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Garaud L, Nusbaumer D, Marques da Cunha L, de Guttry C, Ançay L, Atherton A, Lasne E, Wedekind C. Parental kinship coefficient but not paternal coloration predicts early offspring growth in lake char. Heredity (Edinb) 2024; 132:247-256. [PMID: 38480957 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-024-00678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The 'good genes' hypotheses of sexual selection predict that females prefer males with strong ornaments because they are in good health and vigor and can afford the costs of the ornaments. A key assumption of this concept is that male health and vigor are useful predictors of genetic quality and hence offspring performance. We tested this prediction in wild-caught lake char (Salvelinus umbla) whose breeding coloration is known to reveal aspects of male health. We first reanalyzed results from sperm competition trials in which embryos of known parenthood had been raised singly in either a stress- or non-stress environment. Paternal coloration did not correlate with any measures of offspring performance. However, offspring growth was reduced with higher kinship coefficients between the parents. To test the robustness of these first observations, we collected a new sample of wild males and females, used their gametes in a full-factorial in vitro breeding experiment, and singly raised about 3000 embryos in either a stress- or non-stress environment (stress induced by microbes). Again, paternal coloration did not predict offspring performance, while offspring growth was reduced with higher kinship between the parents. We conclude that, in lake char, the genetic benefits of mate choice would be strongest if females could recognize and avoid genetically related males, while male breeding colors may be more relevant in intra-sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Garaud
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Nusbaumer
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian de Guttry
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Environmental Bioinformatic Group, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurie Ançay
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Atherton
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emilien Lasne
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, UMR CARRTEL, Station d'Hydrobiologie Lacustre, Thonon Cedex, France
- UMR DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), INRAE, Institut Agro, IFREMER, Rennes, France
| | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Desforges JE, Birnie-Gauvin K, Aarestrup K, Cooke SJ. Upper Thermal Tolerance Indicated by CT max Fails to Predict Migration Strategy and Timing, Growth, and Predation Vulnerability in Juvenile Brown Trout ( Salmo trutta). Physiol Biochem Zool 2021; 94:215-227. [PMID: 33974516 DOI: 10.1086/714636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPartial migration is common in a variety of taxa and has important ecological and evolutionary implications, yet the underlying factors that lead to different migratory strategies are not clearly understood. Given the importance of temperature in serving as a cue for migration, along with its role in regulating metabolism, growth, reproduction, and survival, we examined how intraspecific variation in critical thermal maximum (CTmax) values influenced migratory strategy (residency vs. migration), timing of migration, growth, and predation vulnerability in a wild population of partially anadromous juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta). Using passive integrated transponder telemetry and mark-recapture techniques, we identified individuals that out-migrated to sea, assumed residency, and were predated by cormorants several months later. Acute thermal stress induced by conducting CTmax trials did not affect the final fate of assayed fish compared with controls. We found that mass and body condition predicted CTmax and migration timing, but CTmax failed to predict migratory strategy or timing, growth (of resident fish), or predation vulnerability. Although there may be links between mass, thermal tolerance, and migration strategy, the relationship between CTmax and migration remains unclear. The role of upper thermal tolerance in influencing life-history strategies should not be neglected, however, as alternative indicators of thermal tolerance could be further explored. The high degree of variation in CTmax estimates warrants additional investigation of how increasingly prevalent high-temperature events might drive selection toward thermally tolerant extremes, which is particularly relevant in a rapidly warming world.
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3
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Shirdel I, Kalbassi MR, Esmaeilbeigi M, Tinoush B. Disruptive effects of nonylphenol on reproductive hormones, antioxidant enzymes, and histology of liver, kidney and gonads in Caspian trout smolts. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 232:108756. [PMID: 32229183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The endocrine-disrupting effect of pollutants such as alkylphenols has been considered a major concern during recent years. Although the effects of nonylphenol on the reproductive hormones of fish have been investigated in several studies, the effect of this endocrine disruptor on reproductive hormones of immature fish and salmonid smolts has been less addressed. The present work studied the effects of 1, 10 and 100 μg/l concentrations of nonylphenol on the levels of plasma reproductive hormones and liver antioxidant enzymes as well as on histopathology of reproductive and non-reproductive organs of male and female Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius) smolts after 21 days of exposure. The results of the present study showed that environmentally relevant concentrations of nonylphenol affected plasma levels of sex steroids; gonadotropins, phosphorus, estradiol to testosterone ratio, and also caused histopathological lesions in liver, kidney and testis tissues of immature Caspian brown trout during smolting. Nonylphenol significantly increased the levels of estradiol in plasma of both male and female smolts exposed to nonylphenol compared with the control groups. Exposure to nonylphenol decreased testosterone and FSH levels in both genders. It has also increased plasma levels of LH in females but did not affect LH levels in male fish. Liver SOD and CAT content was decreased in nonylphenol-exposed smolts. Therefore, the release of this economically valuable and endangered species into the rivers contaminated with nonylphenol should be avoided as it can have significant effects on the development and reproductive function of smolts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Shirdel
- Marine Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran.
| | | | | | - Boshra Tinoush
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Davidsen JG, Power M, Knudsen R, Sjursen AD, Kjaerstad G, Rønning L, Arnekleiv JV. Marine trophic niche use and life history diversity among Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus in southwestern Greenland. J Fish Biol 2020; 96:681-692. [PMID: 31970772 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Life history strategies and potential marine niche use of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (n = 237, 84-652 mm, total body length, LT ) were determined during the ice-free season (2012) at three different watercourses in south-western Greenland. All Arctic charr were collected from freshwater habitats. Based on stable isotopes of δ34 S, the Arctic charr were categorized as either marine- or freshwater-dependent feeders. The use of time-integrated trophic tracers (stable isotopes of δ13 C, δ15 N, δ34 S) suggested that several trophic groups of Arctic charr operate alongside within each fjord system. The groups suggested were one group that specialized in the marine habitat, in addition to two freshwater resident morphs (small-sized resident and/or large-growing cannibalistic individuals). Stomach contents consisted entirely of freshwater and terrestrial prey (i.e., insects), indicating that marine-dependent feeders also fed in freshwater habitats after return from their marine migration. Growth and maturity patterns further supported variable life history strategies within each watercourse. The life history strategy patterns and marine trophic niche use were consistent across the watercourses along several hundred kilometres of coastline. This study represents the first ecological baseline for partially anadromous populations of Greenland Arctic charr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan G Davidsen
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michael Power
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rune Knudsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Aslak D Sjursen
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gaute Kjaerstad
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Rønning
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jo V Arnekleiv
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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5
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Del Villar-Guerra D, Larsen MH, Baktoft H, Koed A, Aarestrup K. The influence of initial developmental status on the life-history of sea trout (Salmo trutta). Sci Rep 2019; 9:13468. [PMID: 31530837 PMCID: PMC6748944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spring migrating sea trout juveniles can be classified as parr, pre-smolt or smolt based on body morphology and osmoregulatory capacity. In this respect, parr are assumed to be less prepared for a marine life and to have lower survival at sea than pre-smolts and smolts. However, the behaviour and survival of these trout phenotypes upon entering the sea is not well known. Using passive integrated transponder telemetry, this study found that the return rate from the sea to the natal river was higher for parr compared to pre-smolts and smolts. Additionally, trout classified as parr generally migrated earlier to the sea and a larger proportion returned to the river after less than one year at sea. The daily mortality rate at sea was comparable among the different phenotypes of trout, suggesting that the higher proportion of returning parr to the river was linked to their shorter duration at sea. These results provide evidence of different life-history strategies for seaward-migrating juvenile sea trout, ultimately affecting their return rate to the natal river. Investigations failing to consider downstream migrating parr and pre-smolts risks neglecting a large part of the anadromous population and may result in inaccurate assessments of sea trout stocks in rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin H Larsen
- Danish Centre for Wild Salmon, Brusgårdsvej 15, 8960, Randers, SØ, Denmark
| | - Henrik Baktoft
- Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Sciences, Denmark, Vejlsøvej 39, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Anders Koed
- Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Sciences, Denmark, Vejlsøvej 39, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Kim Aarestrup
- Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Sciences, Denmark, Vejlsøvej 39, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark.
