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Kennedy PT, Saulters EL, Duckworth AD, Lim YJ, Woolley JF, Slupsky JR, Cragg MS, Ward FJ, Dahal LN. Soluble CTLA-4 attenuates T cell activation and modulates anti-tumor immunity. Mol Ther 2024; 32:457-468. [PMID: 38053333 PMCID: PMC10861965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 is a crucial immune checkpoint receptor involved in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, tolerance, and tumor control. Antibodies targeting CTLA-4 have been promising treatments for numerous cancers, but the mechanistic basis of their anti-tumoral immune-boosting effects is poorly understood. Although the ctla4 gene also encodes an alternatively spliced soluble variant (sCTLA-4), preclinical/clinical evaluation of anti-CTLA-4-based immunotherapies have not considered the contribution of this isoform. Here, we explore the functional properties of sCTLA-4 and evaluate the efficacy of isoform-specific anti-sCTLA-4 antibody targeting in a murine cancer model. We show that expression of sCTLA-4 by tumor cells suppresses CD8+ T cells in vitro and accelerates growth and experimental metastasis of murine tumors in vivo. These effects were accompanied by modification of the immune infiltrate, notably restraining CD8+ T cells in a non-cytotoxic state. sCTLA-4 blockade with isoform-specific antibody reversed this restraint, enhancing intratumoral CD8+ T cell activation and cytolytic potential, correlating with therapeutic efficacy and tumor control. This previously unappreciated role of sCTLA-4 suggests that the biology and function of multi-gene products of immune checkpoint receptors need to be fully elucidated for improved mechanistic understanding of cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Emma L Saulters
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew D Duckworth
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Yeong Jer Lim
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - John F Woolley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Joseph R Slupsky
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD Southampton, UK
| | - Frank J Ward
- Department of Immunology, University of Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK.
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2
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Saulters EL, Kennedy PT, Carter RJ, Alsufyani A, Jones TM, Woolley JF, Dahal LN. Differential Regulation of the STING Pathway in Human Papillomavirus-Positive and -Negative Head and Neck Cancers. Cancer Res Commun 2024; 4:118-133. [PMID: 38147007 PMCID: PMC10793589 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas, which arise from the cells that line the mucosal surfaces of the head and neck, represent the most common type of head and neck cancers (HNSCC). Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been strongly associated with the development of oropharyngeal cancers, which are cancers that occur in the back of the throat, including the tonsils and base of the tongue. HNSCCs with and without HPV infection have distinct pathology, with HPV-positive patients having higher levels of immune infiltration, activation in the tumor microenvironment and better response to radiation and chemotherapy. It is, however, unclear whether HPV infection in HNSCCs has the potential to activate innate-immune sensing pathways and if these cancers possess intrinsic immunogenicity associated with HPV infection. Here we investigate the innate immune stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway and immune responses to STING activation in HNSCCs and uncover fundamental differences in the regulation of this pathway in cell lines versus primary human clinical specimens. We show that while STING is differentially expressed in HPV-positive and -negative HNSCC cell lines, they exhibit a gross functional defect in signaling through this pathway. However, STING activation in immune cell populations generated immune signatures predicted to elicit useful tumoricidal mechanisms. In contrast, IHC analysis of human tissue microarrays revealed enhanced STING expression in HPV-related tumors and high intratumoral expression of STING correlated with increased survival. SIGNIFICANCE STING is an important innate immune sensor of cytosolic DNA, inducing essential antiviral and antitumoral responses. This research shows that STING expression is enhanced in HPV-positive HNSCC patient tissue, with high intratumoral STING expression correlating with increased survival. In addition, STING activation in immune cell populations augmented antitumoral effects against HNSCCs, suggesting patients may benefit from the use of STING agonists in combination with traditional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Saulters
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul T. Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel J. Carter
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullah Alsufyani
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Terence M. Jones
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Woolley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lekh N. Dahal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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3
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Kennedy PT, Zannoupa D, Son MH, Dahal LN, Woolley JF. Neuroblastoma: an ongoing cold front for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e007798. [PMID: 37993280 PMCID: PMC10668262 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most frequent extracranial childhood tumour but effective treatment with current immunotherapies is challenging due to its immunosuppressive microenvironment. Efforts to date have focused on using immunotherapy to increase tumour immunogenicity and enhance anticancer immune responses, including anti-GD2 antibodies; immune checkpoint inhibitors; drugs which enhance macrophage and natural killer T (NKT) cell function; modulation of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes pathway; and engineering neuroblastoma-targeting chimeric-antigen receptor-T cells. Some of these strategies have strong preclinical foundation and are being tested clinically, although none have demonstrated notable success in treating paediatric neuroblastoma to date. Recently, approaches to overcome heterogeneity of neuroblastoma tumours and treatment resistance are being explored. These include rational combination strategies with the aim of achieving synergy, such as dual targeting of GD2 and tumour-associated macrophages or natural killer cells; GD2 and the B7-H3 immune checkpoint; GD2 and enhancer of zeste-2 methyltransferase inhibitors. Such combination strategies provide opportunities to overcome primary resistance to and maximize the benefits of immunotherapy in neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Demetra Zannoupa
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Meong Hi Son
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - John F Woolley
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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4
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Simpson AP, Roghanian A, Oldham RJ, Chan HTC, Penfold CA, Kim HJ, Inzhelevskaya T, Mockridge CI, Cox KL, Bogdanov YD, James S, Tutt AL, Rycroft D, Morley P, Dahal LN, Teige I, Frendeus B, Beers SA, Cragg MS. FcγRIIB controls antibody-mediated target cell depletion by ITIM-independent mechanisms. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111099. [PMID: 35858562 PMCID: PMC9638011 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many therapeutic antibodies deplete target cells and elicit immunotherapy by engaging activating Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) on host effector cells. These antibodies are negatively regulated by the inhibitory FcγRIIB (CD32B). Dogma suggests inhibition is mediated through the FcγRIIB immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM), negatively regulating immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-mediated signaling from activating FcγR. To assess this, we generated experimental models expressing human (h)FcγRIIB on targets or effectors, lacking or retaining ITIM signaling capacity. We demonstrate that signaling through the hFcγRIIB ITIM is dispensable for impairing monoclonal antibody (mAb)-mediated depletion of normal and malignant murine target cells through three therapeutically relevant surface receptors (CD20, CD25, and OX40) affecting immunotherapy. We demonstrate that hFcγRIIB competition with activating FcγRs for antibody Fc, rather than ITIM signaling, is sufficient to impair activating FcγR engagement, inhibiting effector function and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Simpson
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Hyung J Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Tatyana Inzhelevskaya
