1
|
Zhang L, Yang Y, Li Z, Li FM, Huang J, Zhang F. Identifying synergistic solutions for the food-energy-water nexus via plastic film mulching cultivation. Sci Total Environ 2024; 920:171046. [PMID: 38369151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Food security, water scarcity, and excessive fossil energy use pose considerable challenges to sustainable agriculture. To understand how rain-fed farming systems on the Loess Plateau, China, reconcile yield increases with ecological conservation, we conducted an integrated evaluation based on the denitrification-decomposition (DNDC) model, agricultural statistics data using the Food-Energy-Water (FEW) nexus indicator. The results showed that maize yields with ridge-furrow plastic film mulching (PFM) were 3479, 8942, and 11,124 kg ha-1 under low (50 kg N ha-1), medium (200 kg N ha-1), and high (350 kg N ha-1) nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates, respectively, and that PFM increased yield and water use efficiency (WUE) by 110-253 % and 166-205 % compared to using no mulching (control, CK), respectively. Plastic film mulching also increased net energy (126-436 %), energy use efficiency (81-578 %), energy productivity (100-670 %), and energy profitability (126-994 %), and nitrogen fertilizer, compound fertilizer, and diesel fuel consumption by agricultural machinery were the main energy inputs. The PFM system reduced water consumption during the maize growing season and the green water footprint and gray water footprint decreased by 66-74 % and 44-68 %, respectively. The FEW nexus indicator, based on a high production at low environmental cost scenario, was greater under the PFM system and had the widest spatial distribution area at the medium-N application rate. Among the environmental factors, the nexus indicator was negatively correlated with precipitation (-0.37), air temperature (-0.36), and the aridity index (-0.36), but positively correlated with elevation (0.17). Our results suggest that the PFM system promotes resource-saving while increasing yields and moves dryland agriculture in an environmentally friendly direction, thus promoting the sustainable development of agroecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Zhansheng Li
- Asia Hub, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, Hainan 572000, China
| | - Feng-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Animal Husbandry, Pasture and Green Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alonzo F, Trijau M, Plaire D, Billoir E. A toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic model with a transgenerational damage to explain toxicity changes over generations (in Daphnia magna exposed to depleted uranium). Sci Total Environ 2024; 914:169845. [PMID: 38190898 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Alonzo
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV, SERPEN, LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lèz-Durance, France.
| | - Marie Trijau
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV, SERPEN, LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lèz-Durance, France; Ibacon GmbH, Roßdorf, Germany
| | - Delphine Plaire
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV, SERPEN, LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lèz-Durance, France
| | - Elise Billoir
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-57000 Metz, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Litmer AR, Beaupre SJ. Thermal sensitivity of digestion in Sceloporus consobrinus, with comments on geographic variation. J Therm Biol 2024; 120:103808. [PMID: 38387224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Individual variation in energetics, environment, and genetics can influence population-level processes. However, it is often assumed that locally measured thermal and bioenergetic responses apply among broadly related species. Even closely related taxa may differ in the thermal sensitivity of performance, which in turn influences population persistence, population vital rates, and the ability to respond to environmental changes. The objectives of this project were to quantify the thermal sensitivity of digestive physiology in an Sceloporus lizards, to compare closely related, but geographically distinct, populations. Sceloporus lizards are a model organism, as they are known to exhibit thermally dependent physiologies and are geographically widespread. Digestive passage time, food consumption, fecal and urate production, metabolizable energy intake (MEI), and assimilated energy (AE) were compared for Sceloporus consobrinus in Arkansas and S. undulatus in South Carolina and New Jersey. Published data were acquired for NJ and SC lizards, while original data were collected for S. consobrinus. Comparisons of digestion among populations were made at 30 °C, 33 °C, or 36 °C. Results suggest that digestive physiology differs among populations, with S. consobrinus being more efficient at warmer temperatures. In contrast, NJ and SC lizards had quicker passage times and lower fecal and urate production at 30 °C in comparison to AR. The results of the current study exemplify how closely related organisms can differ in thermal sensitivity of performance. Such data are important for understanding how individual-level processes can vary in response to climate, with implications for understanding variation in physiological traits across the range of Sceloporus lizards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Litmer
- University of Arkansas, Department of Biological Sciences, 650 W. Dickson Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Steven J Beaupre
- University of Arkansas, Department of Biological Sciences, 650 W. Dickson Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang C, Zhao J, Gao Z, Feng Y, Chu Q. Cleaner tillage and irrigation options for food-water-energy-carbon synergism in wheat-maize cropping systems. Environ Res 2024; 242:117710. [PMID: 37996001 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The conventional wheat-maize systems in the North China Plain are energy and water intensive with high carbon emissions. It is imperative to find cleaner production technologies for sustainable food-water-energy-carbon synergism. Here, a three-year field experiment was performed to explore the effects of two tillage modes and four irrigation regimes during wheat season on crop yield, economic profile, water use efficiency, energy utilization, and carbon footprint in typical wheat-maize cropping systems in the North China Plain. Pre-sowing irrigation resulted in the lowest crop yield and benefit profile. Pre-sowing + anthesis irrigation decreased economic benefit and water use efficiency with higher carbon footprint. Pre-sowing + jointing + anthesis irrigation led to the greatest energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. However, pre-sowing + jointing irrigation increased yield by 2.3-8.7%, economic benefit by 4.0-11.1%, water use efficiency by 7.4-10.9%, and net energy by 6.5-12.0% but reduced carbon footprint by 9.8-14.3% compared to pre-sowing + anthesis irrigation and pre-sowing + jointing + anthesis irrigation. The corresponding metrics in rotary tillage improved by 9.6%, 13.9%, 7.0%, and 14.2%, respectively, relative to subsoiling, whereas carbon footprint decreased by 12.4-17.2%. Besides, rotary tillage coupled with additional jointing irrigation obtained the highest value based on a Z-score method, which was recommended as a cleaner management practice to improve benefit return and water use efficiency with lower energy consumption and carbon footprint. This work provides valuable insights into food-water-energy-carbon nexus for ensuring food security and achieving environmental sustainability in the wheat-maize cropping systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jiongchao Zhao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhenzhen Gao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yupeng Feng
- National Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Beijing, 100125, China.
| | - Qingquan Chu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Parker LM, Scanes E, O'Connor WA, Dove M, Elizur A, Pörtner HO, Ross PM. Resilience against the impacts of climate change in an ecologically and economically significant native oyster. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 198:115788. [PMID: 38056289 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is acidifying and warming our oceans, at an unprecedented rate posing a challenge for marine invertebrates vital across the globe for ecological services and food security. Here we show it is possible for resilience to climate change in an ecologically and economically significant oyster without detrimental effects to the energy budget. We exposed 24 pair-mated genetically distinct families of the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata to ocean acidification and warming for 4w and measured their resilience. Resilience was identified as the capacity to defend their acid-base balance without a loss of energy available for Scope for Growth (SFG). Of the 24 families, 13 were better able to defend their acid-base balance while eight had no loss of energy availability with a positive SFG. This study has found oyster families with reslience against climate change without a loss of SFG, is an essential mitigation strategy, in a critical mollusc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Parker
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Elliot Scanes
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Ultimo, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Wayne A O'Connor
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, New South Wales 2316, Australia
| | - Michael Dove
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, New South Wales 2316, Australia
| | - Abigail Elizur
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Hans-Otto Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany
| | - Pauline M Ross
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Baag S, Ahammed N, De S, Mandal S. Combined impact of elevated temperature and zinc oxide nanoparticles on physiological stress and recovery responses of Scylla serrata. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 275:109764. [PMID: 37827393 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is the major cause behind unexpected fluctuations in temperature. In recent years, application of nanotechnology also has become widespread and nanomaterials are constantly being released into aquatic environments, posing a potential risk to various organisms and ecosystems. The lack of detailed understanding of how multiple stressors work, and how they differ from single stressors, impede to assess their combined effect on aquatic organisms and ecosystems. The prime aim of the current investigation is to decipher the toxicity of ZnO-NP after simultaneous exposure to a global environmental stressor, elevated temperature for 14 days, followed by a 7 days recovery period, on the eco-physiological responses of mud crab Scylla serrata collected from Sundarbans. Physiological energetics such as ingestion, assimilation, absorption, respiration, and excretion rates were measured to determine the Scope for growth (SfG). Additionally, we assessed various biomarkers from different levels of biological organisation (antioxidant, detoxification defence mechanisms, and lipid peroxidation levels) of the species. Combined stress attenuated the SfG in crabs which deteriorated further in the recovery phase. Oxidative stress also exacerbated under coalesced stress condition. Recovery was not observed in crabs with increased lipid peroxidation level under combined stress conditions. Elevated temperature disturbed the energy budget of crabs as mirrored by diminished energy left for compensatory actions under added metal stress, ultimately sensitizing the animals to ZnO NP pollutants. The current results advocate future ocean temperature to aggravate the impact of metal NP pollution and induce oxidative damage in S. serrata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sritama Baag
- Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Nashiruddin Ahammed
- Department of Physics, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Sukanta De
- Department of Physics, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Sumit Mandal
- Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kovačević M, Stjepanović N, Zelić L, Lončarić Ž. Multigenerational and transgenerational effects of azoxystrobin on Folsomia candida. Environ Pollut 2023; 336:122398. [PMID: 37595731 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Soil organisms are exposed to various pollutants during several generations. However standard toxicity tests are often based on exposure in only one generation. Research of multigenerational (MG) and transgenerational (TG) effects are still quite scarce, however evidence accumulates that effects observed in one generation can be significantly different in some of the following generations, with different effects observed. Some studies suggest adaptation to pollutants, while others report severe effects in following generations. Azoxystrobin is commonly used in the prevention and treatment of fungal diseases in a wide range of economically important crops. The main aim of this study was to assess the toxic effects of azoxystrobin (AZO) on F. candida over 3 generations through the application of biochemical and population level biomarkers. Results of reproduction tests showed a significant decrease in estimated EC50 values, with EC50 for F0 being estimated at 104.44 mga.i./kgD.W.soil and only 15.4 mga.i./kgD.W.soil for F1. In F1 a significant reduction in the number of juveniles was observed, and at AZO concentration of 50 mga.i./kgD.W and higher, F1 did not reproduce. Significant oxidative stress was observed in all generations, with increased SOD and lipid damage that slowly decreased in subsequent generations. Transgenerational effects were also observed, with a significantly reduced number of juveniles in F1 and significant oxidative stress and lipid damage in all generations. IBRv2 showed that F1 was most affected, followed by F0, and least affected was F3. When considering the whole body energy budget, F1 to F3 had significantly higher WBEB compared to F0, and a shift in proportion of energy reserves occurred in F1, where the proportion of lipids increased while protein decreased. Results of this research show that considering standard toxicity tests, risks for populations of soil organisms are possibly severely underestimated. Therefore, standard toxicity guidelines should be supplemented by multigenerational tests, when possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Kovačević
- University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Stjepanović
- University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Luca Zelić