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6
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Krepski T, Czerniawski R. Can we teach a fish how to eat? The impact of bottom and surface feeding on survival and growth of hatchery-reared sea trout parr (Salmo trutta trutta L.) in the wild. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222182. [PMID: 31491026 PMCID: PMC6730929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we attempted to determine the effect of various feeding methods (bottom and surface feeding) used in the hatchery, on the survival and growth rates of hatchery-reared sea trout (Salmo trutta trutta L.) in the wild. Rearing was performed in two variants: a bottom-fed group (BFG) and a surface-fed group (SFG). At the end of the rearing time, we observed that BFG fish gathered at the bottom of tank, as opposed to SFG fish, which swam in the whole water column. After 4 weeks of rearing, the fish were released into two similar streams. After about 2 months the fish were captured and the foodbase of the streams were examined. 30 fish from each group have been randomly selected for stomach contents analysis. In the shallow stream the growth rates were better for the BFG fish than the SFG and also a significantly higher number of typical benthic taxa was found in stomachs of the BFG fish than the SFG fish. In the deeper stream more food was found in the stomachs of the SFG fish than in the BFG fish. The analyzed results showed that factors such as stream depth, current velocity, and turbulence can also affect the rearing success of juvenile salmonids in hatchery streams. Bottom feeding fish during rearing has a positive impact only on the fish in shallow watercourses, where there is no turbulence, and the food is not carried by the current drift or washed out from the bottom into the drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Krepski
- Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert Czerniawski
- Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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7
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Kilgour BW, Munkittrick KR, Hamilton L, Proulx CL, Somers KM, Arciszewski T, McMaster M. Developing Triggers for Environmental Effects Monitoring Programs for Trout-Perch in the Lower Athabasca River (Canada). Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:1890-1901. [PMID: 31108567 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Baseline variations in trout-perch energy use (growth, gonad size) and energy storage (condition, liver size) were characterized between 2009 and 2015 in 8 reaches of the Athabasca River (AB, Canada), including 2 reaches upstream of the city of Fort McMurray (AB, Canada) and 6 reaches downstream of Fort McMurray among existing oil sands operations. Generalized linear models, used to account for background variation, indicated that fork length, gonad size, and liver size decreased, whereas body weight increased, in relation to river discharge, for both male and female trout-perch. Air temperature was positively correlated with liver size and negatively correlated with gonad size and body weight for females, but only positively correlated with gonad weight for males. These linear models explained approximately 20 to 25% of the variation in adjusted body size, and upward of 80% of the variation in adjusted body weight, liver weight, and gonad weight. Residuals from linear models were used to estimate normal ranges of variation for each of the fish population performance measures. Combined, the models and normal ranges can be used to assess subsequent monitoring data, providing potential triggers for follow-up monitoring activities. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:0-0. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1890-1901. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly R Munkittrick
- Canada's Oil Sands Innovation Alliance, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Tim Arciszewski
- Canada's Oil Sands Innovation Alliance, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark McMaster
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Jami MJ, Abedian Kenari A, Paknejad H, Mohseni M. Effects of dietary b-glucan, mannan oligosaccharide, Lactobacillus plantarum and their combinations on growth performance, immunity and immune related gene expression of Caspian trout, Salmo trutta caspius (Kessler, 1877). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 91:202-208. [PMID: 31085328 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of individual and combination of dietary pre- and probiotics (β-glucan, 3 mg/g; mannan oligosaccharide (MOS), 4 mg/g; and Lactobacillus plantarum; 108 CFU/mg diet) on growth performance, blood immune parameters, expression of immune related genes, and intestinal microbial of Caspian trout (Salmo trutta caspius). On the basis of feeding with immunostimulant diets, the fish were assigned into eight groups denoted as: control (basal diet), bβ (basal diet + β-glucan), bM (basal diet + MOS), bLp (basal diet + L. plantarum), bβLp (basal diet + β-glucan + L. plantarum), bMLp (basal diet + MOS + L. plantarum), bMβ (basal diet + MOS + β-glucan), and bMβLp (basal diet + MOS + β-glucan + L. plantarum). All of the immunostimulant diets, in general, reduced feed intake (FI) and food conversion ratio (FCR) and increased WG, PER, and final weight. Condition factor (CF) demonstrated the lowest level in the experimental group received bMβLp. Total lipid increased in the fish received the additives, especially bM and bMβ. Ash content demonstrated significant increase in the fish fed on bβ and bMβLp, whereas moisture content was reduced in the group fed with L. plantarum-supplemented diet. All immunostimulant diets enhanced the activity and levels of lysozyme, Immunoglobulin M (IgM), and serum alternative complement activity (ACH50); the highest value for these indices was observed in the groups fed with bMβ, bMβLp, and bβLp. bMβ-treated fish group displayed the highest cortisol and glucose levels. bM diet induced the highest mRNA transcription of TNF-α1 in head kidney, whereas bLp, bMβ, and bMβLp showed no effect. IL1β exhibited the greatest up-regulation, about 8.75 fold change, in response to the diet supplemented only with β-glucan. bβLp and bβ significantly enhanced the relative IL-8 mRNA expression in the head kidney (about 2.75 and 1.9 folds, respectively), yet in response to bMβLp treatment it showed a decrease of about 5.7 times lower than the control group. In addition, intestinal population of L. plantarum showed the highest loads in the groups fed on the diets which were treated with the probiotic. Taken together, combinational use of these immunostimulants enhanced humoral innate immune system, whereas their individual and combinational application could increase and decrease the transcription of inflammation-related genes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Jami
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares, University, Mazandaran, Noor, P.O. Box 64414-356, Iran
| | - Abdolmohammad Abedian Kenari
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares, University, Mazandaran, Noor, P.O. Box 64414-356, Iran.
| | - Hamed Paknejad
- Department of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mohseni
- Cold Water Fishes Research Center (CFRC), Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research, Eduction and Extension Organization (AREEO), Dohezar, Tonekabon, Mazandaran, Iran
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9
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Watz J. Structural complexity in the hatchery rearing environment affects activity, resting metabolic rate and post-release behaviour in brown trout Salmo trutta. J Fish Biol 2019; 95:638-641. [PMID: 31095737 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of structural enrichment in the hatchery rearing environment of brown trout Salmo trutta was linked to post-release performance. Enrichment resulted in reduced swimming activity scored in an open field test and reduced movement in a natural river after release. Also, enrichment increased resting metabolic rates, which correlated positively with overwinter growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Watz
- River Ecology and Management Research Group RivEM, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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10
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Sánchez-Hernández J, Cobo F. Suboptimal growth among individuals of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a temperate river. J Fish Biol 2019; 95:659-662. [PMID: 31074027 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed growth of individually tagged brown trout Salmo trutta in a temperate system of north-west Spain (2010-2012). This study identified notable individual variation in fish growth with individuals growing sub-optimally compared with laboratory-based growth-model predictions in most cases (85.5% of individuals). The present observations of suboptimal growth need to be considered in view of intraspecific competition or limiting food resources instead of thermal regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sánchez-Hernández
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía Física, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernando Cobo
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía Física, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Estación de Hidrobioloxía 'Encoro do Con', Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
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11
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Schwinn M, Baktoft H, Aarestrup K, Koed A. Artificial lakes delay the migration of brown trout Salmo trutta smolts: a comparison of migratory behaviour in a stream and through an artificial lake. J Fish Biol 2019; 94:745-751. [PMID: 30847919 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile salmonids experience high mortality when negotiating lentic waters during their downstream migration to the sea. The development of artificial lakes and wetlands in streams has become a widely used management tool to reduce nutrient load to coastal areas. Such wetlands may threaten anadromous populations. In this study we quantify net ground speed of downstream migrating brown trout Salmo trutta smolts in equally long stream and lake sections in a Danish lowland stream and artificial lake. This was done by passive integrated transponder telemetry in 2016 and 2017. Mean net ground speed in the stream section was 36.58 and 0.8 km day-1 in the lake section. This decrease of net ground speed through the lake may lead to prolonged exposure to predators and probably contributes to high mortalities threatening anadromous populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schwinn
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Baktoft
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Kim Aarestrup
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Anders Koed
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
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12
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Baskaran S, Armitage JM, Wania F. Model-based exploration of the variability in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) bioaccumulation factors: The influence of physiology and trophic relationships. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:831-840. [PMID: 30667082 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Because dietary consumption of fish is often a major vector of human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), much effort is directed toward a quantitative understanding of fish bioaccumulation using mechanistic models. However, many such models fail to explicitly consider how uptake and loss rate constants relate to fish physiology. We calculated the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of hypothetical POPs, with octanol-water partition coefficients ranging from 104.5 to 108.5 , in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) with a food-web bioaccumulation model that uses bioenergetics to ensure that physiological parameters applied to a species are internally consistent. We modeled fish in 6 Canadian lakes (Great Slave Lake, Lake Ontario, Source Lake, Happy Isle Lake, Lake Opeongo, and Lake Memphremagog) to identify the factors that cause the BAFs of differently sized lake trout to vary between and within lakes. When comparing differently sized lake trout within a lake, larger fish tend to have the highest BAF because they allocate less energy toward growth than smaller fish and have higher activity levels. When comparing fish from different lakes, the model finds that diet composition and prey energy density become important in determining the BAF, in addition to activity and the amount of total energy allocated to growth. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:831-840. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivani Baskaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James M Armitage
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Deutschmann B, Müller AK, Hollert H, Brinkmann M. Assessing the fate of brown trout (Salmo trutta) environmental DNA in a natural stream using a sensitive and specific dual-labelled probe. Sci Total Environ 2019; 655:321-327. [PMID: 30471600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis in the aquatic environment has emerged as a promising tool for diagnosis of the ecological status in comprehensive monitoring strategies and might become useful in context of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and other legislations to derive stressor-specific indicators. Despite many studies having made significant progress for the future use of eDNA in terms of ecosystem composition and detection of invasive/rare species in inland waters, much remains unknown about the transport and fate of eDNA under natural environmental conditions. We designed a specific dual-labelled probe to detect brown trout (Salmo trutta, L.) eDNA and used the probe to describe the fate of eDNA released from an aquaculture facility into the low mountain range stream Wehebach, Germany. The probe was shown to be specific to brown trout, as ponds housing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) did not test positive. Even though we observed different strengths of eDNA signals for three ponds containing different brown trout quantities, no significant correlation was found between biomass (kg/L) and eDNA quantity. Our results indicate that the release of DNA from brown trout might be life stage and/or age-dependent. The effluents of the aquaculture facility were a source of high levels of eDNA which resulted in the greatest abundance of brown trout eDNA directly downstream of the facility. Despite the natural occurrence of brown trout in the Wehebach, as shown by ecological investigations conducted by authorities of the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) and personal observations, we observed a significant decrease of relative abundance of eDNA in the Wehebach within the first 1.5 km downstream of the aquaculture. Our results suggest that concentrations of eDNA in running waters rapidly decrease under natural conditions due to dilution and degradation processes, which might have important implications for the utility of eDNA in environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Deutschmann