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Yury D Bogdanov
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Alison L Tutt
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Daniel Rycroft
- Biopharm Discovery, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Peter Morley
- Biopharm Discovery, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ingrid Teige
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Frendeus
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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5
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Griffin JM, Healy FM, Dahal LN, Floisand Y, Woolley JF. Worked to the bone: antibody-based conditioning as the future of transplant biology. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:65. [PMID: 35590415 PMCID: PMC9118867 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditioning of the bone marrow prior to haematopoietic stem cell transplant is essential in eradicating the primary cause of disease, facilitating donor cell engraftment and avoiding transplant rejection via immunosuppression. Standard conditioning regimens, typically comprising chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, have proven successful in bone marrow clearance but are also associated with severe toxicities and high incidence of treatment-related mortality. Antibody-based conditioning is a developing field which, thus far, has largely shown an improved toxicity profile in experimental models and improved transplant outcomes, compared to traditional conditioning. Most antibody-based conditioning therapies involve monoclonal/naked antibodies, such as alemtuzumab for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis and rituximab for Epstein–Barr virus prophylaxis, which are both in Phase II trials for inclusion in conditioning regimens. Nevertheless, alternative immune-based therapies, including antibody–drug conjugates, radio-labelled antibodies and CAR-T cells, are showing promise in a conditioning setting. Here, we analyse the current status of antibody-based drugs in pre-transplant conditioning regimens and assess their potential in the future of transplant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Griffin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fiona M Healy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yngvar Floisand
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - John F Woolley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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6
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Hussain K, Liu R, Smith RCG, Müller KTJ, Ghorbani M, Macari S, Cleary KLS, Oldham RJ, Foxall RB, James S, Booth SG, Murray T, Dahal LN, Hargreaves CE, Kemp RS, Longley J, Douglas J, Markham H, Chee SJ, Stopforth RJ, Roghanian A, Carter MJ, Ottensmeier CH, Frendéus B, Cutress RI, French RR, Glennie MJ, Strefford JC, Thirdborough SM, Beers SA, Cragg MS. HIF activation enhances FcγRIIb expression on mononuclear phagocytes impeding tumor targeting antibody immunotherapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:131. [PMID: 35392965 PMCID: PMC8988350 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia is a hallmark of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and in addition to altering metabolism in cancer cells, it transforms tumor-associated stromal cells. Within the tumor stromal cell compartment, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) provide potent pro-tumoral support. However, TAMs can also be harnessed to destroy tumor cells by monoclonal antibody (mAb) immunotherapy, through antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). This is mediated via antibody-binding activating Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) and impaired by the single inhibitory FcγR, FcγRIIb. METHODS We applied a multi-OMIC approach coupled with in vitro functional assays and murine tumor models to assess the effects of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) activation on mAb mediated depletion of human and murine cancer cells. For mechanistic assessments, siRNA-mediated gene silencing, Western blotting and chromatin immune precipitation were utilized to assess the impact of identified regulators on FCGR2B gene transcription. RESULTS We report that TAMs are FcγRIIbbright relative to healthy tissue counterparts and under hypoxic conditions, mononuclear phagocytes markedly upregulate FcγRIIb. This enhanced FcγRIIb expression is transcriptionally driven through HIFs and Activator protein 1 (AP-1). Importantly, this phenotype reduces the ability of macrophages to eliminate anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) opsonized human chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro and EL4 lymphoma cells in vivo in human FcγRIIb+/+ transgenic mice. Furthermore, post-HIF activation, mAb mediated blockade of FcγRIIb can partially restore phagocytic function in human monocytes. CONCLUSION Our findings provide a detailed molecular and cellular basis for hypoxia driven resistance to antitumor mAb immunotherapy, unveiling a hitherto unexplored aspect of the TME. These findings provide a mechanistic rationale for the modulation of FcγRIIb expression or its blockade as a promising strategy to enhance approved and novel mAb immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Rena Liu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Rosanna C G Smith
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kri T J Müller
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Mohammadmersad Ghorbani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Cancer Genomics Group, Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sofia Macari
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kirstie L S Cleary
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Russell B Foxall
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Steven G Booth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Tom Murray
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Chantal E Hargreaves
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Robert S Kemp
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jemma Longley
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - James Douglas
- University Hospital Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, Hampshire, UK
| | - Hannah Markham
- University Hospital Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, Hampshire, UK
| | - Serena J Chee
- CRUK Southampton Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Richard J Stopforth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Matthew J Carter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christian H Ottensmeier
- CRUK Southampton Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Bjorn Frendéus
- Preclinical Research, BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ramsey I Cutress
- CRUK Southampton Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jonathan C Strefford
- Cancer Genomics Group, Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen M Thirdborough
- CRUK Southampton Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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7
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Healy FM, Dahal LN, Jones JRE, Floisand Y, Woolley JF. Recent Progress in Interferon Therapy for Myeloid Malignancies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:769628. [PMID: 34778087 PMCID: PMC8586418 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.769628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid malignancies are a heterogeneous group of clonal haematopoietic disorders, caused by abnormalities in haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and myeloid progenitor cells that originate in the bone marrow niche. Each of these disorders are unique and present their own challenges with regards to treatment. Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is considered the most aggressive myeloid malignancy, only potentially curable with intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy with or without allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In comparison, patients diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have a high rate of long-term survival. However, drug resistance and relapse are major issues in both these diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests that Interferons (IFNs) may be a useful therapy for myeloid malignancies, particularly in circumstances where patients are resistant to existing front-line therapies and have risk of relapse following haematopoietic stem cell transplant. IFNs are a major class of cytokines which are known to play an integral role in the non-specific immune response. IFN therapy has potential as a combination therapy in AML patients to reduce the impact of minimal residual disease on relapse. Alongside this, IFNs can potentially sensitize leukaemic cells to TKIs in resistant CML patients. There is evidence also that IFNs have a therapeutic role in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) such as polycythaemia vera (PV) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), where they can restore polyclonality in patients. Novel formulations have improved the clinical effectiveness of IFNs. Low dose pegylated IFN formulations improve pharmacokinetics and improve patient tolerance to therapies, thereby minimizing the risk of haematological toxicities. Herein, we will discuss recent developments and the current understanding of the molecular and clinical implications of Type I IFNs for the treatment of myeloid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Healy
