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Toulany M. Targeting DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Pathways to Improve Radiotherapy Response. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10010025. [PMID: 30621219 PMCID: PMC6356315 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More than half of cancer patients receive radiotherapy as a part of their cancer treatment. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are considered as the most lethal form of DNA damage and a primary cause of cell death and are induced by ionizing radiation (IR) during radiotherapy. Many malignant cells carry multiple genetic and epigenetic aberrations that may interfere with essential DSB repair pathways. Additionally, exposure to IR induces the activation of a multicomponent signal transduction network known as DNA damage response (DDR). DDR initiates cell cycle checkpoints and induces DSB repair in the nucleus by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). The canonical DSB repair pathways function in both normal and tumor cells. Thus, normal-tissue toxicity may limit the targeting of the components of these two pathways as a therapeutic approach in combination with radiotherapy. The DSB repair pathways are also stimulated through cytoplasmic signaling pathways. These signaling cascades are often upregulated in tumor cells harboring mutations or the overexpression of certain cellular oncogenes, e.g., receptor tyrosine kinases, PIK3CA and RAS. Targeting such cytoplasmic signaling pathways seems to be a more specific approach to blocking DSB repair in tumor cells. In this review, a brief overview of cytoplasmic signaling pathways that have been reported to stimulate DSB repair is provided. The state of the art of targeting these pathways will be discussed. A greater understanding of the underlying signaling pathways involved in DSB repair may provide valuable insights that will help to design new strategies to improve treatment outcomes in combination with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Toulany
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 11, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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102
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Sorrelle N, Ganguly D, Dominguez ATA, Zhang Y, Huang H, Dahal LN, Burton N, Ziemys A, Brekken RA. Improved Multiplex Immunohistochemistry for Immune Microenvironment Evaluation of Mouse Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissues. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:292-299. [PMID: 30510069 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Immune profiling of tissue through multiplex immunohistochemistry is important for the investigation of immune cell dynamics, and it can contribute to disease prognosis and evaluation of treatment response in cancer patients. However, protocols for mouse formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue have been less successful. Given that formalin fixation and paraffin embedding remains the most common preparation method for processing mouse tissue, this has limited the options to study the immune system and the impact of novel therapeutics in preclinical models. In an attempt to address this, we developed an improved immunohistochemistry protocol with a more effective Ag-retrieval buffer. We also validated 22 Abs specific for mouse immune cell markers to distinguish B cells, T cells, NK cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. In addition, we designed and tested novel strategies to identify immune cells for which unique Abs are currently not available. Last, in the 4T1 model of breast cancer, we demonstrate the utility of our protocol and Ab panels in the quantitation and spatial distribution of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Sorrelle
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Debolina Ganguly
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Adrian T A Dominguez
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Huocong Huang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton 016 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Burton
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Arturas Ziemys
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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103
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Du W, Huang H, Sorrelle N, Brekken RA. Sitravatinib potentiates immune checkpoint blockade in refractory cancer models. JCI Insight 2018; 3:124184. [PMID: 30385724 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade has achieved significant therapeutic success for a subset of cancer patients; however, a large portion of cancer patients do not respond. Unresponsive tumors are characterized as being immunologically "cold," indicating that these tumors lack tumor antigen-specific primed cytotoxic T cells. Sitravatinib is a spectrum-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting TAM (TYRO3, AXL, MerTK) and split tyrosine-kinase domain-containing receptors (VEGFR and PDGFR families and KIT) plus RET and MET, targets that contribute to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. We report that sitravatinib has potent antitumor activity by targeting the tumor microenvironment, resulting in innate and adaptive immune cell changes that augment immune checkpoint blockade. These results suggest that sitravatinib has the potential to combat resistance to immune checkpoint blockade and expand the number of cancer patients that are responsive to immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Du
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, and Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, and
| | - Huocong Huang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, and Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, and
| | - Noah Sorrelle
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, and Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, and
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, and Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, and.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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104
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Du W, Brekken RA. Does Axl have potential as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:955-966. [PMID: 30244621 PMCID: PMC6292430 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1527315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Metastasis, therapy resistance, and immunosuppression are dominant characteristics of pancreatic tumors. Strategies that enhance the efficacy of standard of care and/or immune therapy are likely the most efficient route to improve overall survival in this disease. Areas covered: Axl, a member of the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, MerTK) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is involved in cell plasticity, chemoresistance, immune suppression, and metastasis in various cancers, including pancreatic cancer. This review provides an overview of Axl and its function in normal conditions, summarizes the regulation and function of Axl in cancer, and highlights the contribution of Axl to pancreatic cancer as well as its potential as a therapeutic target. Expert opinion: Axl is an attractive therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer because it contributes to many of the roadblocks that hamper therapeutic efficacy. Clinical evidence supporting Axl inhibition in pancreatic cancer is currently limited; however, multiple clinical trials have been initiated or are in the planning phase to test the effect of inhibiting Axl in conjunction with standard therapy in pancreatic cancer patients. We anticipate that these studies will provide robust validation of Axl as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