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Müller
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; College of Environmental Science, Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- School of Environment and Sustainability (SENS), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security (GIWS), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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14
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Carballeira C, Carballeira A, Aboal JR, Fernández JA. Biomonitoring freshwater FISH farms by measuring nitrogen concentrations and the δ 15N signal in living and devitalized moss transplants. Environ Pollut 2019; 245:1014-1021. [PMID: 30682735 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The trophic balance of freshwater aquaculture activities has traditionally been monitored by chemical analysis of water; however, the parameters measured are usually characterized by high temporal variability. Aquatic mosses can be used as biomonitors as they integrate both continuous and episodic contamination events. Here we report, for the first time, a method for monitoring N enrichment in the surroundings of fish farms by measuring the N content and isotopic signal (δ15N) of transplanted living and devitalized specimens of the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica. For this purpose, moss samples ("moss bags") were exposed at increasing distances (10, 100, 300 and 1000 m) up- and downstream of the effluent discharge points of four trout farms, for 10 and 30 days. The low natural (background) variability in δ15N in upstream samples enabled detection of outlier values, caused by aquaculture discharges, at distances of 10 and 100 m downstream, especially in devitalized moss and after 10 days of exposure. However, the unexpectedly low N contents of moss samples exposed close to the discharge points complicates interpretation of the high levels of N forms detected by conventional physicochemical analysis of water. Although the mechanisms that modify N parameters in moss tissues were not clear, measurement of the isotopic signal δ15N in devitalized moss exposed for 10 days proved useful for monitoring the N pollution associated with intensive freshwater aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Carballeira
- School of Marine Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Altamirano 1480, 2340000, Valparaíso, Chile; Ecology Unit, Dept. Functional Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Fac. Biología, Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - A Carballeira
- Ecology Unit, Dept. Functional Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Fac. Biología, Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J R Aboal
- Ecology Unit, Dept. Functional Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Fac. Biología, Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J A Fernández
- Ecology Unit, Dept. Functional Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Fac. Biología, Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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15
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Burbank J, Kelly B, Nilsson J, Power M. Tests of size and growth effects on Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) otolith δ 18 O and δ 13 C values. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2018; 32:1557-1564. [PMID: 29874707 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Otolith δ18 O and δ13 C values have been used extensively to reconstruct thermal and diet histories. Researchers have suggested that individual growth rate and size may have an effect on otolith isotope ratios and subsequently confound otolith-based thermal and diet reconstructions. As few explicit tests of the effect on fish in freshwater environments exist, here we determine experimentally the potential for related growth rate and size effects on otolith δ18 O and δ13 C values. METHODS Fifty Arctic charr were raised in identical conditions for two years after which their otoliths were removed and analyzed for their δ18 O and δ13 C values. The potential effects of final length and the Thermal Growth Coefficient (TGC) on otolith isotope ratios were tested using correlation and regression analysis to determine if significant effects were present and to quantify effects when present. RESULTS The analyses indicated that TGC and size had significant and similar positive non-linear relationships with δ13 C values and explained 35% and 42% of the variability, respectively. Conversely, both TGC and size were found to have no significant correlation with otolith δ18 O values. There was no significant correlation between δ18 O and δ13 C values. CONCLUSIONS The investigation indicated the presence of linked growth rate and size effects on otolith δ13 C values, the nature of which requires further study. Otolith δ18 O values were unaffected by individual growth rate and size, confirming the applicability of these values to thermal reconstructions of fish habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Burbank
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - B Kelly
- World Wildlife Fund Canada, 5251 Duke Street, Duke Tower, Suite 1202, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3J 1P3
| | - J Nilsson
- Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Power
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
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16
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Bjerregaard P, Kinnberg KL, Mose MP, Holbech H. Investigation of the potential endocrine effect of nitrate in zebrafish Danio rerio and brown trout Salmo trutta. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 211:32-40. [PMID: 29777853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitrate has the potential to affect steroid production. Nitrate concentrations in streams in agricultural areas may exceed concentrations showing effects in laboratory studies. The effects of nitrate and/or nitrite on endocrine relevant endpoints were tested in zebrafish and brown trout. Zebrafish were exposed in two experiments to nitrate (8.8 to 89 mg NO3-/L) and nitrite (3.6 to 19 mg NO2-/L) during the period of sexual differentiation and sex ratios were determined. Vitellogenin concentrations were determined in the second experiment. The sex ratio was unaffected by the exposure to nitrate and nitrite. Vitellogenin concentrations were slightly elevated in males (but not females) in all of the groups exposed to nitrate. Juvenile brown trout were exposed to 5.7, 14, and 31 mg NO3-/L for 8 days and vitellogenin levels in liver were determined. Vitellogenin concentrations in the females were not affected by exposure, but in the males, there was an overall statistically significant effect of exposure to nitrate with the group exposed to 5.7 mg NO3-/L showing a trend of higher vitellogenin concentrations than the control group; levels in the males of the groups exposed to 14 and 31 mg NO3-/L were not statistically different from those of the control group. In conclusion, some marginal effect of nitrate in male fish on endocrine activity was observed but the present results for zebrafish, using environmentally relevant concentrations, do not define nitrate and nitrite as endocrine disrupting chemicals according to the generally accepted WHO/IPCS definition because no adverse effects (altered sex ratios) were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poul Bjerregaard
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Denmark.
| | - Karin Lund Kinnberg
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Maria Pedersen Mose
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Henrik Holbech
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Denmark
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17
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Fenkes M, Shiels HA, Nudds RL. Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr. J Fish Biol 2018; 93:360-369. [PMID: 30069890 PMCID: PMC6174970 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Domesticated brown trout Salmo trutta parr were subjected to increased, variable flow under controlled experimental conditions. Using geometric morphometric analyses, K¯ (a mass-length index) and caudal fin area-body length ratio, this study assessed morphological responses in lateral body depth, growth and robustness and propulsive potential, respectively, of parr over the course of 32 weeks. Geometric morphometric analyses did not reveal an effect of exercise on either lateral body depth or caudal fin area. However, improved overall robustness and growth trajectories in exercised parr showed a positive adaptive response to the enriched habitat. Exercise and habitat heterogeneity thus have the potential to improve survivability of domesticated salmonids in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Fenkes
- University of Manchester, Faculty of BiologyMedicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesManchesterUK
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18
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Halttunen E, Gjelland KØ, Hamel S, Serra-Llinares RM, Nilsen R, Arechavala-Lopez P, Skarðhamar J, Johnsen IA, Asplin L, Karlsen Ø, Bjørn PA, Finstad B. Sea trout adapt their migratory behaviour in response to high salmon lice concentrations. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:953-967. [PMID: 29159923 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sea trout face growth-mortality trade-offs when entering the sea to feed. Salmon lice epizootics resulting from aquaculture have shifted these trade-offs, as salmon lice might both increase mortality and reduce growth of sea trout. We studied mortality and behavioural adaptations of wild sea trout in a large-scale experiment with acoustic telemetry in an aquaculture intensive area that was fallowed (emptied of fish) synchronically biannually, creating large variations in salmon lice concentrations. We tagged 310 wild sea trout during 3 years, and gave half of the individuals a prophylaxis against further salmon lice infestation. There was no difference in survival among years or between treatments. In years of high infestation pressure, however, sea trout remained closer to the river outlet, used freshwater (FW) habitats for longer periods and returned earlier to the river than in the low infestation year. This indicates that sea trout adapt their migratory behaviour by actively choosing FW refuges from salmon lice to escape from immediate mortality risk. Nevertheless, simulations show that these adaptations can lead to lost growth opportunities. Reduced growth can increase long-term mortality of sea trout due to prolonged exposure to size-dependent predation risk, lead to lower fecundity and, ultimately, reduce the likelihood of sea migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Halttunen
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Tromsø, Norway
| | - K-Ø Gjelland
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | - S Hamel
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - R Nilsen
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Tromsø, Norway
| | - P Arechavala-Lopez
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Department of Ecology of Marine Resources, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, Esporles, Mallorca, Spain
| | - J Skarðhamar
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Tromsø, Norway
| | - I A Johnsen
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
| | - L Asplin
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
| | - Ø Karlsen
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
| | - P-A Bjørn
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Tromsø, Norway
| | - B Finstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
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19
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Auer SK, Salin K, Anderson GJ, Metcalfe NB. Individuals exhibit consistent differences in their metabolic rates across changing thermal conditions. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 217:1-6. [PMID: 29223611 PMCID: PMC5805842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic rate has been linked to growth, reproduction, and survival at the individual level and is thought to have far reaching consequences for the ecology and evolution of organisms. However, metabolic rates must be consistent (i.e. repeatable) over at least some portion of the lifetime in order to predict their longer-term effects on population dynamics and how they will respond to selection. Previous studies demonstrate that metabolic rates are repeatable under constant conditions but potentially less so in more variable environments. We measured the standard (=minimum) metabolic rate, maximum metabolic rate, and aerobic scope (=interval between standard and maximum rates) in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) after 5weeks acclimation to each of three consecutive test temperatures (10, 13, and then 16°C) that simulated the warming conditions experienced throughout their first summer of growth. We found that metabolic rates are repeatable over a period of months under changing thermal conditions: individual trout exhibited consistent differences in all three metabolic traits across increasing temperatures. Initial among-individual differences in metabolism are thus likely to have significant consequences for fitness-related traits over key periods of their life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya K Auer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Karine Salin
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme J Anderson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Neil B Metcalfe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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20
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Kocabaş M, Kutluyer F, Benzer F, Erişir M. Malathion-induced spermatozoal oxidative damage and alterations in sperm quality of endangered trout Salmo coruhensis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:2588-2593. [PMID: 29128945 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of pesticides has been increased along with increasing the farming activities and has caused environmental impacts deleteriously. In particular, non-target organisms including fish can be affected by toxic effects of pesticides. Therefore, the impacts of malathion (MTN) on oxidative stress and sperm quality were investigated in vitro. The MTN concentrations used on this study were 0 (control), 75, 100, and 125 μg/L. Lipid peroxidation (MDA), non-enzymatic (GSH), and enzymatic (SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT) activities in spermatozoa were examined for determination of oxidative stress status. Our findings showed that motility rate and period of sperm cells significantly decreased with exposure to MTN. Biochemical assays revealed that CAT activity and levels of MDA, GSH increased in spermatozoa based on concentration while activity of GSH-Px and SOD decreased. Consequently, spermatozoa were highly sensitive to MTN exposure. MTN has disruptive effects on sperm quality and caused to oxidative stress in spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kocabaş
- Department of Wildlife Ecology & Management, Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Forestry, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Filiz Kutluyer
- Fisheries Faculty, Munzur University, 62000, Tunceli, Turkey.
