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Namazi S, Rostami-Yalmeh J, Sahebi E, Jaberipour M, Razmkhah M, Hosseini A. The role of captopril and losartan in prevention and regression of tamoxifen-induced resistance of breast cancer cell line MCF-7: An in vitro study. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:565-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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ENDER STEPHANALBRECHT, DALLMER ANDREA, LÄSSIG FLORIAN, LENDECKEL UWE, WOLKE CARMEN. Expression and function of the ACE2/angiotensin(1–7)/Mas axis in osteosarcoma cell lines U-2 OS and MNNG-HOS. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:804-10. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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103
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Non-canonical signalling and roles of the vasoactive peptides angiotensins and kinins. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 126:753-74. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20130414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
GPCRs (G-protein-coupled receptors) are among the most important targets for drug discovery due to their ubiquitous expression and participation in cellular events under both healthy and disease conditions. These receptors can be activated by a plethora of ligands, such as ions, odorants, small ligands and peptides, including angiotensins and kinins, which are vasoactive peptides that are classically involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular events. These peptides and their corresponding GPCRs have been reported to play roles in other systems and under pathophysiological conditions, such as cancer, central nervous system disorders, metabolic dysfunction and bone resorption. More recently, new mechanisms have been described for the functional regulation of GPCRs, including the transactivation of other signal transduction receptors and the activation of G-protein-independent pathways. The existence of such alternative mechanisms for signal transduction and the discovery of agonists that can preferentially trigger one signalling pathway over other pathways (called biased agonists) have opened new perspectives for the discovery and development of drugs with a higher specificity of action and, therefore, fewer side effects. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on the non-canonical signalling and roles of angiotensins and kinins.
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Zhang S, Yang X, Shi H, Li M, Xue Q, Ren H, Yao L, Chen X, Zhang J, Wang H. Overexpression of leucine aminopeptidase 3 contributes to malignant development of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Mol Histol 2014; 45:283-92. [PMID: 24477662 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-014-9566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Leucine aminopeptidases (LAPs) were associated with tumor cell proliferation, invasion and/or angiogenesis. We aimed to examine the biological function of LAP3 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). LAP3 expressions were examined in human ESCC tissue and cell lines ECA109 and TE1 cells. Recombinant pSilencer4.1-LAP3-shRNA was transfected into ECA109 cells to silence LAP3 expression. The effects of LAP3 silencing on ECA109 cell proliferation in vitro were evaluated. Flow cytometry profiling was used to detect the differentiate cell cycle distribution in LAP3-silenced ECA109 cells. Wound-healing assay and transwell assay were used to examine the activities of migration and invasion in LAP3-silenced ECA109 cells. We overexpressed LAP3 in TE1 cells to find out the corresponding results. LAP3 expression level was abundance in ESCC tissue. LAP3 silencing significantly reduced ECA109 cell proliferation and colony formation. The knockdown of LAP3 resulted in cell cycle arrest at G1-phase. Moreover, over expression of LAP3 favors TE1 cell proliferation and invasiveness which also confirms its contribution in malignant development. We came to the conclusion that LAP3 contributed to ESCC progression by overcoming cell cycle arrest. The proliferative and migration effects of LAP3 might contribute to malignant development of human ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, People's Republic of China
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Hao PP, Liu YP, Yang CY, Liang T, Zhang C, Song J, Han JK, Hou GH. Evaluation of (131)I-anti-angiotensin II type 1 receptor monoclonal antibody as a reporter for hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85002. [PMID: 24416333 PMCID: PMC3885667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Finding a specific agent is useful for early detection of tumor. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) was reported to be elevated in a variety of tumors and participate in tumor progression. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether 131I-anti-AT1R monoclonal antibody (mAb) is an efficient imaging reporter for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Methodology/Principal Findings AT1R mAb or isotype IgG was radioiodinated with 131I and the radiochemical purity and stability of the two imaging agents and the affinity of 131I-anti-AT1R mAb against AT1R were measured. 3.7 MBq 131I-anti-AT1R mAb or isotype 131I-IgG was intravenously injected to mice with hepatocellular carcinoma through tail vein, and then the whole-body autoradiography and biodistribution of the two imaging agents and the pharmacokinetics of 131I-anti-AT1R mAb were studied. 131I-anti-AT1R mAb and 131I-IgG were successfully radioiodinated and both maintained more stable in serum than in saline. The 131I-anti-AT1R mAb group showed much clearer whole-body images for observing hepatocellular carcinoma than the 131I-IgG group. The biodistributions of the two imaging agents suggested that hepatocellular carcinoma tissue uptook more 131I-anti-AT1R mAb than other tissues (%ID/g = 1.82±0.40 and T/NT ratio = 7.67±0.64 at 48 h), whereas hepatocellular carcinoma tissue did not selectively uptake 131I-IgG (%ID/g = 0.42±0.06 and T/NT ratio = 1.33±0.08 at 48 h). The pharmacokinetics of 131I-anti-AT1R mAb was in accordance with the two-compartment model, with a rapid distribution phase and a slow decline phase. These results were further verified by real-time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry staining and Western blot. Conclusions/Significance 131I-anti-AT1R mAb may be a potential target for early detection of tumor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/diagnostic imaging
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Drug Stability
- Early Diagnosis
- Immunoglobulin G/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Iodine Radioisotopes
- Liver/diagnostic imaging
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Liver Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Radionuclide Imaging
- Radiopharmaceuticals/immunology
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/immunology
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Hao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chang-Ya Yang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ting Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Song
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jian-Kui Han
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Gui-Hua Hou
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- * E-mail:
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Effects of angiotensin II type 2 receptor overexpression on the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83754. [PMID: 24391821 PMCID: PMC3877089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in tumorigenesis. The interaction between Angiotensin II (AngII) and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) may have a pivotal role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and therefore, AT1R blocker and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of hepatic cancer. Although the involvement of AT1R has been well explored, the role of the angiotensin II Type 2 receptor (AT2R) in HCC progression remains poorly understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the effects of AT2R overexpression on HCC cells in vitro and in mouse models of human HCC. An AT2R recombinant adenoviral vector (Ad-G-AT2R-EGFP) was transduced into HCC cell lines and orthotopic tumor grafts. The results indicate that the high dose of Ad-G-AT2R-EGFP–induced overexpression of AT2R in transduced HCC cell lines produced apoptosis. AT2R overexpression in SMMC7721 cells inhibited cell proliferation with a significant reduction of S-phase cells and an enrichment of G1-phase cells through changing expression of CDK4 and cyclinD1. The data also indicate that overexpression of AT2R led to apoptosis via cell death signaling pathway that is dependent on activation of p38 MAPK, pJNK, caspase-8 and caspase-3 and inactivation of pp42/44 MAPK (Erk1/2). Finally, we demonstrated that moderately increasing AT2R expression could increase the growth of HCC tumors and the proliferation of HCC cells in vivo. Our findings suggest that AT2R overexpression regulates proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo, and the precise mechanisms of this phenomenon are yet to be fully determined.
