1
|
Nault R, Fader KA, Bhattacharya S, Zacharewski TR. Single-Nuclei RNA Sequencing Assessment of the Hepatic Effects of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:147-159. [PMID: 32791302 PMCID: PMC7674514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Characterization of cell specific transcriptional responses to hepatotoxicants is lost in the averages of bulk RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). Single-cell/nuclei RNA-seq technologies enable the transcriptomes of individual cell (sub)types to be assessed within the context of in vivo models. METHODS Single-nuclei RNA-sequencing (snSeq) of frozen liver samples from male C57BL/6 mice gavaged with sesame oil vehicle or 30 μg/kg 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) every 4 days for 28 days was used to demonstrate the application of snSeq for the evaluation of xenobiotics. RESULTS A total of 19,907 genes were detected across 16,015 nuclei from control and TCDD-treated livers. Eleven cell (sub)types reflected the expected cell diversity of the liver including distinct pericentral, midzonal, and periportal hepatocyte subpopulations. TCDD altered relative proportions of cell types and elicited cell-specific gene expression profiles. For example, macrophages increased from 0.5% to 24.7%, while neutrophils were only present in treated samples, consistent with histological evaluation. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each cell type ranged from 122 (cholangiocytes) to 7625 (midcentral hepatocytes), and loosely correlated with the basal expression level of Ahr, the canonical mediator of TCDD and related compounds. In addition to the expected functions within each cell (sub)types, RAS signaling and related pathways were specifically enriched in nonparenchymal cells while metabolic process enrichment occurred primarily in hepatocytes. snSeq also identified the expansion of a Kupffer cell subtype highly expressing Gpnmb, as reported in a dietary NASH model. CONCLUSIONS We show that snSeq of frozen liver samples can be used to assess cell-specific transcriptional changes and population shifts in models of hepatotoxicity when examining freshly isolated cells is not feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rance Nault
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Kelly A Fader
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Tim R Zacharewski
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rodrigues-Pereira P, Macedo S, Gaspar TB, Canberk S, Selmi-Ruby S, Máximo V, Soares P, Miranda-Alves L. Relevant dose of the environmental contaminant, tributyltin, promotes histomorphological changes in the thyroid gland of male rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 502:110677. [PMID: 31821856 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Organotin compounds, such as tributyltin (TBT), are common environmental contaminants and suspected endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Tributyltin is found in antifouling paints, widely used in ships and other vessels. The present study evaluated whether a 15-day treatment with TBT at a dose of 100 ng/kg/day could induce histomorphological changes in the thyroid gland of rats. TBT promoted relevant alterations in the thyroid architecture, being the most relevant histological findings the presence of increased number of small-size follicles in the treated group. In qualitative analyses, colloid vacuolization, papillary budging structures, cystic degeneration and chronic thyroiditis, were observed. Moreover, histomorphometric analysis showed statistically significant changes in the follicular architecture of TBT-treated rats, mainly a decrease in the follicle area (colloid) and an increased epithelial height that resulted in an increased epithelial height/colloid ratio. Augmented collagen deposition was also seen in the thyroids of treated groups. In immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses, the localization of NIS protein was described and a significant increased proliferation index (evaluated by Ki67 positive cells) in the treated group was reported. As an indirect measurement of oxidative stress, mitochondrial protein SDHA was also analyzed by IHC analysis. Although the cytoplasmic expression of SDHA was observed in both groups, the staining intensity score was higher in TBT-treated group. Our results suggest that besides causing histomorphological changes, environmental relevant dose of TBT treatment can also induce oxidative alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rodrigues-Pereira
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Experimental-LEEx, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sofia Macedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Departmento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Bordeira Gaspar
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Departmento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Sule Canberk
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Departmento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Samia Selmi-Ruby
- Department of Tumoral Escape, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL)-UMR Inserm 1052-CNRS 5286, Lyon, France