| | - Fulya Benzer
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Munzur University, 62000, Tunceli, Turkey
| | - Mine Erişir
- Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Basic Sciences, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
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21
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Stojanović K, Živić M, Dulić Z, Marković Z, Krizmanić J, Milošević D, Miljanović B, Jovanović J, Vidaković D, Živić I. Comparative study of the effects of a small-scale trout farm on the macrozoobenthos, potamoplankton, and epilithic diatom communities. Environ Monit Assess 2017; 189:403. [PMID: 28726174 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trout farms are one of the major sources of pollution of highland streams and rivers, which are very sensitive ecosystems otherwise scarcely influenced by human activities. A trout farm with low annual production was chosen for comparative monitoring of its effects on the macrozoobenthos, epilithic diatom, and potamoplankton communities in the receiving stream. Research was conducted every 2 months during a period of 1 year (one control point and three localities downstream from the farm). The fish farm discharge induced moderate alteration of environmental factors in the receiving watercourse, viz., significant increase of the ionized and un-ionized ammonia fraction, dissolved oxygen concentration, and biological oxygen demand. Species richness and Simpson's diversity index did not change in any of the communities. Correspondent analysis of potamoplankton community composition clearly showed trout farm effects, thereby indicating the need for reevaluation of saprobic valence values for potamoplankton species. The complete lack of influence of the trout farm discharge on the epilithic diatom community is probably due to absence of significant changes of phosphorus concentration in the receiving stream. Effects of the trout farm on the macrozoobenthos community were further characterized by 14 additional indices. The percentages of Chironomidae larvae, shredders, and total collectors; ratio of shredders to collectors; and the family biotic index are suggested as candidates for future multimetric index for measuring of trout farm influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Stojanović
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - M Živić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Z Dulić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia
| | - Z Marković
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia
| | - J Krizmanić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Dj Milošević
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, Niš, 18000, Serbia
| | - B Miljanović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - J Jovanović
- Institute for Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade, 11001, Serbia
| | - D Vidaković
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - I Živić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
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22
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Vrecl M, Jenčič V. Occurrence of intersex in wild freshwater fish in Slovenian rivers: a histological evaluation. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2017; 67:216-222. [PMID: 27749265 DOI: 10.1515/aiht-2016-67-2730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this preliminary research was to establish if there are intersex occurrences in wild freshwater fish in Slovenian rivers and streams. In the first study we evaluated all fish species of both sexes obtained from the river Ljubljanica from its source to mouth. In the second study we focused on the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario) males from 30 rivers and streams in different parts of Slovenia. The male gonads were histologically assessed for the presence of oocytes to determine the frequency and degree of intersex. Oocytes were found in the testicular tissue of a single grayling (Thymallus thymallus) and in the adipose tissue adjacent to the testis of a single common barbel (Barbus barbus), both from the Ljubljanica. Several cyst-like structures that resemble degenerated presumptive oocytes were also present in several trout testes. This preliminary report is the first of its kind in Slovenia. To gain a better insight into the intersex issue in Slovenia, we plan to regularly biomonitor freshwater pollution by histologically examining fish gonads and, if possible, by determining vitellogenin plasma levels in fish.
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23
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Scholes RC, Hageman KJ, Closs GP, Stirling CH, Reid MR, Gabrielsson R, Augspurger JM. Predictors of pesticide concentrations in freshwater trout - The role of life history. Environ Pollut 2016; 219:253-261. [PMID: 27814542 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of halogenated pesticides in freshwater fish can be affected by age, size, trophic position, and exposure history. Exposure history may vary for individual fish caught at a single location due to different life histories, e.g. they may have hatched in different tributaries before migrating to a specific lake. We evaluated correlations of pesticide concentrations in freshwater brown trout (Salmo trutta) from the Clutha River, New Zealand, with potential predictors including capture site, age, length, trophic level, and life history. Life history was determined from otolith (fish ear bone) strontium isotope signatures, which vary among tributaries in the region of our study. Variability in pesticide concentrations between individual fish was not well explained by capture site, age, length, or trophic level. However, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and chlorpyrifos concentrations were distinct in lake-based trout with different life histories. Additionally, one of the riverine life histories was associated with relatively high concentrations of total endosulfans. Linear models that included all potential predictor variables were evaluated and the resulting best models for HCB, chlorpyrifos, and total endosulfans included life history. These findings show that in cases where otolith isotope signatures vary geographically, they can be used to help explain contaminant concentration variations in fish caught from a single location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Kimberly J Hageman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Gerard P Closs
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Claudine H Stirling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; Centre for Trace Element Analysis, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Malcolm R Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; Centre for Trace Element Analysis, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Rasmus Gabrielsson
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
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24
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Espa P, Brignoli ML, Crosa G, Gentili G, Quadroni S. Controlled sediment flushing at the Cancano Reservoir (Italian Alps): Management of the operation and downstream environmental impact. J Environ Manage 2016; 182:1-12. [PMID: 27448244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sediment flushing may be effective to preserve reservoir storage, but concerns arise about sustainability for downstream freshwater ecosystems. We report on the controlled flushing of approximately 110,000 tons of silt from a 120 Mm(3) reservoir on the Adda River, the main tributary of Lake Como, Italy. Technical constraints prevented flushing during high flows, and the operation had to be spread out over three consecutive years (2010-2012) and, for each year, over a rather long time span (40-50 days). To mitigate the downstream impact, the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) of the evacuated water was controlled by regulating the dislodging works inside the reservoir, increasing the streamflow in the regulated tributaries, and operating an instream settling basin. SSC and water flow as well as benthic macroinvertebrates and trout were monitored as far as 28 km below the reservoir. At the most upstream gauging station, SSC peaked up to 100 g/l and ranged from 3.5 to 8 g/l on average per each operation. Stream quality metrics based on macroinvertebrate data evidenced the impairment due to flushing; however, the benthic community showed high resilience, recovering to pre-flushing conditions in 6-9 months. Trout data were biased by stocking and sport fishing and were more difficult to be interpreted. The trout population wouldn't seem remarkably altered, even if a non-negligible impact could be deduced through pre/post-event sample comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Espa
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via GB Vico 46, 21100 Varese, Italy.
| | - Maria Laura Brignoli
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via GB Vico 46, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Crosa
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Quadroni
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
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25
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Khan U, Seyhan K, Başçinar N, Başçinar NS. Satiation meal and the effects of meal and body sizes on gastric evacuation rate in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis fed commercial pellets. J Fish Biol 2016; 89:1227-1238. [PMID: 27282124 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric evacuation (GE) experiments were performed on brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis fed commercial food pellets. The experiments included small fish (36 g; 15 cm total length, LT ) fed meals of 0·2, 0·4 and 0·8 g and large fish (152 g; 23 cm) fed meals of 0·8, 2·0 and 4·0 g at temperatures ranging from 15·1 to 18·2° C. The stomach contents were thereafter sampled and weighed at 3 h intervals until the first empty stomach was observed. The course of GE was examined by use of a general power function of the data that revealed that the square-root function described the GE rate (GER) by the current stomach content mass independently of original meal size. Using the square-root function, the relationship between GER and fish size was described by a power function of fish length, whereas the effect of temperature was described by a simple exponential function. GER of the commercial pellets fed to S. fontinalis could thus be described by dStdt=-0·000464L1·31e0·052TSt (g h(-1) ), where St is stomach mass (g) at time t (h), L is total fish length (cm) and T is temperature (° C). The result of this study should provide a useful tool for planning of feeding regimes in production of S. fontinalis by optimizing growth and minimizing food waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Khan
- Department of Fisheries Technology Engineering, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, 61530, Turkey
| | - K Seyhan
- Department of Fisheries Technology Engineering, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, 61530, Turkey
| | - N Başçinar
- Department of Fisheries Technology Engineering, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, 61530, Turkey
| | - N S Başçinar
- Central Fisheries Research Institute, Vali Adil Yazar Cad., No:14 Şana 61250 Yomra, Trabzon, Turkey
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26
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Mirčić D, Stojanović K, Živić I, Todorović D, Stojanović D, Dolićanin Z, Perić-Mataruga V. The trout farm effect on Dinocras megacephala (Plecoptera: Perlidae) larvae: Antioxidative defense. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016; 35:1775-1782. [PMID: 26643009 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Trout production represents a major agricultural activity in Serbia. Organic compounds are drained into the environment, usually without previous sedimentation, thus affecting the stream biota. Considering that biological monitoring is commonly based on aquatic macroinvertebrates as target organisms, the authors used larvae of Dinocras megacephala to estimate trout farm effects on the mass of the larvae and their antioxidative defense in pollution stress conditions. Four locations were chosen along the channel of the Raška River, 2 upstream (L1, L2) and 2 downstream (L3, L4) from the trout farm outlet. Basic physical and chemical water parameters were measured. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity changes were analyzed to determine the level of oxidative stress caused by the increase of organic compounds originating from the trout farm. Dissolved oxygen concentration decreased from the upstream to downstream locations. Furthermore, the concentration of ionized ammonia was almost 10 times higher at the downstream locations than at the upstream locations. Larval mass, as well as CAT activity, was significantly higher at L3 compared with the other 3 locations. Activity of SOD was significantly higher at L3 than at L1. The results indicate that higher concentrations of organic compounds from the trout farm induce clear changes in the status of the antioxidant defense of D. megacephala larvae. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1775-1782. © 2015 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Mirčić
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia
| | - Katarina Stojanović
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Entomology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Živić
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Entomology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dajana Todorović
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković," Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dalibor Stojanović
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia
| | - Zana Dolićanin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia
| | - Vesna Perić-Mataruga
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković," Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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27