- University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Željka Lončarić
- University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Verheyen J, Cuypers K, Stoks R. Adverse effects of the pesticide chlorpyrifos on the physiology of a damselfly only occur at the cold and hot extremes of a temperature gradient. Environ Pollut 2023; 326:121438. [PMID: 36963457 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological studies considerably improved realism by assessing the toxicity of pollutants at different temperatures. Nevertheless, they may miss key interaction patterns between pollutants and temperature by typically considering only part of the natural thermal gradient experienced by species and ignoring daily temperature fluctuations (DTF). We therefore tested in a common garden laboratory experiment the effects of the pesticide chlorpyrifos across a range of mean temperatures and DTF on physiological traits (related to oxidative stress and bioenergetics) in low- and high-latitude populations of Ischnura elegans damselfly larvae. As expected, the impact of chlorpyrifos varied along the wide range of mean temperatures (12-34 °C). None of the physiological traits (except the superoxide anion levels) were affected by chlorpyrifos at the intermediate mean temperatures (20-24 °C). Instead, most of them were negatively affected by chlorpyrifos (reduced activity levels of the antioxidant defense enzymes superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT] and peroxidase [PER], and a reduced energy budget) at the very high (≥28 °C) or extreme high temperatures (≥32 °C), and to lesser extent at the lower mean temperatures (≤16 °C). Notably, at the lower mean temperatures the negative impact of chlorpyrifos was often only present or stronger under DTF. Although the chlorpyrifos effects on the physiological traits greatly depended on the experimentally imposed thermal gradient, patterns were mainly consistent across the natural latitude-associated thermal gradient, indicating the generality of our results. The thermal patterns in chlorpyrifos-induced physiological responses contributed to the observed toxicity patterns in life history (reduced survival and growth at low and high mean temperatures). Taken together, our results underscore the importance of evaluating pesticide toxicity along a temperature gradient and of taking a mechanistic approach with a focus on physiology, to improve our understanding of the combined effects of pollutants and temperature in natural populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Verheyen
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kiani Cuypers
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Czaja R, Holmberg R, Pales Espinosa E, Hennen D, Cerrato R, Lwiza K, O'Dwyer J, Beal B, Root K, Zuklie H, Allam B. Behavioral and physiological effects of ocean acidification and warming on larvae of a continental shelf bivalve. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 192:115048. [PMID: 37236091 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The negative impacts of ocean warming and acidification on bivalve fisheries are well documented but few studies investigate parameters relevant to energy budgets and larval dispersal. This study used laboratory experiments to assess developmental, physiological and behavioral responses to projected climate change scenarios using larval Atlantic surfclams Spisula solidissima solidissima, found in northwest Atlantic Ocean continental shelf waters. Ocean warming increased feeding, scope for growth, and biomineralization, but decreased swimming speed and pelagic larval duration. Ocean acidification increased respiration but reduced immune performance and biomineralization. Growth increased under ocean warming only, but decreased under combined ocean warming and acidification. These results suggest that ocean warming increases metabolic activity and affects larval behavior, while ocean acidification negatively impacts development and physiology. Additionally, principal component analysis demonstrated that growth and biomineralization showed similar response profiles, but inverse response profiles to respiration and swimming speed, suggesting alterations in energy allocation under climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Czaja
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States
| | - Robert Holmberg
- Downeast Institute, 39 Wildflower Lane, P.O. Box 83, Beals, ME 04611, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Pales Espinosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States
| | - Daniel Hennen
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water Street Woods Hole, MA 02543-1026, United States
| | - Robert Cerrato
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States
| | - Kamazima Lwiza
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States
| | - Jennifer O'Dwyer
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, East Setauket, NY 1173, United States
| | - Brian Beal
- Downeast Institute, 39 Wildflower Lane, P.O. Box 83, Beals, ME 04611, United States; University of Maine at Machias, 116 O'Brien Avenue, Machias, ME 04654, United States
| | - Kassandra Root
- Downeast Institute, 39 Wildflower Lane, P.O. Box 83, Beals, ME 04611, United States
| | - Hannah Zuklie
- Downeast Institute, 39 Wildflower Lane, P.O. Box 83, Beals, ME 04611, United States
| | - Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu X, Zhang X, Peng J, Deng Y, Liu Y, Jiang L, Zhao L. Survival and physiological energetics of highly invasive mussels exposed to heatwaves. Mar Environ Res 2023; 187:105948. [PMID: 36931046 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The South American mussel, Mytella strigata, is a highly invasive fouling species of great concern along intertidal shores in East and Southeast Asia, posing serious threats to native biodiversity and ecosystems. Intertidal areas, being increasingly attacked by heatwaves over the last decade, are among the most thermally challenging habitats, yet the fate of this highly invasive mussel under scenarios of hotter heatwaves remains unknown. Here, we investigated how M. strigata responded to intensifying heatwaves frequently occurring in the South China Sea. Over 97% of individuals survived the five-day-lasting heatwaves, suggesting their high ability to cope with short-term heatwaves. Virtually unaffected clearance rate and absorption efficiency throughout the course of heatwaves indicate the maintenance of energy acquisition, and significantly decreased respiration rate implies the depression of energy metabolism, generating significant decreases in the O:N ratio when heatwaves occurred. Scope for growth of heatwaves-stressed mussels significantly decreased during initial exposure and then increased over time. These findings indicate the remarkable ability of M. strigata to cope with heatwaves recorded in its invasive habitats and call the attention for the rapid spread of this highly invasive fouling species in the context of climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xingzhi Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Jinxia Peng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Yuewen Deng
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Pearl Research Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Linyuan Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Nanning, China.
| | - Liqiang Zhao
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Goode CK, Sutton GP. Control of high-speed jumps: the rotation and energetics of the locust (Schistocerca gregaria). J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:145-153. [PMID: 36715704 PMCID: PMC9992258 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) jump using a latch mediated spring actuated system in the femur-tibia joint of their metathoracic legs. These jumps are exceptionally fast and display angular rotation immediately after take-off. In this study, we focus on the angular velocity, at take-off, of locusts ranging between 0.049 and 1.50 g to determine if and how rotation-rate scales with size. From 263 jumps recorded from 44 individuals, we found that angular velocity scales with mass-0.33, consistent with a hypothesis of locusts having a constant rotational kinetic energy density. Within the data from each locust, angular velocity increased proportionally with linear velocity, suggesting the two cannot be independently controlled and thus a fixed energy budget is formed at take-off. On average, the energy budget of a jump is distributed 98.7% to translational kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy, and 1.3% to rotational kinetic energy. The percentage of energy devoted to rotation was constant across all sizes of locusts and represents a very small proportion of the energy budget. This analysis suggests that smaller locusts find it harder to jump without body rotation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C K Goode
- School of Life Sciences, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Beevor Street, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, England, UK.
| | - Gregory P Sutton
- School of Life Sciences, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Beevor Street, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, England, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bart S, Jager T, Short S, Robinson A, Sleep D, Pereira MG, Spurgeon DJ, Ashauer R. Modelling the effects of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin on the life cycle of the soil dwelling annelid Enchytraeus crypticus, an original experimental design to calibrate a DEB-TKTD model. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023; 250:114499. [PMID: 36610295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Dynamic Energy Budget theory (DEB) enables ecotoxicologists to model the effects of chemical stressors on organism life cycles through the coupling of toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TK-TD) models. While good progress has been made in the application of DEB-TKTD models for aquatic organisms, applications for soil fauna are scarce, due to the lack of dedicated experimental designs suitable for collecting the required time series effect data. Enchytraeids (Annelida: Clitellata) are model organisms in soil ecology and ecotoxicology. They are recognised as indicators of biological activity in soil, and chemical stress in terrestrial ecosystems. Despite this, the application of DEB-TKTD models to investigate the impact of chemicals has not yet been tested on this family. Here we assessed the impact of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin on the life cycle of Enchytraeus crypticus. We developed an original experimental design to collect the data required for the calibration of a DEB-TKTD model for this species. E. crypticus presented a slow initial growth phase that has been successfully simulated with the addition of a size-dependent food limitation for juveniles in the DEB model. The DEB-TKTD model simulations successfully agreed with the data for all endpoints and treatments over time. The highlighted physiological mode of action (pMoA) for cypermethrin was an increase of the growth energy cost. The threshold for effects on survival was estimated at 73.14 mg kg- 1, and the threshold for effects on energy budget (i.e., sublethal effects) at 19.21 mg kg- 1. This study demonstrates that DEB-TKTD models can be successfully applied to E. crypticus as a representative soil species, and may improve the ecological risk assessment for terrestrial ecosystems, and our mechanistic understanding of chemical effects on non-target species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Bart
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK; UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK; MO-ECO2 (Modelling and Data Analyses for Ecology and Ecotoxicology), Paris, France.
| | | | - Stephen Short
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Alex Robinson
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Darren Sleep
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - M Glória Pereira
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | | | - Roman Ashauer
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK; Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Macías-Torres P, Alerstam T, Andersson A, Bäckman J, Thorup K, Tøttrup AP, Sjöberg S. Activity patterns throughout the annual cycle in a long-distance migratory songbird, the red-backed shrike Lanius collurio. Mov Ecol 2022; 10:55. [PMID: 36457000 PMCID: PMC9716747 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-022-00355-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-distance migratory birds undergo complex annual cycles during which they must adjust their behaviour according to the needs and conditions encountered throughout the year. Yet, variation in activity throughout the entire annual cycle has rarely been studied in wild migratory birds. METHODS We used multisensor data loggers to evaluate the patterns of activity throughout the complete annual cycle of a long-distance migratory bird, the red-backed shrike Lanius collurio. Accelerometer data was used to identify life-history stages and to estimate levels of activity during various phases of the annual cycle. In this study, we analysed the variation in daytime activity along the annual cycle and between migratory and non-migratory days. RESULTS The birds' daytime activity varied throughout the annual cycle while night-time activity was almost exclusively restricted to migratory flights. The highest daytime activity levels were observed during the breeding season, while it remained low during autumn migration and the winter period. Daytime activity differed between sexes during the breeding period, when the males showed the highest level in activity. During migratory periods, both sexes exhibited a higher daytime activity in spring compared to autumn migration, being particularly high in the final migratory leg towards the breeding ground. The birds showed a lower daytime activity on migratory days (days when a migratory flight took place during the succeeding night) than on non-migratory days during both migratory seasons. CONCLUSIONS Activity measured during daytime results from a combination of several behaviours, and a high daytime activity during spring migration and the breeding period is possibly reflecting particularly energy-demanding periods in the annual cycle of migratory birds. The use of multisensor data loggers to track annual activity provides us with a full annual perspective on variation in activity in long-distance migratory species, an essential approach for understanding possible critical life-history stages and migration ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Macías-Torres
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, Sweden.