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107
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Bi FF, Li D, Cao C, Li CY, Yang Q. Regulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression in ovarian cancer: a potential role for BRCA1. J Ovarian Res 2013; 6:89. [PMID: 24321324 PMCID: PMC4029559 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-6-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both BRCA1 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1) play a critical role in ovarian cancer progression. However, the crosstalk between BRCA1 and AGTR1 signaling pathways remains largely unknown. METHODS BRCA1 promoter methylation was analyzed by bisulfite sequence using primers focused on the core promoter region. Expression levels of BRCA1 and AGTR1 were assessed by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. Regression analysis was used to examine the possible relationship between BRCA1 and AGTR1 protein levels. Knockdown or overexpression of BRCA1 was achieved by using a lentiviral vector in 293 T cells and SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma cells, and primary non-mutated and BRCA1-mutated ovarian cancer cells. RESULTS BRCA1 dysfunction (BRCA1 mutation or hypermethylated BRCA1 promoter) ovarian cancer showed decreased AGTR1 levels compared to normal tissue. In contrast, AGTR1 expression was increased in non-BRCA1-mutated ovarian cancer. Notably, BRCA1 activation was an effective way to induce AGTR1 expression in primary ovarian cancer cells and a positive correlation exists between BRCA1 and AGTR1 expression in human ovarian cancer specimens. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that BRCA1 may be a potential trigger involved in the transcriptional regulation of AGTR1 in the development of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Da Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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108
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A conceptually new treatment approach for relapsed glioblastoma: coordinated undermining of survival paths with nine repurposed drugs (CUSP9) by the International Initiative for Accelerated Improvement of Glioblastoma Care. Oncotarget 2013; 4:502-30. [PMID: 23594434 PMCID: PMC3720600 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve prognosis in recurrent glioblastoma we developed a treatment protocol based on a combination of drugs not traditionally thought of as cytotoxic chemotherapy agents but that have a robust history of being well-tolerated and are already marketed and used for other non-cancer indications. Focus was on adding drugs which met these criteria: a) were pharmacologically well characterized, b) had low likelihood of adding to patient side effect burden, c) had evidence for interfering with a recognized, well-characterized growth promoting element of glioblastoma, and d) were coordinated, as an ensemble had reasonable likelihood of concerted activity against key biological features of glioblastoma growth. We found nine drugs meeting these criteria and propose adding them to continuous low dose temozolomide, a currently accepted treatment for relapsed glioblastoma, in patients with recurrent disease after primary treatment with the Stupp Protocol. The nine adjuvant drug regimen, Coordinated Undermining of Survival Paths, CUSP9, then are aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, copper gluconate, disulfiram, ketoconazole, nelfinavir, sertraline, to be added to continuous low dose temozolomide. We discuss each drug in turn and the specific rationale for use- how each drug is expected to retard glioblastoma growth and undermine glioblastoma's compensatory mechanisms engaged during temozolomide treatment. The risks of pharmacological interactions and why we believe this drug mix will increase both quality of life and overall survival are reviewed.
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109
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Herr D, Bekes I, Wulff C. Local Renin-Angiotensin system in the reproductive system. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:150. [PMID: 24151488 PMCID: PMC3798827 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is well known as regulator of electrolytes and blood pressure. Besides this function, there are numerous studies supporting the idea of a local tissue RAS. This system controls the local activity of the different RAS family members, especially of the functional proteins Angiotensin II and Angiotensin (1-7). Those antagonistically acting proteins have been described to be expressed in different organ systems including the human reproductive tract. Therefore, this local RAS has been suspected to be involved in the control and regulation of physiological and pathological conditions in the female reproduction tract. This review of the available literature summarizes the physiological influence of the RAS on the follicular development, ovarian angiogenesis, and placental- and uterine function. In addition, in the second part the role of the RAS concerning ovarian- and endometrial cancer becomes elucidated. This section includes possible novel therapeutic strategies via inhibition of RAS-mediated tumor growth and angiogenesis. Looking at a very complex system of agonistic and antagonistic tissue factors, it may be supposed that the RAS in the female reproduction tract will be of rising scientific interest in the upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Herr
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Daniel Herr, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Homburg, Kirrbergerstraße 100, 66421 Homburg/Saar Germany e-mail:
| | - Inga Bekes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christine Wulff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
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110
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Chae YK, Brown EN, Lei X, Melhem-Bertrandt A, Giordano SH, Litton JK, Hortobagyi GN, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Chavez-Macgregor M. Use of ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers and Primary Breast Cancer Outcomes. J Cancer 2013; 4:549-56. [PMID: 23983819 PMCID: PMC3753529 DOI: 10.7150/jca.6888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may have anti-tumor properties. We investigated whether the use of ACEI/ARBs affects the clinical outcomes of primary breast cancer patients receiving taxane and anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS We included 1449 patients with diagnosis of invasive primary breast cancer diagnosed at the MD Anderson Cancer Center between 1995 and 2007 who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Of them, 160 (11%) patients were identified by review of their medical record, as ACEI/ARBs users. We compared pathologic complete response (pCR) rates, relapse-free survival (RFS), disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) between ACEI/ARB users and non-users. Descriptive statistics and Cox proportional hazards model were used in the analyses. RESULTS There was no difference in the pCR rates between ACEI/ARB users and non-users (16% vs 18.1%, p-=0.50). After adjustment for important demographic and clinical characteristics, no significant differences between ACEI/ARB users and nonusers were observed in RFS (HR=0.81; 95% CI=0.54-1.21), DSS (HR=0.83; 95% CI=0.52-1.31), or OS (HR=0.91; 95% CI =0.61-1.37). In a subgroup analysis, the 5-year RFS was 82% in ARB only users versus 71% in ACEI/ARB non-users (P=0.03). In the multivariable analysis, ARB use was also associated with a decreased risk of recurrence (HR=0.35; 95% CI=0.14-0.86). No statistically significant differences in DSS or OS were seen. CONCLUSION No differences in pCR and survival outcomes were seen between ACEI/ARB users and non-users among breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. ARB use may be associated with improved RFS. Further research is needed to validate this finding.
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111
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Wegman-Ostrosky T, Soto-Reyes E, Vidal-Millán S, Sánchez-Corona J. The renin-angiotensin system meets the hallmarks of cancer. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 16:227-33. [PMID: 23934336 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313496858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmarks of cancer are described as the distinctive and complementary capacities that cells must acquire during the multistep development of becoming a cancer cell that allow them to survive, proliferate and disseminate. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was first discovered and extensively studied in the physiological regulation of systemic arterial pressure. RAS signalling increases cell proliferation in malignancy by directly affecting tumour and stromal cells and by indirectly modulating the growth of vascular cells during angiogenesis. We aim to describe and give a general view of how the RAS is involved in several hallmarks of cancer and how this could open a window to several interesting treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Wegman-Ostrosky
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, División de Investigación, México Universidad de Guadalajara, Instituto de Génetica Humana, México
| | | | | | - José Sánchez-Corona
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Instituto de Génetica Humana, México Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, México
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112