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Vincenzi S, Crivelli AJ, Munch S, Skaug HJ, Mangel M. Trade-offs between accuracy and interpretability in von Bertalanffy random-effects models of growth. Ecol Appl 2016; 26:1535-1552. [PMID: 27755751 DOI: 10.1890/15-1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Better understanding of variation in growth will always be an important problem in ecology. Individual variation in growth can arise from a variety of processes; for example, individuals within a population vary in their intrinsic metabolic rates and behavioral traits, which may influence their foraging dynamics and access to resources. However, when adopting a growth model, we face trade-offs between model complexity, biological interpretability of parameters, and goodness of fit. We explore how different formulations of the von Bertalanffy growth function (vBGF) with individual random effects and environmental predictors affect these trade-offs. In the vBGF, the growth of an organism results from a dynamic balance between anabolic and catabolic processes. We start from a formulation of the vBGF that models the anabolic coefficient (q) as a function of the catabolic coefficient (k), a coefficient related to the properties of the environment (γ) and a parameter that determines the relative importance of behavior and environment in determining growth (ψ). We treat the vBGF parameters as a function of individual random effects and environmental variables. We use simulations to show how different functional forms and individual or group variability in the growth function's parameters provide a very flexible description of growth trajectories. We then consider a case study of two fish populations of Salmo marmoratus and Salmo trutta to test the goodness of fit and predictive power of the models, along with the biological interpretability of vBGF's parameters when using different model formulations. The best models, according to AIC, included individual variability in both k and γ and cohort as predictor of growth trajectories, and are consistent with the hypothesis that habitat selection is more important than behavioral and metabolic traits in determining lifetime growth trajectories of the two fish species. Model predictions of individual growth trajectories were largely more accurate than predictions based on mean size-at-age of fish. Our method shares information across individuals, and thus, for both fish populations investigated, allows using a single measurement early in the life of individual fish or cohort to obtain accurate predictions of lifetime individual or cohort size-at-age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Vincenzi
- Center for Stock Assessment Research, Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/5, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alain J Crivelli
- Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, F-1320, France
| | - Stephan Munch
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 110 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, California, 95060, USA
| | - Hans J Skaug
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Box 7800, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marc Mangel
- Center for Stock Assessment Research, Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway
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Vollset KW, Skoglund H, Wiers T, Barlaup BT. Effects of hydropeaking on the spawning behaviour of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and brown trout Salmo trutta. J Fish Biol 2016; 88:2236-2250. [PMID: 27125209 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An in situ camera set-up was used to study the spawning activity of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and brown trout Salmo trutta throughout two consecutive seasons in a spawning area affected by hydropower-related pulse flows due to hydropeaking. The purpose was to test whether the flow variation discouraged spawning in shallow areas or motivated spawning into areas with elevated risk of incubation mortality. There were more S. salar observed on the spawning ground during days with high discharge. The presence of S. salar in the spawning grounds was not affected by the hydropeaking cycles of the preceding night. Female S. salar were observed preparing nests within the first hour after water discharge had increased to levels suitable for spawning. In contrast, the number of S. trutta was not correlated with flow and nest preparation was also observed at a discharge corresponding to the lowest discharge levels during a hydropeaking cycle. Survival was generally high in nests excavated the following winter, with only 5·4% suffering mortality due to dewatering. The results suggest that S. salar may respond rapidly to variable-flow conditions and utilize short windows with suitable flows for spawning. Smaller S. trutta may utilize low-flow conditions to spawn in areas that are not habitable by larger S. salar during low flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Vollset
- Uni Research Environment, Nygårdsgaten 112, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - H Skoglund
- Uni Research Environment, Nygårdsgaten 112, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - T Wiers
- Uni Research Environment, Nygårdsgaten 112, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - B T Barlaup
- Uni Research Environment, Nygårdsgaten 112, 5020, Bergen, Norway
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29
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Shirdel I, Kalbassi MR. Effects of nonylphenol on key hormonal balances and histopathology of the endangered Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 183-184:28-35. [PMID: 26811907 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) potentially pose a hazard to endangered species. Evaluation of the sensitivity of these species to EDCs could be helpful for protecting their populations. So, the present study investigated the adverse effects of nonylphenol, an EDC, on the endocrine hormones and histopathology of male and female juvenile Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius) following 21 days of exposure to nominal concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 μg/l. The results showed that the HSI and plasma total calcium of male and female fishes exposed to 100 μg/l nonylphenol were significantly increased compared with the control groups (P<0.001). The male plasma T3 level was significantly decreased in 10 (P<0.01) and 100 (P<0.001) μg/l nonylphenol. The female T3 level increased in 1 μg/l nonylphenol concentration (P<0.05). The plasma T4 of males showed significant elevation in fishes exposed to 100 μg/l nonylphenol (P<0.05), but no change for females in any of treatment groups relative to controls (P>0.05). No significant effect of nonylphenol exposure was observed on male plasma TSH levels (P>0.05), whereas, in females, nonylphenol at all concentrations significantly reduced TSH levels. A bell-shaped response was observed in male and female plasma GH levels. Moreover, various histopathological lesions were observed in gill and intestine tissues of fishes exposed to different nonylphenol concentrations. These results demonstrate the high sensitivity of this endangered species to even environmentally relevant concentrations of nonylphenol. Furthermore, Caspian brown trout could be used as bioindicators reflecting the toxicity of nonylphenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Shirdel
- Department of Fisheries, Marine Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 46414-356, Noor, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Kalbassi
- Department of Fisheries, Marine Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 46414-356, Noor, Iran.
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30
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Antony J, Natarajan P. The impact of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) on growth and food conversion efficiency in Royal Danio, Barilius bakeri Day. Indian J Exp Biol 2016; 54:219-223. [PMID: 27145636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In aquaculture, growth hormones attract many researchers as they play a key role in the regulation of body weight and metabolism. In this study, we observed the influence of hCG on growth in Barilius bakeri, a common ornamental fish endemic to the Western Ghats, Kerala, India. Juveniles of B. bakeri 2.19 ± 0.92 g were selected and stocked in the experimental tanks of size 90 x 45 x 45 cm. Water quality parameters were examined periodically and were maintained under tolerable limits. The feeds were formulated at 40% protein level. Different levels of hCG i.e. @ 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 ppm were tested for both short term and long term. Fishes were fed with experimental diets twice daily at the rate of 5% body weight. Fishes were examined fortnightly and their length and weight documented. Their gross body compositions were also analyzed. The results of the study were subjected to ANOVA using statistical package SPSS version 10.1. Feed incorporated with 12.5 ppm hCG showed the best result in providing percentage gain in length, weight and SGR. The FCE, FAE, PER and protein digestibility values were highest in fishes given feed incorporated with 12.5 ppm hCG.
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Abstract
Protection provided by shelter is important for survival and affects the time and energy budgets of animals. It has been suggested that in fresh waters at high latitudes and altitudes, surface ice during winter functions as overhead cover for fish, reducing the predation risk from terrestrial piscivores. We simulated ice cover by suspending plastic sheeting over five 30-m-long stream sections in a boreal forest stream and examined its effects on the growth and habitat use of brown trout (Salmo trutta) during winter. Trout that spent the winter under the artificial ice cover grew more than those in the control (uncovered) sections. Moreover, tracking of trout tagged with passive integrated transponders showed that in the absence of the artificial ice cover, habitat use during the day was restricted to the stream edges, often under undercut banks, whereas under the simulated ice cover condition, trout used the entire width of the stream. These results indicate that the presence of surface ice cover may improve the energetic status and broaden habitat use of stream fish during winter. It is therefore likely that reductions in the duration and extent of ice cover due to climate change will alter time and energy budgets, with potentially negative effects on fish production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Watz
- River Ecology and Management, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Universitetsgatan 2, 651 88, Karlstad, Sweden.
| | - Eva Bergman
- River Ecology and Management, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Universitetsgatan 2, 651 88, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - John J Piccolo
- River Ecology and Management, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Universitetsgatan 2, 651 88, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Larry Greenberg
- River Ecology and Management, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Universitetsgatan 2, 651 88, Karlstad, Sweden
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Sear DA, Jones JI, Collins AL, Hulin A, Burke N, Bateman S, Pattison I, Naden PS. Does fine sediment source as well as quantity affect salmonid embryo mortality and development? Sci Total Environ 2016; 541:957-968. [PMID: 26473698 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fine sediments are known to be an important cause of increased mortality in benthic spawning fish. To date, most of the research has focussed on the relationship between embryo mortality and the quantity of fine sediment accumulated in the egg pocket. However, recent evidence suggests a) that the source of fine sediment might also be important, and b) that fitness of surviving embryos post-hatch might also be impacted by the accumulation of fine sediments. In this paper, we report an experiment designed to simulate the incubation environment of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). During the experiment, the incubating embryos were exposed to different quantities of fine (<63 μm) sediment derived from four different sources; agricultural topsoils, damaged road verges, eroding river channel banks and tertiary level treated sewage. Results showed that mass and source are independently important for determining the mortality and fitness of alevin. Differences between species were observed, such that brown trout are less sensitive to mass and source of accumulated sediment. We demonstrate for the first time that sediment source is an additional control on the impact of fine sediment, and that this is primarily controlled by the organic matter content and oxygen consumption of the catchment source material.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Sear
- Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton S017 1BJ, UK
| | - J I Jones
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - A L Collins
- Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems Department, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB, UK
| | - A Hulin
- Soils, Agriculture and Water, ADAS, Pendeford House, Wobaston Road, Wolverhampton WV9 5AP, West Midlands, UK
| | - N Burke
- Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton S017 1BJ, UK
| | - S Bateman
- Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton S017 1BJ, UK
| | - I Pattison
- School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - P S Naden
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, UK
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Baker JA, Elphick JR, McPherson CA, Chapman PM. Effect of Total Dissolved Solids on Fertilization and Development of Two Salmonid Species. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2015; 95:488-493. [PMID: 26134075 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Some studies have shown that the early life stages of salmonids are particularly sensitive to elevated concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS). We evaluated the effect of TDS released in treated effluent into Snap Lake (Northwest Territories, Canada) by the Snap Lake Diamond Mine on two salmonids native to Snap Lake: Salvenius namaycush (lake trout) and Thymallus arcticus (Arctic grayling). Exposures encompassed the embryo-alevin-fry early life stages and extended to 142 days for lake trout and 69 days for Arctic grayling. Such extended testing is uncommon with these two species. Two exposures were conducted with each species, one initiated prior to fertilization, and the other subsequent to fertilization. Fertilization, survival, and growth were not adversely affected for either species by TDS at concentrations >1400 mg/L, with the exception of survival of lake trout, which produced an LC20 of 991 mg/L in one test, and >1484 mg/L in the second test. For the specific TDS composition tested, which was dominated by chloride (45 %-47 %) and calcium (20 %-21 %), the early life stages of these two fish species were relatively insensitive. Although some authors have suggested lower TDS regulatory limits for salmonid early life stages, our study indicates that this is not necessary, at least for these two fish species and for the specific ionic composition tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh A Baker
- Nautilus Environmental, 8664 Commerce Court, Burnaby, BC, V5A 4N7, Canada
| | - James R Elphick
- Nautilus Environmental, 8664 Commerce Court, Burnaby, BC, V5A 4N7, Canada.