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jack R E Jones
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yngvar Floisand
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John F Woolley
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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8
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Bloehdorn J, Braun A, Taylor-Weiner A, Jebaraj BMC, Robrecht S, Krzykalla J, Pan H, Giza A, Akylzhanova G, Holzmann K, Scheffold A, Johnston HE, Yeh RF, Klymenko T, Tausch E, Eichhorst B, Bullinger L, Fischer K, Weisser M, Robak T, Schneider C, Gribben J, Dahal LN, Carter MJ, Elemento O, Landau DA, Neuberg DS, Cragg MS, Benner A, Hallek M, Wu CJ, Döhner H, Stilgenbauer S, Mertens D. Multi-platform profiling characterizes molecular subgroups and resistance networks in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5395. [PMID: 34518531 PMCID: PMC8438057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the genomic landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) grows increasingly detailed, providing challenges in contextualizing the accumulated information. To define the underlying networks, we here perform a multi-platform molecular characterization. We identify major subgroups characterized by genomic instability (GI) or activation of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT)-like programs, which subdivide into non-inflammatory and inflammatory subtypes. GI CLL exhibit disruption of genome integrity, DNA-damage response and are associated with mutagenesis mediated through activation-induced cytidine deaminase or defective mismatch repair. TP53 wild-type and mutated/deleted cases constitute a transcriptionally uniform entity in GI CLL and show similarly poor progression-free survival at relapse. EMT-like CLL exhibit high genomic stability, reduced benefit from the addition of rituximab and EMT-like differentiation is inhibited by induction of DNA damage. This work extends the perspective on CLL biology and risk categories in TP53 wild-type CLL. Furthermore, molecular targets identified within each subgroup provide opportunities for new treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrejs Braun
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Sandra Robrecht
- Department I for Internal Medicine and Centre for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Krzykalla
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heng Pan
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam Giza
- Department I for Internal Medicine and Centre for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gulnara Akylzhanova
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Annika Scheffold
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Harvey E Johnston
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Research UK Centre and Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ru-Fang Yeh
- Biostatistics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tetyana Klymenko
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Eugen Tausch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Eichhorst
- Department I for Internal Medicine and Centre for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Bullinger
- Medical Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Biology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsten Fischer
- Department I for Internal Medicine and Centre for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Weisser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - John Gribben
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Research UK Centre and Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mathew J Carter
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Research UK Centre and Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dan A Landau
- Cancer Genomics and Evolutionary Dynamics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna S Neuberg
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Research UK Centre and Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Axel Benner
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department I for Internal Medicine and Centre for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hartmut Döhner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Mertens
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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9
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Saulters E, Woolley JF, Varadarajan S, Jones TM, Dahal LN. STINGing Viral Tumors: What We Know from Head and Neck Cancers. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3945-3952. [PMID: 33903123 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It has now become increasingly clear that viruses, which may not be directly oncogenic, can affect the biology of tumors as well as immune behavior against tumors. This has led to a fundamental question: Should tumors associated with viral infection be considered distinct from those without? Typically, viruses activate the host innate immune responses by stimulating pathogen recognition receptors and DNA-sensing pathways, including the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. However, regulation of the STING pathway in a virus-associated tumor microenvironment is poorly understood. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection within a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) promotes a unique etiology and clinical outcome. For reasons currently not well understood, patients with HPV+ tumors have a better outcome in terms of both overall survival and reduced risk of recurrence compared with HPV- HNSCC. This observation may reflect a greater intrinsic immunogenicity associated with HPV infection, pertaining to innate immune system pathways activated following recognition of viral nucleotides. Here we discuss how HNSCC provides a unique model to study the STING pathway in the context of viral-induced tumor type as well as recent advances in our understanding of this pathway in HSNCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Saulters
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John F Woolley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Shankar Varadarajan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Terence M Jones
- Liverpool Head and Neck Cancer Centre, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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10
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Wells G, Kennedy PT, Dahal LN. Investigating the Role of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Systematic Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:651687. [PMID: 33777052 PMCID: PMC7988196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The immunomodulatory enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) facilitates tryptophan catabolism at the rate-limiting step of the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway. IDO expression and elevations in Kyn metabolites are associated with immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment including T cell proliferative arrest and generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) which can favor tumor progression. However, the extent of the role of IDO in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is currently ill-defined. This study reviews the role of IDO-driven Treg function in AML and evaluates the current body of evidence implicating IDO in AML pathogenesis. Method: Studies related to IDO in AML were identified through a systematic review of PubMed and Scopus. Data extracted described sample analysis, IDO expression, IDO in prognosis, techniques used in Treg phenotypic studies, and the effect of IDO inhibitors. Results: Twenty studies were included in the systematic review. Expression of IDO was identified in a range of cells in AML, both inducible and constitutive. Seven studies indicated an association between elevated expression and poor clinical prognosis. Six studies suggested a positive correlation between IDO expression and Treg induction, with FoxP3 being the prominent Treg phenotypic marker. Of eight studies investigating IDO inhibition, some reported reductions in Treg frequency and enhanced effector T cell proliferation. Conclusion: This review highlights that IDO expression in AML is associated with poor prognosis and measurement of IDO and its Kyn metabolites may offer utility as prospective prognostic markers. Pharmacological inhibition of IDO using novel drugs may hold promise for the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Wells