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Okwan-Duodu D, Landry J, Shen XZ, Diaz R. Angiotensin-converting enzyme and the tumor microenvironment: mechanisms beyond angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R205-15. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00544.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is a network of enzymes and peptides that coalesce primarily on the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) to induce cell proliferation, angiogenesis, fibrosis, and blood pressure control. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), the key peptidase of the RAS, is promiscuous in that it cleaves other substrates such as substance P and bradykinin. Accumulating evidence implicates ACE in the pathophysiology of carcinogenesis. While the role of ACE and its peptide network in modulating angiogenesis via the AT1R is well documented, its involvement in shaping other aspects of the tumor microenvironment remains largely unknown. Here, we review the role of ACE in modulating the immune compartment of the tumor microenvironment, which encompasses the immunosuppressive, cancer-promoting myeloid-derived suppressor cells, alternatively activated tumor-associated macrophages, and T regulatory cells. We also discuss the potential roles of peptides that accumulate in the setting of chronic ACE inhibitor use, such as bradykinin, substance P, and N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP), and how they may undercut the gains of anti-angiogenesis from ACE inhibition. These emerging mechanisms may harmonize the often-conflicting results on the role of ACE inhibitors and ACE polymorphisms in various cancers and call for further investigations into the potential benefit of ACE inhibitors in some neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Jerome Landry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Xiao Z. Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Roberto Diaz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and
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113
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Guimond MO, Battista MC, Nikjouitavabi F, Carmel M, Barres V, Doueik AA, Fazli L, Gleave M, Sabbagh R, Gallo-Payet N. Expression and role of the angiotensin II AT2 receptor in human prostate tissue: in search of a new therapeutic option for prostate cancer. Prostate 2013; 73:1057-68. [PMID: 23389987 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence shows that angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers may be associated with improved outcome in prostate cancer patients. It has been proposed that part of this effect could be due to angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) activation, the only active angiotensin II receptor in this situation. This study aimed to characterize the localization and expression of AT2R in prostate tissues and to assess its role on cell morphology and number in prostatic epithelial cells in primary culture. METHODS AT2R and its AT2R-interacting protein (ATIP) expression were assessed on non-tumoral and tumoral human prostate using tissue microarray immunohistochemistry, binding assay, and Western blotting. AT2R effect on cell number was measured in primary cultures of epithelial cells from non-tumoral human prostate. RESULTS AT2R was localized at the level of the acinar epithelial layer and its expression decreased in cancers with a Gleason score 6 or higher. In contrast, ATIP expression increased with cancer progression. Treatment of primary cell cultures from non-tumoral prostate tissues with C21/M024, a selective AT2R agonist, alone or in co-incubation with losartan, an AT1R antagonist, significantly decreased cell number compared to untreated cells. CONCLUSIONS AT2R and ATIP are present in non-tumoral human prostate tissues and differentially regulated according to Gleason score. The decrease in non-tumoral prostate cell number upon selective AT2R stimulation suggests that AT2R may have a protective role against prostate cancer development. Treatment with a selective AT2R agonist could represent a new approach for prostate cancer prevention or for patients on active surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Odile Guimond
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Wen SW, Ager EI, Neo J, Christophi C. The renin angiotensin system regulates Kupffer cells in colorectal liver metastases. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:720-7. [PMID: 23792575 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.25092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) can inhibit tumor growth and this may be mediated via undefined immunomodulatory actions. This study investigated the effects of RAS blockade on liver macrophages (Kupffer cells; KCs) in an orthotopic murine model of colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases. Here we showed that pharmacological targeting of the RAS [ANG II (31.25 µg/kg/h i.p.), ANG-(1-7) (24 µg/kg/h i.p.) or the ACE inhibitor; captopril (750 mg/kg/d i.p.)] altered endogenous KC numbers in the tumor-bearing liver throughout metastatic growth. Captopril, and to a lesser extent ANG-(1-7), increased KC numbers in the liver but not tumor. KCs were found to express the key RAS components: ACE and AT1R. Treatment with captopril and ANG II increased the number of AT1R-expressing KCs, although total KC numbers were not affected by ANG II. Captopril (0.1 µM) also increased macrophage invasion in vitro. Additionally, captopril was administered with KC depletion before tumor induction (day 0) or at established metastatic growth (day 18) using gadolinium chloride (GdCl 3; 20 mg/kg). Livers were collected at day 21 and quantitative stereology used as a measure of tumor burden. Captopril reduced growth of CRC liver metastases. However, when captopril was combined with early KC depletion (day 0) tumor growth was significantly increased compared with captopril alone. In contrast, late KC depletion (day 18) failed to influence the anti-tumor effects of captopril. The result of these studies suggests that manipulation of the RAS can alter KC numbers and may subsequently influence progression of CRC liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wen Wen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
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115
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Song L, Zhang SL, Bai KH, Yang J, Xiong HY, Li X, Liu T, Liu HR. Serum agonistic autoantibodies against type-1 angiotensin II receptor titer in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer: a potential role in tumor cell migration and angiogenesis. J Ovarian Res 2013; 6:22. [PMID: 23561060 PMCID: PMC3626713 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-6-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although agonistic autoantibodies against type-1 angiotensin-II receptor (AT1-AA) are frequently detected in women with preeclampsia, the clinical significance of AT1-AA in association with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has not been identified. METHODS In an attempt to clarify this issue, we measured serum AT1-AA titer from EOC patients (n = 89) and healthy normal subjects (n = 55), correlated AT1-AA titer with EOC stage and grade, and demonstrated the effects of purified AT1-AA on migration of ovarian cancer cells and angiogenesis of chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. RESULTS We found that the AT1-AA titer was significantly higher in EOC patients compared with healthy control subjects (1.77 ± 0.28 vs. 0.35 ± 0.05, P < 0.01). The positive rate was averaged by 72.1±2.5% in EOC patients and 15.5 ±1.5% in control (P < 0.01). Increased AT1-AA titer in EOC patients was associated with advanced stages and grades of EOC, and positively correlated with level of vascular endothelial growth factor (r = 0.855, P < 0.01). Furthermore, AT1-AA directly stimulated migration of ovarian cancer cells and enhanced microvascular density of chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. These AT1-AA-mediated effects were significantly blocked either by an autoantibody-neutralizing peptide or an angiotensin II type I receptor antagonist, losartan. CONCLUSION Taken together, we found that a higher serum AT1-AA titer may be associated with advanced progression of EOC in patients and play an important role in development of EOC by promoting cancer cell migration and angiogenesis. These findings implicate that AT1-AA might be selected as a detectable biomarker and potential therapeutic target in diagnosis and treatment of EOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- Department of Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P,R, China.
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116
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Abstract
For a few years, new targeted therapies have been used for metastatic cancers, targeting VEGF and its receptors and improving patients' survival for metastatic carcinoma (kidney, GIST, breast, colorectal). The objective of these treatments is to block either circulating VEGF (bevacizumab; VEGF-Trap), or tyrosine kinase receptors (especially the VEGF receptor) (sorafenib, sunitinib, brivanib, imatinib, etc.). Indeed, VEGF stimulates endothelial cell proliferation and then tumour growth and metastasis. However, all these antiangiogenic drugs share similar side effects, most frequently gastrointestinal disturbance, skin toxicity and hypertension. Hypertension seems to be especially frequent in case of good response. Renal side effects have probably been underestimated in the first place and their exact frequency is not known, needing some specific trials and registries. Proteinuria, thrombotic microangiopathies and acute renal failures have been reported: renal biopsies might be necessary for precise evaluation of renal damages. Physiopathology seems very close to preeclampsia. Good collaboration between oncologists, nephrologists and cardiologists is therefore crucial in order to continue these targeted therapies safely for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Vigneau
- Service de Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pontchaillou, 2, rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, 35033 Rennes cedex 9, France.