| | - Valdemar Máximo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Departmento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Departmento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Experimental-LEEx, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mouro VGS, Siman VA, da Silva J, Dias FCR, Damasceno EM, Cupertino MDC, de Melo FCSA, da Matta SLP. Cadmium-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Mice: Subacute and Subchronic Route-Dependent Effects. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 193:466-482. [PMID: 31030385 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare Cd exposure by intraperitoneal (i.p.) and oral routes, evaluating the testicular subacute and subchronic effects. Adult male mice were separated into three groups subdivided according to the experimental period (7 and 42 days after Cd exposure: subacute and subchronic effects, respectively): one group received water and two groups received CdCl2 (1.2 mg/kg i.p. and 24 mg/kg oral). The testicular concentration of essential minerals and Cd, activity of antioxidant enzymes and markers of oxidative stress, histology, and testicular histomorphometry were evaluated. The subacute effect of oral Cd showed reduced Fe concentration, while Ca and Cu increased in this route. The subchronic effect promoted decreasing in Mg in i.p. and oral routes, whereas Zn decreased only in the oral, and the Fe concentration did not change. SOD activity decreased in the oral subacute evaluation and in both pathways, i.p. and oral routes, in the subchronic evaluation, while GST activity increased, and MDA concentration decreased. Labeling of apoptotic cells was increased in the subacute and subchronic evaluation. Seminiferous epithelium degeneration, death of germ cells, and Leydig cell damages occurred in i.p. and oral routes. However, these damages were more intense in the oral route, mainly evaluating the subchronic effects. The results confirm that the severity of Cd-induced testicular injury depends on the pathway, as well as the duration of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Verônica Andrade Siman
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Janaína da Silva
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Sérgio Luis Pinto da Matta
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Han JS, Jang S, Son HY, Kim YB, Kim Y, Noh JH, Kim MJ, Lee BS. Subacute dermal toxicity of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids: comparison with different carbon-chain lengths in human skin equivalents and systemic effects of perfluoroheptanoic acid in Sprague Dawley rats. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:523-539. [PMID: 31797001 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are used in various fields but raise concerns regarding human health and environmental consequences. Among PFASs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (SC PFCAs) are detectable in skin-contact consumer products and have dermal absorption potential. Here, we investigated the effects of dermal exposure to PFOA and SC PFCAs using in vitro and in vivo models. Human skin equivalents were topically treated with 0.25 mM and 2.5 mM PFOA and SC PFCAs (perfluoropentanoic acid, PFPeA; perfluorohexanoic acid, PFHxA; and perfluoroheptanoic acid, PFHpA) for 6 days, and cell viability, interleukin (IL)-1α, oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, MDA; and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG), and histopathology were examined. MDA levels were significantly higher in the PFASs groups than in controls. Compared with SC PFCAs, 2.5 mM PFOA caused more IL-1α (p < 0.001) release, decreased skin thickness and microscopic abnormalities. To evaluate systemic effects, Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were dermally treated with 250 and 1000 mg/kg PFHpA for 2 weeks and clinical and anatomic pathology were assessed. At 1000 mg/kg, 83% of the rats died, with severe ulcerative dermatitis at the application site. Adverse PFHpA-treated systemic changes were observed in the kidney, liver and testes, and histopathologic lesions such as renal tubular necrosis, hepatocellular necrosis, and germ cell degeneration were seen at 250 and 1000 mg/kg. Our study suggests that SC PFCAs have fewer effects on the skin than PFOA, but SC PFCAs can have adverse effects on major organs with systemic exposure at high concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Seok Han
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Jang
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Son
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Bum Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Younhee Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Noh
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Kim