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul T Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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11
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Alsufyani A, Alanazi R, Woolley JF, Dahal LN. Old Dog, New Trick: Type I IFN-Based Treatment for Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:753-756. [PMID: 33500358 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite strong biological rationale for the use of type-I IFNs for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), their usage is limited to few hematologic malignancies. Here, we propose that innate immune sensing machinery, particularly the stimulator of IFN genes pathway, may be exploited to deliver antileukemic effects in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alsufyani
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
| | - Rehab Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
| | - John F Woolley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom. .,MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
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12
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Carter MJ, Dahal LN, Cleary KLS, Marshall MJE, French RR, Beers SA, Cragg MS. Immunological Methods to Study Monoclonal Antibody Activity in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1881:173-184. [PMID: 30350206 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8876-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Over recent decades it has become increasingly apparent that malignant cells, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, do not exist in isolation. Rather they coalesce with numerous "normal" cells of the body and, in the case of CLL, inhabit key immunological niches within secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), where a plethora of stromal and immune cells mediate their growth and survival. With the advent and approval of targeted immune therapies such as monoclonal antibodies (mAb), which elicit their efficacy by engaging immune-mediated effector mechanisms, it is important to develop accurate methods to measure their activities. Here, we describe a series of reliable assays capable of measuring important antibody-mediated effector functions: antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) that measure these immune activities.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Cell Line
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/instrumentation
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/instrumentation
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/methods
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Macrophages
- Mice
- Monocytes
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Phagocytosis/immunology
- Primary Cell Culture/instrumentation
- Primary Cell Culture/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Carter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - L N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - K L S Cleary
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - M J E Marshall
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - R R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - S A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - M S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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13
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Sorrelle N, Ganguly D, Dominguez ATA, Zhang Y, Huang H, Dahal LN, Burton N, Ziemys A, Brekken RA. Improved Multiplex Immunohistochemistry for Immune Microenvironment Evaluation of Mouse Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissues. J Immunol 2018; 202:292-299. [PMID: 30510069 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Immune profiling of tissue through multiplex immunohistochemistry is important for the investigation of immune cell dynamics, and it can contribute to disease prognosis and evaluation of treatment response in cancer patients. However, protocols for mouse formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue have been less successful. Given that formalin fixation and paraffin embedding remains the most common preparation method for processing mouse tissue, this has limited the options to study the immune system and the impact of novel therapeutics in preclinical models. In an attempt to address this, we developed an improved immunohistochemistry protocol with a more effective Ag-retrieval buffer. We also validated 22 Abs specific for mouse immune cell markers to distinguish B cells, T cells, NK cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. In addition, we designed and tested novel strategies to identify immune cells for which unique Abs are currently not available. Last, in the 4T1 model of breast cancer, we demonstrate the utility of our protocol and Ab panels in the quantitation and spatial distribution of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Sorrelle
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Debolina Ganguly
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Adrian T A Dominguez
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Huocong Huang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton 016 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Burton
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Arturas Ziemys
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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14
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Buchan SL, Dou L, Remer M, Booth SG, Dunn SN, Lai C, Semmrich M, Teige I, Mårtensson L, Penfold CA, Chan HTC, Willoughby JE, Mockridge CI, Dahal LN, Cleary KLS, James S, Rogel A, Kannisto P, Jernetz M, Williams EL, Healy E, Verbeek JS, Johnson PWM, Frendéus B, Cragg MS, Glennie MJ, Gray JC, Al-Shamkhani A, Beers SA. Antibodies to Costimulatory Receptor 4-1BB Enhance Anti-tumor Immunity via T Regulatory Cell Depletion and Promotion of CD8 T Cell Effector Function. Immunity 2018; 49:958-970.e7. [PMID: 30446386 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The costimulatory receptor 4-1BB is expressed on activated immune cells, including activated T cells. Antibodies targeting 4-1BB enhance the proliferation and survival of antigen-stimulated T cells in vitro and promote CD8 T cell-dependent anti-tumor immunity in pre-clinical cancer models. We found that T regulatory (Treg) cells infiltrating human or murine tumors expressed high amounts of 4-1BB. Intra-tumoral Treg cells were preferentially depleted by anti-4-1BB mAbs in vivo. Anti-4-1BB mAbs also promoted effector T cell agonism to promote tumor rejection. These distinct mechanisms were competitive and dependent on antibody isotype and FcγR availability. Administration of anti-4-1BB IgG2a, which preferentially depletes Treg cells, followed by either agonistic anti-4-1BB IgG1 or anti-PD-1 mAb augmented anti-tumor responses in multiple solid tumor models. An antibody engineered to optimize both FcγR-dependent Treg cell depleting capacity and FcγR-independent agonism delivered enhanced anti-tumor therapy. These insights into the effector mechanisms of anti-4-1BB mAbs lay the groundwork for translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Buchan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lang Dou
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Marcus Remer
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Steven G Booth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stuart N Dunn
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Chester Lai
- Department of Dermatopharmacology, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Monika Semmrich
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Teige
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jane E Willoughby
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kirstie L S Cleary
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Anne Rogel
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Päivi Kannisto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Jernetz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emily L Williams
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Eugene Healy
- Department of Dermatopharmacology, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter W M Johnson
- Cancer Research UK Southampton Centre, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Björn Frendéus