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117
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Dolley-Hitze T, Verhoest G, Jouan F, Le Pogamp P, Arlot-Bonnemains Y, Oger E, Belaud-Rotureau MA, Rioux-Leclercq N, Vigneau C. [Angiotensin-2 type 1 receptors (AT1R) and cancers]. Nephrol Ther 2013; 9:85-91. [PMID: 23332110 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several meta-analysis suggested an increased risk of cancers linked to the use of antagonists of angiotensin-2 receptors or inhibitors of angiotensinogen converting enzyme. The results of epidemiological studies are conflicting. Meta-analysis as well as retrospective studies are not reliable and biased, since they have never been designed to explore any pro- or antitumoral effect. We lack of prospective studies that could take off the doubt on these drugs. Nevertheless, all experimental researches pointed out potent antitumoral properties. Indeed, direct antiproliferative and neo-angiogenic inhibition have been described on tumor cell cultures as well as on animal models. Moreover, we are convinced that the use of antagonists of angiotensin-2 receptors and inhibitors of angiotensinogen converting enzyme may be then of clinical use in the near future in association with classical antitumor drugs. In this review, we proposed to explore these data by a thorough analysis of recent literature associating epidemiological and experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Dolley-Hitze
- Service de néphrologie, CHU Pontchaillou, 2, rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France
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118
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Chauhan VP, Martin JD, Liu H, Lacorre DA, Jain SR, Kozin SV, Stylianopoulos T, Mousa AS, Han X, Adstamongkonkul P, Popović Z, Huang P, Bawendi MG, Boucher Y, Jain RK. Angiotensin inhibition enhances drug delivery and potentiates chemotherapy by decompressing tumour blood vessels. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2516. [PMID: 24084631 PMCID: PMC3806395 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 722] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer and stromal cells actively exert physical forces (solid stress) to compress tumour blood vessels, thus reducing vascular perfusion. Tumour interstitial matrix also contributes to solid stress, with hyaluronan implicated as the primary matrix molecule responsible for vessel compression because of its swelling behaviour. Here we show, unexpectedly, that hyaluronan compresses vessels only in collagen-rich tumours, suggesting that collagen and hyaluronan together are critical targets for decompressing tumour vessels. We demonstrate that the angiotensin inhibitor losartan reduces stromal collagen and hyaluronan production, associated with decreased expression of profibrotic signals TGF-β1, CCN2 and ET-1, downstream of angiotensin-II-receptor-1 inhibition. Consequently, losartan reduces solid stress in tumours resulting in increased vascular perfusion. Through this physical mechanism, losartan improves drug and oxygen delivery to tumours, thereby potentiating chemotherapy and reducing hypoxia in breast and pancreatic cancer models. Thus, angiotensin inhibitors -inexpensive drugs with decades of safe use - could be rapidly repurposed as cancer therapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology
- Angiotensins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Angiotensins/metabolism
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Hypoxia
- Collagen/metabolism
- Connective Tissue Growth Factor/genetics
- Connective Tissue Growth Factor/metabolism
- Drug Repositioning
- Drug Synergism
- Endothelin-1/genetics
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Female
- Fluorouracil/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Hyaluronic Acid/metabolism
- Losartan/pharmacology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Mice
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/blood supply
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Stress, Mechanical
- Stromal Cells/drug effects
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/pathology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash P. Chauhan
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - John D. Martin
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hao Liu
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Delphine A. Lacorre
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Saloni R. Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Sergey V. Kozin
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Triantafyllos Stylianopoulos
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus CY-1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ahmed S. Mousa
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Xiaoxing Han
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Pichet Adstamongkonkul
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Zoran Popović
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Peigen Huang
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Moungi G. Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yves Boucher
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Rakesh K. Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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119
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Chen X, Meng Q, Zhao Y, Liu M, Li D, Yang Y, Sun L, Sui G, Cai L, Dong X. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists inhibit cell proliferation and angiogenesis in breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 328:318-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Correa-Noronha SAA, Noronha SMRD, Alecrim C, Mesquita ADC, Brito GSDS, Junqueira MG, Leite DB, Carvalho CVD, Silva IDCGD. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme I gene I/D polymorphism with endometrial but not with ovarian cancer. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012; 28:889-91. [PMID: 22571796 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2012.683060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations have been found between the angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion deletion (I/D) polymorphism (ACE I/D) and endometrial and epithelial ovarian cancer (EC and EOC, respectively). In this study, the following frequencies for each of three ACE polymorphisms, DD, ID, and II, respectively, were observed: in the EC group, 55, 24, and 21% versus the control group 39, 40, and 21% (p = 0.033*); in the EOC group 49, 36, and 15% versus the control group 49, 33, and 18% (p = 0.82). According to these allelic distributions, DD carriers are 2.0 times more likely than individuals carrying the ID or II genotypes to develop EC; therefore, the DD genotype seems to be protective against EC. In contrast, no association was observed between ACE (I/D) polymorphism with EOC. The ACE (I/D) polymorphism might play a role in the pathogenesis of EC and it should be considered when identifying genetic markers for EC.
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121
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Tchaikovski V, Lip GYH. Angiotensin receptor blockers and tumorigenesis: something to be (or not to be) concerned about? Curr Hypertens Rep 2012; 14:183-92. [PMID: 22467342 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-012-0263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of carcinogenic side effects of antihypertensive therapies due to their chronic administration has been raised multiple times in the past. Recently, the issue has again drawn attention, this time in relation to angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). This, among others, caused both American and European drug regulation authorities to review the underlying evidence concerning the relationship between this class of medications and potential adverse carcinogenic outcome. A plethora of both basic science and preclinical evidence has been generated, and three meta-analyses and one nationwide cohort have focused on this specific question. The current review aims to summarize the contemporary multidisciplinary evidence on whether ARBs may be associated with an increased risk of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Tchaikovski
- Haemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit, University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, B18 7QH, England, UK
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122
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Kim ST, Park KH, Oh SC, Seo JH, Kim JS, Shin SW, Kim YH. How does inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system affect the prognosis of advanced gastric cancer patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy? Oncology 2012; 83:354-60. [PMID: 23052034 DOI: 10.1159/000337979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is related to the regulation of cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and tumor progression. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the effect of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II type-1 receptor blockers (ARBs) in 63 patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) with platinum-based chemotherapy. All patients analyzed had received medications for hypertension at the diagnosis of AGC. Patients were divided into two groups: an ACEI/ARB group (n = 30) and a non-ACEI/ARB group (n = 33). RESULTS Patient characteristics were not different between patients with and without ACEI/ARB. The response rate for all patients was 25.4% and the disease control rate was 77.8%. The median progression-free survival (PFS) for first-line chemotherapy was 5.5 months (95% CI 3.71-7.29) in the ACEI/ARB group and 4.3 months (95% CI 2.39-6.21) in the non-ACEI/ARB group (p = 0.506). There was a significant difference in overall survival (OS) in the ACEI/ARB group compared to the non-ACEI/ARB group (median OS: 8.2 vs. 13.9, p = 0.0095). In multivariate analysis, the use of ACEI/ARB was a significant independent prognostic factor for OS (p = 0.039) but not for PFS. CONCLUSION ACEI/ARB in combination with standard chemotherapy might improve survival in patients with AGC and hypertension. These results support further investigation into the anticancer effects of ACEL/ARB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Tae Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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123
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Domińska K, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW, Lachowicz-Ochędalska A, Ochędalski T. Similarities and differences between effects of angiotensin III and angiotensin II on human prostate cancer cell migration and proliferation. Peptides 2012; 37:200-6. [PMID: 22884921 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation plays a critical role in tumor growth when cell migration is essential to invasion. The effect of Ang III and Ang II was evaluated on these important processes. Changes in the migration potential of prostate cancer cells were investigated using Wound Healing Test and a Transwell Migration Chamber with a 3 μm pore size. Cell proliferation was measured with a BrdU Assay and Countess Automated Cell Counter, thus determining the influence of angiotensins on hormone-dependent (LNCaP) and hormone-independent (DU-145) human prostate cancer lines. The influence of Ang III and Ang II on classic receptors may be inhibited by Losartan or PD123319. Test peptide modulation of the AT1 and AT2 receptors was examined by Western Blot and fluorescent immunocytochemistry. The results indicate that Ang III promotes the migration of both LNCaP and DU-145 lines, whereas Ang II stimulates this process only in androgen-independent cells. Both angiotensin peptides can induce prostate cancer cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The obtained results show that Ang III and Ang II can modify the expression of classic receptors, particularly AT2. These results suggest that the investigated peptide can modulate cell migration and proliferation in prostate cancer cells. Angiotensins probably have a greater influence on proliferation in the early-stage prostate cancer model than hormone-independent cell lines. Assume also that Ang II can enhance the migration tendency aggressive prostate cancer cells, while Ang III does so more effective in non-metastatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Domińska
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
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124
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Yang SL, Shen L, Gao JC, Fan Q, Huang L, Wu YR. Expression of Angiotensin Ⅱand AT 1R in colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:2213-2217. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i23.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of Angiotensin Ⅱand AT1R in colorectal cancer.
METHODS: Fresh colonic specimens were obtained from 6 healthy volunteers and 24 patients suffering from colorectal cancer (including 6 patients with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, 9 patients with moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma and 9 patients with well differentiated adenocarcinoma) by endoscopic punch biopsy. The diagnosis was confirmed pathologically. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of Angiotensin Ⅱ and AT1R in the colon of patients with colorectal cancer and healthy volunteers.