- Research Institute, T&R Biofab Co., Ltd., 242 Pangyo Digital Center, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13487, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hilton GM, Odenkirchen E, Panger M, Waleko G, Lowit A, Clippinger AJ. Evaluation of the avian acute oral and sub-acute dietary toxicity test for pesticide registration. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 105:30-35. [PMID: 30922892 PMCID: PMC9022720 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), as well as other international regulatory agencies, require pesticide registrants to submit toxicity data that are used to conduct ecological risk assessments. While the USEPA has required both an acute oral and sub-acute dietary test in birds, trends in the use of data from these tests over the past 20 years have suggested that the avian sub-acute dietary test generally does not contribute to risk assessment conclusions. To address this question, a retrospective analysis was conducted to evaluate 119 pesticides with publicly available ecological risk assessments that were registered into commerce between 1998 and 2017. New pesticides (i.e., registered in the United States within the past 20 years) were chosen for the retrospective analysis to show utility of these tests for modern pesticide chemistries. Risk quotient (RQ) values (a point estimate of exposure divided by a deterministic toxicity endpoint) from the avian acute oral and dietary tests, as well as risk assessment conclusions, were compared to determine which test(s) drove the risk assessment findings. The RQ values were chosen as the data point for comparison in order to assess total risk (i.e., exposure and toxicity). After comparing RQ values from avian acute oral versus sub-acute dietary tests, there was only one case in which an avian sub-acute dietary RQ was greater than the acute oral RQ. Thus, the sub-acute dietary test did not identify risk in greater than 99% (118 out of 119) of chemicals based on results that either the acute oral RQ was higher than the sub-acute dietary RQ, or both the acute oral and the subacute dietary tests did not generate an RQ value of concern. For the one exception, both the oral and sub-acute RQ values were greater than the USEPA’s level of concern for endangered species. Based on the results of the retrospective analysis, it is concluded that in most cases avian risk can confidently be assessed without conducting the sub-acute dietary test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Hilton
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd, London, UK.
| | | | - Melissa Panger
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA(1)
| | - Garland Waleko
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA(1)
| | - Anna Lowit
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA(1)
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gi M, Fujioka M, Yamano S, Kakehashi A, Oishi Y, Okuno T, Yukimatsu N, Yamaguchi T, Tago Y, Kitano M, Hayashi SM, Wanibuchi H. Chronic dietary toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of dammar resin in F344 rats. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3565-3583. [PMID: 30251054 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dammar resin is a natural food additive and flavoring substance present in many foods and drinks. The present study evaluates the chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of dietary dammar resin in F344 rats. Dietary concentrations in the 52-week chronic toxicity study were 0, 0.03, 0.125, 0.5, or 2%. The major treatment-related deleterious effects were body weight suppression, increased relative liver weight, and low hemoglobin levels in males and females. Foci of cellular alteration in the liver were observed in the male 2% group, but not in any other group. The no-observed-adverse-effect level for chronic toxicity was 0.125% for males (200.4 mg/kg b.w./day) and females (241.9 mg/kg b.w./day). Dietary concentrations in the 104-week carcinogenicity study were 0, 0.03, 0.5, or 2%. Dammar resin induced hemorrhagic diathesis in males and females, possibly via the inhibition of extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation pathways. Incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas were significantly increased in the male 2% group, but not in any other group. In the 4-week subacute toxicity study, the livers of male rat-fed diet-containing 2% dammar resin had increased levels of protein oxidation and increased the expression of two anti-apoptotic and seven cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes. There was also an increased tendency of oxidative DNA damage. These findings demonstrate that dammar resin is hepatocarcinogenic in male F344 rats and underlines the roles of inhibition of apoptosis, induction of CYP enzymes, and oxidative stress in dammar resin-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Gi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shotaro Yamano
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano, 257-0015, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Anna Kakehashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yuji Oishi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Okuno
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Nao Yukimatsu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tago
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Mistuaki Kitano
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shim-Mo Hayashi