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Juliet C Gray
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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15
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Ward FJ, Dahal LN, Abu-Eid R. On the Road to Immunotherapy-Prospects for Treating Head and Neck Cancers With Checkpoint Inhibitor Antibodies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2182. [PMID: 30319637 PMCID: PMC6165864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers (HNC) represent a heterogeneous cluster of aggressive malignancies that account for 3% of all cancer cases in the UK. HNC is increasing in frequency particularly in the developing world, which is related to changes in risk factors. Unfortunately, the mortality rate is high, which is chiefly attributed to late diagnosis at stages where traditional treatments fail. Cancer immunotherapy has achieved great successes in anti-tumor therapy. Checkpoint inhibitor (CI) antibodies enhance anti-tumor activity by blocking inhibitory receptors to drive tumor-specific T and NK cell effector responses. Since their introduction in 2011, CI antibodies have been approved for many cancer types including HNC. Here, we examine the development of CI therapies and look forward to future developments for treatment of HNC with CI therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Ward
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rasha Abu-Eid
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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16
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Dahal LN, Schwarz H, Ward FJ. Hiding in Plain Sight: Soluble Immunomodulatory Receptors. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:771-774. [PMID: 30195467 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alternatively spliced natural soluble isoforms of immunomodulatory receptors [cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), 4-1BB, and programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1] have been overlooked in favor of their cell-surface-bound counterparts that have generated blockbuster antibodies for the treatment of cancer. We propose that the soluble variants of these receptors contribute to immune regulation and offer potential as targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekh N Dahal
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Frank J Ward
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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17
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Dahal LN, Huang CY, Stopforth RJ, Mead A, Chan K, Bowater JX, Taylor MC, Narang P, Chan HTC, Kim JH, Vaughan AT, Forconi F, Beers SA. Shaving Is an Epiphenomenon of Type I and II Anti-CD20-Mediated Phagocytosis, whereas Antigenic Modulation Limits Type I Monoclonal Antibody Efficacy. J Immunol 2018; 201:1211-1221. [PMID: 29997125 PMCID: PMC6082343 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rituximab is an anti-CD20 mAb used in the treatment of B cell malignancies. Loss of surface CD20 Ag from the surface of target cells is thought to be one mechanism governing resistance to rituximab, but how this occurs is not completely understood. Two explanations for this have been proposed: antigenic modulation whereby mAb:CD20 complexes are internalized in a B cell intrinsic process and shaving, in which mAb:CD20 complexes undergo trogocytic removal by effector cells, such as macrophages. However, there is conflicting evidence as to which predominates in clinical scenarios and hence the best strategies to overcome resistance. In this study, we investigated the relative importance of modulation and shaving in the downregulation of surface mAb:CD20. We used both murine and human systems and treated ex vivo macrophages with varying concentrations of non-FcγR-interacting beads to achieve differential macrophage saturation states, hence controllably suppressing further phagocytosis of target cells. We then monitored the level and localization of mAb:CD20 using a quenching assay. Suppression of phagocytosis with bead treatment decreased shaving and increased modulation, suggesting that the two compete for surface rituximab:CD20. Under all conditions tested, modulation predominated in rituximab loss, whereas shaving represented an epiphenomenon to phagocytosis. We also demonstrate that the nonmodulating, glycoengineered, type II mAb obinutuzumab caused a modest but significant increase in shaving compared with type II BHH2 human IgG1 wild-type mAb. Therefore, shaving may represent an important mechanism of resistance when modulation is curtailed, and glycoengineering mAb to increase affinity for FcγR may enhance resistance because of shaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Chie-Yin Huang
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Richard J Stopforth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Abbie Mead
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Keith Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Juliet X Bowater
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Martin C Taylor
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Priyanka Narang
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jinny H Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew T Vaughan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Francesco Forconi
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Cancer Research UK and National Institute for Health Research Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
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18
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Dahal LN, Gadd A, Edwards AD, Cragg MS, Beers SA. UC-1V150, a potent TLR7 agonist capable of activating macrophages and potentiating mAb-mediated target cell deletion. Scand J Immunol 2018; 87:e12666. [PMID: 29667229 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are critical mediators of the immune system with their activation linked to infection, inflammation and the pathogenesis of immune diseases including autoimmunity and cancer. For this reason, over the last 2 decades, TLR and their associated signalling pathways have been targeted therapeutically to enhance innate and adaptive immunity. Several TLR ligands, both endogenous and synthetic are at various phases of clinical testing, and new ligands are continually emerging. Agonists of TLR7 are known immune response modifiers, simultaneously stimulating several cell types, resulting in immune cell activation and cytokine and chemokine release. The immune stimulating properties of the TLR7 agonist Imiquimod has also been exploited for use in the treatment of malignant superficial tumours of the skin. Here, we investigated a novel TLR7 agonist UC-1V150 and demonstrate it activates both human and mouse myeloid cells in vitro and in vivo, to deliver potent FcγR-mediated engulfment of opsonized target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Dahal
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - A Gadd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
| | - A D Edwards
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
| | - M S Cragg
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - S A Beers
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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19
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Yu X, Chan HTC, Orr CM, Dadas O, Booth SG, Dahal LN, Penfold CA, O'Brien L, Mockridge CI, French RR, Duriez P, Douglas LR, Pearson AR, Cragg MS, Tews I, Glennie MJ, White AL. Complex Interplay between Epitope Specificity and Isotype Dictates the Biological Activity of Anti-human CD40 Antibodies. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:664-675.e4. [PMID: 29576376 PMCID: PMC5896247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that promote or inhibit receptor function hold promise as therapeutics for cancer and autoimmunity. Rules governing their diverse range of functions, however, are lacking. Here we determined characteristics of nine hCD40 mAbs engaging epitopes throughout the CD40 extracellular region expressed as varying isotypes. All mAb formats were strong agonists when hyper-crosslinked; however, only those binding the membrane-distal cysteine-rich domain 1 (CRD1) retained agonistic activity with physiological Fc gamma receptor crosslinking or as human immunoglobulin G2 isotype; agonistic activity decreased as epitopes drew closer to the membrane. In addition, all CRD2-4 binding mAbs blocked CD40 ligand interaction and were potent antagonists. Thus, the membrane distal CRD1 provides a region of choice for selecting CD40 agonists while CRD2-4 provides antagonistic epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christian M Orr
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Osman Dadas
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Steven G Booth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lyn O'Brien