RESULTS: The expression of Angiotensin Ⅱ and AT1R proteins in the colon of patients with colorectal cancer with different differentiation grades was significantly higher than that in normal controls (21.24 ± 4.60, 19.90 ± 5.16, 17.87 ± 5.30 vs 2.45 ± 0.83; 15.98 ± 3.66, 8.13 ± 2.49, 8.12 ± 2.13 vs 2.53 ± 0.82, all P < 0.01). The expression of Angiotensin II had no difference among colorectal cancer with different differentiation grades (P > 0.05). Compared to moderately and well differentiated adenocarcinoma, the expression of AT1R was higher in poorly differentiated grade (both P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: These data suggest that Angiotensin Ⅱ and AT1R perhaps play an important role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer.
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125
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Carpentier AF, Ferrari D, Bailon O, Ursu R, Banissi C, Dubessy AL, Belin C, Levy C. Steroid-sparing effects of angiotensin-II inhibitors in glioblastoma patients. Eur J Neurol 2012; 19:1337-42. [PMID: 22650322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The standard of care in patients with glioblastoma (GBM) relies on surgical resection, radiation therapy (RT), and temozolomide. Steroids are required in almost all patients to reduce peritumoral edema, but are associated with numerous side effects. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key driver of peritumoral edema and angiogenesis in human GBM. Recently, angiotensin-II inhibitors were reported to reduce VEGF secretion and tumor growth in some animal models. METHODS To investigate whether angiotensin-II inhibitors might have a similar effect in humans and before undertaking a prospective study, we retrospectively investigated a series of 87 consecutive, newly diagnosed GBM patients, treated in a single center. Amongst these patients, 29 (33%) were already treated before RT for high blood pressure (HBP), 18 of them (21%) with an angiotensin-II inhibitor. In all patients, performance status, surgical procedures, and steroid dosages were documented. RESULTS Patients treated with angiotensin-II inhibitors, but not other antihypertensive drugs, required half of the steroids of the other patients during radiotherapy (P = 0.005 in multivariate analysis, considering other antihypertensive treatments, surgical resection, and performance status). This effect of angiotensin-II inhibitors was also significant at the beginning of radiotherapy (P = 0.03 in multivariate analysis). Treatment with angiotensin-II inhibitors had no effect on survival (16.2 vs. 17.9 months for the treated and the non-treated group, respectively, P = 0.77). CONCLUSION Angiotensin-II inhibitors might display significant steroid-sparing effects in brain tumor patients. Given the morbidity associated with steroids, this finding might have important practical consequences in these patients and warrants a randomized study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Carpentier
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Avicenne, Service de Neurologie, Bobigny, France.
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126
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Ma C, Wang Q, Man Y, Kemmner W. Cardiovascular medications in angiogenesis-How to avoid the sting in the tail. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:1249-59. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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127
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Jethon A, Pula B, Piotrowska A, Wojnar A, Rys J, Dziegiel P, Podhorska-Okolow M. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT-1R) expression correlates with VEGF-A and VEGF-D expression in invasive ductal breast cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2012; 18:867-73. [PMID: 22581182 PMCID: PMC3448048 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-012-9516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies point to the involvement of angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor type 1 (AT-1R) on processes of metastasing, stimulation of invasiveness and angiogenesis in tumours. In this study, the correlation between intensity of AT-1R expression and expression of lymph- and angiogenesis markers in invasive ductal breast cancers (IDC) was examined. Immunohistochemical studies (IHC) were performed on archival material of 102 IDC cases. Only 28 (27.5%) cases manifested low AT-1R expression while 74 (72.5%) cases demonstrated a moderate or pronounced AT-1R expression. Expression intensity of AT-1R was found to correlate with expressions of VEGF-A (r = 0.26; p = 0.008) and VEGF-D (r = 0.24; p = 0.015). Out of the examined markers of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis only the pronounced expression of VEGF-C was found to correlate with patient poor clinical outcome (p = 0.009). The positive correlation between AT-1R and VEGF-A and VEGF-D could point to stimulatory action of Ang II on their expression what might result in augmented lymph- and angiogenesis in IDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jethon
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
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128
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Effect of AT1R knockdown on ishikawa cell proliferation induced by estrogen. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286:481-7. [PMID: 22484478 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-012-2305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to study the effects of angiotensin receptor (AT1R) on proliferation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis of estrogen-induced ishikawa cell by the transfection of AT1R-siRNA. METHODS Immunofluorescence method was used to detect AT1R in ishikawa cell. Western blot was used to detect the expression of AT1R protein in ishikawa cell before and after the transfection of AT1R-siRNA. MTT method was used to test the cell proliferation of estrogen-induced ishikawa cell before and after the transfection. Western blot was used to detect the expression of extracellular regulated protein kinase1/2(ERK1/2). RESULTS The result of immunofluorescence shows that AT1R was expressed in ishikawa cell. The expression of AT1R protein was inhibited obviously by 72 h after the transfection of AT1R-siRNA. The results of MTT show that estrogen could induce the cell proliferation of ishikawa cell. The expression of ERK1/2 was down-regulated after the transfection of AT1R-siRNA. CONCLUSION AT1R can promote the cell proliferation of estrogen-induced ishikawa cell. The possible mechanism may be down-regulating the expression of ERK1/2 protein.
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129
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Abstract
Much evidence now suggests that angiotensin II has roles in normal functions of the breast that may be altered or attenuated in cancer. Both angiotensin type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptors are present particularly in the secretory epithelium. Additionally, all the elements of a tissue renin-angiotensin system, angiotensinogen, prorenin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), are also present and distributed in different cell types in a manner suggesting a close relationship with sites of angiotensin II activity. These findings are consistent with the concept that stromal elements and myoepithelium are instrumental in maintaining normal epithelial structure and function. In disease, this system becomes disrupted, particularly in invasive carcinoma. Both AT1 and AT2 receptors are present in tumours and may be up-regulated in some. Experimentally, angiotensin II, acting via the AT1 receptor, increases tumour cell proliferation and angiogenesis, both these are inhibited by blocking its production or function. Epidemiological evidence on the effect of expression levels of ACE or the distribution of ACE or AT1 receptor variants in many types of cancer gives indirect support to these concepts. It is possible that there is a case for the therapeutic use of high doses of ACE inhibitors and AT1 receptor blockers in breast cancer, as there may be for AT2 receptor agonists, though this awaits full investigation. Attention is drawn to the possibility of blocking specific AT1-mediated intracellular signalling pathways, for example by AT1-directed antibodies, which exploit the possibility that the extracellular N-terminus of the AT1 receptor may have previously unsuspected signalling roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Vinson
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK.