| | - Cathy A McPherson
- Golder Associates Ltd, 2920 Virtual Way, Vancouver, BC, V5M 0C4, Canada
| | - Peter M Chapman
- Golder Associates Ltd, 2920 Virtual Way, Vancouver, BC, V5M 0C4, Canada
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Sae-Lim P, Mulder H, Gjerde B, Koskinen H, Lillehammer M, Kause A. Genetics of Growth Reaction Norms in Farmed Rainbow Trout. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135133. [PMID: 26267268 PMCID: PMC4534094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rainbow trout is farmed globally under diverse uncontrollable environments. Fish with low macroenvironmental sensitivity (ES) of growth is important to thrive and grow under these uncontrollable environments. The ES may evolve as a correlated response to selection for growth in one environment when the genetic correlation between ES and growth is nonzero. The aims of this study were to quantify additive genetic variance for ES of body weight (BW), defined as the slope of reaction norm across breeding environment (BE) and production environment (PE), and to estimate the genetic correlation (rg(int, sl)) between BW and ES. To estimate heritable variance of ES, the coheritability of ES was derived using selection index theory. The BW records from 43,040 rainbow trout performing either in freshwater or seawater were analysed using a reaction norm model. High additive genetic variance for ES (9584) was observed, inferring that genetic changes in ES can be expected. The coheritability for ES was either -0.06 (intercept at PE) or -0.08 (intercept at BE), suggesting that BW observation in either PE or BE results in low accuracy of selection for ES. Yet, the rg(int, sl) was negative (-0.41 to -0.33) indicating that selection for BW in one environment is expected to result in more sensitive fish. To avoid an increase of ES while selecting for BW, it is possible to have equal genetic gain in BW in both environments so that ES is maintained stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panya Sae-Lim
- Aquaculture and Genetics, Nofima, Osloveien 1, Ås, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Han Mulder
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bjarne Gjerde
- Aquaculture and Genetics, Nofima, Osloveien 1, Ås, Norway
| | - Heikki Koskinen
- Aquaculture Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Tervo, Finland
| | | | - Antti Kause
- Biometrical Genetics, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Jokioinen, Finland
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Simčič T, Jesenšek D, Brancelj A. Effects of increased temperature on metabolic activity and oxidative stress in the first life stages of marble trout (Salmo marmoratus). Fish Physiol Biochem 2015; 41:1005-1014. [PMID: 25935664 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change may result in future alterations in thermal regime which could markedly affect the early developmental stages of cold water fish due to their expected high sensitivity to increasing temperature. In the present study, the effect of temperature increase of 2, 4 and 6°C on the oxygen consumption rate (R), the activity of respiratory electron transport system (ETS) and oxidative stress have been studied in four developmental stages of the marble trout (Salmo marmoratus)-eyed eggs, yolk-sac larvae and juveniles of 1 and 3 months. Oxygen consumption rate and ETS activity increased with level of development and with temperature in all four stages. ETS/R ratios decreased during development and correlated with temperature in eyed eggs, larvae and juveniles of 1 month, but not in juveniles of 3 months. Low ETS/R ratios at higher temperatures indicate stress response in eyed eggs, the most temperature sensitive developmental stage. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities increased during development, but responded differently to elevated temperature in the different developmental stages. Stress in eyed eggs, caused by higher temperatures, resulted in increased oxygen consumption rate and increased activities of CAT and GR. Larvae were sensitive to increased temperature only at the highest experimental temperature of 16°C. Increased temperature did not stress the metabolism of the juveniles, since they were able to compensate their metabolic activity. The earlier developmental stages of marble trout are thus more sensitive to temperature increase than juveniles and therefore more endangered by higher water temperatures. This is the first report connecting oxygen consumption, ETS activity and ETS/R ratio with the activities of antioxidant enzymes in relation to increased temperature in salmonids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Simčič
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia,
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36
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Buřič M, Bláhovec J, Kouřil J. Back to the roots: the integration of a constructed wetland into a recirculating hatchery - a case study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123577. [PMID: 25853416 PMCID: PMC4390338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is currently one of the fastest growing food-producing sectors, accounting for around 50% of the world's food fish. Limited resources, together with climatic change, have stimulated the search for solutions to support and sustain the production of fish as a nutritious food. The integration of a constructed wetland (CW) into a recirculating hatchery (RHS) was evaluated with respect to its economic feasibility and environmental impact. The outcome of eight production cycles showed the potential of CW integration for expanded production without increased operation costs or environmental load. Concretely, the use of constructed wetland allows the rearing about 40% more fish biomass, resulting in higher production and profitability. The low requirements for space, fresh water, and energy enable the establishment of such systems almost anywhere. Constructed wetlands could enhance the productivity of existing small scale facilities, as well as larger systems, to address economic and environmental issues in aquaculture. Such systems have potential to be sustainable in the context of possible future climate change and resource limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Buřič
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Jan Kouřil
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Czech Republic
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Näslund J, Pauliny A, Blomqvist D, Johnsson JI. Telomere dynamics in wild brown trout: effects of compensatory growth and early growth investment. Oecologia 2015; 177:1221-30. [PMID: 25698140 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
After a period of food deprivation, animals often respond with a period of faster than normal growth. Such responses have been suggested to result in decreased chromosomal maintenance, which in turn may affect the future fitness of an individual. Here, we present a field experiment in which a food deprivation period of 24 days was enforced on fish from a natural population of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) at the start of the high-growth season in spring. The growth of the food-deprived fish and a non-deprived control group was then monitored in the wild during 1 year. Fin tissue samples were taken at the start of the experiment and 1 year after food deprivation to monitor the telomere dynamics, using reduced telomere length as an indicator of maintenance cost. The food-deprived fish showed partial compensatory growth in both mass and length relative to the control group. However, we found no treatment effects on telomere dynamics, suggesting that growth-compensating brown trout juveniles are able to maintain their telomeres during their second year in the stream. However, body size at the start of the experiment, reflecting growth rate during their first year of life, was negatively correlated with change in telomere length over the following year. This result raises the possibility that rapid growth early in life induces delayed costs in cellular maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joacim Näslund
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,
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38
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Abma RA, Paterson G, McLeod A, Haffner GD. Cross-basin comparison of mercury bioaccumulation in Lake Huron lake trout emphasizes ecological characteristics. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015; 34:355-359. [PMID: 25402744 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding factors influencing mercury (Hg) bioaccumulation in fish is important for examining both ecosystem and human health. However, little is known about how differing ecosystem and biological characteristics can drive Hg bioaccumulation in top predators. The present study compared and contrasted Hg bioaccumulation in multiple age classes of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) collected from each of Lake Huron's Georgian Bay, North Channel, and Main Basin regions. Mercury concentrations exhibited a basin specific pattern with Main Basin fish having the highest average concentration (0.19 ± 0.01 mg/kg), followed by Georgian Bay (0.15 ± 0.02 mg/kg), and North Channel (0.07 ± <0.01 mg/kg) fish. Age-related increases in Hg concentrations were observed across the 3 basins with North Channel fish exhibiting the slowest rate of Hg bioaccumulation. No significant difference was determined between the relationships describing Hg concentration and age between Main Basin and Georgian Bay fish (p < 0.05). Mercury biomagnification factors (BMF) determined between lake trout and rainbow smelt, lake trout's primary prey, were significantly correlated with fish age and differed across the 3 basins (p < 0.05). Specifically, Georgian Bay fish exhibited the greatest age related increase in Hg BMF followed by Main Basin and North Channel fish, and these differences could not be attributed to trophic level (δ(15)N) effects or lake trout growth rates. A highly significant negative relationship was determined between Hg BMFs and basin specific prey fish densities indicating that ecological factors associated with food acquisition and foraging efficiencies play an important role in Hg bioaccumulation in feral fish communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Abma
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
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Fernández-Chacón A, Genovart M, Álvarez D, Cano JM, Ojanguren AF, Rodriguez-Muñoz R, Nicieza AG. Neighbouring populations, opposite dynamics: influence of body size and environmental variation on the demography of stream-resident brown trout (Salmo trutta). Oecologia 2015; 178:379-89. [PMID: 25604919 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In organisms such as fish, where body size is considered an important state variable for the study of their population dynamics, size-specific growth and survival rates can be influenced by local variation in both biotic and abiotic factors, but few studies have evaluated the complex relationships between environmental variability and size-dependent processes. We analysed a 6-year capture-recapture dataset of brown trout (Salmo trutta) collected at 3 neighbouring but heterogeneous mountain streams in northern Spain with the aim of investigating the factors shaping the dynamics of local populations. The influence of body size and water temperature on survival and individual growth was assessed under a multi-state modelling framework, an extension of classical capture-recapture models that considers the state (i.e. body size) of the individual in each capture occasion and allows us to obtain state-specific demographic rates and link them to continuous environmental variables. Individual survival and growth patterns varied over space and time, and evidence of size-dependent survival was found in all but the smallest stream. At this stream, the probability of reaching larger sizes was lower compared to the other wider and deeper streams. Water temperature variables performed better in the modelling of the highest-altitude population, explaining over a 99 % of the variability in maturation transitions and survival of large fish. The relationships between body size, temperature and fitness components found in this study highlight the utility of multi-state approaches to investigate small-scale demographic processes in heterogeneous environments, and to provide reliable ecological knowledge for management purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Fernández-Chacón
- Population Ecology Group, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Miquel Marqués 21, 07190, Esporles, Spain,
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40