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Alerstam
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, Sweden
| | - Arne Andersson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Bäckman
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kasper Thorup
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders P Tøttrup
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sissel Sjöberg
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Norstog JL, McCormick SD, Kelly JT. Metabolic costs associated with seawater acclimation in a euryhaline teleost, the fourspine stickleback (Apeltes quadracus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 262:110780. [PMID: 35863659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cost of osmoregulation in teleosts has been debated for decades, with estimates ranging from one to 30 % of routine metabolic rate. The variation in the energy budget appears to be greater for euryhaline fish due to their ability to withstand dynamic salinity levels. In this study, a time course of metabolic and physiological responses of the euryhaline fourspine stickleback (Apeltes quadracus) acclimated to freshwater (FW) and then exposed to seawater (SW) was examined. There was 18% mortality in the first 3 days following exposure to SW, with no mortalities in the FW control group. Gill Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity, an index of osmoregulatory capacity, increased 2.6-fold in SW fish peaking on days 7 and 14. Gill citrate synthase activity, an index of aerobic capacity, was 50-62% greater in SW than FW fish and peaked on day 7. Tissue water content was significantly lower in the SW fish on day 1 only, returning to FW levels by day 3. Routine metabolic rate was decreased within 24 h of SW exposure and was maintained slightly (8-22%) but significantly lower in SW compared to FW water controls throughout the 2-week experiment. These results indicate that elevated salinity resulted in increased SW osmoregulatory and aerobic capacity in the gill, but with a reduced whole animal metabolic rate to this euryhaline species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Norstog
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Stephen D McCormick
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, 1 Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA 01376, USA; Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - John T Kelly
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jinger D, Kumar R, Kakade V, Dinesh D, Singh G, Pande VC, Bhatnagar PR, Rao BK, Vishwakarma AK, Kumar D, Singhal V. Agroforestry for controlling soil erosion and enhancing system productivity in ravine lands of Western India under climate change scenario. Environ Monit Assess 2022; 194:267. [PMID: 35262801 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil erosion in semi-arid climate leading to the development of ravine lands is the most severe form of land degradation. Ravine lands are formed when soil is not fully covered by the vegetation throughout the year and sporadic vegetation is not able to bind the soil particles from being washed away by rainfall. Throughout the globe, ravine lands have severe limitations for their rehabilitation and sustainable utilization as a consequence of its unique topographical features. Climatic and edaphic stresses make crop production extremely challenging in these lands. Practicing sole cropping promotes erosion, produces low crop yield, utilizes high energy, and emits greenhouse gasses (GHGs). Tree cultivation either sole or in combination with crops (agroforestry) has a strong potential to control erosion, produce sustainable economic yield, reduce energy consumption, and sequester greater amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide in biomass and soil carbon pools besides providing various ecosystem services. Therefore, practicing agroforestry could be a promising approach to obtain the greater environmental and economic benefits in the ravine lands. The present study was conducted on three systems, i.e., sole crop cultivation (cowpea + castor), agroforestry (sapota + cowpea + castor), and sole sapota plantation, to evaluate their impact on soil erosion, runoff, system productivity, profitability, energetics, and carbon sequestration during the 4-year period (2017-2020). The results revealed that agroforestry reduced the total soil loss and runoff by 37.7% and 19.1%, respectively, compared to the sole crop cultivation. Likewise, the highest system productivity as cowpea equivalent yield (CEY) was obtained under agroforestry system that increased the CEY by 162% and 81.9%, compared to sole crop and sole tree plantation, respectively. The climate change mitigation potential in terms of net carbon balance was observed highest in sole tree plantation (8.4 t/ha) followed by agroforestry system (5.9 t/ha) and lowest in sole cropping system (-2.8 t/ha). Therefore, an agroforestry system could be recommended for controlling soil erosion, improving system productivity and profitability, and reducing energy consumption as well as mitigating climate change in ravine lands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Jinger
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Center, Vasad, 388306, Anand, Gujarat, India.
| | - Raj Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Center, Vasad, 388306, Anand, Gujarat, India
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Vijaysinha Kakade
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Center, Vasad, 388306, Anand, Gujarat, India
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, 413115, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - D Dinesh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Center, Vasad, 388306, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Gaurav Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Center, Vasad, 388306, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - V C Pande
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Center, Vasad, 388306, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - P R Bhatnagar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Center, Vasad, 388306, Anand, Gujarat, India
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - B K Rao
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Center, Vasad, 388306, Anand, Gujarat, India
- Water and Land Management Training and Research Institute, Hyderabad, 500030, Telangana, India
| | - A K Vishwakarma
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Center, Vasad, 388306, Anand, Gujarat, India
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal, 462038, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Center, Datia, 475661, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vibha Singhal
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun, 248195, Uttarakhand, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Meng S, Tran TT, Van Dinh K, Delnat V, Stoks R. Acute warming increases pesticide toxicity more than transgenerational warming by reducing the energy budget. Sci Total Environ 2022; 805:150373. [PMID: 34818764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing awareness that the toxicity of pesticides can to a large extent be modulated by warming, and that temporal exposure scenarios may strongly affect the impact of two stressors. Nevertheless, we lack information on how the exposure duration to warming may shape pesticide toxicity under warming. Furthermore, despite that bioenergetic responses have the potential to generate mechanistic insights in how toxicants interact with warming, this has been understudied in ecotoxicology. To investigate whether warming duration modifies pesticide toxicity, mosquito larvae were exposed to a control temperature at 20 °C or three warming treatments at 24 °C (acute, developmental and transgenerational warming), and to four pesticide treatments (solvent control, and three chlorpyrifos concentrations) in a full factorial design. Chlorpyrifos increased mortality, growth rate and the energy consumed, and reduced the AChE (acetylcholinesterase) activity, the energy available, and the net energy budget (estimated as cellular energy allocation). The warming treatments did not affect mortality, AChE activity, and the energy consumed. However, acute warming increased the growth rate and decreased the energy available, while both acute and developmental warming decreased the cellular energy allocation. A first key finding was that the lethal and sublethal effects of chlorpyrifos were less strong under warming because of a higher degradation in the medium under warming. A second key finding was that, among the warming treatments, the pesticide toxicity was more increased under acute warming than under transgenerational warming. This could be explained by the negative impact of acute warming but not transgenerational warming on the net energy budget. The results in this study provide mechanistic insights that the exposure duration to warming can play an important role in modulating the impact of pesticides under warming. Therefore, including ecologically relevant temporal scenarios of exposure to warming is important in ecotoxicological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shandong Meng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Tam T Tran
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, Khanh Hoa, Viet Nam
| | - Khuong Van Dinh
- Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, Khanh Hoa, Viet Nam
| | - Vienna Delnat
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Maier SR, Jantzen C, Laudien J, Häussermann V, Försterra G, Cornils A, Niggemann J, Dittmar T, Richter C. The carbon and nitrogen budget of Desmophyllum dianthus-a voracious cold-water coral thriving in an acidified Patagonian fjord. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12609. [PMID: 34966598 PMCID: PMC8667745 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the North Patagonian fjord region, the cold-water coral (CWC) Desmophyllum dianthus occurs in high densities, in spite of low pH and aragonite saturation. If and how these conditions affect the energy demand of the corals is so far unknown. In a laboratory experiment, we investigated the carbon and nitrogen (C, N) budget of D. dianthus from Comau Fjord under three feeding scenarios: (1) live fjord zooplankton (100–2,300 µm), (2) live fjord zooplankton plus krill (>7 mm), and (3) four-day food deprivation. In closed incubations, C and N budgets were derived from the difference between C and N uptake during feeding and subsequent C and N loss through respiration, ammonium excretion, release of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC, PON). Additional feeding with krill significantly increased coral respiration (35%), excretion (131%), and POC release (67%) compared to feeding on zooplankton only. Nevertheless, the higher C and N losses were overcompensated by the threefold higher C and N uptake, indicating a high assimilation and growth efficiency for the krill plus zooplankton diet. In contrast, short food deprivation caused a substantial reduction in respiration (59%), excretion (54%), release of POC (73%) and PON (87%) compared to feeding on zooplankton, suggesting a high potential to acclimatize to food scarcity (e.g., in winter). Notwithstanding, unfed corals ‘lost’ 2% of their tissue-C and 1.2% of their tissue-N per day in terms of metabolism and released particulate organic matter (likely mucus). To balance the C (N) losses, each D. dianthus polyp has to consume around 700 (400) zooplankters per day. The capture of a single, large krill individual, however, provides enough C and N to compensate daily C and N losses and grow tissue reserves, suggesting that krill plays an important nutritional role for the fjord corals. Efficient krill and zooplankton capture, as well as dietary and metabolic flexibility, may enable D. dianthus to thrive under adverse environmental conditions in its fjord habitat; however, it is not known how combined anthropogenic warming, acidification and eutrophication jeopardize the energy balance of this important habitat-building species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R Maier
- Department of Biosciences, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.,Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ-Yerseke), Yerseke, Netherlands
| | - Carin Jantzen
- Department of Biosciences, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Jürgen Laudien
- Department of Biosciences, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Verena Häussermann
- Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile.,Huinay Foundation, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Günter Försterra
- Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Astrid Cornils
- Department of Biosciences, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Jutta Niggemann
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Dittmar
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Claudio Richter
- Department of Biosciences, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.,Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Na J, Kim Y, Song J, Shim T, Cho K, Jung J. Evaluation of the combined effect of elevated temperature and cadmium toxicity on Daphnia magna using a simplified DEBtox model. Environ Pollut 2021; 291:118250. [PMID: 34597733 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thermal discharge and heatwaves under climate change may increase water temperature. In this study, the individual and combined effect of elevated temperature and cadmium (Cd) toxicity on somatic growth and reproduction of Daphnia magna was evaluated using a simplified dynamic energy budget model (DEBtox). The model predicted that the maximum body length (Lm) would be shorter (3.705 mm) at an elevated temperature of 25 °C than at 20 °C (3.974 mm), whereas the maximum reproduction rate (R˙m) would be higher at 25 °C (5.735) than at 20 °C (5.591). The somatic growth and reproduction of D. magna were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced with increasing Cd concentrations, and the reduction was greater at 25 than at 20 °C. Potentiation of Cd toxicity by elevated temperature was correctly simulated by assuming four toxicological modes of action influencing assimilation, somatic maintenance and growth, and reproduction. Overall, the population growth rate of D. magna was expected to decrease linearly with increasing Cd concentrations, and the decrease was expected to be higher at 25 than at 20 °C. These findings suggest a significant ecological risk of toxic metals at elevated temperature, with a mechanistic interpretation of the potentiation effect using a DEBtox modeling approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joorim Na
