,036 (72%) started treatment, while 46% completed treatment. In contrast, 3,722 contacts were identified for 3HP. After clinical evaluation, 990/1,366 (72%) started treatment, while 67% completed treatment. Uptake of TPT did not differ significantly between the 6H and 3HP groups (OR 1.03, 95%CI 0.86-1.24). However, people who initiated 3HP had 2.3 times greater odds (95% CI 1.9-2.8) of completing treatment than those who initiated 6H after adjusting for age and sex.CONCLUSION: In programmatic settings in a high-burden country, household contacts of all ages were more likely to complete TPT with shorter weekly regimens, although treatment uptake rate for the two regimens was similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jaswal
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - S Farooq
- TB Control Programme, The Indus Hospital and Health Network, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - F Madhani
- Programmes Unit, Aga Khan Health Services, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - S Noorani
- Monitoring & Evaluation, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - N Salahuddin
- TB Control Programme, The Indus Hospital and Health Network, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - F Amanullah
- TB Control Programme, The Indus Hospital and Health Network, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - S Khowaja
- TB Department, Interactive Research and Development (IRD) Global, Singapore
| | - N Safdar
- TB Department, Interactive Research and Development (IRD) Global, Singapore
| | - A Khan
- TB Department, Interactive Research and Development (IRD) Global, Singapore, TB Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, Infectious Diseases, Harvard Medical School Center for Global Health Delivery, Boston, MA
| | - C Yuen
- TB Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, Infectious Diseases, Harvard Medical School Center for Global Health Delivery, Boston, MA
| | - S Keshavjee
- TB Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, Infectious Diseases, Harvard Medical School Center for Global Health Delivery, Boston, MA, TB Department, Partners In Health, Boston, MA, Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women´s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - M Becerra
- TB Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, Infectious Diseases, Harvard Medical School Center for Global Health Delivery, Boston, MA, TB Department, Partners In Health, Boston, MA, Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women´s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - H Hussain
- TB Department, Interactive Research and Development (IRD) Global, Singapore
| | - A A Malik
- TB Department, Interactive Research and Development (IRD) Global, Singapore, Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, Yale Institute for Global Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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Jenkins HE, Ayuk S, Puma D, Brooks MB, Millones AK, Jimenez J, Lecca L, Galea JT, Becerra M, Keshavjee S, Yuen CM. Geographic accessibility to health facilities predicts uptake of community-based tuberculosis screening in an urban setting. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 120:125-131. [PMID: 35470023 PMCID: PMC9176313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Annually, more than 30% of individuals with tuberculosis (TB) remain undiagnosed. We aimed to assess whether geographic accessibility measures can identify neighborhoods that would benefit from TB screening services targeted toward closing the diagnosis gap. Methods: We used data from a community-based mobile TB screening program in Carabayllo district, Lima, Peru. We constructed four accessibility measures from the geographic center of neighborhoods to health facilities. We used logistic regression to assess the association between these measures and screening uptake in one’s residential neighborhood versus elsewhere, with quasi-information criterion values to assess the association. Results: We analyzed the screening locations for 25,000 Carabayllo residents from 49 neighborhoods. Pedestrian walk time was preferable to Euclidean distance or vehicular time in our models. For each additional 12 minutes walking time between the neighborhood and the health facility, the odds of residents using TB screening units located in their neighborhoods increased by 50% (95% CI: 26%–78%). Females had 9% (95% CI: 3%–16%) increased odds versus males of using a screening unit in their own neighborhood. Conclusion: Placing mobile TB screening units in neighborhoods with longer pedestrian time to access health facilities could benefit individuals who face more acute access barriers to health care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sally Ayuk
- University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Leonid Lecca
- Socios en Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima, Peru; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerome T Galea
- School of Social Work, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Salmaan Keshavjee
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Courtney M Yuen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Hamid M, Brooks MB, Madhani F, Ali H, Naseer MJ, Becerra M, Amanullah F. Risk factors for unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment outcomes in children. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222776. [PMID: 31553758 PMCID: PMC6760830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pakistan has a high pediatric burden of tuberculosis, but few studies describe the treatment experience of children with tuberculosis in Pakistan. We sought to identify risk factors for unsuccessful treatment outcomes in children with drug-susceptible tuberculosis identified in eight hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. DESIGN We conducted a retrospective cohort study among children (<15 years old) treated with first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs for presumed or confirmed drug-susceptible tuberculosis between 2016 and 2017. We assessed risk factors for experiencing an unsuccessful treatment outcome through multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS In total, 1,665 children initiated tuberculosis treatment, including 916 (55.0%) identified through intensified case finding. Unsuccessful treatment outcomes were experienced by 197 (11.8%) children, comprising 27 (1.6%) deaths, 16 (1.0%) treatment failures, and 154 (9.3%) lost to follow-up. An additional 47 (2.8%) children had outcomes not evaluable. In multivariable analysis, children 0-4 years old (OR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.07-3.04), males (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.04, 2.11), and those with bacteriologic confirmation of disease (OR: 3.39, 95% CI: 1.98, 5.80) had increased odds of experiencing an unsuccessful treatment outcome. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a need to deploy strategies to identify children earlier in the disease process and point to the need for interventions tailored for young children once treatment is initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meherunissa Hamid
- Global Health Directorate, The Indus Health Network, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Meredith B. Brooks
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Falak Madhani
- Global Health Directorate, The Indus Health Network, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Ali
- Global Health Directorate, The Indus Health Network, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Mercedes Becerra
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Farhana Amanullah
- Global Health Directorate, The Indus Health Network, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Indus Hospital, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
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Luo Y, Suliman S, Asgari S, Amariuta T, Baglaenko Y, Martínez-Bonet M, Ishigaki K, Gutierrez-Arcelus M, Calderon R, Lecca L, León SR, Jimenez J, Yataco R, Contreras C, Galea JT, Becerra M, Nejentsev S, Nigrovic PA, Moody DB, Murray MB, Raychaudhuri S. Early progression to active tuberculosis is a highly heritable trait driven by 3q23 in Peruvians. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3765. [PMID: 31434886 PMCID: PMC6704092 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the 1.8 billion people worldwide infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 5-15% will develop active tuberculosis (TB). Approximately half will progress to active TB within the first 18 months after infection, presumably because they fail to mount an effective initial immune response. Here, in a genome-wide genetic study of early TB progression, we genotype 4002 active TB cases and their household contacts in Peru. We quantify genetic heritability ([Formula: see text]) of early TB progression to be 21.2% (standard error 0.08). This suggests TB progression has a strong genetic basis, and is comparable to traits with well-established genetic bases. We identify a novel association between early TB progression and variants located in a putative enhancer region on chromosome 3q23 (rs73226617, OR = 1.18; P = 3.93 × 10-8). With in silico and in vitro analyses we identify rs73226617 or rs148722713 as the likely functional variant and ATP1B3 as a potential causal target gene with monocyte specific function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Luo
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Suliman
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samira Asgari
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiffany Amariuta
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yuriy Baglaenko
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marta Martínez-Bonet
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kazuyoshi Ishigaki
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Gutierrez-Arcelus
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jerome T Galea
- School of Social Work, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mercedes Becerra
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, and Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sergey Nejentsev
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter A Nigrovic
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan B Murray
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, and Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Osman M, Harausz EP, Garcia-Prats AJ, Schaaf HS, Moore BK, Hicks RM, Achar J, Amanullah F, Barry P, Becerra M, Chiotan DI, Drobac PC, Flood J, Furin J, Gegia M, Isaakidis P, Mariandyshev A, Ozere I, Shah NS, Skrahina A, Yablokova E, Seddon JA, Hesseling AC. Treatment Outcomes in Global Systematic Review and Patient Meta-Analysis of Children with Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:441-450. [PMID: 30789141 PMCID: PMC6390755 DOI: 10.3201/eid2503.180852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB) has extremely poor treatment outcomes in adults. Limited data are available for children. We report on clinical manifestations, treatment, and outcomes for 37 children (<15 years of age) with bacteriologically confirmed XDR TB in 11 countries. These patients were managed during 1999-2013. For the 37 children, median age was 11 years, 32 (87%) had pulmonary TB, and 29 had a recorded HIV status; 7 (24%) were infected with HIV. Median treatment duration was 7.0 months for the intensive phase and 12.2 months for the continuation phase. Thirty (81%) children had favorable treatment outcomes. Four (11%) died, 1 (3%) failed treatment, and 2 (5%) did not complete treatment. We found a high proportion of favorable treatment outcomes among children, with mortality rates markedly lower than for adults. Regimens and duration of treatment varied considerably. Evaluation of new regimens in children is required.