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Bond MH, Beckman BR, Rohrbach L, Quinn TP. Differential growth in estuarine and freshwater habitats indicated by plasma IGF1 concentrations and otolith chemistry in Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma. J Fish Biol 2014; 85:1429-1445. [PMID: 25131145 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study employed a combination of otolith microchemistry to indicate the recent habitat use, and plasma concentrations of the hormone insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) as an index of recent growth rate, to demonstrate differences in growth and habitat use by Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma occupying both freshwater and estuarine habitats in south-west Alaska. Extensive sampling in all habitats revealed that fish had higher IGF1 levels in estuarine compared to lake habitats throughout the summer, and that the growth rates in different habitats within the estuary varied seasonally. In addition, otolith microchemistry indicated differentiation in estuarine habitat use among individual S. malma throughout summer months. Although growth in the estuary was higher than in fresh water in nearly all sites and months, the benefits and use of the estuarine habitats varied on finer spatial scales. Therefore, this study further illustrates the diverse life histories of S. malma and indicates an evaluation of the benefits of marine waters needs to include sub-estuary scale habitat use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Bond
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington Box 355020, Seattle, WA 998195, U.S.A
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41
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Gunnarsson S, Johansson M, Gústavsson A, Arnason T, Arnason J, Smáradóttir H, Björnsson BT, Thorarensen H, Imsland AK. Effects of short-day treatment on long-term growth performance and maturation of farmed Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus reared in brackish water. J Fish Biol 2014; 85:1211-1226. [PMID: 25263189 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a 6 week short-day photoperiod followed by continuous light, applied during the juvenile phase of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus in fresh water on smoltification and on the long-term growth and maturity following transfer to brackish water (BW) (constant salinity of either 17 and 27 or increasing salinity in steps from 17 to 27) were investigated. Prior to salinity transfer, the juveniles were either reared at continuous light (C group) or reared for 6 weeks on a short day (8L:16D, S group) followed by continuous light (24L:0D). Increased salinity had negative effect on growth, with female fish reared at 17 salinity weighing 19 and 27% more than the salinity-step group (17-27) and the 27 salinity group, respectively. The stepwise acclimation to salinity had limited advantage in terms of growth rate. Short photoperiod for 6 weeks (November to January) followed by continuous light improved growth, but not seawater (SW) tolerance. Gill Na(+) , K(+) -ATPase activity and plasma Na(+) levels changed with time, indicating some variation in osmoregulatory capacity during the experimental period. Overall, there appear to be interactive effects on maturation from applying short-day photoperiod followed by rearing at higher salinities. Plasma leptin varied with time and may be linked to stress caused by the observed variations in osmoregulatory ability. It is concluded that changes in growth rates observed in this study are mainly related to rearing salinity with higher growth rates at lower salinities. Short-day photoperiod has some growth-inducing effects but did not improve SW tolerance. Farmers of S. alpinus using BW for land-based rearing should keep salinity at moderate and stable levels according to these results to obtain best growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gunnarsson
- Akvaplan-niva Iceland Office, Akralind 4, 201 Kópavogur, Iceland; Department of Biology, University of Bergen, High Technology Centre, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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42
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Arnason T, Gunnarsson S, Imsland AK, Thorarensen H, Smáradóttir H, Steinarsson A, Gústavsson A, Johansson M, Björnsson BT. Long-term rearing of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus under different salinity regimes at constant temperature. J Fish Biol 2014; 85:1145-1162. [PMID: 25053158 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus of the Hólar strain (mean ± s.e. body mass = 152·1 ± 3·1 g) were reared at four different salinity regimes at a constant temperature of 7·4° C. Two groups were given a three-month acclimation in salinity 18 before the salinity was increased to either 25 or 29 (groups called A25 and A29), and two groups were reared in salinities 25 or 29 over the full experimental period of 409 days (groups called F25 and F29). In the first 3 months, the A25 and A29 groups had the highest growth rates. By October 2011, there were no significant differences (two-way nested ANOVA, P > 0·05) in the mean body masses among A25, F25 and F29 (c. 1450 g), whereas A29 had a lower mean mass (1282 g). The growth in the last period from October 2011 to January 2012 was reduced by sexual maturation in the highest salinity regimes (A29 and F29), whereas fish in groups A25 and F25 showed high growth throughout the study. Males in all salinity groups had higher growth rates than females for the most part of the study, but the divergence between the sexes was most pronounced in the highest salinity regimes. All salinity groups showed distinct changes in Na(+) , K(+) -ATPase activity, with high activity in spring and summer, and lower activity in the autumn. Plasma sodium (Na(+) ) levels were stable indicating that none of the experimental groups had problems in maintaining hydromineral balance during the study. While plasma leptin levels were not affected by salinity regimes, it was noted that these levels were 13-30% higher in fish with empty guts compared with those having food in their gut at the time of sampling. This suggests a link between leptin levels and food intake, indicating that this hormone may play a role in food intake and energy allocation in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arnason
- Marine Research Institute, P. O. Box 42, 240, Grindavík, Iceland
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43
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Vincenzi S, Mangel M, Crivelli AJ, Munch S, Skaug HJ. Determining individual variation in growth and its implication for life-history and population processes using the empirical Bayes method. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003828. [PMID: 25211603 PMCID: PMC4161297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The differences in demographic and life-history processes between organisms living in the same population have important consequences for ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Modern statistical and computational methods allow the investigation of individual and shared (among homogeneous groups) determinants of the observed variation in growth. We use an Empirical Bayes approach to estimate individual and shared variation in somatic growth using a von Bertalanffy growth model with random effects. To illustrate the power and generality of the method, we consider two populations of marble trout Salmo marmoratus living in Slovenian streams, where individually tagged fish have been sampled for more than 15 years. We use year-of-birth cohort, population density during the first year of life, and individual random effects as potential predictors of the von Bertalanffy growth function's parameters k (rate of growth) and (asymptotic size). Our results showed that size ranks were largely maintained throughout marble trout lifetime in both populations. According to the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), the best models showed different growth patterns for year-of-birth cohorts as well as the existence of substantial individual variation in growth trajectories after accounting for the cohort effect. For both populations, models including density during the first year of life showed that growth tended to decrease with increasing population density early in life. Model validation showed that predictions of individual growth trajectories using the random-effects model were more accurate than predictions based on mean size-at-age of fish. Somatic growth is a crucial determinant of ecological and evolutionary dynamics, since larger organisms often have higher survival and reproductive success. Size may be the result of intrinsic (i.e. genetic), environmental (temperature, food), and social (competition with conspecifics) factors and interaction between them. Knowing the contribution of intrinsic, environmental, and social factors will improve our understanding of individual population dynamics, help conservation and management of endangered species, and increase our ability to predict future growth trajectories of individuals and populations. The latter goal is also relevant for humans, since predicting future growth of newborns may help identify early pathologies that occur later in life. However, teasing apart the contribution of individual and environmental factors requires powerful and efficient statistical methods, as well as biological insights and the use of longitudinal data. We developed a novel statistical approach to estimate and separate the contribution of intrinsic and environmental factors to lifetime growth trajectories, and generate hypotheses concerning the life-history strategies of organisms. Using two fish populations as a case study, we show that our method predicts future growth of organisms with substantially greater accuracy than using historical information on growth at the population level, and help us identify year-class effects, probably associated with climatic vagaries, as the most important environmental determinant of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Vincenzi
- Center for Stock Assessment Research, Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Marc Mangel
- Center for Stock Assessment Research, Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Stephan Munch
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Hans J. Skaug
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Kapralova KH, Franzdóttir SR, Jónsson H, Snorrason SS, Jónsson ZO. Patterns of miRNA expression in Arctic charr development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106084. [PMID: 25170615 PMCID: PMC4149506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are now recognized as a major class of developmental regulators. Sequences of many miRNAs are highly conserved, yet they often exhibit temporal and spatial heterogeneity in expression among species and have been proposed as an important reservoir for adaptive evolution and divergence. With this in mind we studied miRNA expression during embryonic development of offspring from two contrasting morphs of the highly polymorphic salmonid Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), a small benthic morph from Lake Thingvallavatn (SB) and an aquaculture stock (AC). These morphs differ extensively in morphology and adult body size. We established offspring groups of the two morphs and sampled at several time points during development. Four time points (3 embryonic and one just before first feeding) were selected for high-throughput small-RNA sequencing. We identified a total of 326 conserved and 427 novel miRNA candidates in Arctic charr, of which 51 conserved and 6 novel miRNA candidates were differentially expressed among developmental stages. Furthermore, 53 known and 19 novel miRNAs showed significantly different levels of expression in the two contrasting morphs. Hierarchical clustering of the 53 conserved miRNAs revealed that the expression differences are confined to the embryonic stages, where miRNAs such as sal-miR-130, 30, 451, 133, 26 and 199a were highly expressed in AC, whereas sal-miR-146, 183, 206 and 196a were highly expressed in SB embryos. The majority of these miRNAs have previously been found to be involved in key developmental processes in other species such as development of brain and sensory epithelia, skeletogenesis and myogenesis. Four of the novel miRNA candidates were only detected in either AC or SB. miRNA candidates identified in this study will be combined with available mRNA expression data to identify potential targets and involvement in developmental regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina H. Kapralova
- Institute of Life- and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Hákon Jónsson
- Institute of Life- and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Sigurður S. Snorrason
- Institute of Life- and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Zophonías O. Jónsson
- Institute of Life- and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