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105
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Ubellacker JM, Baryawno N, Severe N, DeCristo MJ, Sceneay J, Hutchinson JN, Haider MT, Rhee CS, Qin Y, Gregory WM, Garrido-Castro AC, Holen I, Brown JE, Coleman RE, Scadden DT, McAllister SS. Modulating Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Lineage Potential to Prevent Bone Metastasis in Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78:5300-5314. [PMID: 30065048 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of disseminated tumor cells in breast cancer patient bone marrow aspirates predicts decreased recurrence-free survival. Although it is appreciated that physiologic, pathologic, and therapeutic conditions impact hematopoiesis, it remains unclear whether targeting hematopoiesis presents opportunities for limiting bone metastasis. Using preclinical breast cancer models, we discovered that marrow from mice treated with the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid (ZA) are metastasis-suppressive. Specifically, ZA modulated hematopoietic myeloid/osteoclast progenitor cell (M/OCP) lineage potential to activate metastasis-suppressive activity. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) promoted ZA resistance by redirecting M/OCP differentiation. We identified M/OCP and bone marrow transcriptional programs associated with metastasis suppression and ZA resistance. Analysis of patient blood samples taken at randomization revealed that women with high-plasma G-CSF experienced significantly worse outcome with adjuvant ZA than those with lower G-CSF levels. Our findings support discovery of therapeutic strategies to direct M/OCP lineage potential and biomarkers that stratify responses in patients at risk of recurrence.Significance: Bone marrow myeloid/osteoclast progenitor cell lineage potential has a profound impact on breast cancer bone metastasis and can be modulated by G-CSF and bone-targeting agents. Cancer Res; 78(18); 5300-14. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessalyn M Ubellacker
- Hematology Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ninib Baryawno
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Center for Regenerative Medicine and the Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nicolas Severe
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Center for Regenerative Medicine and the Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Molly J DeCristo
- Hematology Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jaclyn Sceneay
- Hematology Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John N Hutchinson
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan, School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marie-Therese Haider
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology & Metabolism, Weston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine S Rhee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Center for Regenerative Medicine and the Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yuanbo Qin
- Hematology Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Walter M Gregory
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ana C Garrido-Castro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ingunn Holen
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology & Metabolism, Weston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Janet E Brown
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology & Metabolism, Weston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E Coleman
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology & Metabolism, Weston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David T Scadden
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Center for Regenerative Medicine and the Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sandra S McAllister
- Hematology Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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106
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Wei J, Sun H, Zhang A, Wu X, Li Y, Liu J, Duan Y, Xiao F, Wang H, Lv M, Wang L, Wu C. A novel AXL chimeric antigen receptor endows T cells with anti-tumor effects against triple negative breast cancers. Cell Immunol 2018; 331:49-58. [PMID: 29935762 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Identifying targets for chimeric antigen receptor-modulated T lymphocyte (CAR-T) therapy against solid tumors is an urgent problem to solve. In this study, we showed for the first time that the receptor tyrosine kinase, AXL, is overexpressed in various tumor cell lines and patient tumor tissues including triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines and patient samples, making AXL a potent novel target for cancer therapy, specifically for TNBC treatment. We also engineered T cells with a CAR consisting of a novel single-chain variable fragment against AXL and revealed its antigen-specific cytotoxicity and ability to release cytokines in a TNBC cell line and other AXL-positive tumors in vitro. Furthermore, AXL-CAR-T cells displayed a significant anti-tumor effect and in vivo persistence in a TNBC xenograft model. Taken together, our findings indicate that AXL-CAR-T cells can represent a promising therapeutic strategy against TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Huiyan Sun
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Aimei Zhang
- Pathology Department Weifang Heart Hospital, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Xuejie Wu
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710000, PR China
| | - Yanting Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Fengjun Xiao
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Ming Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China.
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China; School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China.
| | - Chutse Wu
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China.
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107
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Shen Y, Chen X, He J, Liao D, Zu X. Axl inhibitors as novel cancer therapeutic agents. Life Sci 2018; 198:99-111. [PMID: 29496493 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression and activation of Axl receptor tyrosine kinase have been widely accepted to promote cell proliferation, chemotherapy resistance, invasion, and metastasis in several human cancers, such as lung, breast, and pancreatic cancers. Axl, a member of the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, Mer) family, and its inhibitors can specifically break the kinase signaling nodes, allowing advanced patients to regain drug sensitivity with improved therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, the research on Axl is promising and it is worthy of further investigations. In this review, we present an update on the Axl inhibitors and provide new insights into their latent application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xiguang Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Duanfang Liao
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xuyu Zu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
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