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongeun Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Song
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyong Shim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kijong Cho
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Jung
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tozzi A. An economic approach to energy budgets: HOW many resources should living organisms spare? Biosystems 2021; 211:104584. [PMID: 34843913 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ramsey's economic theory of saving (RTS) estimates how much of its commodities a nation should save to safeguard the well-being of future generations. Since RTS retains many attractive qualities such as simplicity, strength, breadth and generality, here we ask if it would be useful to investigate biophysical issues. Specifically, we focus on a biological topic that lends itself as a backdrop for the study of the imbalance between intake and expenditure, i.e., the evaluation of the multicellular living organisms' energetic requirements and constraints. Our problem is to find at each time the optimum distribution and the right balance of the cellular energy budget between consumption and storage: how much must a living organism spare to increase its chances of survival over long periods? To give an operational example, we discuss the ATP requirements in the central nervous system during the spontaneous and the evoked activity of the brain, showing that the experimentally detected values of energetic expenditure during neural computations match well with the estimations provided by RTS. Suggesting how to find the optimum allocation of the available energy between expenditure and saving at each time, RTS approaches to biological energy budgets may have a wide range of experimental applications, such as: a) optimization of the long-term survival chances of either immortalized cell cultures, or beneficial bacterial colonies and exogenous probiotic mixtures; b) eradication of detrimental biofilms, such as, e.g., heart valves' Streptococcus colonies; c) novel anti-stress and anti-ageing strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Tozzi
- Center for Nonlinear Science, Department of Physics, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #311427, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Seyed Alian R, Dziewięcka M, Kędziorski A, Majchrzycki Ł, Augustyniak M. Do nanoparticles cause hormesis? Early physiological compensatory response in house crickets to a dietary admixture of GO, Ag, and GOAg composite. Sci Total Environ 2021; 788:147801. [PMID: 34022572 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the physiological responses of house cricket females following short-term exposure to relatively low dietary doses of graphene oxide (GO, 20 μg · g-1 food), silver (Ag, 400 μg · g-1 food) nanoparticles (NPs), or graphene oxide‑silver nanoparticle composite (GO-AgNPs, 20: 400 μg · g-1 food). Energy intake and distribution were measured on the third, sixth, and tenth day. A semi-quantitative API®ZYM assay of digestive enzyme fingerprints was performed on the third and tenth day of continuous treatment. Physicochemical properties of the NPs were obtained by combining SEM, EDX spectrometry, AFM, and DLS techniques. The obtained results showed decreased energy consumption, particularly assimilation as an early response to dietary NPs followed by compensatory changes in feeding activity leading to the same consumption and assimilation throughout the experimental period (10 days). The increased activities of digestive enzymes in NP-treated females compared to the control on the third day of the experiment suggest the onset of compensatory reactions of the day. Moreover, the insects treated with GO-AgNP composite retained more body water, suggesting increased uptake. The observed changes in the measured physiological parameters after exposure to NPs are discussed in light of hormesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Seyed Alian
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Marta Dziewięcka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kędziorski
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Majchrzycki
- Centre of Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maria Augustyniak
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fjelldal MA, Wright J, Stawski C. Nightly torpor use in response to weather conditions and individual state in an insectivorous bat. Oecologia 2021; 197:129-42. [PMID: 34455495 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Torpor is a well-known energy conservation strategy in many mammal and bird species. It is often employed when environmental conditions are unfavourable to maximize survival probabilities. However, torpor often carries with it the physiological costs of a low body temperature and of rewarming in addition to potential missed opportunities for foraging. Therefore, we hypothesised that decision making regarding when to use torpor should reflect the most important environmental conditions for species distributions, and thus how they may be impacted by ongoing climate change. We investigated how weather conditions affect nightly torpor patterns in the nocturnal insectivorous Australian eastern long-eared bat (Nyctophilus bifax). By measuring the skin temperature of 37 free-ranging individuals, we confirmed that torpor was used more frequently during the winter and at subtropical compared to tropical locations. Using mixed-effect models we show that lower ambient temperatures were the main driver of individual torpor use, probably due to lower roost temperatures and prey availability. However, increased rain, wind and humidity, and decreasing barometric pressure, as well as brighter moonlight, also led to more time spent torpid per night. We suggest that bats evaluate multiple environmental cues to make decisions regarding torpor use versus active foraging based upon their expectations of the energetic benefits, prey availability and relative predation risk. Interactions between some of these effects and body mass (whilst controlling for forearm length) indicate that individual variation in body size and/or state-dependent effects of energy reserves also partly determined the use of nightly torpor in these bats.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Wild animals are under selective pressure to optimise energy budgets; therefore, quantifying energy expenditure, intake and allocation to specific activities is important if we are to understand how animals survive in their environment. One approach toward estimating energy budgets has involved measuring oxygen consumption rates under controlled conditions and constructing allometric relationships across species. However, studying 'giant' marine vertebrates (e.g. pelagic sharks, whales) in this way is logistically difficult or impossible. An alternative approach involves the use of increasingly sophisticated electronic tags that have allowed recordings of behaviour, internal states and the surrounding environment of marine animals. This Review outlines how we could study the energy expenditure and intake of free-living ocean giants using this 'biologging' technology. There are kinematic, physiological and theoretical approaches for estimating energy expenditure, each of which has merits and limitations. Importantly, tag-derived energy proxies can hardly be validated against oxygen consumption rates for giant species. The proxies are thus qualitative, rather than quantitative, estimates of energy expenditure, and have more limited utilities. Despite this limitation, these proxies allow us to study the energetics of ocean giants in their behavioural context, providing insight into how these animals optimise their energy budgets under natural conditions. We also outline how information on energy intake and foraging behaviour can be gained from tag data. These methods are becoming increasingly important owing to the natural and anthropogenic environmental changes faced by ocean giants that can alter their energy budgets, fitness and, ultimately, population sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Y Watanabe
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan.,Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Jeremy A Goldbogen
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Egnew N, Renukdas N, Romano N, Kelly AM, Lohakare J, Bishop WM, Lochmann RT, Sinha AK. Physio-biochemical, metabolic nitrogen excretion and ion-regulatory assessment in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) following exposure to high environmental iron. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 208:111526. [PMID: 33099141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Iron overload is a significant water quality issue in many parts of the world. Therefore, we evaluated the potential toxic effects of waterborne elevated iron on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), a highly valued sport and aquaculture fish species. First, a 96 h-LC50 toxicity assay was performed to understand the tolerance limit of this species to iron; and was determined to be 22.07 mg/L (as Fe3+). Thereafter, to get a better insight on the fish survival during long-term exposure to high environmental iron (HEI) (5.52 mg/L, 25% of the determined 96 h-LC50 value), a suite of physio-biochemical, nitrogenous metabolic and ion-regulatory compensatory responses were examined at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Results showed that oxygen consumption dropped significantly at 21 and 28 days of HEI exposure. Ammonia excretion rate (Jamm) was significantly inhibited from day 14 and remained suppressed until the last exposure period. The transcript concentration of Rhesus glycoproteins Rhcg2 declined; likely diminishing ammonia efflux out of gills. These changes were also reflected by a parallel increment in plasma ammonia levels. Under HEI exposure, ion-balance was negatively affected, manifested by reduced plasma [Na+] and parallel inhibition in branchial Na+/K+-ATPase activity. Muscle water content was elevated in HEI-exposed fish, signifying an osmo-regulatory compromise. HEI exposure also increased iron burden in plasma and gills. The iron accumulation pattern in gills was significantly correlated with a suppression of Jamm, branchial Rhcg2 expression and Na+/K+-ATPase activity. There was also a decline in the glycogen, protein and lipid reserves in the hepatic tissue from 14 days, 28 days and 21 days, respectively. Overall, we conclude that sub-lethal chronic iron exposure can impair normal physio-biochemical and ion-regulatory functions in largemouth bass. Moreover, this data set can be applied in assessing the environmental risk posed by a waterborne iron overload on aquatic life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Egnew
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA
| | - Nilima Renukdas
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA
| | - Nicholas Romano
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA
| | - Anita M Kelly
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA; Alabama Fish Farming Center, Auburn University, Greensboro, AL 36744, USA
| | - Jayant Lohakare
- Department of Agriculture-Animal Science, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA
| | - West M Bishop
- SePRO Research and Technology Campus, 16013 Watson Seed Farm Rd., Whitakers, NC 27891, USA
| | - Rebecca T Lochmann
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA
| | - Amit Kumar Sinha
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Deng GM, Yu JX, Xu JQ, Bao YF, Chen Q, Cao J, Zhao ZJ. Exposure to artificial wind increases energy intake and reproductive performance of female Swiss mice ( Mus musculus) in hot temperatures. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb231415. [PMID: 32665446 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.231415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High temperatures and heatwaves are rapidly emerging as an important threat to many aspects of physiology and behavior in females during lactation. The body's capacity to dissipate heat is reduced by high ambient temperatures, increasing the risk of hyperthermia. Exposure to wind, a pervasive environmental factor for most terrestrial animals, is known to increase heat loss, but its effects on the reproductive performance of small mammals remains unclear. In the present study, the effects of wind on the energy budgets, resting metabolic rate and milk energy output (MEO) were measured in lactating Swiss mice at 21 and 32.5°C. Females kept at 32.5°C had a significantly lower resting metabolic rate, food intake and MEO, and lighter offspring, than those kept at 21°C. However, exposure to wind increased the asymptotic food intake of females kept at 32.5°C by 22.5% (P<0.01), their MEO by 20.7% (P<0.05) and their litter mass by 17.6% (P<0.05). The body temperature of females kept at 32.5°C was significantly higher during lactation than that of females kept at 21°C, but this difference was reduced by exposure to wind. These findings suggest that exposure to wind considerably improves reproductive performance, increasing the fitness of small mammals while undergoing hot temperatures during heatwaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Min Deng
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jing-Xin Yu
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jia-Qi Xu
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yu-Fan Bao
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhao
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Matyja K, Rybak J, Hanus-Lorenz B, Wróbel M, Rutkowski R. Effects of polystyrene diet on Tenebrio molitor larval growth, development and survival: Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) model analysis. Environ Pollut 2020; 264:114740. [PMID: 32416426 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of polystyrene (PS) waste increases constantly. Styrofoam, the most popular form of PS, is one of the major plastic pollutants in the environment. An efficient and environmentally friendly method of PS recycling is still needed. The biodegradation of PS by insects has been presented by researchers as a promising alternative to chemical, mechanical and thermal methods. The main aim of this study was to assess the survival, growth, and development of yellow mealworms (the larvae of Tenebrio molitor) fed with PS to determine if the insects are able to use PS as a source of mass and energy. The Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) model was used to analyze the effects of food type on the growth trajectory and metabolism of tested organisms. We investigated five possible modes of influence of PS diet on DEB model parameters including a decrease of food availability, an increase in somatic maintenance power, an increase in costs for structure, allocation of energy, and a decrease in somatic maintenance power. Our results show that changes in the development of larvae fed with PS are mainly caused by a decrease in reserves density and reaction of the organism to the insufficient food supply. The inability or difficulty in completing the life cycle of T. molitor larvae fed with PS raises doubts about the use of mealworms as an effective technology for utilizing polystyrene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Matyja
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Bioprocess and Biomedical Engineering, ul. Norwida 4/6, 50-373, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Justyna Rybak
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Beata Hanus-Lorenz
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wróbel
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Radosław Rutkowski
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mintram KS, Maynard SK, Brown AR, Boyd R, Johnston ASA, Sibly RM, Thorbek P, Tyler CR. Applying a mechanistic model to predict interacting effects of chemical exposure and food availability on fish populations. Aquat Toxicol 2020; 224:105483. [PMID: 32408005 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The potential environmental impacts of chemical exposures on wildlife are of growing concern. Freshwater ecosystems are vulnerable to chemical effects and wildlife populations, including fish, can be exposed to concentrations known to cause adverse effects at the individual level. Wild fish populations are also often subjected to numerous other stressors simultaneously which in temperate climates often include sustained periods of food limitation. The potential interactive effects of chemical exposures and food limitation on fish populations are however difficult to establish in the field. Mechanistic modelling approaches can be employed to help predict how the physiological effects of chemicals and food limitation on individuals may translate to population-level effects. Here an energy budget-individual-based model was developed and the control (no chemical) model was validated for the three-spined stickleback. Findings from two endocrine active chemical (EAC) case studies, (ethinyloestradiol and trenbolone) were then used to investigate how effects on individual fecundity translated into predicted population-level effects for environmentally relevant exposures. The cumulative effects of chemical exposure and food limitation were included in these analyses. Results show that effects of each EAC on the population were dependent on energy availability, and effects on population abundance were exacerbated by food limitation. Findings suggest that chemical effects and density dependent food competition interact to determine population responses to chemical exposures. Our study illustrates how mechanistic modelling approaches might usefully be applied to account for specific chemical effects, energy budgets and density-dependent competition, to provide a more integrated evaluation of population outcomes in chemical risk assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Mintram
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - S K Maynard
- Global Safety, Health and Environment Astrazeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - A R Brown
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - R Boyd
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - A S A Johnston
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK
| | - R M Sibly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK
| | - P Thorbek
- Syngenta, Jealotts Hill, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - C R Tyler
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Aldana M, Pulgar J, Hernández B, George-Nascimento M, Lagos NA, García-Huidobro MR. Context-Dependence in parasite effects on keyhole limpets. Mar Environ Res 2020; 157:104923. [PMID: 32094097 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Parasites alter the reproductive performance of their hosts, limit their growth, and thereby modify the energy budget of these hosts. Experimental studies and theoretical models suggest that the outcome of the host-parasite interactions could be determined by ecological factors such as food availability levels in the local habitats. Nutrient inputs may affect the host's food resource availability with positive or negative effects on parasite infection rates and tolerance of infection, however this has not been specifically evaluated in natural systems. In this study, we evaluate the effects of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on body size, gonadosomatic index (GSI), and metabolic rate (oxygen consumption) of their second intermediate host Fissurella crassa limpets, under contrasting natural conditions of productivity (upwelling center vs upwelling shadow sites). Our results evidenced that parasitized limpets collected from the intertidal habitat influenced by coastal upwelling site showed greater shell length, muscular foot biomass and GSI as compared to non-parasitized limpets collected in the same site, and compared to parasitized and non-parasitized limpets collected from the sites under the influence of upwelling shadow conditions. Oxygen consumption was lower in parasitized limpets collected from the upwelling-influenced site than in the other groups, independent of age, suggesting reduced metabolic stress in infected individuals inhabiting these productive sites. Our results suggest that increased productivity in upwelling sites could mitigate the conflict for resources in the P. humboldti - F. crassa system, influencing where such interaction is found in the continuum between parasitism and mutualism. Since parasitism is ubiquitous in natural systems, and play important roles in ecological and evolutionary processes, it is important to analyze host-parasite interaction across a variety of ecological conditions, especially in biological conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Aldana
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Conservación y Gestión de la Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile.
| | - J Pulgar
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile
| | - B Hernández
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile
| | - M George-Nascimento
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Casilla 297, Concepción, Chile
| | - N A Lagos
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - M R García-Huidobro
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Conservación y Gestión de la Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Turra A, Ragagnin MN, McCarthy ID, Fernandez WS. The effect of ocean acidification on the intertidal hermit crab Pagurus criniticornis is not modulated by cheliped amputation and sex. Mar Environ Res 2020; 153:104794. [PMID: 31582297 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of the interactive effects of ocean acidification (OA) with other anthropogenic environmental stressors on marine biodiversity are receiving increasing attention in recent years. However, little is known about how organismal responses to OA may be influenced by common phenomena such as autotomy and sexual dimorphism. This study evaluated the long-term (120 days) combined effects of OA (pH 7.7), experimental cheliped amputation and sex on physiological stress (mortality, growth, number of molts, cheliped regeneration and startle response) and energy budget (lipid and calcium contents) in the intertidal sexually-dimorphic hermit crab Pagurus criniticornis. Crabs exposed to OA reduced survivorship (46%), molting frequency (36%) and lipid content (42%). Autotomised crabs and males molted more frequently (39% and 32%, respectively). Males presented higher regeneration (33%) and lower lipid content (24%). The few synergistic effects recorded did not indicate any clear pattern among treatments however, (1) a stronger reduction in lipid content was recorded in non-autotomised crabs exposed to low pH; (2) calcium content was higher in males than females only for autotomised crabs under control pH; and (3) autotomised females showed a proportionally slower activity recovery than autotomised males. Although our results suggest an effect of long-term exposure to low pH on the physiological stress and energy budget of Pagurus criniticornis, the physiological repertoire and plasticity associated with limb regeneration and the maintenance of dimorphism in secondary sexual characters may provide resilience to long-term exposure to OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Turra
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-120, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marilia N Ragagnin
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-120, SP, Brazil
| | - Ian D McCarthy
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Świątek ZM, Bednarska AJ. Energy reserves and respiration rate in the earthworm Eisenia andrei after exposure to zinc in nanoparticle or ionic form. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:24933-24945. [PMID: 31243653 PMCID: PMC6689315 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The energy budget is an indicator of an organism's overall condition. Changes in energy reserves and/or energy consumption have been used as biomarkers of toxic stress. To understand the effects of different forms and concentrations of Zn and the costs of effective Zn regulation by the earthworm Eisenia andrei, we performed a toxicokinetic experiment in which individuals were sampled over time to determine the available energy reserves (total carbohydrate, protein, and lipid content), energy consumption (measured at the cellular level and as the whole-animal respiration rate), and internal Zn concentration. The earthworms were exposed to ZnCl2 or zinc nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in Lufa 2.2 soil for 21 days (contamination phase), followed by 14 days of elimination in clean soil (decontamination phase). Carbohydrates were the only energy reserves with significantly lower levels following ZnO-NP 1000 treatment than following other treatments (p ≤ 0.00001) in the contamination phase. The total available energy reserves and protein content did not differ among treatments, but a significant effect of exposure time was observed (p ≤ 0.0001). Exposure to Zn (both ions and NPs) increased energy consumption at the cellular level, reflecting the high energy demand of the stress response. The results indicated that E. andrei can regulate internal Zn concentrations efficiently, regardless of form or concentration, without considerable impact on energy reserves or respiration rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna M Świątek
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka J Bednarska
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, 31-120, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Stumpp M, Dupont S, Hu MY. Measurement of feeding rates, respiration, and pH regulatory processes in the light of ocean acidification research. Methods Cell Biol 2019; 150:391-409. [PMID: 30777185 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The physiology of marine larvae has received considerable attention in the context of anthropogenic ocean acidification (OA). Many marine larvae including those of echinoderms, hemichordates, and mollusks are characterized by a developmental delay when exposed to reductions in seawater pH with the underlying mechanisms being largely unexplored. A key task in the frame of OA research lies in the identification of unifying physiological principles that may explain reductions in growth and development. The sea urchin larva has been identified as a good model organism, and energy allocations toward compensatory processes were found to be key factors affecting development. However, physiological approaches to assess the animal's energy budget, as well as methods to characterize energy consuming processes (e.g., gut pH homeostasis and biomineralization) were scarce. During the last decade, a suite of physiological techniques was developed, to accurately determine the larval energy budget including feeding and metabolic rate measurements. To identify and characterize energy consuming processes, gastroscopic pH measurements in the larval gut and intracellular pH measurements of primary mesenchyme cells were developed. These techniques helped to understand fundamental processes of gut homeostasis and biomineralization in the developing sea urchin larva and their interaction with the environment. Using the sea urchin larva as a model these methods were successfully transferred to other echinoderm and hemichordate early developmental stages. This chapter explains and provides the methodological basis for the determination of feeding and metabolic rates as well as intracellular and extracellular pH measurements using the sea urchin larva as an example.