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130
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Garg M, Angus PW, Burrell LM, Herath C, Gibson PR, Lubel JS. Review article: the pathophysiological roles of the renin-angiotensin system in the gastrointestinal tract. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35:414-28. [PMID: 22221317 PMCID: PMC7159631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a homeostatic pathway widely known to regulate cardiovascular and renal physiology; however, little is known about its influence in gastrointestinal tissues. AIM To elicit the anatomical distribution and physiological significance of the components of the RAS in the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS An extensive online literature review including Pubmed and Medline. RESULTS There is evidence for RAS involvement in gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology, with all the components required for autonomous regulation identified throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The RAS is implicated in the regulation of glucose, amino acid, fluid and electrolyte absorption and secretion, motility, inflammation, blood flow and possibly malignant disease within the gastrointestinal tract. Animal studies investigating the effects of RAS blockade in a range of conditions including inflammatory bowel disease, functional gut disorders, gastrointestinal malignancy and even intestinal ischaemia have been encouraging to date. Given the ready availability of drugs that modify the RAS and their excellent safety profile, an opportunity exists for investigation of their possible therapeutic role in a variety of human gastrointestinal diseases. CONCLUSIONS The gastrointestinal renin-angiotensin system appears to be intricately involved in a number of physiological processes, and provides a possible target for novel investigative and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Garg
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyEastern HealthVic., Australia,Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityVic., Australia
| | - P. W. Angus
- Department of MedicineMelbourne UniversityVic., Australia,Gastroenterology and Liver Transplant UnitAustin HospitalVic., Australia
| | - L. M. Burrell
- Department of MedicineMelbourne UniversityVic., Australia
| | - C. Herath
- Department of MedicineMelbourne UniversityVic., Australia
| | - P. R. Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyEastern HealthVic., Australia,Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityVic., Australia
| | - J. S. Lubel
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyEastern HealthVic., Australia,Gastroenterology and Liver Transplant UnitAustin HospitalVic., Australia,Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityVic., Australia
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131
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Kuschel A, Simon P, Tug S. Functional regulation of HIF-1α under normoxia--is there more than post-translational regulation? J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:514-24. [PMID: 21503885 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is an oxygen-regulated transcriptional activator playing a pivotal role in mammalian physiology and disease pathogenesis, e.g., HIF-1 is indispensable in a broad range of developmental stages in different tumors. Its post-translational regulation via PHDs under the influence of hypoxia is widely investigated and accepted. Different non-hypoxic stimuli such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), thrombin, and angiotensin II (Ang II), have been proven to enhance HIF-1 levels through activation of regulative mechanisms distinct from protein stabilization. Some of these stimuli specifically regulate HIF-1α at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, or translational level, whereas others additionally influence post-translational modifications. Thus, it is difficult for the investigators to discern the impact of the different mechanisms leading to functional HIF-1 protein. Nevertheless, profound knowledge of additional regulatory networks appears to depict new therapeutic opportunities and thus is an interesting and important field for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kuschel
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
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132
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Martínez-Martos JM, Carrera-González MDP, Dueñas B, Mayas MD, García MJ, Ramírez-Expósito MJ. Renin angiotensin system-regulating aminopeptidase activities in serum of pre- and postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Breast 2011; 20:444-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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133
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Chae YK, Valsecchi ME, Kim J, Bianchi AL, Khemasuwan D, Desai A, Tester W. Reduced Risk of Breast Cancer Recurrence in Patients Using ACE Inhibitors, ARBs, and/or Statins. Cancer Invest 2011; 29:585-93. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2011.616252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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134
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Schwentner L, Wöckel A, Herr D, Wulff C. Is there a role of the local tissue RAS in the regulation of physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions in the reproductive tract? J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2011; 12:385-93. [PMID: 21824991 DOI: 10.1177/1470320311418140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is well known as a systemic endocrine pathway that regulates blood pressure and salt-water metabolism. In addition to the systemic renin-angiotensin system there is evidence in different species for the presence of a local tissue renin-angiotensin system, which allows local production of the bioactive peptides angiotensin II and angiotensin (1-7). The local renin-angiotensin system has been found in a variety of tissues including tissue of the human reproductive tract. Thus, it was suspected that it may have important functions in the local hormonal microenvironment. Here, a systematic literature search was undertaken to review whether there is evidence for regulatory functions of the local tissue renin-angiotensin system in the human reproductive tract under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schwentner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
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135
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Ager EI, Wen SW, Chan J, Chong WW, Neo JH, Christophi C. Altered efficacy of AT1R-targeted treatment after spontaneous cancer cell-AT1R upregulation. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:274. [PMID: 21703011 PMCID: PMC3141779 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) reduces tumour growth in experimental models of cancer. We aimed to establish if combined targeting of the 'classical' and 'alternative' arms of the RAS could result in synergistic inhibition of colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases. METHODS Immediately following induction of CRC liver metastases through intrasplenic injection of murine CRC cells, treatment with irbesartan (AT1R blocker; 50 mg/kg/day s.c.), captopril (ACE inhibitor; 750 mg/kg/day i.p.), CGP42112A (AT2R agonist; 0.6 μg/kg/hr i.p.), and/or ANG-(1-7) (24 μg/kg/hr i.p.) began and continued for 21 days. Liver to body weight ratio and/or stereology were used as a measure of tumour burden. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine AT1R and VEGF expression as well as proliferation (Ki67), apoptosis (active caspase 3) and angiogenesis (CD34). RESULTS Combined RAS therapies failed to improve upon single arm therapies. However, while irbesartan previously inhibited tumour growth in this model, in the current experiments irbesartan failed to affect tumour burden. Subsequent analysis showed a cancer-cell specific upregulation of the angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R) in irbesartan-insensitive compared to irbesartan-sensitive tumours. The upregulation of AT1R was associated with an increase in proliferation and VEGF expression by cancer cells. While animals bearing irbesartan-sensitive tumours showed a marked decrease in the number of proliferating cells in the liver and VEGF-expressing infiltrating cells in the tumour following AT1R treatment, these were unchanged by treatment in animals bearing irbesartan-insensitive (high AT1R expressing) tumours. CONCLUSIONS Although the results do not support increased efficacy of combined treatment, they provide intriguing evidence of the importance of RAS expression in determining patient response and tumour growth potential and suggest that components of the RAS could be used as biomarkers to aid in patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor I Ager
- The Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.
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136
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Angiotensin receptor blockers and angiogenesis: clinical and experimental evidence. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011; 120:307-19. [PMID: 21488224 DOI: 10.1042/cs20100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists [ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers)] are indicated for BP (blood pressure)-lowering, renal protection and cardioprotection in patients unable to tolerate ACEIs (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors). A recent meta-analysis revealed an association between ARBs and tumour development, possibly due to enhancement of angiogenesis. However, published evidence is conflicting on the effects of ARBs on angiogenesis or the expansion of the existing vascular network. ARBs have been shown to exert primarily anti-angiogenic effects in basic science studies of cancer, retinopathy, peripheral artery disease and some models of cardiovascular disease. In animal and cellular models of myocardial infarction and stroke, however, ARB administration has been associated with robust increases in vascular density and improved recovery. The aim of the present review is to examine the angiogenic effects of ARBs in animal and cellular models of relevant disease states, including proposed molecular mechanisms of action of ARBs and the clinical consequences of ARB use.
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137
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Common cardiovascular medications in cancer therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:177-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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138
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Impairment of the Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic cycle induced by angiotensin peptides. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17174. [PMID: 21364758 PMCID: PMC3041794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum causes the most serious complications of malaria and is a public health problem worldwide with over 2 million deaths each year. The erythrocyte invasion mechanisms by Plasmodium sp. have been well described, however the physiological aspects involving host components in this process are still poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence for the role of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components in reducing erythrocyte invasion by P. falciparum. Angiotensin II (Ang II) reduced erythrocyte invasion in an enriched schizont culture of P. falciparum in a dose-dependent manner. Using mass spectroscopy, we showed that Ang II was metabolized by erythrocytes to Ang IV and Ang-(1–7). Parasite infection decreased Ang-(1–7) and completely abolished Ang IV formation. Similar to Ang II, Ang-(1–7) decreased the level of infection in an A779 (specific antagonist of Ang-(1–7) receptor, MAS)-sensitive manner. 10−7 M PD123319, an AT2 receptor antagonist, partially reversed the effects of Ang-(1–7) and Ang II. However, 10−6 M losartan, an antagonist of the AT1 receptor, had no effect. Gs protein is a crucial player in the Plasmodium falciparum blood cycle and angiotensin peptides can modulate protein kinase A (PKA) activity; 10−8 M Ang II or 10−8 M Ang-(1–7) inhibited this activity in erythrocytes by 60% and this effect was reversed by 10−7 M A779. 10−6 M dibutyryl-cAMP increased the level of infection and 10−7 M PKA inhibitor decreased the level of infection by 30%. These results indicate that the effect of Ang-(1–7) on P. falciparum blood stage involves a MAS-mediated PKA inhibition. Our results indicate a crucial role for Ang II conversion into Ang-(1–7) in controlling the erythrocytic cycle of the malaria parasite, adding new functions to peptides initially described to be involved in the regulation of vascular tonus.