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Kava B, Levine A, Lopetegui D, Becerra M. 228 Developing a Catalog of Non-infectious Distal Cylinder Complications Requiring Revision Penile Implant Surgery. J Sex Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.01.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Lopetegui D, Levine A, Becerra M, Kava B. 260 Implantation of a Multicomponent Inflatable Penile Prosthesis in the Post Cystectomy Patient using a High Submuscular Ectopic Reservoir. J Sex Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.01.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zelner J, Murray M, Becerra M, Galea J, Lecca L, Calderon R, Yataco R, Zhang Z, Cohen T. Protective effects of household-based TB interventions are robust to neighbourhood-level variation in exposure risk in Lima, Peru: a model-based analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2019; 47:185-192. [PMID: 29025111 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Untargeted active screening and treatment programmes for tuberculosis (TB) have not been shown to be more effective than passive screening and isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) for reducing TB incidence. In this manuscript, we compare the efficacy of targeting screening and IPT on high-risk household contacts of diagnosed TB cases, with less-targeted active screening approaches in Lima, Peru. Methods We conducted a population-based prospective cohort study within households of TB cases in Lima. We identified all adults diagnosed with incident pulmonary TB from 2009 through 2012 at 106 participating public health centres (HC) within our catchment area of ∼3.3 million inhabitants. We estimated combined effects of community and household exposure on the risk of latent TB infection (LTBI) and incident TB disease. We used simulation modelling to assess the efficacy of TB screening programmes for reducing the risk of incident TB in these contacts. Results Individuals with household exposure to TB are more likely to present with LTBI and TB disease than those without this exposure, despite wide variation in community exposure. Simulations suggest that more cases are prevented by 1000 administrations of IPT to tuberculin skin test (TST)-positive household contacts of identified TB cases (30, 95% CI = 16,47) than from blanket screening and treatment in the community (7, 95% CI = 2,17). Conclusions Household exposure remains a major driver of incident TB risk among household contacts of identified TB cases. Targeting interventions on these individuals is likely to prevent more cases of TB than blanket screening of individuals in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Zelner
- Department of Epidemiology.,Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Megan Murray
- Department of Epidemiology.,Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mercedes Becerra
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Partners In Health/Socios En Salud, Boston, MA, USA/Lima, Peru.,Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital. Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerome Galea
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonid Lecca
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Partners In Health/Socios En Salud, Boston, MA, USA/Lima, Peru
| | - Roger Calderon
- Partners In Health/Socios En Salud, Boston, MA, USA/Lima, Peru
| | - Rosa Yataco
- Partners In Health/Socios En Salud, Boston, MA, USA/Lima, Peru
| | - Zibiao Zhang
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital. Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ted Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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12
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Harausz EP, Garcia-Prats AJ, Law S, Schaaf HS, Kredo T, Seddon JA, Menzies D, Turkova A, Achar J, Amanullah F, Barry P, Becerra M, Chan ED, Chan PC, Ioana Chiotan D, Crossa A, Drobac PC, Fairlie L, Falzon D, Flood J, Gegia M, Hicks RM, Isaakidis P, Kadri SM, Kampmann B, Madhi SA, Marais E, Mariandyshev A, Méndez-Echevarría A, Moore BK, Nargiza P, Ozere I, Padayatchi N, Ur-Rehman S, Rybak N, Santiago-Garcia B, Shah NS, Sharma S, Shim TS, Skrahina A, Soriano-Arandes A, van den Boom M, van der Werf MJ, van der Werf TS, Williams B, Yablokova E, Yim JJ, Furin J, Hesseling AC. Treatment and outcomes in children with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2018; 15:e1002591. [PMID: 29995958 PMCID: PMC6040687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An estimated 32,000 children develop multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB; Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid and rifampin) each year. Little is known about the optimal treatment for these children. METHODS AND FINDINGS To inform the pediatric aspects of the revised World Health Organization (WHO) MDR-TB treatment guidelines, we performed a systematic review and individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis, describing treatment outcomes in children treated for MDR-TB. To identify eligible reports we searched PubMed, LILACS, Embase, The Cochrane Library, PsychINFO, and BioMedCentral databases through 1 October 2014. To identify unpublished data, we reviewed conference abstracts, contacted experts in the field, and requested data through other routes, including at national and international conferences and through organizations working in pediatric MDR-TB. A cohort was eligible for inclusion if it included a minimum of three children (aged <15 years) who were treated for bacteriologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed MDR-TB, and if treatment outcomes were reported. The search yielded 2,772 reports; after review, 33 studies were eligible for inclusion, with IPD provided for 28 of these. All data were from published or unpublished observational cohorts. We analyzed demographic, clinical, and treatment factors as predictors of treatment outcome. In order to obtain adjusted estimates, we used a random-effects multivariable logistic regression (random intercept and random slope, unless specified otherwise) adjusted for the following covariates: age, sex, HIV infection, malnutrition, severe extrapulmonary disease, or the presence of severe disease on chest radiograph. We analyzed data from 975 children from 18 countries; 731 (75%) had bacteriologically confirmed and 244 (25%) had clinically diagnosed MDR-TB. The median age was 7.1 years. Of 910 (93%) children with documented HIV status, 359 (39%) were infected with HIV. When compared to clinically diagnosed patients, children with confirmed MDR-TB were more likely to be older, to be infected with HIV, to be malnourished, and to have severe tuberculosis (TB) on chest radiograph (p < 0.001 for all characteristics). Overall, 764 of 975 (78%) had a successful treatment outcome at the conclusion of therapy: 548/731 (75%) of confirmed and 216/244 (89%) of clinically diagnosed children (absolute difference 14%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 8%-19%, p < 0.001). Treatment was successful in only 56% of children with bacteriologically confirmed TB who were infected with HIV who did not receive any antiretroviral treatment (ART) during MDR-TB therapy, compared to 82% in children infected with HIV who received ART during MDR-TB therapy (absolute difference 26%, 95% CI 5%-48%, p = 0.006). In children with confirmed MDR-TB, the use of second-line injectable agents and high-dose isoniazid (15-20 mg/kg/day) were associated with treatment success (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.9, 95% CI 1.0-8.3, p = 0.041 and aOR 5.9, 95% CI 1.7-20.5, p = 0.007, respectively). These findings for high-dose isoniazid may have been affected by site effect, as the majority of patients came from Cape Town. Limitations of this study include the difficulty of estimating the treatment effects of individual drugs within multidrug regimens, only observational cohort studies were available for inclusion, and treatment decisions were based on the clinician's perception of illness, with resulting potential for bias. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that children respond favorably to MDR-TB treatment. The low success rate in children infected with HIV who did not receive ART during their MDR-TB treatment highlights the need for ART in these children. Our findings of individual drug effects on treatment outcome should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Harausz
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.,Military HIV Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anthony J Garcia-Prats
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Stephanie Law
- Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - H Simon Schaaf
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Tamara Kredo
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James A Seddon
- Centre for International Child Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dick Menzies
- Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anna Turkova
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jay Achar
- Manson Unit, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pennan Barry
- California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Mercedes Becerra
- Partners In Health, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Edward D Chan
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Pei Chun Chan
- Division of Chronic Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Domnica Ioana Chiotan
- Epidemiological Surveillance Department, Romanian National TB Program, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aldo Crossa
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter C Drobac
- Partners In Health, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lee Fairlie
- Wits Reproductive Health & HIV Institute (WRHI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dennis Falzon
- Laboratories, Diagnostics and Drug Resistance Unit, Global TB Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Flood