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, 561-8588, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vakili T, Iranshahi M, Arab H, Riahi B, Roshan NM, Karimi G. Safety evaluation of auraptene in rats in acute and subacute toxicity studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 91:159-164. [PMID: 29080847 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Auraptene (AUR) is a natural, bioactive, monoterpene coumarin ether. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-bacterial, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective properties. The aim of the present study was to assess the acute and subacute toxicity of oral administration of AUR in rats by evaluating clinical signs, haematology, biochemical factors, pathological changes and immune-toxicity. Acute administration of AUR in doses of 125, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight had no mortality or clinical signs in a period of two days. To evaluate subacute toxicity, AUR was administrated for 28 days by oral gavage in doses of 125 and 250 mg/kg. There were significant differences in the haematological and biochemical data of the treated and untreated groups. However, almost all haematological differences were within normal reference ranges. Subacute administration of AUR showed no toxic histopathological effects on organ tissue. Evaluation of immune-toxicity also revealed no significant differences between treatment and untreated groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tooraj Vakili
- Resident of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Iranshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hosseinali Arab
- Resident of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bamdad Riahi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nama Mohammadian Roshan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Menegati SELT, Freitas de Lima F, Traesel GK, Souza RIC, Dos Santos AC, de Santana Aquino DF, de Oliveira VS, Heredia Vieira SC, Cardoso CAL, Vieira MDC, Oesterreich SA. Acute and subacute toxicity of the aqueous extract of Alibertia edulis (Rich.) A. Rich. ex DC. in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 194:1096-1102. [PMID: 27829168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alibertia edulis, popularly known as "marmelo do Cerrado" is a native plant from the brazilian Cerrado. It has high food and ornamental potential and the tea leaves are currently used as hypoglycemic, antihypertensive and diuretic. AIM OF THE STUDY In order to evaluate the safety of the aqueous extract of Alibertia edulis leaves (AEAE), the acute and subacute toxicity tests were performed in male and female Wistar albino rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiments were performed in accordance with the OECD guidelines 425 and 407. For the acute toxicity, one single dose of the AEAE (2000mg/kg) was administered by gavage to five female rats. The animals were observed for 14 days for any signs of toxicity and death. In the subacute toxicity, four different doses (125, 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg) of the AEAE were administered to male and female rats for 28 consecutive days. A satellite group received the maximum dose (1000mg/kg) for 28 days and remained untreated for 14 more days in order to observe reversibility, persistence, or delayed occurrence of toxic effects. The five parameters of the Hippocratic screening, body weight, food and water intake were daily observed. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for the hematological and biochemical analysis. The vital and reproductive organs were inspected for any histopathological changes. RESULTS No deaths or behavioral changes were observed during both experiments as well as no changes on organ weights, biochemical, hematological and histopathological parameters that could indicate any signs of toxicity. CONCLUSION All doses tested can be considered safe in rats and the LD50 is higher than 2000mg/kg. Therefore, further assessments are required in order to proceed to clinical studies in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Freitas de Lima
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Giseli Karenina Traesel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria do Carmo Vieira
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Duarte LFDA, Souza CAD, Nobre CR, Pereira CDS, Pinheiro MAA. Multi-level biological responses in Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) (Brachyura, Ucididae) as indicators of conservation status in mangrove areas from the western atlantic. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2016; 133:176-187. [PMID: 27448958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a global lack of knowledge on tropical ecotoxicology, particularly in terms of mangrove areas. These areas often serve as nurseries or homes for several animal species, including Ucides cordatus (the uçá crab). This species is widely distributed, is part of the diet of human coastal communities, and is considered to be a sentinel species due to its sensitivity to toxic xenobiotics in natural environments. Sublethal damages to benthic populations reveal pre-pathological conditions, but discussions of the implications are scarce in the literature. In Brazil, the state of São Paulo offers an interesting scenario for ecotoxicology and population studies: it is easy to distinguish between mangroves that are well preserved and those which are significantly impacted by human activity. The objectives of this study were to provide the normal baseline values for the frequency of Micronucleated cells (MN‰) and for neutral red retention time (NRRT) in U. cordatus at pristine locations, as well to indicate the conservation status of different mangrove areas using a multi-level biological response approach in which these biomarkers and population indicators (condition factor and crab density) are applied in relation to environmental quality indicators (determined via information in the