An eco-genetic model tuned on a population of marble trout Salmo marmoratus subject to periodic flood events was used to explore how the evolution of growth rates interacting with density-dependent processes can modify size at age and population structure and in turn influence the resilience of populations. Fish with greater growth potential were assumed to have higher mortality rates. The results of simulations were compared between two scenarios, one in which populations may evolve growth rates and the other one in which the distribution of growth rates within a population is kept fixed. Evolving populations had a greater proportion of age 1 year individuals in the population, greater median length at age 3 years (the typical age at sexual maturity for S. marmoratus) and lower population sizes. The slightly smaller population sizes did not affect realized extinction risk. Resilience, defined as the number of years necessary to rebound from flood-induced population collapse, was on average from 2 to 3 years in both scenarios, with no significant difference between them. Moderate heritability of growth, relaxation of density-dependent processes at low densities and rapid recovery to a safe population size combine to limit the capacity to evolve faster recovery after flood-induced population collapses via changing growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vincenzi
- Center for Stock Assessment Research, Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, U.S.A.; Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/5, I-20133, Milan, Italy
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Hammar J. Natural resilience in Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus: life history, spatial and dietary alterations along gradients of interspecific interactions. J Fish Biol 2014; 85:81-118. [PMID: 24754706 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus species complex has been shown to be exceptionally vulnerable to rapid abiotic and biotic changes. Salvelinus alpinus, however, inhabit environmental extremes ranging from lakes and rivers in the High Arctic to deep multi-fish species lakes far outside the polar region. Long-term responses to post-glacial environmental variations and successively increased interspecific interactions reveal an essential degree of natural ecological resilience and phenotypic flexibility. Case studies in Scandinavia and Newfoundland illustrate the alternate trophic roles of S. alpinus, and its flexible niche use and life-history changes in order to regain or maintain body size in gradients of lakes with increasing fish species diversity. While allopatric in northern low-productive upland lakes, landlocked populations are commonly structured by cannibalism. In sympatry with other fish species, S. alpinus mostly serve as prey, with their decreasing growth and body size reflecting the successive diet shift from littoral macro-benthos to zooplankton and profundal microbenthos as interspecific competition for food and habitat intensifies. Interactions with natural and introduced superior zooplankton feeders and ultimate predators finally become detrimental. Consequently, the niche of S. alpinus is increasingly compressed in lakes along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients, although certain natural key conditions offer S. alpinus temporary asylum in the inescapable process towards local and regional extinction. The water temperature drop during winter allows S. alpinus to temporarily resume the richer littoral dietary and spatial niche use in low diversity lakes. In southern lowland and coastal lakes with more complex fish communities, access to key prey species such as profundal macro-crustaceans and smelt Osmerus spp. allow S. alpinus to regain its original niche space and characteristics as a large piscivore. In conclusion, S. alpinus along its evolutionary landscape demonstrates associated alterations of life-history characteristics, such as body size and longevity, and thus reproductive traits demonstrating similarities between northern cannibals and southern piscivores. Although including a high degree of natural resilience, obviously differing among S. alpinus populations along its range, differences seen in extreme marginal populations may have been adaptive and the product of an evolutionary response with optimized growth resulting from natural selection due to ultimate intra or inter-specific competition and predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hammar
- Institute of Freshwater Research, Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Stångholmsvägen 2, SE-178 93 Drottningholm, Sweden; Science Branch, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 5667, St John's, NL, A1C 5X1, Canada
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Josephson DC, Robinson JM, Chiotti J, Jirka KJ, Kraft CE. Chemical and biological recovery from acid deposition within the Honnedaga Lake watershed, New York, USA. Environ Monit Assess 2014; 186:4391-409. [PMID: 24671614 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3706-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Honnedaga Lake in the Adirondack region of New York has sustained a heritage brook trout population despite decades of atmospheric acid deposition. Detrimental impacts from acid deposition were observed from 1920 to 1960 with the sequential loss of acid-sensitive fishes, leaving only brook trout extant in the lake. Open-lake trap net catches of brook trout declined for two decades into the late 1970s, when brook trout were considered extirpated from the lake but persisted in tributary refuges. Amendments to the Clean Air Act in 1990 mandated reductions in sulfate and nitrogen oxide emissions. By 2000, brook trout had re-colonized the lake coincident with reductions in surface-water sulfate, nitrate, and inorganic monomeric aluminum. No changes have been observed in surface-water acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) or calcium concentration. Observed increases in chlorophyll a and decreases in water clarity reflect an increase in phytoplankton abundance. The zooplankton community exhibits low species richness, with a scarcity of acid-sensitive Daphnia and dominance by acid-tolerant copepods. Trap net surveys indicate that relative abundance of adult brook trout population has significantly increased since the 1970s. Brook trout are absent in 65 % of tributaries that are chronically acidified with ANC of <0 μeq/L and toxic aluminum levels (>2 μmol/L). Given the current conditions, a slow recovery of chemistry and biota is expected in Honnedaga Lake and its tributaries. We are exploring the potential to accelerate the recovery of brook trout abundance in Honnedaga Lake through lime applications to chronically and episodically acidified tributaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Josephson
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-3001, USA,
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Watahiki M, Ohara E, Tsuda M, Shoji K, Masuji A, Tanaka M, Yamakawa M, Ushiro H, Yoneda Y, Nakashima K. Syntheses of Recombinant Yellowtail and Flounder Growth Hormones inEscherichia coli. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 56:1012-6. [PMID: 1368825 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.56.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For syntheses of recombinant yellowtail and flounder growth hormones (r-yGH and r-fGH) in E. coli, expression plasmids were constructed. The expression level of r-yGH and r-fGH in the host cells were very high, reaching 15 and 8% of the total protein, respectively. These product proteins were accumulated in inclusion bodies in the cells. The recombinant hormones were isolated from the pellets ina glutathione reduction/oxidation buffer. The refolded hormones were further purified by DEAE-Toyopearl 650M chromatography to homogeneity. The purified r-yGH and r-fGH were composed of 188 and 174 amino acid residues, respectively, having amino-terminal sequences starting with methionine. The recombinant hormones had potent growth-promoting activities on juvenile rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watahiki
- Department of Biochemistry, Mie University School of Medicine, Japan
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Jensen JLA, Rikardsen AH, Thorstad EB, Suhr AH, Davidsen JG, Primicerio R. Water temperatures influence the marine area use of Salvelinus alpinus and Salmo trutta. J Fish Biol 2014; 84:1640-1653. [PMID: 24798261 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The migratory behaviour and spatial area use of sympatric Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus and brown trout Salmo trutta were investigated during their marine feeding migration. The likelihood of finding individuals of both species in the inner or outer fjord areas was dependent on water temperature in the inner area (especially for S. alpinus), the temperature difference between the inner and outer areas (especially for S. trutta) and fish fork length (both species). The strongest predictor was the water temperature in the inner area, and particularly S. alpinus left this area and moved to the outer areas with increasing temperatures in the inner area. At 8° C in the inner area, the likelihood of finding S. alpinus in the outer areas was >50%. This predictor had a smaller effect on S. trutta, and the likelihood of finding S. trutta in the outer areas only started to increase at around 14° C. The relationships between temperature and area use did not correspond to the species' optimal growth temperatures, but to their previously documented temperature preferences. Individuals of both species used mainly the littoral fjord areas, and to a lesser extent the pelagic areas. In conclusion, temperature differences between the inner and outer marine areas probably resulted in the segregated area use between the species, because water temperatures or factors influenced by temperature affected their migratory behaviour and habitat use differently. The results indicate that increased marine temperatures with global warming may lead to increased spatial overlap between S. trutta and S. alpinus, which again may lead to increased interspecific competition during their marine phase, and with S. alpinus probably being the more negatively affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L A Jensen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
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Glaz P, Sirois P, Archambault P, Nozais C. Impact of forest harvesting on trophic structure of eastern Canadian Boreal Shield lakes: insights from stable isotope analyses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96143. [PMID: 24763366 PMCID: PMC3999157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbations on ecosystems can have profound immediate effects and can, accordingly, greatly alter the natural community. Land-use such as forestry activities in the Canadian Boreal region have increased in the last decades, raising concerns about their potential impact on aquatic ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of forest harvesting on trophic structure in eastern Canadian Boreal Shield lakes. We measured carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes values for aquatic primary producers, terrestrial detritus, benthic macroinvertebrates, zooplankton and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) over a three-year period in eight eastern Boreal Shield lakes. Four lakes were studied before, one and two years after forest harvesting (perturbed lakes) and compared with four undisturbed reference lakes (unperturbed lakes) sampled at the same time. Stable isotope mixing models showed leaf-litter to be the main food source for benthic primary consumers in both perturbed and unperturbed lakes, suggesting no logging impact on allochthonous subsidies to the littoral food web. Brook trout derived their food mainly from benthic predatory macroinvertebrates in unperturbed lakes. However, in perturbed lakes one year after harvesting, zooplankton appeared to be the main contributor to brook trout diet. This change in brook trout diet was mitigated two years after harvesting. Size-related diet shift were also observed for brook trout, indicating a diet shift related to size. Our study suggests that carbon from terrestrial habitat may be a significant contribution to the food web of oligotrophic Canadian Boreal Shield lakes. Forest harvesting did not have an impact on the diet of benthic primary consumers. On the other hand, brook trout diet composition was affected by logging with greater zooplankton contribution in perturbed lakes, possibly induced by darker-colored environment in these lakes one year after logging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Glaz
- Département de biologie et centre d’études nordiques, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
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| | - Pascal Sirois
- Chaire de recherche sur les espèces aquatiques exploitées, Laboratoire des sciences aquatiques, Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Archambault
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Christian Nozais
- Département de biologie et centre d’études nordiques, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
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