- California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Medea Gegia
- Technical Support Coordination, Global TB Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robert M Hicks
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Petros Isaakidis
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)/Doctors Without Borders, Mumbai, India
| | - S M Kadri
- Disease Control, Directorate of Health Services, Kashmir, India
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Paediatric Infection & Immunity, Centre of International Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Vaccines & Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Else Marais
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Ana Méndez-Echevarría
- Pediatric, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Brittany Kathryn Moore
- Division of Global HIV and TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Parpieva Nargiza
- Republican Scientific Medical Center of Phtiziology and Pulmonology, Ministry of Health, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Iveta Ozere
- Riga Eastern Clinical University Hospital, Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Riga, Latvia
| | | | | | - Natasha Rybak
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Begoña Santiago-Garcia
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Sarita Shah
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Sangeeta Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - Tae Sun Shim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Alena Skrahina
- The Republican Research and Practical Centre for Pulmonology and TB, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Antoni Soriano-Arandes
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Unit of International Health-Tuberculosis Drassanes-Vall Hebron, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin van den Boom
- Joint Tuberculosis, HIV & Viral Hepatitis Programme, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marieke J van der Werf
- Disease Programme Tuberculosis, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Bhanu Williams
- Northwick Park Hospital, London Northwest Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Yablokova
- Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
| | - Jae-Joon Yim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jennifer Furin
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anneke C Hesseling
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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13
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Vizoso-Vázquez A, Lamas-Maceiras M, Fernández-Leiro R, Rico-Díaz A, Becerra M, Cerdán ME. Dual function of Ixr1 in transcriptional regulation and recognition of cisplatin-DNA adducts is caused by differential binding through its two HMG-boxes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech 2016; 1860:256-269. [PMID: 27871851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ixr1 is a transcriptional factor involved in the response to hypoxia, which is also related to DNA repair. It binds to DNA through its two in-tandem high mobility group box (HMG-box) domains. Each function depends on recognition of different DNA structures, B-form DNA at specific consensus sequences for transcriptional regulation, or distorted DNA, like cisplatin-DNA adducts, for DNA repair. However, the contribution of the HMG-box domains in the Ixr1 protein to the formation of different protein-DNA complexes is poorly understood. We have biophysically and biochemically characterized these interactions with specific DNA sequences from the promoters regulated by Ixr1, or with cisplatin-DNA adducts. Both HMG-boxes are necessary for transcriptional regulation, and they are not functionally interchangeable. The in-tandem arrangement of their HMG-boxes is necessary for functional folding and causes sequential cooperative binding to specific DNA sequences, with HMG-box A showing a higher contribution to DNA binding and bending than the HMG-box B. Binding of Ixr1 HMG boxes to specific DNA sequences is entropy driven, whereas binding to platinated DNA is enthalpy driven for HMG-box A and entropy driven for HMG-box B. This is the first proof that HMG-box binding to different DNA structures is associated with predictable thermodynamic differences. Based on our study, we present a model to explain the dual function of Ixr1 in the regulation of gene expression and recognition of distorted DNA structures caused by cisplatin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vizoso-Vázquez
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Facultade de Ciencias, A Coruña, Spain
| | - M Lamas-Maceiras
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Facultade de Ciencias, A Coruña, Spain
| | - R Fernández-Leiro
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Facultade de Ciencias, A Coruña, Spain
| | - A Rico-Díaz
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Facultade de Ciencias, A Coruña, Spain
| | - M Becerra
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Facultade de Ciencias, A Coruña, Spain
| | - M E Cerdán
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Facultade de Ciencias, A Coruña, Spain.
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14
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Fox GJ, Mitnick CD, Benedetti A, Chan ED, Becerra M, Chiang CY, Keshavjee S, Koh WJ, Shiraishi Y, Viiklepp P, Yim JJ, Pasvol G, Robert J, Shim TS, Shin SS, Menzies D. Surgery as an Adjunctive Treatment for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: An Individual Patient Data Metaanalysis. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:887-895. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Gonzalez-Guarda RM, Cummings AM, Becerra M, Fernandez MC, Mesa I. Needs and preferences for the prevention of intimate partner violence among Hispanics: a community's perspective. J Prim Prev 2013; 34:221-35. [PMID: 23843106 PMCID: PMC3809954 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-013-0312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Research suggest that Hispanics in the U.S. are disproportionately affected by the consequences of intimate partner violence. Nevertheless, few intimate partner violence prevention interventions have been developed to address the unique needs and preferences of this population. The Partnership for Domestic Violence Prevention is a community-based participatory research project that assessed the needs and preferences for prevention programs for Hispanics in Miami-Dade County. Nine focus groups with domestic violence service providers, victims and general community members were conducted (N = 76). Four major themes emerged from the focus groups. These included immigrants and teens as the highest priority groups to target in prevention efforts, culture as a double-edged sword, the system that helps and hurts the victim, and the need for wide-scale prevention programs that would reach Hispanics systematically. The results from this study have important implications for the development of intimate violence prevention interventions targeting Hispanics in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Gonzalez-Guarda
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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16
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Kurbatova EV, Taylor A, Gammino VM, Bayona J, Becerra M, Danilovitz M, Falzon D, Gelmanova I, Keshavjee S, Leimane V, Mitnick CD, Quelapio MI, Riekstina V, Viiklepp P, Zignol M, Cegielski JP. Predictors of poor outcomes among patients treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis at DOTS-plus projects. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2012; 92:397-403. [PMID: 22789497 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Objective of this analysis was to identify predictors of death, failure, and default among MDR-TB patients treated with second-line drugs in DOTS-plus projects in Estonia, Latvia, Philippines, Russia, and Peru, 2000-2004. Risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multivariable regression. Of 1768 patients, treatment outcomes were: cure/completed - 1156 (65%), died - 200 (11%), default - 241 (14%), failure - 118 (7%). Independent predictors of death included: age>45 years (RR = 1.90 (95%CI 1.29-2.80), HIV infection (RR = 4.22 (2.65-6.72)), extrapulmonary disease (RR = 1.54 (1.04-2.26)), BMI<18.5 (RR = 2.71 (1.91-3.85)), previous use of fluoroquinolones (RR = 1.91 (1.31-2.78)), resistance to any thioamide (RR = 1.59 (1.14-2.22)), baseline positive smear (RR = 2.22 (1.60-3.10)), no culture conversion by 3rd month of treatment (RR = 1.69 (1.19-2.41)); failure: cavitary disease (RR = 1.73 (1.07-2.80)), resistance to any fluoroquinolone (RR = 2.73 (1.71-4.37)) and any thioamide (RR = 1.62 (1.12-2.34)), and no culture conversion by 3rd month (RR = 5.84 (3.02-11.27)); default: unemployment (RR = 1.50 (1.12-2.01)), homelessness (RR = 1.52 (1.00-2.31)), imprisonment (RR = 1.86 (1.42-2.45)), alcohol abuse (RR = 1.60 (1.18-2.16)), and baseline positive smear (RR = 1.35 (1.07-1.71)). Patients with biomedical risk factors for treatment failure or death should receive heightened medical attention. To prevent treatment default, management of patients who are unemployed, homeless, alcoholic, or have a prison history requires extra measures to insure treatment completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V Kurbatova
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, International Research and Programs Branch, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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17