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139
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Vaklavas C, Chatzizisis YS. The changing perspective of cardiology in cancer care. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2011; 9:1-3. [DOI: 10.1586/erc.10.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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140
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Dolley-Hitze T, Jouan F, Martin B, Mottier S, Edeline J, Moranne O, Le Pogamp P, Belaud-Rotureau MA, Patard JJ, Rioux-Leclercq N, Vigneau C. Angiotensin-2 receptors (AT1-R and AT2-R), new prognostic factors for renal clear-cell carcinoma? Br J Cancer 2010; 103:1698-705. [PMID: 21102591 PMCID: PMC2994218 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The growth factor Angiotensin-2 signals through Angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1-R) in a broad range of cell types and tumours and through the type-2 receptor (AT2-R) in a more restricted group of cell types. Although numerous forms of cancer have been shown to overexpress AT1-R, expression of AT1-R and AT2-R by human renal clear-cell carcinoma (RCCC) is not well understood. In this study, the expression of both angiotensin receptors was quantified in a retrospective series of RCCC and correlated with prognostic factors. Methods: Angiotensin receptor type 1 and AT2-R expressions were quantified on tumour tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blot and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT–PCR). IHC results were correlated to Fuhrman's grade and patient progression-free survival (PFS). Results: A total of 84 RCCC were analysed. By IHC, AT1-R and AT2-R were expressed to a greater level in high-grade tumours (AT1-R: P<0.001, AT2-R: P<0.001). Univariate analysis showed a correlation between PFS and AT1-R or AT2-R expression (P=0.001). By multivariate analysis, only AT2-R expression correlated with PFS (HR 1.021, P=0.006) and cancer stage (P<0.001). By western blot, AT1-R and AT1-R were also found to be overexpressed in higher Fuhrman's grade (P<0.01 and P=0.001 respectively). By qRT–PCR, AT1-R but not AT2-R mRNA were downregulated (P=0.001 and P=0.118, respectively). Conclusion: Our results show that AT1-R and AT2-R proteins are overexpressed in the most aggressive forms of RCCC and that AT2-R expression correlates with PFS. AT1-R or AT2-R blockage could, therefore, offer novel directions for anti-RCCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dolley-Hitze
- CNRS UMR6061/IFR140, Faculté de Médecine Université de Rennes 1, 2 avenue du professeur Léon Bernard, CS34317, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
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141
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Aravindakshan J, Chen XL, Sairam MR. Chronology and complexities of ovarian tumorigenesis in FORKO mice: age-dependent gene alterations and progressive dysregulation of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I and II profiles. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 329:37-46. [PMID: 20615452 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Among gynecologic malignancies ovarian cancer is the deadliest and most difficult to detect at early stages. As ovarian tumors have long latency and are relatively more frequent in postmenopausal women, revealing chronological changes in model systems might help in the discovery of novel molecular targets and diagnostic biomarkers for disease detection and management. Follitropin receptor knockout (FORKO) mice with early and sustained sex steroid hormone disharmony develop various age-dependent ovarian abnormalities including increased incidence ovarian tumors in complete absence of ovulation. These mutants show various tumor cell types including those related to ovarian surface epithelium around 12-15 months of age. To explore why the FORKO mice develop ovarian tumors later in life, we assessed global gene expression changes during the pre-tumor period (at 8 months). Age-matched wild-type and FORKO mice were compared to gain a comprehensive view of genes that are misregulated, even before overt tumors appear in mutants. Applying a conservative 2-fold change to detect changes, our study identified 476 genes (338 upregulated and 138 downregulated) to be altered between 8-month-old FORKO and wild-type ovaries. Using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), we found highly significant alterations in five functional networks in pre-tumor stage FORKO ovaries. Notably, the top network to change in 8-month-old FORKO ovaries was associated with functions implicated in immune system development and function. We selected 9 immune related genes that are reportedly altered in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC) in women and confirmed their expression and chronology of changes in FORKO ovaries before and after tumor development. Our data indicate that immune surveillance mechanisms are compromised with in a 4-month window of tumorigenic alterations. In addition, expression of previously unrecognized genes misregulated in the dysfunctional FORKO ovaries suggests mechanisms not yet appreciated to date. We propose that a better understanding of genes that change before overt tumors develop could provide useful insights into ovarian carcinogenesis and open the door to additional new targets for treating ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aravindakshan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
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142
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Clere N, Corre I, Faure S, Guihot AL, Vessières E, Chalopin M, Morel A, Coqueret O, Hein L, Delneste Y, Paris F, Henrion D. Deficiency or blockade of angiotensin II type 2 receptor delays tumorigenesis by inhibiting malignant cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:2279-91. [PMID: 20143398 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant expression level in cancer cells, the role of the angiotensin II Type 2 receptor (AT2R) in cancer progression remains poorly understood. We aimed to investigate the involvement of AT2R in tumorigenesis, hypothesizing a role in tumor cell proliferation and/or tumor angiogenesis. Two animal tumor models were used: fibrosarcoma induced by 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MCA) in FVB/N mice invalidated for AT2R (AT2R-KO) and carcinoma LL/2 cells injected in C57BL/6N mice treated with AT2R antagonist PD123,319. Tumor growth was monitored, microvascular density (MVD) evaluated by CD31 staining. Proliferation index of LL/2 and 3-MCA tumor cells was evaluated by expression of Ki-67. Angiogenesis was assessed by aorta ring assay and angiogenic mediators' expression by real-time RT-PCR. Tumor induction by 3-MCA was significantly delayed in AT2R-KO compared to wild-type mice (56 days vs. 28 days). Tumorigenesis following LL/2 cell injection in mice was also significantly reduced by early administration of the antagonist PD123,319. In vitro, inactivation or invalidation of AT2R inhibited proliferation of LL/2 and 3-MCA tumor cells, respectively. Tumor MVD was reduced in mice treated early with PD123,319. Ex vivo experiments revealed a significant decrease in angiogenesis after PD123,319 treatment or in AT2R-KO mice. Finally, we identified vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a soluble proangiogenic factor produced by LL/2 cells and we showed that in LL/2 and 3-MCA tumor cells, inhibition or deficiency of AT2R was associated with impaired production of proangiogenic factors included VEGF. This study uncovered novel mechanisms by which AT2R would promote tumor development, favoring both malignant cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Clere
- Faculté de Médecine, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM UMR U771, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
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143
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Abstract
For cancers to develop, sustain and spread, the appropriation of key homeostatic physiological systems that influence cell growth, migration and death, as well as inflammation and the expansion of vascular networks are required. There is accumulating molecular and in vivo evidence to indicate that the expression and actions of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) influence malignancy and also predict that RAS inhibitors, which are currently used to treat hypertension and cardiovascular disease, might augment cancer therapies. To appreciate this potential hegemony of the RAS in cancer, an expanded comprehension of the cellular actions of this system is needed, as well as a greater focus on translational and in vivo research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amee J George
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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144
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Koh SL, Ager EI, Christophi C. Liver regeneration and tumour stimulation: implications of the renin-angiotensin system. Liver Int 2010; 30:1414-26. [PMID: 20633100 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2010.02306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver resection is the most effective treatment for primary liver tumours and metastasis to the liver, and remains the only potentially long-term curative therapy for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases. Nevertheless, there is a significant incidence of tumour recurrence following liver resection. Cellular and molecular changes resulting from resection and the subsequent liver regeneration process may influence the kinetics of tumour growth, contributing to recurrence. Although commonly associated with the systemic homeostasis of blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has recently been shown to play a role in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis in local organs as well as in malignancies. An electronic search of the English literature on the role of the RAS in liver regeneration and tumourigenesis was performed using PubMed, with additional relevant articles sourced from reference lists. Studies have shown that the blockade of the RAS pathway stimulates liver regeneration and inhibits tumour progression. An understanding of the role of RAS in liver regeneration and tumourigenesis may enable alternative strategies to improve patient outcome and survival after liver resection. This review will discuss the role of the RAS in liver regeneration and in tumour recurrence post-liver resection. The potential of the RAS as a novel therapeutic target for CRC liver metastases patients undergoing liver resection will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shir Lin Koh
- Austin Health, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.