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Patrick Duriez
- Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Leon R Douglas
- Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Arwen R Pearson
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging & Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ivo Tews
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ann L White
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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20
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Roghanian A, Stopforth RJ, Dahal LN, Cragg MS. New revelations from an old receptor: Immunoregulatory functions of the inhibitory Fc gamma receptor, FcγRIIB (CD32B). J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1077-1088. [PMID: 29406570 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mir0917-354r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fc gamma receptor IIB (FcγRIIB/CD32B) was generated million years ago during evolution. It is the sole inhibitory receptor for IgG, and has long been associated with the regulation of humoral immunity and innate immune homeostasis. However, new and surprising functions of FcγRIIB are emerging. In particular, FcγRIIB has been shown to perform unexpected activatory roles in both immune-signaling and monoclonal antibody (mAb) immunotherapy. Furthermore, although ITIM signaling is an integral part of FcγRIIB regulatory activity, it is now clear that inhibition/activation of immune responses can occur independently of the ITIM. In light of these new findings, we present an overview of the established and noncanonical functions of FcγRIIB and discuss how this knowledge might be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard J Stopforth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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21
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Turaj AH, Hussain K, Cox KL, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Testa J, Dahal LN, Chan HTC, James S, Field VL, Carter MJ, Kim HJ, West JJ, Thomas LJ, He LZ, Keler T, Johnson PWM, Al-Shamkhani A, Thirdborough SM, Beers SA, Cragg MS, Glennie MJ, Lim SH. Antibody Tumor Targeting Is Enhanced by CD27 Agonists through Myeloid Recruitment. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:777-791.e6. [PMID: 29198913 PMCID: PMC5734932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can destroy tumors by recruiting effectors such as myeloid cells, or targeting immunomodulatory receptors to promote cytotoxic T cell responses. Here, we examined the therapeutic potential of combining a direct tumor-targeting mAb, anti-CD20, with an extended panel of immunomodulatory mAbs. Only the anti-CD27/CD20 combination provided cures. This was apparent in multiple lymphoma models, including huCD27 transgenic mice using the anti-huCD27, varlilumab. Detailed mechanistic analysis using single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated that anti-CD27 stimulated CD8+ T and natural killer cells to release myeloid chemo-attractants and interferon gamma, to elicit myeloid infiltration and macrophage activation. This study demonstrates the therapeutic advantage of using an immunomodulatory mAb to regulate lymphoid cells, which then recruit and activate myeloid cells for enhanced killing of mAb-opsonized tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Turaj
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Matthew J J Rose-Zerilli
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - James Testa
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827, USA
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Vikki L Field
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Matthew J Carter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Hyung J Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jonathan J West
- Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Li-Zhen He
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827, USA
| | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827, USA
| | - Peter W M Johnson
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen M Thirdborough
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sean H Lim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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22
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Dahal LN, Dou L, Hussain K, Liu R, Earley A, Cox KL, Murinello S, Tracy I, Forconi F, Steele AJ, Duriez PJ, Gomez-Nicola D, Teeling JL, Glennie MJ, Cragg MS, Beers SA. STING Activation Reverses Lymphoma-Mediated Resistance to Antibody Immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3619-3631. [PMID: 28512240 PMCID: PMC5500176 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumors routinely attract and co-opt macrophages to promote their growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Macrophages are also the key effector cell for mAb therapies. Here we report that the tumor microenvironment creates an immunosuppressive signature on tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), which favors expression of inhibitory rather than activating Fcγ receptors (FcγR), thereby limiting the efficacy of mAb immunotherapy. We assessed a panel of TLR and STING agonists (a) for their ability to reprogram macrophages to a state optimal for mAb immunotherapy. Both STINGa and TLRa induced cytokine release, modulated FcγR expression, and augmented mAb-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis in vitro However, only STINGa reversed the suppressive FcγR profile in vivo, providing strong adjuvant effects to anti-CD20 mAb in murine models of lymphoma. Potent adjuvants like STINGa, which can improve FcγR activatory:inhibitory (A:I) ratios on TAM, are appealing candidates to reprogram TAM and curb tumor-mediated immunosuppression, thereby empowering mAb efficacy. Cancer Res; 77(13); 3619-31. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Lang Dou
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rena Liu
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Earley
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Salome Murinello
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Tracy
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Cancer Research UK and NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Forconi
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Cancer Research UK and NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Steele
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Cancer Research UK and NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Duriez
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Cancer Research UK and NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica L Teeling
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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23
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Turaj AH, Dahal LN, Beers SA, Cragg MS, Lim SH. TLR-3/9 Agonists Synergize with Anti-ErbB2 mAb-Letter. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3376-3378. [PMID: 28584185 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Turaj
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sean H Lim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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24
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Carter MJ, Cox KL, Blakemore SJ, Turaj AH, Oldham RJ, Dahal LN, Tannheimer S, Forconi F, Packham G, Cragg MS. PI3Kδ inhibition elicits anti-leukemic effects through Bim-dependent apoptosis. Leukemia 2017; 31:1423-1433. [PMID: 27843137 PMCID: PMC5467045 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PI3Kδ plays pivotal roles in the maintenance, proliferation and survival of malignant B-lymphocytes. Although not curative, PI3Kδ inhibitors (PI3Kδi) demonstrate impressive clinical efficacy and, alongside other signaling inhibitors, are revolutionizing the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, only limited in vivo data are available regarding their mechanism of action. With the rising number of novel treatments, the challenge is to identify combinations that deliver curative regimes. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism is required to guide these selections. Currently, immunomodulation, inhibition of B-cell receptor signaling, chemokine/cytokine signaling and apoptosis represent potential therapeutic mechanisms for PI3Kδi. Here we characterize the molecular mechanisms responsible for PI3Kδi-induced apoptosis in an in vivo model of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In vitro, PI3Kδi-induced substantive apoptosis and disrupted microenvironment-derived signaling in murine (Eμ-Tcl1) and human (CLL) leukemia cells. Furthermore, PI3Kδi imparted significant therapeutic responses in Eμ-Tcl1-bearing animals and enhanced anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy. Responses correlated with upregulation of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein Bim. Accordingly, Bim-/- Eμ-Tcl1 Tg leukemias demonstrated resistance to PI3Kδi-induced apoptosis were refractory to PI3Kδi in vivo and failed to display combination efficacy with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy. Therefore, Bim-dependent apoptosis represents a key in vivo therapeutic mechanism for PI3Kδi, both alone and in combination therapy regimes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Bcl-2-Like Protein 11/genetics