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Kurbatova EV, Gammino VM, Bayona J, Becerra M, Danilovitz M, Falzon D, Gelmanova I, Keshavjee S, Leimane V, Mitnick CD, Quelapio MID, Riekstina V, Taylor A, Viiklepp P, Zignol M, Cegielski JP. Frequency and type of microbiological monitoring of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2012; 15:1553-5, i. [PMID: 22008772 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.11.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Monthly culture is usually recommended to monitor treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). As mycobacterial laboratory capacity is limited in many settings, TB programs need evidence to decide whether monthly cultures are necessary compared to other approaches. We simulated three alternative monitoring strategies (culture every 2 or 3 months, and monthly smears alone) in a cohort of MDR-TB patients in Estonia, Latvia, Philippines, Russia and Peru from 2000 to 2004. This retrospective analysis illustrated that less frequent testing delays confirmation of bacteriological conversion. This would prolong intensive treatment, hospitalization and respiratory isolation, increasing cost and toxicity. After conversion, less frequent testing could delay diagnosis of possible treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Kurbatova
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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18
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Becerra M, John G, Drepper M, Marti C, Darbellay P, Perrier A, Carballo S. [Hospital based internal medicine: a review of 2011]. Rev Med Suisse 2012; 8:259-263. [PMID: 22364074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Numerous prospective randomised trials recently demonstrated the importance of an aggressive approach towards controlling cardiovascular risk factors. New studies reinforce the plethora of available data and confirm that interventional revascularisation strategies for stable coronary heart disease or cerebral vascular disease offer few benefits as compared to medical treatment, and can even lead to worse outcomes. This selective review describes some recent studies in the areas of cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or screening of lung cancer, and gastroenterology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Becerra
- Service de médecine interne générale, HUG, 1211 Genève 14
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19
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Furin J, Gegia M, Mitnick C, Rich M, Shin S, Becerra M, Drobac P, Farmer P, Hurtado R, Joseph JK, Keshavjee S, Kalandadze I. Eliminating the category II retreatment regimen from national tuberculosis programme guidelines: the Georgian experience. Bull World Health Organ 2011; 90:63-6. [PMID: 22271966 DOI: 10.2471/blt.11.092320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The category II retreatment regimen for management of tuberculosis in previously treated patients was first introduced in the early 1990s. It consists of 8 months of total therapy with the addition of streptomycin to standard first-line medications. A review of 6500 patients on category II therapy in Georgia showed poor outcomes and high rates of streptomycin resistance. APPROACH The National Tuberculosis Program used an evidence-based analysis of national data to convince policy-makers that category II therapy should be eliminated from national guidelines in Georgia. LOCAL SETTING The World Health Organization tuberculosis case-notification rate in Georgia is 102 per 100,000 population. All patients receive culture and drug susceptibility testing as a standard part of tuberculosis diagnosis. In 2009, routine surveillance found multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in 10.6% of newly diagnosed patients and 32.5% of previously treated cases. RELEVANT CHANGES Category II retreatment regimen is no longer used in Georgia. Treatment is guided by results of drug susceptibility testing--using rapid, molecular tests where possible--for all previously treated tuberculosis patients. LESSONS LEARNT There was little resistance to policy change because the review was initiated and led by the National Tuberculosis Program. This experience can serve as a successful model for other countries to make informed decisions about the use of category II therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Furin
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States of America.
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20
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Furin J, Bayona J, Becerra M, Farmer P, Golubkov A, Hurtado R, Joseph J, Keshavjee S, Ponomarenko O, Rich M, Shin S. Programmatic management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: models from three countries. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2011; 15:1294-300. [PMID: 21669029 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.10.0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Furin
- Department of Social Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - J. Bayona
- Partners In Heath–Peru, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M. Becerra
- Department of Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - P. Farmer
- Department of Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Partners In Heath–Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A. Golubkov
- Partners In Health–Russia, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R. Hurtado
- Department of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J.K. Joseph
- Partners In Heath–Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S. Keshavjee
- Partners In Heath–Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - M. Rich
- Partners In Heath–Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S. Shin
- Department of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Becerra M, Lombardía LJ, Lamas-Maceiras M, Canto E, Rodríguez-Belmonte E, Cerdán ME. Comparative transcriptome analysis of yeast strains carrying slt2, rlm1, and pop2 deletions. Genome 2011; 54:99-109. [DOI: 10.1139/g10-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The function of the genes SLT2 (encoding the Mpk1 protein), RLM1, and POP2 have previously been related to several stress responses in yeasts. DNA arrays have been used to identify differences among the transcriptomes of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae wild type strain and its derivative Δslt2, Δrlm1, and Δpop2 mutants. Correspondence analyses indicate that the vast majority of genes that show lower expression in Δrlm1 also show lower expression in Δslt2. In contrast, there is little overlap between the results of the transcriptome analyses of the Δpop2 strain and the Δslt2 or Δrlm1 strains. The DNA array data were validated by reverse Northern blotting and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIp). ChIp assays demonstrate Rlm1p binding to specific regions of the promoters of two genes that show expression differences between the Δrlm1 mutant and wild type strains. Interestingly, RLM1 deletion decreases the transcription of SLT2, encoding the Mpk1p kinase that phosphorylates Rlm1p, suggesting a feedback control in the signal transduction pathway. Also, deletion of RLM1 causes a decrease in the mRNA level of KDX1, which is paralogous to SLT2. In contrast, deletion of POP2 is accompanied by an increase of both SLT2 and KDX1 levels. We show that SLT2 mRNA increase in the Δpop2 strain is due to a decrease in RNA turnover, consistent with the expected loss of RNA-deadenylase activity in this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Becerra
- Dpto. Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Universidade da Coruña, F Ciencias, Campus da Zapateira s/n 15071, A Coruña, Spain
- Molecular Diagnostics Unit - Molecular Pathology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre)
| | - L. J. Lombardía
- Dpto. Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Universidade da Coruña, F Ciencias, Campus da Zapateira s/n 15071, A Coruña, Spain
- Molecular Diagnostics Unit - Molecular Pathology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre)
| | - M. Lamas-Maceiras
- Dpto. Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Universidade da Coruña, F Ciencias, Campus da Zapateira s/n 15071, A Coruña, Spain
- Molecular Diagnostics Unit - Molecular Pathology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre)
| | - E. Canto
- Dpto. Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Universidade da Coruña, F Ciencias, Campus da Zapateira s/n 15071, A Coruña, Spain
- Molecular Diagnostics Unit - Molecular Pathology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre)
| | - E. Rodríguez-Belmonte
- Dpto. Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Universidade da Coruña, F Ciencias, Campus da Zapateira s/n 15071, A Coruña, Spain
- Molecular Diagnostics Unit - Molecular Pathology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre)
| | - M. E. Cerdán
- Dpto. Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Universidade da Coruña, F Ciencias, Campus da Zapateira s/n 15071, A Coruña, Spain
- Molecular Diagnostics Unit - Molecular Pathology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre)
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Blanco-Aparicio C, Collazo AMG, Oyarzabal J, Leal JF, Albarán MI, Lima FR, Pequeño B, Ajenjo N, Becerra M, Alfonso P, Reymundo MI, Palacios I, Mateos G, Quiñones H, Corrionero A, Carnero A, Pevarello P, Lopez AR, Fominaya J, Pastor J, Bischoff JR. Pim 1 kinase inhibitor ETP-45299 suppresses cellular proliferation and synergizes with PI3K inhibition. Cancer Lett 2010; 300:145-53. [PMID: 21051136 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine Pim 1 kinase is an oncogene whose expression is deregulated in several human cancers. Overexpression of Pim 1 facilitates cell cycle progression and suppresses apoptosis. Hence pharmacologic inhibitors of Pim 1 are of therapeutic interest for cancer. ETP-45299 is a potent and selective inhibitor of Pim 1 that inhibits the phosphorylation of Bad and 4EBP1 in cells and suppresses the proliferation of several non-solid and solid human tumor cell lines. The combination of the PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 with ETP-45299 was strongly synergistic in MV-4-11 AML cells, indicating that the combination of selective Pim kinase inhibitors and PI3K inhibitor could have clinical benefit.