Collapse
|
31
|
Aderemi AO, Novais SC, Lemos MFL, Alves LM, Hunter C, Pahl O. Oxidative stress responses and cellular energy allocation changes in microalgae following exposure to widely used human antibiotics. Aquat Toxicol 2018; 203:130-139. [PMID: 30125766 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The individual effect of four human antibiotics on the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata was investigated following a 120-h exposure. The effects were assessed by analyzing growth, and biochemical parameters related with: 1) antioxidant capacity and oxidative damage by measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels; and 2) cellular energy allocation (CEA) by quantifying the content in energy reserves, which represents the energy available (Ea), and the electron transport system activity that represents a measure of oxygen and cellular energy consumption (Ec). Growth yield inhibitory concentrations of sulfamethoxazole (18-30%), clarithromycin (28.7%), ciprofloxacin (28%) and erythromycin (17-39%) were found to elicit a considerable increase in Ec, thereby causing a significant decrease in the CEA. The elevated Ec can be a result of the need to respond to oxidative stress occurring under those conditions given the significant increase in SOD activity at these levels. For sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin, the antioxidant responses do not seem to be enough to cope with the reactive oxygen species and prevent oxidative damage, given the elevated LPO levels observed. A stimulatory effect on growth yield was observed (up to 16%) at ciprofloxacin lowest concentration, which highly correlated with the increase in CEA. Based on the no observed effect concentration (NOECs) and/or effective concentration (EC10) results, Ec, SOD and CEA were more sensitive than the classical endpoint of growth rate for all the tested antibiotics. By revealing the antibiotic stress effects in R. subcapitata at the cellular level, this study suggests CEA as a more reliable indicator of the organisms' physiological status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu O Aderemi
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, United Kingdom.
| | - Sara C Novais
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Portugal
| | - Marco F L Lemos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Portugal
| | - Luís M Alves
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Portugal
| | - Colin Hunter
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, United Kingdom
| | - Ole Pahl
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Anacleto P, Figueiredo C, Baptista M, Maulvault AL, Camacho C, Pousão-Ferreira P, Valente LMP, Marques A, Rosa R. Fish energy budget under ocean warming and flame retardant exposure. Environ Res 2018; 164:186-196. [PMID: 29501006 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and chemical contamination are global environmental threats of growing concern for the scientific community and regulatory authorities. Yet, the impacts and interactions of both stressors (particularly ocean warming and emerging chemical contaminants) on physiological responses of marine organisms remain unclear and still require further understanding. Within this context, the main goal of this study was to assess, for the first time, the effects of warming (+ 5 °C) and accumulation of a polybrominated diphenyl ether congener (BDE-209, brominated flame retardant) through dietary exposure on energy budget of the juvenile white seabream (Diplodus sargus). Specifically, growth (G), routine metabolism (R), excretion (faecal, F and nitrogenous losses, U) and food consumption (C) were calculated to obtain the energy budget. The results demonstrated that the energy proportion spent for G dominated the mode of the energy allocation of juvenile white seabream (56.0-67.8%), especially under the combined effect of warming plus BDE-209 exposure. Under all treatments, the energy channelled for R varied around 26% and a much smaller percentage was channelled for excretion (F: 4.3-16.0% and U: 2.3-3.3%). An opposite trend to G was observed to F, where the highest percentage (16.0 ± 0.9%) was found under control temperature and BDE-209 exposure via diet. In general, the parameters were significantly affected by increased temperature and flame retardant exposure, where higher levels occurred for: i) wet weight, relative growth rate, protein and ash contents under warming conditions, ii) only for O:N ratio under BDE-209 exposure via diet, and iii) for feed efficiency, ammonia excretion rate, routine metabolic rate and assimilation efficiency under the combination of both stressors. On the other hand, decreased viscerosomatic index was observed under warming and lower fat content was observed under the combined effect of both stressors. Overall, under future warming and chemical contamination conditions, fish energy budget was greatly affected, which may dictate negative cascading impacts at population and community levels. Further research combining other climate change stressors (e.g. acidification and hypoxia) and emerging chemical contaminants are needed to better understand and forecast such biological effects in a changing ocean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Anacleto
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Guia Marine Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Cátia Figueiredo
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Guia Marine Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Miguel Baptista
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Guia Marine Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Maulvault
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Guia Marine Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Carolina Camacho
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pousão-Ferreira
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luísa M P Valente
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Guia Marine Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fu SJ, Peng J, Killen SS. Digestive and locomotor capacity show opposing responses to changing food availability in an ambush predatory fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.173187. [PMID: 29636411 PMCID: PMC6031316 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.173187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic rates vary widely within species, but little is known about how variation in the ‘floor’ [i.e. standard metabolic rate (SMR) in ectotherms] and ‘ceiling’ [maximum metabolic rate (MMR)] for an individual's aerobic scope (AS) are linked with digestive and locomotor function. Any links among metabolic traits and aspects of physiological performance may also be modulated by fluctuations in food availability. This study followed changes in SMR, MMR, and digestive and locomotor capacity in southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis) throughout 15 days of food deprivation and 15 days of refeeding. Individuals downregulated SMR during food deprivation and showed only a 10% body mass decrease during this time. Whereas critical swim speed (Ucrit) was robust to food deprivation, digestive function decreased after fasting with a reduced peak oxygen uptake during specific dynamic action (SDA) and prolonged SDA duration. During refeeding, individuals displayed rapid growth and digestive function recovered to pre-fasting levels. However, refed fish showed a lower Ucrit than would be expected for their increased body length and in comparison to measures at the start of the study. Reduced swimming ability may be a consequence of compensatory growth: growth rate was negatively correlated with changes in Ucrit during refeeding. Southern catfish downregulate digestive function to reduce energy expenditure during food deprivation, but regain digestive capacity during refeeding, potentially at the cost of decreased swimming performance. The plasticity of maintenance requirements suggests that SMR is a key fitness trait for in this ambush predator. Shifts in trait correlations with food availability suggest that the potential for correlated selection may depend on context. Summary: Southern catfish downregulate digestive function and metabolic rate during food deprivation, but regain digestive capacity during refeeding, potentially at the cost of decreased swimming performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Xu XM, Chi QS, Cao J, Zhao ZJ. The effect of aggression I: The increases of metabolic cost and mobilization of fat reserves in male striped hamsters. Horm Behav 2018; 98:55-62. [PMID: 29288636 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aggression can benefit individuals by enhancing their dominance and thereby their ability to acquire and retain resources that increase survival or fitness. Engaging in aggressive behavior costs energy and how animals manage their energy budget to accommodate aggression remains unclear. We conducted three experiments to examine changes in physiological, behavioral and hormonal markers indicative of energy budget in male striped hamsters subject to resident-intruder aggression tests. Body temperature, metabolic rate and serum corticosterone levels significantly increased in resident hamsters immediately after the introduction of intruders. Energy intake did not change, but the metabolic rate of residents increased by 16.1% after 42-days of repeated encounters with intruders. Residents had significantly decreased body fat content and serum thyroxine (T4) levels, and a considerably elevated tri-iodothyronine (T3)/T4 ratio compared to a control group that had no intruders. Attack latency considerably shortened, and the number of attack bouts and total duration of attacks, significantly increased in residents on day 42 compared to day 1 of experiments. These findings may suggest that the conversion of T4 to T3 is involved in defensive aggression behavior. The mobilization of fat reserves resulting in lean body mass is probably common response to the increased metabolic cost of aggression in small mammals. Aggressive behavior, which is important for the successful acquisition and defense of resources, may be of significance for adaptation and evolution of metabolic rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qing-Sheng Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management for Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
de Weerd L, Hermann PM, Wildering WC. Linking the 'why' and 'how' of ageing: evidence for somatotropic control of long-term memory function in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:4088-4094. [PMID: 28954817 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.167395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organisms live on a budget; hence, they cannot maximize all their activities at the same time. Instead, they must prioritize how they spend limiting resources on the many processes they rely on in their lives. Among others, they are thought to economize on the maintenance and repair processes required for survival in favour of maximizing reproduction, with ageing as a consequence. We investigate the biological mechanisms of neuronal ageing. Using Lymnaea stagnalis, we have previously described various aspects of age-associated neuronal decline and appetitive long-term memory failure. In view of postulated trade-offs between somatic maintenance and reproduction, we tested for interactions between resource allocation mechanisms and brain function. We show that removal of the lateral lobes, which are key regulators of energy balance in L. stagnalis, increases body mass and enhances appetitive learning, raising the possibility that the lateral lobes are one of the sites where the 'why' and 'how' of (neuronal) ageing meet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lis de Weerd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada
| | - Petra M Hermann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Willem C Wildering
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Stiller KT, Vanselow KH, Moran D, Riesen G, Koppe W, Dietz C, Schulz C. The effect of diet, temperature and intermittent low oxygen on the metabolism of rainbow trout. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:784-95. [PMID: 28376949 DOI: 10.1017/S0007114517000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An automated respirometer system was used to measure VO2, protein catabolism as ammonia quotient and the energy budget to evaluate whether the crude protein content of a standard protein (SP) diet (42·5 %) or a high-protein (HP) diet (49·5 %) influences metabolism in rainbow trout under challenging intermittent, low dissolved oxygen concentrations. In total, three temperature phases (12, 16, 20°C) were tested sequentially, each of which were split into two oxygen periods with 5 d of unmanipulated oxygen levels (50-70 %), followed by a 5d manipulated oxygen period (16.00-08.00 hours) with low oxygen (40-50 %) levels. For both diets, catabolic protein usage was lowest at 16°C and was not altered under challenging oxygen conditions. Low night-time oxygen elevated mean daily VO2 by 3-14 % compared with the unmanipulated oxygen period for both diets at all temperatures. The relative change in VO2 and retained energy during the intermittent low oxygen period was smaller for the HP diet compared with the SP diet. However, in absolute terms, the SP diet was superior to the HP diet as the former demonstrated 30-40 % lower protein fuel use rates, higher retained energy (1-4 % digestible energy) and slightly lowered VO2 (0-8 %) over the range of conditions tested. The decrease in retained energy under low oxygen conditions suggests that there is scope to improve the performance of SP diets under challenging conditions; however, this study suggests that simply increasing the dietary protein content is not a remedy, and other strategies need to be explored.
Collapse
|
37
|
Cai YF, Yang QY, Li SF, Wang JH, Huang W. The water-water cycle is a major electron sink in Camellia species when CO 2 assimilation is restricted. J Photochem Photobiol B 2017; 168:59-66. [PMID: 28171808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The water-water cycle (WWC) is thought to dissipate excess excitation energy and balance the ATP/NADPH energy budget under some conditions. However, the importance of the WWC in photosynthetic regulation remains controversy. We observed that three Camellia cultivars exhibited high rates of photosynthetic electron flow under high light when photosynthesis was restricted. We thus tested the hypothesis that the WWC is a major electron sink in the three Camellia cultivars when CO2 assimilation is restricted. Light response curves indicated that the WWC was strongly increased with photorespiration and was positively correlated with extra ATP supplied from other flexible mechanisms excluding linear electron flow, implying that the WWC is an important alternative electron sink to balance ATP/NADPH energy demand for sustaining photorespiration in Camellia cultivars. Interestingly, when photosynthesis was depressed by the decreases in stomatal and mesophyll conductance, the rates of photosynthetic electron flow through photosystem II declined slightly and the rates of WWC was enhanced. Furthermore, the increased electron flow of WWC was positively correlated with the ratio of Rubisco oxygenation to carboxylation, supporting the involvement of alternative electron flow in balancing the ATP/NADPH energy budget. We propose that the WWC is a crucial electron sink to regulate ATP/NADPH energy budget and dissipate excess energy excitation in Camellia species when CO2 assimilation is restricted.