literature and solid waste volume). A mangrove area with no effects of impact (areas of reference or pristine areas) presented a mean value of MN‰<3 and NRRT>120min, values which were assumed as baseline values representing genetic and physiological normality. A significant correlation was found between NRRT and MN, with both showing similar and effective results for distinguishing between different mangrove areas according to conservation status. Furthermore, crab density was lower in more impacted mangrove areas, a finding which also reflects the effects of sublethal damage; this finding was not determined by condition factor measurements. Multi-level biological responses were able to reflect the conservation status of the mangrove areas studied using information on guideline values of MN‰, NRRT, and density of the uçá crab in order to categorize three levels of human impacts in mangrove areas: PNI (probable null impact); PLI (probable low impact); and PHI (probable high impact). Results confirm the success of U. cordatus species' multi-level biological responses in diagnosing threats to mangrove areas. Therefore, this species represents an effective tool in studies on mangrove conservation statuses in the Western Atlantic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe de Almeida Duarte
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências (IB), Campus do Litoral Paulista (CLP), Laboratório de Biologia de Crustáceos/CRUSTA, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Par - Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Laboratório de Biologia de Crustáceos-Praça, Infante D. Henrique, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista (CLP), s/n, Parque Bitaru, 11330-900 São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Araújo de Souza
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências (IB), Campus do Litoral Paulista (CLP), Laboratório de Biologia de Crustáceos/CRUSTA, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Par - Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Laboratório de Biologia de Crustáceos-Praça, Infante D. Henrique, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista (CLP), s/n, Parque Bitaru, 11330-900 São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Caio Rodrigues Nobre
- UNISANTA - Univ Santa Cecília, Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira
- UNIFESP - Univ Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Campus Baixada Santista, Avenida Almirante Saldanha da Gama 89, Ponta da Praia, 11030400 Santos, SP, Brasil.
| | - Marcelo Antonio Amaro Pinheiro
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências (IB), Campus do Litoral Paulista (CLP), Laboratório de Biologia de Crustáceos/CRUSTA, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Par - Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Laboratório de Biologia de Crustáceos-Praça, Infante D. Henrique, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista (CLP), s/n, Parque Bitaru, 11330-900 São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shirdel I, Kalbassi MR. Effects of nonylphenol on key hormonal balances and histopathology of the endangered Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 183-184:28-35. [PMID: 26811907 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) potentially pose a hazard to endangered species. Evaluation of the sensitivity of these species to EDCs could be helpful for protecting their populations. So, the present study investigated the adverse effects of nonylphenol, an EDC, on the endocrine hormones and histopathology of male and female juvenile Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius) following 21 days of exposure to nominal concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 μg/l. The results showed that the HSI and plasma total calcium of male and female fishes exposed to 100 μg/l nonylphenol were significantly increased compared with the control groups (P<0.001). The male plasma T3 level was significantly decreased in 10 (P<0.01) and 100 (P<0.001) μg/l nonylphenol. The female T3 level increased in 1 μg/l nonylphenol concentration (P<0.05). The plasma T4 of males showed significant elevation in fishes exposed to 100 μg/l nonylphenol (P<0.05), but no change for females in any of treatment groups relative to controls (P>0.05). No significant effect of nonylphenol exposure was observed on male plasma TSH levels (P>0.05), whereas, in females, nonylphenol at all concentrations significantly reduced TSH levels. A bell-shaped response was observed in male and female plasma GH levels. Moreover, various histopathological lesions were observed in gill and intestine tissues of fishes exposed to different nonylphenol concentrations. These results demonstrate the high sensitivity of this endangered species to even environmentally relevant concentrations of nonylphenol. Furthermore, Caspian brown trout could be used as bioindicators reflecting the toxicity of nonylphenol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Shirdel
- Department of Fisheries, Marine Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 46414-356, Noor, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Kalbassi