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Becerra M, Lombardía LJ, González-Siso MI, Rodríguez-Belmonte E, Hauser NC, Cerdán ME. Genome-wide analysis of the yeast transcriptome upon heat and cold shock. Comp Funct Genomics 2010; 4:366-75. [PMID: 18629074 PMCID: PMC2447359 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2002] [Revised: 05/02/2003] [Accepted: 05/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA arrays were used to measure changes in transcript levels as yeast cells responded to temperature shocks. The number of genes upregulated by temperature shifts from
30 ℃ to 37℃ or 45℃ was correlated with the severity of the stress. Pre-adaptation
of cells, by growth at 37 ℃ previous to the 45℃ shift, caused a decrease in the
number of genes related to this response. Heat shock also caused downregulation of a
set of genes related to metabolism, cell growth and division, transcription, ribosomal
proteins, protein synthesis and destination. Probably all of these responses combine
to slow down cell growth and division during heat shock, thus saving energy for
cell rescue. The presence of putative binding sites for Xbp1p in the promoters of
these genes suggests a hypothetical role for this transcriptional repressor, although
other mechanisms may be considered. The response to cold shock (4℃) affected a
small number of genes, but the vast majority of those genes induced by exposure to
4 ℃ were also induced during heat shock; these genes share in their promoters cis-regulatory
elements previously related to other stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Becerra
- Dpto. Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de La Coruña, F. Ciencias, Campus de La Zapateira s/n, La Coruña 15075, Spain
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Álvarez-Miranda M, Becerra M, Tébar LA, de Molina AR, del Pulgar TG, Andera L, Lacal JC. Abstract 1545: Combinatorial efficacy of TRAIL and MN58b against colon cancer to overcome TRAIL resistance. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Tumor resistance is one of the major problems for cancer treatment and new approaches to overcome resistance are required. TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) has recently emerged as a promising therapy due to its selectivity towards tumor cells and is currently being evaluated in phase I and phase II clinical trials. Choline kinase alpha (ChoKα) inhibition has also recently proven to be an efficient strategy to specifically induce tumor cell death without affecting normal cells. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential use of combinatorial treatment of TRAIL and MN58b, a specific ChoKα inhibitor, to potentiate tumor cell death. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES: Two different colon cancer-derived cell lines were used: DLD-1 and SW620. The antiproliferative effect of MN58b, TRAIL, or both was determined using MTT method. Western blots were carried out to measure PARP degradation and caspase-3 activation, and Annexin V- PI staining was used to verify cell death induction in response to drugs by flow cytometry. The results obtained in vitro were verified in vivo using xenograft models for both cell lines. RESULTS: Using different concentrations of both drugs, it has been established that the best strategy of combination is a simultaneous treatment. Our data shows that when MN58b and TRAIL are simultaneously combined, a strong synergistic effect is observed in DLD-1 cells, with a combination index (CI) of 0.196. Moreover, MN58b treatment is able to overcome TRAIL resistance in SW620 cell line (CI=0.155). The synergistic effect was verified by both PARP and Caspase-3 analysis as apoptosis markers. Cell death was also analyzed by flow cytometry. This in vitro synergistic effect was confirmed in vivo using xenograft models of both cell lines. DLD-1 induced tumor growth was inhibited by 42% and 51% when treated with MN58b or TRAIL respectively. When both drugs were combined the effect was much stronger, reaching 78% inhibition. These findings suggest that MN58b cooperates with TRAIL in suppressing tumor growth in DLD-1 xenograft model. SW620 xenograft response to MN58b was weaker, with 26% inhibition. TRAIL alone produced no significant decrease of tumor growth in keeping with the observation of this cell line being resistant to TRAIL. When MN58b and TRAIL were combined, there was a marked 71% tumor growth inhibition, suggesting that MN58b is able to sensitize SW620 to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in vivo, and confirming all the in vitro observed effects. CONCLUSION: ChoKα inhibition can enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis in DLD-1 cells and is able to abrogate TRAIL resistance in SW620 cells. Considering that MN58b when used alone exhibits anticancer activities in vitro and in vivo against a wide variety of tumor-derived cell lines, this study establishes its additional potential use in combination with TRAIL on tumors that develop TRAIL resistance.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1545.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ladislav Andera
- 4Laboratory of Cell Signalling and Apoptosis, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Juan Carlos Lacal
- 1Traslational Oncology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Urosevic J, Sum EYM, Moneo V, Drosten M, Dhawahir A, Becerra M, Carnero A, Barbacid M. Using cells devoid of RAS proteins as tools for drug discovery. Mol Carcinog 2009; 48:1038-47. [PMID: 19526460 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mutational activation of RAS proteins occurs in nearly 30% of all human tumors. To date direct pharmacological inhibition of RAS oncoproteins has not been possible. As a consequence, current strategies are focusing on the development of inhibitors that target those kinases acting downstream of RAS proteins, including those of the RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways. Most of these inhibitors have undesired off-target effects that mask the potential therapeutic effect of blocking their targeted kinases. To facilitate the screening of selective inhibitors, we have generated lines of mouse embryonic fibroblasts that lack endogenous Ras proteins. These cells proliferate due to ectopic expression of either Ras oncoproteins that selectively activate the Raf/Mek/Erk pathway such as H-Ras(G12V/D38E) or constitutively active kinases such as B-Raf and Mek1. These cell lines were exposed to inhibitors against the RAF, MEK, and AKT kinases as well as inhibitors of other kinases known to crosstalk with RAS signaling such as JNK and p38. Amongst all compounds tested, only the MEK inhibitors U0126 and PD0325901, showed the expected specificity pattern. Yet, PD0325901, but not U0126, was able to inhibit a cell line lacking Ras proteins that owed its proliferative properties to loss of p53. Thus, suggesting unexpected off-target activities for this compound. The use of cell lines whose proliferative properties exclusively depend on selective targets provide a novel strategy to analyze the specificity of selective inhibitors designed against molecular targets implicated in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Urosevic
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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26
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Rosende SS, Becerra M, Salgado M, Lamas-Maceiras M, González M, Picos MF. Growth phase-dependent expression of Kluyveromyces lactis genes and involvement of 3′-UTR elements. Process Biochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Keshavjee S, Seung K, Satti H, Furin J, Farmer P, Kim JY, Becerra M. Building Capacity for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment: Health Systems Strengthening in Lesotho. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1162/itgg.2007.2.4.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Olguín-Ortega L, Jara LJ, Becerra M, Ariza R, Espinoza L, Wilson W, Barile-Fabris L. Neurological involvement as a poor prognostic factor in catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: autopsy findings in 12 cases. Lupus 2003; 12:93-8. [PMID: 12630752 DOI: 10.1191/0961203303lu335oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CAPS is an uncommon disease, characterized by clinical evidence of multiple organ involvement and histopathological evidence of multiple vessel occlusions, in patients with either primary or secondary antiphospholipid syndrome. The present series describes the clinical manifestations and autopsy findings of 12 patients with CAPS. Neurological involvement was considered the main cause of death in all of them. CNS pathology revealed thrombotic microangiopathy as well as small and large vessel occlusions in several brain areas. Neurological involvement in CAPS is strongly associated with thrombotic microangiopathy and should be considered a potential cause of death in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Olguín-Ortega