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Effects of nickel and copper on Enchytraeus albidus (Oligochaeta) were investigated using the cellular energy allocation approach. This methodology is used to evaluate the energetic status of an organism and is indicative of its overall condition. Enchytraeids were exposed to the reproduction Effect Concentrations (EC50 and EC90), and the parameters measured were the total energy reserves available (protein, carbohydrate and lipid budgets) and the energy consumption [based on electron transport system activity] which were further integrated to obtain the cellular energy allocation over different periods of exposure (0-2, 2-4 and 4-8 days). Carbohydrates (in comparison to lipids and proteins) were the only energy source mobilized in the case of nickel within 8 days of exposure. For copper exposure, protein budgets were also strongly reduced. Energy consumption increased in a time and dose-dependent way for copper and in the longer exposure period (4-8 days) at the EC90 for Ni exposure, indicating that this is a good biomarker for effects of short-time metal exposure, while cellular energy allocation was only significantly reduced for the EC90 of copper (4-8 days) and EC50 of nickel (2-4 days). The effects of nickel at concentrations causing 50 and 90 % decrease in reproduction were likely not due to the changes in cellular energy allocation within 8 days of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana I L Gomes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Helmholz H, Ruhnau C, Pröfrock D, Erbslöh HB, Prange A. Seasonal and annual variations in physiological and biochemical responses from transplanted marine bioindicator species Mytilus spp. during a long term field exposure experiment. Sci Total Environ 2016; 565:626-636. [PMID: 27203523 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In a pilot field study the long term response of transplanted bioindicator organisms Mytilus spp. was analyzed on the basis of physiological indices and biochemical measurements related to the energy budget. Three different time series with deployment times of eight to twelve months were compared according to seasonality and repeatability of the responses. Test organisms were incubated at a coastal station in the anthropogenically impacted estuary of the river Elbe and at a North Sea station located in vicinity to the Island of Helgoland in the German Bight. The stations differ in their hydrological as well as chemical characteristics. They can be discriminated by statistical factor analysis based on the measured biochemical parameter. Levels of all energy budget biomarker varied between seasons; however, the degree of variation of the specific response was differently expressed. The mussels deployed at Helgoland showed a reproducible high Condition Index in each sampling series and an oscillating Gonadosomatic Index representing the reproduction cycle. The lowest available energy was recorded in mussels at the estuarine sampling station compared to the off-shore station. This may be caused by the energetically costly maintenance of osmotic balance and consequently result in a lower amount of energy available for defense again chemical stress, growth and reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Helmholz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Max-Planck St. 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Christiane Ruhnau
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Max-Planck St. 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Daniel Pröfrock
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Max-Planck St. 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Hans-Burkhard Erbslöh
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Max-Planck St. 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Andreas Prange
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Max-Planck St. 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sui Y, Kong H, Huang X, Dupont S, Hu M, Storch D, Pörtner HO, Lu W, Wang Y. Combined effects of short-term exposure to elevated CO2 and decreased O2 on the physiology and energy budget of the thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus. Chemosphere 2016; 155:207-216. [PMID: 27115845 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia and ocean acidification are two consequences of anthropogenic activities. These global trends occur on top of natural variability. In environments such as estuarine areas, short-term acute pH and O2 fluctuations are occurring simultaneously. The present study tested the combined effects of short-term seawater acidification and hypoxia on the physiology and energy budget of the thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus. Mussels were exposed for 72 h to six combined treatments with three pH levels (8.1, 7.7 and 7.3) and two dissolved oxygen (DO) levels (2 mg L(-1), 6 mg L(-1)). Clearance rate (CR), food absorption efficiency (AE), respiration rate (RR), ammonium excretion rate (ER), O:N ratio and scope for growth (SFG) were significantly reduced, and faecal organic dry weight ratio (E) was significantly increased at low DO. Low pH did not lead to a reduced SFG. Interactive effects of pH and DO were observed for CR, E and RR. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed positive relationships among most physiological indicators, especially between SFG and CR under normal DO conditions. These results demonstrate that Mytilus coruscus was sensitive to short-term (72 h) exposure to decreased O2 especially if combined with decreased pH levels. In conclusion, the short-term oxygen and pH variation significantly induced physiological changes of mussels with some interactive effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Sui
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Hui Kong
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Xizhi Huang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, The Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences, Kristineberg, 45178, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Menghong Hu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China; Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar- and Marine Research, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Daniela Storch
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar- and Marine Research, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Hans-Otto Pörtner
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar- and Marine Research, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Weiqun Lu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Youji Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China; Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar- and Marine Research, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bundschuh M, Vogt R, Seitz F, Rosenfeldt RR, Schulz R. Do titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce food depletion for filter feeding organisms? A case study with Daphnia magna. Environ Pollut 2016; 214:840-846. [PMID: 27155102 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Although nanoparticles are increasingly investigated, their impact on the availability of food (i.e., algae) at the bottom of food chains remains unclear. It is, however, assumed that algae, which form heteroagglomerates with nanoparticles, sediment quickly limiting the availability of food for primary consumers such as Daphnia magna. As a consequence, it may be hypothesized that this scenario - in case of fundamental importance for the nanoparticles impact on primary consumers - induces a similar pattern in the life history strategy of daphnids relative to situations of food depletion. To test this hypothesis, the present study compared the life-history strategy of D. magna experiencing different degrees of food limitation as a consequence of variable algal density with daphnids fed with heteroagglomerates composed of algae and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2). In contrast to the hypothesis, daphnids' body length, weight, and reproduction increased when fed with these heteroagglomerates, while the opposite pattern was observed under food limitation scenarios. Moreover, juvenile body mass, and partly length, was affected negatively irrespective of the scenarios. This suggests that daphnids experienced - besides a limitation in the food availability - additional stress when fed with heteroagglomerates composed of algae and nTiO2. Potential explanations include modifications in the nutritious quality of algae but also an early exposure of juveniles to nTiO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Bundschuh
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Roland Vogt
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany; Research Institute for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria
| | - Frank Seitz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany; nEcoTox Consult, Schifferstadt, Germany
| | - Ricki R Rosenfeldt
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany; nEcoTox Consult, Schifferstadt, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yuan X, Shao S, Yang X, Yang D, Xu Q, Zong H, Liu S. Bioenergetic trade-offs in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in response to CO2-driven ocean acidification. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:8453-8461. [PMID: 26782325 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) caused by excessive CO2 is a potential ecological threat to marine organisms. The impacts of OA on echinoderms are well-documented, but there has been a strong bias towards sea urchins, and limited information is available on sea cucumbers. This work examined the effect of medium-term (60 days) exposure to three pH levels (pH 8.06, 7.72, and 7.41, covering present and future pH variability) on the bioenergetic responses of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, an ecologically and economically important holothurian in Asian coasts. Results showed that the measured specific growth rate linearly decreased with decreased pH, leading to a 0.42 %·day(-1) decrease at pH 7.41 compared with that at pH 8.06. The impacts of pH on physiological energetics were variable: measured energy consumption and defecation rates linearly decreased with decreased pH, whereas maintenance energy in calculated respiration and excretion were not significantly affected. No shift in energy allocation pattern was observed in A. japonicus upon exposure to pH 7.72 compared with pH 8.06. However, a significant shift in energy budget occurred upon exposure to pH 7.41, leading to decreased energy intake and increased percentage of energy that was lost in feces, thereby resulting in a significantly lowered allocation into somatic growth. These findings indicate that adult A. japonicus is resilient to the OA scenario at the end of the twenty-first century, but further acidification may negatively influence the grazing capability and growth, thereby influencing its ecological functioning as an "ecosystem engineer" and potentially harming its culture output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiutang Yuan
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Senlin Shao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Dazuo Yang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinzeng Xu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Humin Zong
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilin Liu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fahlman A, van der Hoop J, Moore MJ, Levine G, Rocho-Levine J, Brodsky M. Estimating energetics in cetaceans from respiratory frequency: why we need to understand physiology. Biol Open 2016; 5:436-42. [PMID: 26988759 PMCID: PMC4890674 DOI: 10.1242/bio.017251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate estimation of field metabolic rates (FMR) in wild animals is a key component of bioenergetic models, and is important for understanding the routine limitations for survival as well as individual responses to disturbances or environmental changes. Several methods have been used to estimate FMR, including accelerometer-derived activity budgets, isotope dilution techniques, and proxies from heart rate. Counting the number of breaths is another method used to assess FMR in cetaceans, which is attractive in its simplicity and the ability to measure respiration frequency from visual cues or data loggers. This method hinges on the assumption that over time a constant tidal volume (VT) and O2 exchange fraction (ΔO2) can be used to predict FMR. To test whether this method of estimating FMR is valid, we measured breath-by-breath tidal volumes and expired O2 levels of bottlenose dolphins, and computed the O2 consumption rate (V̇O2) before and after a pre-determined duration of exercise. The measured V̇O2 was compared with three methods to estimate FMR. Each method to estimate V̇O2 included variable VT and/or ΔO2. Two assumption-based methods overestimated V̇O2 by 216-501%. Once the temporal changes in cardio-respiratory physiology, such as variation in VT and ΔO2, were taken into account, pre-exercise resting V̇O2 was predicted to within 2%, and post-exercise V̇O2 was overestimated by 12%. Our data show that a better understanding of cardiorespiratory physiology significantly improves the ability to estimate metabolic rate from respiratory frequency, and further emphasizes the importance of eco-physiology for conservation management efforts. Summary: Accounting for changes in tidal volume and gas exchange improves the ability to estimate field metabolic rate from respiratory frequency in cetaceans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Fahlman
- Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA Oceanográfic, Research Department , Carrer Eduardo Primo Yúfera 1B, Valencia 46012, Spain
| | - J van der Hoop
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - M J Moore
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - G Levine
- Dolphin Quest, Oahu, 5000 Kahala Ave, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA
| | - J Rocho-Levine
- Dolphin Quest, Oahu, 5000 Kahala Ave, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA
| | - M Brodsky