- Bcl-2-Like Protein 11/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Carter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - K L Cox
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - S J Blakemore
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - A H Turaj
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - R J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - L N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | | | - F Forconi
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - G Packham
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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25
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Dahal LN, Basu N, Youssef H, Khanolkar RC, Barker RN, Erwig LP, Ward FJ. Immunoregulatory soluble CTLA-4 modifies effector T-cell responses in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:180. [PMID: 27487771 PMCID: PMC4973056 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The inhibitory CTLA-4 molecule is a crucial regulator of immune responses and a target for therapeutic intervention in both autoimmunity and cancer. In particular, CTLA-4 is important in controlling antigen-specific immunity, including responses to autoantigens associated with autoimmune disease. Here, we investigate cytokine responses to a range of lupus-associated autoantigens and assess whether the alternatively spliced isoform of CTLA-4, soluble CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4), contributes to immune regulation of autoantigen-specific immunity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods The cell culture supernatant production of sCTLA-4 as well as the cytokines IL-10, IFN-γ, and IL-17 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from lupus patients and age- and sex-matched healthy volunteer donors were measured in response to previously identified histone and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) autoantigen-derived peptides (H391-105, H471-93, and U170K131-151) by ELISA. We also examined the functional contribution of sCTLA-4 to immune regulation in the context of these autoantigenic peptides following blockade of sCTLA-4 with a selective anti-sCTLA-4 monoclonal antibody, JMW-3B3. Results We identified responses to autoantigenic peptides, which revealed qualitative differences in cytokine (IL-10, IL-17, and IFN-γ) profiles between SLE patients and healthy donors. PBMC from healthy donors responded to each of the lupus peptides by secreting IFN-γ and IL-17, but PBMC from SLE patients produced IL-10. Although we did not observe differences in the levels of serum or PBMC culture supernatant sCTLA-4 in either cohort, blockade of sCTLA-4 in PBMC cultures responding to antigen enhanced the cytokine profiles associated with each group. Conclusion The results show that lupus autoantigen-derived peptides display varied immunogenicity in lupus versus healthy volunteer donors, while sCTLA-4 acts to regulate the T-cell activity independently of response profile. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-016-1075-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekh N Dahal
- Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.,Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Neil Basu
- Department of Rheumatology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Hazem Youssef
- Department of Rheumatology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rahul C Khanolkar
- Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Robert N Barker
- Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Lars P Erwig
- Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.,Renal Unit, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK.,GSK, Experimental Medicine Unit, Immunoinflammation TA, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Frank J Ward
- Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
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26
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Tutt AL, James S, Laversin SA, Tipton TRW, Ashton-Key M, French RR, Hussain K, Vaughan AT, Dou L, Earley A, Dahal LN, Lu C, Dunscombe M, Chan HTC, Penfold CA, Kim JH, Potter EA, Mockridge CI, Roghanian A, Oldham RJ, Cox KL, Lim SH, Teige I, Frendéus B, Glennie MJ, Beers SA, Cragg MS. Development and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Mouse and Human Fcγ Receptors. J Immunol 2015; 195:5503-16. [PMID: 26512139 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
FcγRs are key regulators of the immune response, capable of binding to the Fc portion of IgG Abs and manipulating the behavior of numerous cell types. Through a variety of receptors, isoforms, and cellular expression patterns, they are able to fine-tune and direct appropriate responses. Furthermore, they are key determinants of mAb immunotherapy, with mAb isotype and FcγR interaction governing therapeutic efficacy. Critical to understanding the biology of this complex family of receptors are reagents that are robust and highly specific for each receptor. In this study, we describe the development and characterization of mAb panels specific for both mouse and human FcγR for use in flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and immunocytochemistry. We highlight key differences in expression between the two species and also patterns of expression that will likely impact on immunotherapeutic efficacy and translation of therapeutic agents from mouse to clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Tutt
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Stéphanie A Laversin
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas R W Tipton
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Margaret Ashton-Key
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew T Vaughan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lang Dou
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alexander Earley
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Chen Lu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Melanie Dunscombe
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jinny H Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Elizabeth A Potter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sean H Lim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
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27
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) immunotherapy is currently experiencing an unprecedented amount of success, delivering blockbuster sales for the pharmaceutical industry. Having experienced several false dawns and overcoming technical issues which limited progress, we are now entering a golden period where mAbs are becoming a mainstay of treatment regimes for diseases ranging from cancer to autoimmunity. In this review, we discuss how these mAbs are most likely working and focus in particular on the key receptors that they interact with to precipitate their therapeutic effects. Although their targets may vary, their engagement with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) on numerous immune effector cells is almost universal, and here we review their roles in delivering successful immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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28
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Ward FJ, Dahal LN, Khanolkar RC, Shankar SP, Barker RN. Targeting the alternatively spliced soluble isoform of CTLA-4: prospects for immunotherapy? Immunotherapy 2015; 6:1073-84. [PMID: 25428646 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 is an inhibitory protein that contributes to immune homeostasis and tolerance, a role that has led to its exploitation as a therapeutic in several clinical settings including cancer and autoimmune disease. Development of CTLA-4 therapies focused largely on the full-length receptor isoform but other CTLA-4 isoforms are also expressed, including a secretable form of CTLA-4 (soluble CTLA-4 [sCTLA-4]). The contribution of sCTLA-4 to immune regulation has been less well studied, primarily because it was identified some years after the original description of CTLA-4. Here, we examine how sCTLA-4 might contribute to immune regulation and ask whether it might be a biomarker to inform current CTLA-4 therapies or represent a novel CTLA-4 target for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Ward