- Department of Fisheries, Marine Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 46414-356, Noor, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Toxicity Studies. Prog Drug Res 2016; 71:81-7. [PMID: 26939270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity studies in the animal models are done to determine the dose level recommended for the treatment of disease as drug. This guideline enables the characterization of adverse effects following repeated daily inhalation exposure to a test. This chapter includes oral and dermal toxicity studies which are discussed as per OECD guidelines. Both acute and subacute toxicity studies are given special emphasis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Brkić D, Szakonyne-Pasics I, Gašić S, Teodorović I, Rašković B, Brkić N, Nešković N. Subacute and subchronic toxicity of Avalon(®) mixture (bentazone+dicamba) to rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 39:1057-1066. [PMID: 25863332 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Subacute and subchronic toxicity of the herbicide Avalon(®), a mixture of bentazone and dicamba, were tested on rats. Avalon(®) was administered at dose levels of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg body weight/day for 28 and 90 days. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were monitored together with biochemistry parameters. The results showed that the mixture caused increases in the activities of ALT, AST and ALP, elevated concentrations of sodium, albumin and albumin/globulin ratio in males. In females, ALT activity, cholesterol and phosphate levels were increased. The changes generally were dose related and, in most cases, females exhibited lower susceptibility than males. The effects of a mixture are, in the most cases, different from the effects of the individual substances. The effects of bentazone were not prevalent which would be expected taking the composition of the mixture into account.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dragica Brkić
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Banatska 31-b, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia.
| | | | - Slavica Gašić
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Banatska 31-b, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia.
| | - Ivana Teodorović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Božidar Rašković
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia.
| | - Nenad Brkić
- Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Directorate for Water, Bulevar umetnosti 2a, 11070 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Neško Nešković
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Banatska 31-b, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kemmerling J, Fehlert E, Kuper CF, Rühl-Fehlert C, Stropp G, Vogels J, Krul C, Vohr HW. The transferability from rat subacute 4-week oral toxicity study to translational research exemplified by two pharmaceutical immunosuppressants and two environmental pollutants with immunomodulating properties. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:326-42. [PMID: 25823813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chemicals may have an influence on the immune system. Often, this is an unwanted effect but in some pharmaceuticals, it is the intended mechanism of action. Immune function tests and in depth histopathological investigations of immune organs were integrated in rodent toxicity studies performed according to an extended OECD test guideline 407 protocol. Exemplified by two immunosuppressive drugs, azathioprine and cyclosporine A, and two environmental chemicals, hexachlorobenzene and benzo[a]pyrene, results of subacute rat studies were compared to knowledge in other species particular in humans. Although immune function has a high concordance in mammalian species, regarding the transferability from rodents to humans various factors have to be taken into account. In rats, sensitivity seems to depend on factors such as strain, sex, stress levels as well as metabolism. The two immunosuppressive drugs showed a high similarity of effects in animals and humans as the immune system was the most sensitive target in both. Hexachlorobenzene gave an inconsistent pattern of effects when considering the immune system of different species. In some species pronounced inflammation was observed, whereas in primates liver toxicity seemed more obvious. Generally, the immune system was not the most sensitive target in hexachlorobenzene-treatment. Immune function tests in rats gave evidence of a reaction to systemic inflammation rather than a direct impact on immune cells. Data from humans are likewise equivocal. In the case of benzo[a]pyrene, the immune system was the most sensitive target in rats. In the in vitro plaque forming cell assay (Mishell-Dutton culture) a direct comparison of cells from different species including rat and human was possible and showed similar reactions. The doses in the rat study had, however, no realistic relation to human exposure, which occurs exclusively in mixtures and in a much lower range. In summary, a case by case approach is necessary when testing immunotoxicity. Improvements for the translation from animals to humans related to immune cells can be expected from in vitro tests which offer direct comparison with reactions of human immune cells. This may lead to a better understanding of results and variations seen in animal studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kemmerling
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-TOX-IT-Immunotoxicology, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Ellen Fehlert