- V.M.D. Consulting, Miami, FL 33138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cooke SJ, Brownscombe JW, Raby GD, Broell F, Hinch SG, Clark TD, Semmens JM. Remote bioenergetics measurements in wild fish: Opportunities and challenges. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 202:23-37. [PMID: 27063208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The generalized energy budget for fish (i.e., Energy Consumed=Metabolism+Waste+Growth) is as relevant today as when it was first proposed decades ago and serves as a foundational concept in fish biology. Yet, generating accurate measurements of components of the bioenergetics equation in wild fish is a major challenge. How often does a fish eat and what does it consume? How much energy is expended on locomotion? How do human-induced stressors influence energy acquisition and expenditure? Generating answers to these questions is important to fisheries management and to our understanding of adaptation and evolutionary processes. The advent of electronic tags (transmitters and data loggers) has provided biologists with improved opportunities to understand bioenergetics in wild fish. Here, we review the growing diversity of electronic tags with a focus on sensor-equipped devices that are commercially available (e.g., heart rate/electrocardiogram, electromyogram, acceleration, image capture). Next, we discuss each component of the bioenergetics model, recognizing that most research to date has focused on quantifying the activity component of metabolism, and identify ways in which the other, less studied components (e.g., consumption, specific dynamic action component of metabolism, somatic growth, reproductive investment, waste) could be estimated remotely. We conclude with a critical but forward-looking appraisal of the opportunities and challenges in using existing and emerging electronic sensor-tags for the study of fish energetics in the wild. Electronic tagging has become a central and widespread tool in fish ecology and fisheries management; the growing and increasingly affordable toolbox of sensor tags will ensure this trend continues, which will lead to major advances in our understanding of fish biology over the coming decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Jacob W Brownscombe
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Graham D Raby
- Great Lakes Institute of Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Franziska Broell
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Timothy D Clark
- University of Tasmania and CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, 3-4 Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Jayson M Semmens
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang JQ, Wang JJ, Wu XJ, Zheng WH, Liu JS. Short photoperiod increases energy intake, metabolic thermogenesis and organ mass in silky starlings Sturnus sericeus. Dongwuxue Yanjiu 2016; 37:75-83. [PMID: 27029864 DOI: 10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2016.2.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Environmental cues play important roles in the regulation of an animal's physiology and behavior. One such cue, photoperiod, plays an important role in the seasonal acclimatization of birds. It has been demonstrated that an animal's body mass, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and energy intake, are all affected by photoperiod. The present study was designed to examine photoperiod induced changes in the body mass, metabolism and metabolic organs of the silky starling, Sturnus sericeus. Captive silky starlings increased their body mass and BMR during four weeks of acclimation to a short photoperiod. Birds acclimated to a short photoperiod also increased the mass of certain organs (liver, gizzard and small intestine), and both gross energy intake (GEI) and digestible energy intake (DEI), relative to those acclimated to a long photoperiod. Furthermore, BMR was positively correlated with body mass, liver mass, GEI and DEI. These results suggest that silky starlings increase metabolic thermogenesis when exposed to a short photoperiod by increasing their body and metabolic organ mass, and their GEI and DEI. These findings support the hypothesis that bird species from temperate climates typically display high phenotypic flexibility in thermogenic capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Wang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jia-Jia Wang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xu-Jian Wu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zheng
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jin-Song Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Protection provided by shelter is important for survival and affects the time and energy budgets of animals. It has been suggested that in fresh waters at high latitudes and altitudes, surface ice during winter functions as overhead cover for fish, reducing the predation risk from terrestrial piscivores. We simulated ice cover by suspending plastic sheeting over five 30-m-long stream sections in a boreal forest stream and examined its effects on the growth and habitat use of brown trout (Salmo trutta) during winter. Trout that spent the winter under the artificial ice cover grew more than those in the control (uncovered) sections. Moreover, tracking of trout tagged with passive integrated transponders showed that in the absence of the artificial ice cover, habitat use during the day was restricted to the stream edges, often under undercut banks, whereas under the simulated ice cover condition, trout used the entire width of the stream. These results indicate that the presence of surface ice cover may improve the energetic status and broaden habitat use of stream fish during winter. It is therefore likely that reductions in the duration and extent of ice cover due to climate change will alter time and energy budgets, with potentially negative effects on fish production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Watz
- River Ecology and Management, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Universitetsgatan 2, 651 88, Karlstad, Sweden.
| | - Eva Bergman
- River Ecology and Management, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Universitetsgatan 2, 651 88, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - John J Piccolo
- River Ecology and Management, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Universitetsgatan 2, 651 88, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Larry Greenberg
- River Ecology and Management, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Universitetsgatan 2, 651 88, Karlstad, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sandersfeld T, Davison W, Lamare MD, Knust R, Richter C. Elevated temperature causes metabolic trade-offs at the whole-organism level in the Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:2373-81. [PMID: 26056241 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.122804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As a response to ocean warming, shifts in fish species distribution and changes in production have been reported that have been partly attributed to temperature effects on the physiology of animals. The Southern Ocean hosts some of the most rapidly warming regions on earth and Antarctic organisms are reported to be especially temperature sensitive. While cellular and molecular organismic levels appear, at least partially, to compensate for elevated temperatures, the consequences of acclimation to elevated temperature for the whole organism are often less clear. Growth and reproduction are the driving factors for population structure and abundance. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of long-term acclimation to elevated temperature on energy budget parameters in the high-Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii. Our results show a complete temperature compensation for routine metabolic costs after 9 weeks of acclimation to 4°C. However, an up to 84% reduction in mass growth was measured at 2 and 4°C compared with the control group at 0°C, which is best explained by reduced food assimilation rates at warmer temperatures. With regard to a predicted temperature increase of up to 1.4°C in the Ross Sea by 2200, such a significant reduction in growth is likely to affect population structures in nature, for example by delaying sexual maturity and reducing production, with severe impacts on Antarctic fish communities and ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Sandersfeld
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Section Bentho-Pelagic Processes, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568 Bremerhaven and University of Bremen, Germany
| | - William Davison
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Miles D Lamare
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 30 Castle Street, Dunedin 9022, New Zealand
| | - Rainer Knust
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Section Bentho-Pelagic Processes, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Claudio Richter
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Section Bentho-Pelagic Processes, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568 Bremerhaven and University of Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wang Y, Li L, Hu M, Lu W. Physiological energetics of the thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus exposed to seawater acidification and thermal stress. Sci Total Environ 2015; 514:261-272. [PMID: 25666286 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic CO₂ emissions have caused seawater temperature elevation and ocean acidification. In view of both phenomena are occurring simultaneously, their combined effects on marine species must be experimentally evaluated. The purpose of this study was to estimate the combined effects of seawater acidification and temperature increase on the energy budget of the thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus. Juvenile mussels were exposed to six combined treatments with three pH levels (8.1, 7.7 and 7.3)×two temperatures (25 °C and 30 °C) for 14 d. We found that clearance rates (CRs), food absorption efficiencies (AEs), respiration rates (RRs), ammonium excretion rates (ER), scope for growth (SFG) and O:N ratios were significantly reduced by elevated temperature sometimes during the whole experiments. Low pH showed significant negative effects on RR and ER, and significantly increased O:N ratios, but showed almost no effects on CR, AE and SFG of M. coruscus. Nevertheless, their interactive effects were observed in RR, ER and O:N ratios. PCA revealed positive relationships among most physiological indicators, especially between SFG and CR under normal temperatures compared to high temperatures. PCA also showed that the high RR was closely correlated to an increasing ER with increasing pH levels. These results suggest that physiological energetics of juvenile M. coruscus are able to acclimate to CO2 acidification with a little physiological effect, but not increased temperatures. Therefore, the negative effects of a temperature increase could potentially impact the ecophysiological responses of M. coruscus and have significant ecological consequences, mainly in those habitats where this species is dominant in terms of abundance and biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youji Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai University Knowledge Service Platform, Shanghai Ocean University Aquatic Animal Breeding Center (ZF1206), Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Lisha Li
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai University Knowledge Service Platform, Shanghai Ocean University Aquatic Animal Breeding Center (ZF1206), Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Weiqun Lu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai University Knowledge Service Platform, Shanghai Ocean University Aquatic Animal Breeding Center (ZF1206), Shanghai 201306, China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhao ZJ, Chi QS, Zhao L, Zhu QX, Cao J, Wang DH. Effect of food restriction on energy budget in warm-acclimated striped hamsters. Physiol Behav 2015; 147:220-6. [PMID: 25936822 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of small mammals to sustain periods of food shortage largely depends on the adaptive regulation of energy budget in response to the decrease in food supply. In addition to food availability, ambient temperature (Ta) is an important factor affecting the rates of both energy intake and expenditure. To examine the effect of Ta on energy strategy and the capacity to sustain food shortage, striped hamsters were exposed to a warm condition (30°C) and were then restricted to 70% of ad libitum food intake. Body mass, energy intake and expenditure and physiological markers indicative of thermogenesis were measured. Warm exposure had no effect on body mass and digestibility, but decreased energy intake, basal metabolic rate and maximum nonshivering thermogenesis. The mitochondria protein content, cytochrome c oxidase activity and uncoupling protein 1 level of brown adipose tissue were significantly lower in hamsters at 30°C than at 21°C. Food restriction induced a significant decrease in body mass, but the decreased body mass was attenuated at 30°C relative to 21°C. This suggests that striped hamsters could not compensate for the limited food supply by decreasing daily energy expenditure at 21°C, whereas they could at 30°C. The significant reductions in the rates of metabolism and thermogenesis in warm-acclimated hamsters increase the capacity to cope with food shortage. Although, it remains uncertain whether this response represents some generalized evolutionary adaptation, the Ta-dependent adjustment in the capacity to survive food restriction may reflect that warm acclimation plays an important role in adaptive regulation of both physiology and behavior in response to the variations of food availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zhao
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management for Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China.
| | - Qing-Sheng Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management for Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- School of Agricultural Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Qiao-Xia Zhu
- School of Agricultural Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Jing Cao
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - De-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management for Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wu YN, Lin L, Xiao YC, Zhou LM, Wu MS, Zhang HY, Liu JS. Effects of temperature acclimation on body mass and energy budget in the Chinese bulbul Pycnonotus sinensis. Dongwuxue Yanjiu 2014; 35:33-41. [PMID: 24470452 DOI: 10.11813/j.issn.0254-5853.2014.1.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chinese bulbuls (Pycnonotus sinensis) are small passerine birds that inhabit areas of central, southern and eastern China. Previous observations suggest that free-living individuals of this species may change their food intake in response to seasonal changes in ambient temperature. In the present study, we randomly assigned Chinese bulbuls to either a 30℃ or 10℃ group, and measured their body mass (BM), body temperature, gross energy intake (GEI), digestible energy intake (DEI), and the length and mass of their digestive tracts over 28 days of acclimation at these temperatures. As predicted, birds in the 30℃ group had lower body mass, GEI and DEI relative to those in the 10℃ group. The length and mass of the digestive tract was also lower in the 30℃ group and trends in these parameters were positively correlated with BM, GEI and DEI. These results suggest that Chinese bulbuls reduced their absolute energy demands at relatively high temperatures by decreasing their body mass, GEI and DEI, and digestive tract size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Nan Wu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|