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico la Raza IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
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Mitnick C, Bayona J, Palacios E, Shin S, Furin J, Alcántara F, Sánchez E, Sarria M, Becerra M, Fawzi MCS, Kapiga S, Neuberg D, Maguire JH, Kim JY, Farmer P. Community-based therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Lima, Peru. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:119-28. [PMID: 12519922 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa022928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in nearly all low-income countries surveyed, effective therapy has been deemed too expensive and considered not to be feasible outside referral centers. We evaluated the results of community-based therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in a poor section of Lima, Peru. METHODS We describe the first 75 patients to receive ambulatory treatment with individualized regimens for chronic multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in northern Lima. We conducted a retrospective review of the charts of all patients enrolled in the program between August 1, 1996, and February 1, 1999, and identified predictors of poor outcomes. RESULTS The infecting strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were resistant to a median of six drugs. Among the 66 patients who completed four or more months of therapy, 83 percent (55) were probably cured at the completion of treatment. Five of these 66 patients (8 percent) died while receiving therapy. Only one patient continued to have positive cultures after six months of treatment. All patients in whom treatment failed or who died had extensive bilateral pulmonary disease. In a multiple Cox proportional-hazards regression model, the predictors of the time to treatment failure or death were a low hematocrit (hazard ratio, 4.09; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.35 to 12.36) and a low body-mass index (hazard ratio, 3.23; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.90 to 11.53). Inclusion of pyrazinamide and ethambutol in the regimen (when susceptibility was confirmed) was associated with a favorable outcome (hazard ratio for treatment failure or death, 0.30; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.11 to 0.83). CONCLUSIONS Community-based outpatient treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis can yield high cure rates even in resource-poor settings. Early initiation of appropriate therapy can preserve susceptibility to first-line drugs and improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Mitnick
- Program in Infectious Disease and Social Change, Department of Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Becerra M, Cifuentes J, Saldfas MI, Gálvez MC, Fernández P, Aguila A. Continuous gastric drip versus intravenous fluids in low birthweight infants. Acta Paediatr 2002; 91:430-3. [PMID: 12061359 DOI: 10.1080/080352502317371670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This multicentre randomized study compared a continuous gastric drip (CGD) with intravenous (i.v.) fluid administration. Healthy newborns with birthweight from 1501 to 2000 g whose physician ordered i.v. fluids were randomized before the 2nd hour of life to CGD or i.v. fluids. The major outcome variable was the need for an i.v. line in the CGD group. Serum glucose was measured at 30 min, 1 h and every 6 h thereafter. Serum sodium and potassium were measured at least once during the first 72 h of life. Enteral feedings, feeding intolerance, number of venous lines and i.v. line-related complications were recorded until the interruption of CGD or the i.v. line. Twenty-nine infants were randomized to each group. The two groups were comparable in terms of birthweight and gestational age. Ten percent (3/29) of the infants randomized to the CGD group required i.v. fluids and 90% of them received electrolytes and glucose through an orogastric tube. The incidence of hypoglycaemia, hyponatraemia and episodes of feeding intolerance did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSION Fluid administration by CGD reduces the need for i.v. lines without increasing the risk of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Becerra
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago
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González-Martı́nez C, Becerra M, Cháfer M, Albors A, Carot J, Chiralt A. Influence of substituting milk powder for whey powder on yoghurt quality. Trends Food Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-2244(02)00160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Several regulatory circuits related to important functions, like membrane excitation, immunoresponse, replication, control of the cell cycle and differentiation, among others, cause an increase in intracellular calcium level that finally has a consequence upon transcription of specific genes. The sequencing of the whole genome of eukaryotic cells enables genome-wide analysis of gene expression under many conditions not yet assessed by conventional methods. Using the array technology, the effect of calcium shortage in yeast cells was studied. Correspondence analysis of data showed that there is a response in transcription that is correlated to calcium shortage. The distribution of up-regulated-genes in functional categories suggests a regulatory connection between the cell-cycle progression and the energetic metabolic requirements for growth and division. In silico analysis of promoters reveals the frequent appearance of the Mlu I cell cycle box (MCB) cis element that binds the transcriptional regulatory factor Mcm1.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Lombardía
- Dpto. Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de La Coruña, F. Ciencias, Campus de La Zapateira s/n 15075, La Coruña, Spain
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Becerra M, Lombardia-Ferreira LJ, Hauser NC, Hoheisel J, Tizon B, Cerdan ME. The yeast transcriptome in aerobic and hypoxic conditions: effects of hap1, rox1, rox3 and srb10 deletions. Mol Microbiol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Castro A, Becerra M, Anadón R, Manso MJ. Distribution and development of FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neuronal systems in the brain of the brown trout, Salmo trutta fario. J Comp Neurol 2001; 440:43-64. [PMID: 11745607 DOI: 10.1002/cne.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide (FMRFamide) peptide-immunoreactive (FMRF-ir) cells and fibers in the terminal nerve and central nervous system was investigated in developing stages and adults of the brown trout, Salmo trutta fario. The first FMRF-ir neurons appeared in the terminal nerve system of 8-mm embryos in and below the olfactory placode. In the brain, FMRF-ir neurons were first observed in the rostral hypothalamus, primordial hypothalamic lobe, mesencephalic laminar nucleus, and locus coeruleus of 12- to 13 -m embryos. After hatching, FMRF-ir cells appeared in the lateral part of the ventral telencephalic area and the anterior tuberal nucleus. In adult trout, FMRF-ir cells were observed in all these areas. The number of FMRF-ir neurons increased markedly in some of these populations during development. Dense innervation by FMRF-ir fibers was observed in the dorsal and lateral parts of the dorsal telencephalic area, and in the ventral telencephalic area, the lateral preoptic area, the medial hypothalamic and posterior tubercle regions, midbrain tegmentum and rhombencephalic reticular areas, the central gray, the superior raphe nucleus, the secondary visceral nucleus, the vagal nuclei, and the area postrema. Fairly rich FMRF-ir innervation was also observed in the optic tectum and some parts of the torus semicircularis. The saccus vasculosus and hypophysis received a moderate amount of FMRF-ir fibers. Innervation of most of these regions appeared either in late alevins or fry, although FMRF-ir fibers in the preoptic area, hypothalamus, and reticular areas appeared in embryos. Comparative analysis of the complex innervation pattern observed in the brain of trout suggests that FMRF is involved in a variety of functions, like the FMRF family of peptides in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Castro
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, 15071-A Coruña, Spain
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36
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Becerra M, Baroli B, Fadda A, Blanco Méndez J, González Siso M. Lactose bioconversion by calcium-alginate immobilization of Kluyveromyces lactis cells. Enzyme Microb Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Farmer P, Bayona J, Becerra M. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and the need for biosocial perspectives. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2001; 5:885-6. [PMID: 11605879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
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Abstract