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145
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Namazi S, Monabati A, Ardeshir-Rouhani-Fard S, Azarpira N. Association of angiotensin I converting enzyme (insertion/deletion) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (A1166C) polymorphisms with breast cancer prognostic factors in iranian population. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:1022-30. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.20685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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146
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Orozco AF, Lewis DE. Flow cytometric analysis of circulating microparticles in plasma. Cytometry A 2010; 77:502-14. [PMID: 20235276 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microparticles, which include exosomes, micro-vesicles, apoptotic bodies and apoptotic microparticles, are small (0.05 - 3 mum in diameter), membranous vesicles that can contain DNA, RNA, miRNA, intracellular proteins and express extracellular surface markers from the parental cells. They can be secreted from intracellular multivesicular bodies or released from the surface of blebbing membranes. Circulating microparticles are abundant in the plasma of normal individuals and can be derived from circulating blood cells such as platelets, red blood cells and leukocytes as well as from tissue sources, such as endothelial and placental tissues. Elevated levels of microparticles are associated with various diseases such as thrombosis (platelet microparticles), congestive heart failure (endothelial microparticles), breast cancer patients (leukocyte microparticles) and women with preeclampsia (syncytiotrophoblast microparticles). Although microparticles can be detected by microscopy, enzyme-linked immunoassays and functional assays, flow cytometry is the preferred method because of the ability to quantitate (fluorescent bead- or flow rate-based method) and because of polychromatic capabilities. However, standardization of pre-analytical and analytical modus operandi for isolating, enumerating and fluorescent labeling of microparticles remains a challenge. The primary focus of this article is to review the preliminary steps required to optimally study circulating in vivo microparticles which include: 1) centrifugation speed used, 2) quantitation of microparticles before antibody labeling, 3) levels of fluorescence intensity of antibody-labeled microparticles, 4) polychromatic flow cytometric analysis of microparticle sub-populations and 5) use of polyclonal antibodies designed for Western blotting for flow cytometry. These studies determine a roadmap to develop microparticles as biomarkers for a variety of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F Orozco
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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147
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Zhao Y, Chen X, Cai L, Yang Y, Sui G, Fu S. Angiotensin II/angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R) signaling promotes MCF-7 breast cancer cells survival via PI3-kinase/Akt pathway. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:168-73. [PMID: 20458733 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a bioactive peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, acting not only as a vasoconstrictor but also as a growth promoter via angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) in some cancer. In this study, we examined the mechanisms by which Ang II affected the cell proliferation in AT1R-positive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Ang II stimulated the growth of breast cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The maximal proliferation effect on MCF-7 cells was obtained with 10(-4) M Ang II at 24 h. Losartan (10(-5) M, an AT1R antagonist) significantly decreased the level of Ang-II-induced proliferative effects, whereas PD123319 (10(-5) M, an AT2R antagonist) had no effects. Moreover, Ang II could significantly accelerate S-phase progression, which was inhibited by losartan (10(-5) M) or LY294002 (50 microM, a PI3-kinase inhibitor). In addition, Ang II caused rapid activation of p-Akt in a dose- and time-dependent manner. 10(-4) M Ang II induced a significant increase of p-Akt in 15 min. The peak level of p-Akt could be persisted for at least 6 h. Among the signaling molecules downstream of Akt, we revealed that Ang II also significantly upregulated CyclinD1, GSK3beta, and downregulated p27. Pretreatment with losartan (10(-5) M) or LY294002 (50 microM) could significantly suppress these effects of Ang II. These findings suggest that Ang II plays a role in the growth of AT1R-positive breast cancer cells through PI3-kinase/Akt pathway activation. Therefore, targeting Ang II/AT1R signaling could be a novel therapeutic for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zhao
- Medical Department of Breast Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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148
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Mammary renin–angiotensin system-regulating aminopeptidase activities are modified in rats with breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2010; 31:583-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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149
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Ager EI, Chong WW, Wen SW, Christophi C. Targeting the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) in colorectal liver metastases. Cancer Cell Int 2010; 10:19. [PMID: 20584290 PMCID: PMC2902462 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blockade of the angiotensin (ANG) II type 1 receptor (AT1R) inhibits tumour growth in several cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases. While AT1R blockade has been extensively studied, the potential of targeting the antagonistically acting AT2R in cancer has not been investigated. This study examined the effect of AT2R activation with the agonist CGP42112A in a mouse model of CRC liver metastases. RESULTS In vitro, mouse CRC cell (MoCR) proliferation was inhibited by treatment with CGP42112A in a dose dependent manner while apoptosis was increased. Immunofluorescent staining for key signalling and secondary messengers, PLA2 and iNOS, were also increased by CGP42112A treatment in vitro. Immunohistochemical staining for proliferation (PCNA) and the apoptosis (active caspase 3) markers confirmed a CGP42112A-associated inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis of mouse CRC cells (MoCR) in vivo. However, angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) appeared to be increased by CGP42112A treatment in vivo. This increase in VEGF secretion by MoCRs was confirmed in vitro. Despite this apparent pro-angiogenic effect, a syngenic orthotopic mouse model of CRC liver metastases showed a reduction in liver to body weight ratio, an indication of tumour burden, following CGP42112A treatment compared to untreated controls. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AT2R activation might provide a novel target to inhibit tumour growth. Its potential to stimulate angiogenesis could be compensated by combination with anti-angiogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor I Ager
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
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150
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Doi C, Egashira N, Kawabata A, Maurya DK, Ohta N, Uppalapati D, Ayuzawa R, Pickel L, Isayama Y, Troyer D, Takekoshi S, Tamura M. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor signaling significantly attenuates growth of murine pancreatic carcinoma grafts in syngeneic mice. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:67. [PMID: 20181281 PMCID: PMC2846883 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive human malignancies, with a very poor prognosis. To evaluate the effect of angiotensin II (Ang II) type 2 receptor (AT2) expression in the host's body on the growth of pancreatic carcinoma, we have investigated the growth of mouse pancreatic ductal carcinoma grafts in syngeneic wild type and AT2 receptor-deficient (AT2-KO) mice. Methods The role of AT2 receptor-signaling in stromal cells on the growth of murine pancreatic carcinoma cells (PAN02) was studied using various in vitro and in vivo assays. In vivo cell proliferation, apoptosis, and vasculature in tumors were monitored by Ki-67 immunostaining, TUNEL assay, and von Willebrand factor immunostaining, respectively. In the co-culture study, cell proliferation was measured by MTT cell viability assay. All the data were analyzed using t-test and data were treated as significant when p < 0.05. Results Our results show that the growth of subcutaneously transplanted syngeneic xenografts of PAN02 cells, mouse pancreatic ductal carcinoma cells derived from the C57/BL6 strain, was significantly faster in AT2-KO mice compared to control wild type mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor tissue revealed significantly more Ki-67 positive cells in xenografts grown in AT2-KO mice than in wild type mice. The index of apoptosis is slightly higher in wild type mice than in AT2-KO mice as evaluated by TUNEL assay. Tumor vasculature number was significantly higher in AT2-KO mice than in wild type mice. In vitro co-culture studies revealed that the growth of PAN02 cells was significantly decreased when grown with AT2 receptor gene transfected wild type and AT2-KO mouse-derived fibroblasts. Faster tumor growth in AT2-KO mice may be associated with higher VEGF production in stromal cells. Conclusions These results suggest that Ang II regulates the growth of pancreatic carcinoma cells through modulating functions of host stromal cells; Moreover, Ang II AT2 receptor signaling is a negative regulator in the growth of pancreatic carcinoma cells. These findings indicate that the AT2 receptor in stromal fibroblasts is a potentially important target for chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyo Doi
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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