- Section of Immunology & Infection, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
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29
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Dahal LN, Cragg MS. Rehabilitation or the death penalty: autoimmune B cells in the dock. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:687-91. [PMID: 25639261 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CD20-based monoclonal antibodies have become established as treatments for lymphoma, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis and dermatomyositis, with the principle therapeutic mechanism relating to B-cell depletion through effector cell engagement. An article by Brühl et al. in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology [Eur. J. Immunol. 2015. 45: 705-715] reveals a fundamentally distinct mechanism of silencing autoimmune B-cell responses. Rather than B-cell depletion, the authors use anti-CD79b antibodies to induce B-cell tolerance and suppress humoral immune responses against collagen to prevent the development of arthritis in mice. Here we highlight the differences in the mechanisms used by anti-CD20 and anti-CD79b Ab therapy and discuss why depletion of B cells may not be required to treat autoimmune arthritis and other B-cell-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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30
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Roghanian A, Teige I, Mårtensson L, Cox KL, Kovacek M, Ljungars A, Mattson J, Sundberg A, Vaughan AT, Shah V, Smyth NR, Sheth B, Chan HTC, Li ZC, Williams EL, Manfredi G, Oldham RJ, Mockridge CI, James SA, Dahal LN, Hussain K, Nilsson B, Verbeek JS, Juliusson G, Hansson M, Jerkeman M, Johnson PWM, Davies A, Beers SA, Glennie MJ, Frendéus B, Cragg MS. Antagonistic human FcγRIIB (CD32B) antibodies have anti-tumor activity and overcome resistance to antibody therapy in vivo. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:473-88. [PMID: 25873171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies have transformed cancer therapy, unlocking mechanisms of action by engaging the immune system. Unfortunately, cures rarely occur and patients display intrinsic or acquired resistance. Here, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of targeting human (h) FcγRIIB (CD32B), a receptor implicated in immune cell desensitization and tumor cell resistance. FcγRIIB-blocking antibodies prevented internalization of the CD20-specific antibody rituximab, thereby maximizing cell surface accessibility and immune effector cell mediated antitumor activity. In hFcγRIIB-transgenic (Tg) mice, FcγRIIB-blocking antibodies effectively deleted target cells in combination with rituximab, and other therapeutic antibodies, from resistance-prone stromal compartments. Similar efficacy was seen in primary human tumor xenografts, including with cells from patients with relapsed/refractory disease. These data support the further development of hFcγRIIB antibodies for clinical assessment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/therapeutic use
- Drug Synergism
- Humans
- Mice
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Rituximab
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Roghanian
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ingrid Teige
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | | | - Anne Ljungars
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Mattson
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Annika Sundberg
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrew T Vaughan
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Vallari Shah
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Neil R Smyth
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Bhavwanti Sheth
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Zhan-Chun Li
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emily L Williams
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Giusi Manfredi
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sonya A James
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Björn Nilsson
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Markus Hansson
- Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Jerkeman
- Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter W M Johnson
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Andrew Davies
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Björn Frendéus
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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31
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Abstract
Autoreactive CD4⁺ helper T cells specific for a range of nucleoprotein-derived autoantigens are an important feature of systemic lupus erythematosus, driving B cell differentiation and autoantibody production and contributing to the inflammatory lesions caused by immune complex deposition. Several peptide epitopes from nucleoprotein antigens have been identified and offer a means selectively to manipulate T cell responses by skewing toward a profile of cytokines that is less pro-inflammatory. Antigen-specific T cell lines and clones can be useful in the study of helper T cell subsets because their life span is prolonged and many individual cells can be generated, allowing particular phenotypes to be studied in detail. Magnetic beads offer a robust and convenient method for the isolation, polarization, and expansion of T cells, which can be adapted for a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Tenovus Research Laboratory, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Hampshire, UK
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32
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Dahal LN, Hall LS, Barker RN, Ward FJ. Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase contributes to transferable tolerance in rat red blood cell inducible model of experimental autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:58-66. [PMID: 23607691 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) is caused by autoantibodies against red blood cell (RBC) surface antigens that render RBC susceptible to Fc-mediated phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis. Experimental AIHA can be induced by injection of rat RBC to naive mice, but a lymphocyte-mediated regulatory mechanism eventually suppresses the production of autoantibodies specific for mouse RBC. Critically, this tolerogenic response can be transferred to naive mice by splenocytes from the rat RBC-immunized mouse. Here we investigate whether indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) or the initiators of IDO cascade, including the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 receptor and its soluble isoform, contribute to this tolerogenic mechanism. Splenocytes from experimental AIHA mice were transferred adoptively to naive mice under the cover of anti-CTLA-4, anti-soluble CTLA-4 antibodies or IDO inhibitor 1-methyl tryptophan (1-MT). Recipient mice were immunized with rat RBC and levels of antibody against self-RBC and rat-RBC were monitored. Our results indicate that transfer of tolerance to naive recipients is dependent upon IDO-mediated immunosuppression, as mice receiving previously tolerized splenocytes under the cover of 1-MT were refractory to tolerance and developed haemolytic disease upon further challenge with rat RBC. Initiators of IDO activity, CTLA-4 or soluble CTLA-4 did not mediate this tolerogenic process but, on their blockade, boosted antigen-specific effector immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Dahal
- Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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33
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Ward FJ, Dahal LN, Wijesekera SK, Abdul-Jawad SK, Kaewarpai T, Xu H, Vickers MA, Barker RN. The soluble isoform of CTLA-4 as a regulator of T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1274-85. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank J. Ward
- Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen; Foresterhill; Aberdeen; UK
| | - Lekh N. Dahal
- Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen; Foresterhill; Aberdeen; UK
| | - Subadra K. Wijesekera
- Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen; Foresterhill; Aberdeen; UK
| | - Sultan K. Abdul-Jawad
- Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen; Foresterhill; Aberdeen; UK
| | - Taniya Kaewarpai
- Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen; Foresterhill; Aberdeen; UK
| | - Heping Xu
- Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen; Foresterhill; Aberdeen; UK
| | - Mark A. Vickers
- Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen; Foresterhill; Aberdeen; UK
| | - Robert N. Barker
- Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen; Foresterhill; Aberdeen; UK
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