We examined several strategies for the secretion of Kluyveromyces lactis beta-galactosidase into the culture medium, in order to facilitate the downstream processing and purification of this intracellular enzyme of great industrial interest. We constructed plasmids by fusing the LAC4 gene or engineered variants to the secretion signal of the K.lactis killer toxin or to the secretion signal of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor. With these plasmids we transformed strains of the yeasts K.lactis and S.cerevisiae, respectively and tested beta-galactosidase extracellular activity in different culture media. We achieved partial secretion of beta-galactosidase in the culture medium since the high molecular weight and oligomeric nature of the enzyme, among other factors, preclude full secretion. The percentage of secretion was improved by directed mutagenesis of the N-terminus of the protein. We developed several deletion mutants which helped us to propose structure-function relationships by comparison with the available data on the homologous Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase. The influence of the culture conditions on heterologous beta-galactosidase secretion was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Becerra
- Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Facultade de Ciencias, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071-A Coruña, Spain
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Anadón R, Becerra M, Díaz ML, Manso MJ. Presence and development of thyrotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive amacrine cells in the retina of a teleost, the brown trout (Salmo trutta fario). Neurosci Lett 2001; 299:225-8. [PMID: 11165776 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)01531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The presence of thyrotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive (TRHir) amacrine cells is described for the first time in the retina of a teleost. These amacrine cells were mostly located in the inner nuclear layer, with occasional perikarya in the ganglion cell layer. Their processes formed a conspicuous plexus at the level of the ganglion cell perikarya. The TRHir amacrine cells appeared in posthatching stages, with the total number in retinas of juveniles approximately four times the number of cells in adults. Two types of TRHir cells, large and small, can be distinguished in developing stages, small cells outnumbering large cells. The TRHir cells of adults appears mainly to correspond to large, multistratified amacrine cells of developing stages. The possibility of transient expression of TRH in small amacrine cells during development is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anadón
- Department of Fundamental Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706-, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Díaz ML, Becerra M, Manso MJ, Anadón R. Development of thyrotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactivity in the brain of the brown trout Salmo trutta fario. J Comp Neurol 2001; 429:299-320. [PMID: 11116222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The development and adult distribution of thyrotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive (TRHir) neurons in the brain of the brown trout, Salmo trutta fario, was studied with the streptavidin-biotin immunohistochemical method. Study of embryos, alevin, and juveniles revealed groups of TRHir neurons in the mesencephalon and rhombencephalon that have not been noted previously in adult teleosts. The earliest TRHir cells observed were those of the trigeminal motor nucleus, which expressed this substance only in embryos and alevins. In the forebrain, early-arising TRH populations were observed in the supra- and postcommissural region of the ventral telencephalic area, the anterior parvocellular preoptic nucleus, the organon vasculosum laminae terminalis, the magnocellular preoptic nucleus, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the posterior tuberal nucleus. TRHir cells of the olfactory bulb, abundant in the adult, appeared later. A small TRHir neuronal population was transiently observed in the habenula of alevins and juveniles. The laminar nucleus of the mesencephalon contained a small population of TRH cells in alevins and juveniles. In the isthmus, TRH was observed in cells of the interpeduncular nucleus, the nucleus isthmi, the dorsolateral tegmental nucleus, the superior reticular nucleus, and the central gray, although perikarya were TRHir only in alevin and/or juvenile stages. Some vagal motoneurons were TRHir from the late embryo stage onward. TRHir fibers were abundant in several forebrain regions of alevins and juveniles, including the medial region of the dorsal telencephalic area, the ventral telencephalic area and commissural region, the preoptic neuropil, the posterior tubercle, the anterior tuberal nucleus, and the posterior hypothalamic lobe. TRHir fibers invaded the neurohypophysis in early alevins, and their number increased subsequently to adulthood. The parvocellular superficial pretectal nucleus and the optic tectum received a rich TRHir innervation from juvenile stages onward. The interpeduncular nucleus and the secondary gustatory nucleus contained many TRHir fibers. In the rhombencephalon, TRHir fibers were scarce, except in the ventrolateral regions and the inferior olive. The distribution of TRHir fibers suggests that they were mainly related to hypophysiotropic and visceral centers, although the presence of TRH in centers related to the visual system indicates that TRH also plays other roles in the brain. We discuss the possibility that the strong expression of TRH in the embryonic trigeminal motoneurons plays a role in head morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Díaz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, 15071-A Coruña, Spain
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Csendes A, Becerra M, Rojas J, Medina E. Number and size of stones in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstones and gallbladder carcinoma: a prospective study of 592 cases. J Gastrointest Surg 2000; 4:481-5. [PMID: 11077323 DOI: 10.1016/s1091-255x(00)80090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The development of gallbladder carcinoma has been correlated with the presence of a single large gallstone in two retrospective studies. The objective of the present study was to determine the number and size of gallstones in patients with gallbladder carcinoma compared to asymptomatic and symptomatic female patients with gallstones. The following three groups of patients were included in this prospective trial: (A) 78 asymptomatic patients with gallstones; (B) 365 symptomatic patients with gallstones; and (C) 149 patients with gallbladder carcinoma. At the end of the operation, the resected gallbladder was opened and the number of stones counted. The maximum size of the stones was determined using calipers. Patients with gallbladder carcinoma were significantly older than patients in the other two groups (P <0.001). In the group with asymptomatic gallstones, there were significantly more patients with one single stone, whereas in the group with gallbladder carcinoma there were significantly more patients with multiple stones (more than 11; P <0.01). Patients with gallbladder carcinoma had significantly larger stones, regardless of the number of stones present (P <0.001). We postulate that the increase in the number and size of the stones among patients with gallbladder carcinoma could simply be an effect of aging or it could be a reflection of the long-term presence of stones in the gallbladder rather than some particular chemical or physical influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Csendes
- Department of Surgery and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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43
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Abstract
The development of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive (NPY-ir) neurons in the brain of the brown trout, Salmo trutta fario, was studied by using the streptavidin-biotin immunohistochemical method. Almost all NPY-ir neurons found in the brain of adults already appeared in embryonic stages. The earliest NPY-ir neurons were observed in the laminar nucleus, the locus coeruleus, and the vagal region of 9-mm-long embryos. In the lateral area of the ventral telencephalon, habenula, hypothalamus, optic tectum, and saccus vasculosus, NPY-ir cells appeared shortly after (embryos 12-14 mm in length). The finding of NPY-ir cells in the saccus vasculosus and the vagal region expand the NPY-ir structures known in teleosts. Among the regions of the trout brain most richly innervated by NPY-ir fibers are the hypothalamus, the isthmus, and the complex of the nucleus of the solitary tract/area postrema, suggesting a correlation of NPY with visceral functions. Two patterns of development of NPY-ir populations were observed: Some populations showed a lifetime increase in cell number, whereas, in other populations, cell number was established early in development or even diminished in adulthood. These developmental patterns were compared with those found in other studies of teleosts and with those found in other vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 414:13-32, 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Castro