- Department of Medicine IV, Eberhard-Karls University, Otfried-Müller Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - C Frieke Kuper
- TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gisela Stropp
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-Product Stewardship Industrial Chemicals, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jack Vogels
- TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Cyrille Krul
- TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Werner Vohr
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-TOX-IT-Immunotoxicology, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fechner LC, Dufour M, Gourlay-Francé C. Pollution-induced community tolerance of freshwater biofilms: measuring heterotrophic tolerance to Pb using an enzymatic toxicity test. Ecotoxicology 2012; 21:2123-2131. [PMID: 22729786 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aims at investigating the impacts of Pb on freshwater biofilms with a pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) approach using a recently developed short-term toxicity test based on β-glucosidase activity to measure biofilms' tolerance to Pb. We first investigated more closely the influence of the total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations of biofilm suspensions used for short-term toxicity tests performed to assess Pb tolerance. The Pb EC(50) values of four dilutions of the same biofilm suspension increased with their TSS concentrations. TSS-normalization allowed to obtain a unique measure of Pb tolerance, thus confirming that TSS-normalization of EC(50) values is a good means to estimate biofilm tolerance to Pb. The experiment was repeated with three different biofilm samples collected at different sites and dates. Second, biofilms were exposed to Pb (0, 1, 10 and 100 μg/L) for 3 weeks in microcosms to assess the impacts of Pb exposure on the communities. An increase in Pb tolerance was observed for the biofilm exposed to 100 μg/L. Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis revealed modifications of bacterial and eukaryotic community structure with Pb exposure. Moreover, exposure to 100 μg/L Pb also led to an increase in Zn tolerance but not Cu tolerance. This study shows that tolerance acquisition to Pb can be detected after exposure to environmental concentrations of Pb using a PICT methodology and normalized EC(50) values as measures of Pb tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lise C Fechner
- Irstea, UR HBAN, 1 rue Pierre-Gilles de Gennes - CS 10030, 92761, Antony, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zanuncio JC, Jusselino-Filho P, Ribeiro RC, Zanuncio TV, Ramalho FDS, Serrão JE. Hormetic responses of a stinkbug predator to sublethal doses of pyrethroid. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2011; 87:608-614. [PMID: 21947501 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Stressors can affect reproduction and longevity by impacting endocrine and immune systems but they may increase life span and stimulate reproduction. The effects of sublethal doses of permethrin topically applied on third instar nymphs of Podisus distinctus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) was evaluated. The weight of females survival of nymph and adults, number of eggs and nymphs/females of P. distinctus were higher when exposed to lower doses of permethrin. On the other hand, the exposition to the 0.131, 1.315 and 13.15 ppb showed positive effects on the oviposition periods, number of egg masses and longevity of P. distinctus females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José C Zanuncio
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 35670-000, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Holth TF, Beckius J, Zorita I, Cajaraville MP, Hylland K. Assessment of lysosomal membrane stability and peroxisome proliferation in the head kidney of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) following long-term exposure to produced water components. Mar Environ Res 2011; 72:127-134. [PMID: 21821279 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for sensitive biological effect methods by which to detect impacts of chronic exposure to low concentrations of contaminants. Two methods shown to be potentially useful for monitoring purposes in fish include lysosomal membrane stability and peroxisome proliferation. These biological endpoints were assessed in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) head kidney following exposure to a mixture of produced water components including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenol, and alkylphenols. Lysosomal damage of head kidney cells occurred within the first two weeks and did not recover during the entire exposure period (32 weeks). Lysosomal membrane stability was not affected by gender and was responsive at low concentrations of contamination, indicating that lysosomal membrane stability measured in the head kidney could be a useful biomarker for effects of offshore pollution. Peroxisome proliferation, measured as acyl-CoA oxidase activity in the head kidney, appeared to be a potential biomarker in male cod exposed less than 16 weeks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T F Holth
- University of Oslo, Department of Biology, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|