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, 15071-A Coruña, Spain
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44
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Farmer P, Furin J, Bayona J, Becerra M, Henry C, Hiatt H, Kim JY, Mitnick C, Nardell E, Shin S. Management of MDR-TB in resource-poor countries. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999; 3:643-5. [PMID: 10460095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P Farmer
- Program in Infectious Disease and Social Change, Department of Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Farmer P, Bayona J, Becerra M, Furin J, Henry C, Hiatt H, Kim JY, Mitnick C, Nardell E, Shin S. The dilemma of MDR-TB in the global era. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998; 2:869-76. [PMID: 9848606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P Farmer
- Department of Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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46
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Young D, Becerra M, Kopec D, Echols S. GC/MS analysis of PCB congeners in blood of the harbor seal Phoca vitulina from San Francisco Bay. Chemosphere 1998; 37:711-733. [PMID: 9693840 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(98)00075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Here we report a validated technique for quantifying up to 20 specific PCB congeners in 1-2 g samples of whole blood with a detection limit below 1 ng/g (ppb) wet weight. Specimens were analyzed from 14 harbor seals sampled in south San Francisco Bay, California during 1991-1992. Ratios of specific congeners to PCB-153, and other aspects of congener pattern, agreed with published values for PCB's detected in seal blood. PCB-153 constituted 30 percent of our sigma PCB values. The mean sigma PCB concentration for the San Francisco Bay seals was 50 ppb, about three times the average level reported for blood of captive seals fed exclusively on fish from the Baltic's PCB-contaminated Dutch Wadden Sea. Such experimental populations have exhibited depressed reproductive success and impaired immune function. These findings support concerns about the ecological effects of PCB contamination in San Francisco Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Young
- U.S. EPA, Western Ecology Division, Newport, OR 97365, USA.
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Becerra M, Cerdãn E, Gonzãlez Siso MI. Dealing with different methods for Kluyveromyces lactis beta-galactosidase purification. Biol Proced Online 1998; 1:48-58. [PMID: 12734592 PMCID: PMC140120 DOI: 10.1251/bpo4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/1998] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several micro-scale chromatography-based procedures for purification of the beta-galactosidase from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis were assayed. Purified enzyme was suitable to be used as antigen to induce polyclonal antibodies production. Specific staining of non-denaturing PAGE gels with chromogenic substrates allowed the determination of the number of subunits forming the native enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Becerra
- Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Molecular. Facultade de Ciencias. Campus da Zapateira s/n. 15071-A Coruña. Spain.
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48
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Manso MJ, Becerra M, Becerra M, Anadón R. Expression of a low-molecular-weight (10 kDa) calcium binding protein in glial cells of the brain of the trout (Teleostei). Anat Embryol (Berl) 1997; 196:403-16. [PMID: 9406842 DOI: 10.1007/s004290050108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-binding proteins of the EF-hand family are widely distributed in the vertebrate central nervous system. In the present study of the trout brain, immunocytochemistry with a monoclonal antibody against chick gut calbindin-28k and a polyclonal antibody against bovine S100 protein specifically stained ependymocytes and radial glia cells with identical patterns. Western blot analysis of trout brain extracts with the antibodies to S100 and calbindin stained the same low-molecular-weight (10 kDa) protein band. In rat brain extracts, however, the monoclonal antibody to calbindin recognized a major protein band with molecular weight corresponding to that of calbindin-28k. This indicates that the trout protein is a new calcium-binding-like (calbindin-like) molecule that is immunologically related to both S100 and calbindin. Immunocytochemical studies of the trout brain using the antibodies to CaB and S100 showed that ependymocytes were stained in most ventricular regions, except in a few specialized ependymal areas of the ventral telencephalon, epithalamus, hypothalamus (including the paraventricular organ and saccus vasculosus) and brain stem. Immunocytochemistry also indicated the presence of calbindin-like protein in radial glia cells of several regions of the brain (thalamus, pretectal region, optic tectum, and rhombencephalon). Differences in immunoreactivity between neighbouring ependymal areas suggest that this protein may be a useful marker of different territories. All immunoreactive glial cells were nicotin-adenin-dinucleotide-phosphate diaphorase-positive, although this enzymohistochemical reaction is not specific for these glial cells since it reveals oligodendrocytes and some neurons. Immunoreactivity appears at different developmental stages in the different brain regions, with a broadly caudorostral gradient, suggesting that the expression of this protein is developmentally regulated. Comparison of the distribution of the calbindin-like protein with that of glial acidic fibrillary protein indicates that calbindin-like immunocytochemistry is a specific technique for revealing radial glia and ependymocytes in the trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Manso
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Coruña, Spain
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute abdomen (AA) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a challenging diagnostic and therapeutic problem. Most patients are on steroid and/or immunosuppressive treatment and mortality is high. METHODS We assessed the relationship between the causes of AA in SLE and the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI). RESULTS Of 51 patients with SLE and AA, 36 had active disease (Group 1) and 15 inactive disease (Group 2). Group 1 included 19 patients with vasculitis (mean SLEDAI 15.4, range 13 to 24). Three patients with intraabdominal thrombosis and high titers of anticardiolipin antibodies (mean SLEDAI 18.3) and 14 patients with non-SLE-related AA (SLEDAI 8.2, range 5 to 11). Group 2 consisted of 15 inactive SLE patients (mean SLEDAI 1.7, range 0 to 4). Mortality was high in the active group (14 patients) compared with inactive SLE (2 cases). A delay in surgical exploration (39.3 vs 178.6 hours) had a negative influence on the prognosis. CONCLUSIONS In SLE patients with AA, a SLEDAI score below 5 is indicative of non-SLE-related AA. Elevated aCL were found in patients with intraabdominal thrombosis. AA in inactive SLE is non-SLE-related and has low mortality, provided an appropriate surgical treatment is given. Early laparotomy influences positively the prognosis of SLE patients with AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Medina
- Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, México
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Becerra M, Cerdán E, González Siso MI. Heterologous Kluyveromyces lactis beta-galactosidase production and release by Saccharomyces cerevisiae osmotic-remedial thermosensitive autolytic mutants. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1335:235-41. [PMID: 9202185 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(97)00048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The beta-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis is a high molecular weight protein with commercial interest. A major drawback of its industrial production is the high cost associated with extraction and downstream processing due to its intracellular nature. In this work, the effectiveness of the utilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae LD1 and LHDP1 strains, osmotic-remedial mutants which lyse at 37 degrees C, for the heterologous production and release into the extracellular medium of this protein has been proved. The highest absolute values of released beta-galactosidase have been obtained with the protease-deficient strain LHDP1 by osmotic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Becerra
- Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Facultade de Ciencias, Campus da Zapateira s/n, Coruña, Spain
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