101
|
The molecular signature of endometriosis-associated endometrioid ovarian cancer differs significantly from endometriosis-independent endometrioid ovarian cancer. Fertil Steril 2009; 94:1212-1217. [PMID: 19643405 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether endometriosis-associated endometrioid cancer (EAOC) is a specific entity compared with endometrioid cancer not associated with endometriosis (OC). DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING University hospital research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Seven patients with endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer EAOC and five patients each with OC, ovarian endometriosis, and benign ovaries. INTERVENTION(S) Ovarian tissue samples were collected from surgical procedures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We hybridized cRNA samples to the Affymetrix HG-U133A microarray chip. Representative genes were validated by real time polymerase chain reaction. RESULT(S) We identified two main groups of genes: The first group contained the genes SICA2, CCL14, and TDGF1. These genes were equally regulated in endometriosis and EAOC but not in OC and benign ovaries. The second group contained the genes StAR, SPINT1, Keratin 8, FoxM1B, FOLR1, CRABP1, and Claudin 7. They were equally regulated in EAOC and OC but not in ovarian endometriosis and benign ovaries. CONCLUSION(S) That the first group is composed of the cytokines SICA2 and CCL14 and the growth factor TDGF1 indicates that the regulation of the autoimmune system and of inflammatory cytokines may be very important in the etiology of endometriosis and EAOC. That the second group is composed of genes that play a central role in cell-cell interaction, differentiation, and cell proliferation indicates that they may be important in the development of ovarian cancer in women with endometriosis.
Collapse
|
102
|
Naran S, Zhang X, Hughes SJ. Inhibition of HGF/MET as therapy for malignancy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:569-81. [DOI: 10.1517/14728220902853917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
103
|
Parr C, Jiang WG. Metastasis suppressor 1 (MTSS1) demonstrates prognostic value and anti-metastatic properties in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:1673-83. [PMID: 19328678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis suppressor 1 (MTSS1) may play an important role in cancer metastasis. Firstly, this study assessed MTSS1 expression levels within breast cancer patients to reveal any clinical relevance. Secondly, we aimed to clarify the cellular function of MTSS1 in breast cancer cells. MTSS1 expression levels were assessed in a cohort of breast cancer specimens (normal n=33; cancer n=127), through quantitative PCR analysis and immuno-histochemical techniques. The influence of MTSS1 was further examined via biological overexpression and knockdown within breast cancer cell lines. We report that patients with tumours expressing reduced levels of MTSS1 had a poorer prognosis (p=0.042). High levels of MTSS1 correlated with an increased patient overall survival (p=0.0108) and disease-free survival (p=0.012). Furthermore, overexpression of MTSS1 significantly suppressed (p<0.01) the invasive, migratory, growth and adherence properties of a human breast cancer cell line. In contrast, knockdown of MTSS1 dramatically enhanced these properties. We conclude that MTSS1 is a prognostic indicator of disease-free survival in breast cancer patients and demonstrates the ability to play a role in governing the metastatic nature of breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Parr
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
104
|
Tung EKK, Wong CM, Yau TO, Lee JMF, Ching YP, Ng IOL. HAI-2 is epigenetically downregulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma, and its Kunitz domain type 1 is critical for anti-invasive functions. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:1811-9. [PMID: 19107935 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological demethylation-based gene expression profile analysis is a useful tool to identify epigenetically silenced tumour suppressor genes. HGF activator inhibitor 2 (HAI-2), a serine protease inhibitor, has been identified as one of the candidate tumour suppressor genes in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with this technique. In this study, we aimed to characterise the epigenetic status and tumour suppressive function of HAI-2 in HCC. We validated that HAI-2 expression was either absent or low in most of the HCC cell lines tested, and 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment significantly restored its expression in 9 (75%) of these 12 cell lines. HAI-2 was found to be frequently underexpressed in human HCCs (p < 0.001). With bisulphite DNA sequencing and methylation-specific PCR, we found that the promoter of the HAI-2 gene was frequently hypermethylated in both HCC cell lines and human HCCs. Ectopic expression of HAI-2 significantly inhibited cell migration and invasiveness of HCC cells in vitro and suppressed tumourigenicity in vivo. In addition, we also provided the first evidence that HAI-2 mediated its tumour suppressor function via the Kunitz domain 1 (KD-1), as KD-1 but not KD-2 inactivating mutant abolished its anti-tumour invasiveness in vitro. Our findings suggest that HAI-2 is a candidate tumour suppressor gene that is frequently hypermethylated and underexpressed in human HCCs, and the KD-1 domain of HAI-2 is the key region responsible for its anti-invasive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Kwok-Kwan Tung
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Liver Cancer and Hepatitis Research Laboratory and S H Ho Foundation Research Laboratories, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
105
|
Yasuda K, Nagakawa O, Akashi T, Fujiuchi Y, Koizumi K, Komiya A, Saiki I, Fuse H. Serum active hepatocyte growth factor (AHGF) in benign prostatic disease and prostate cancer. Prostate 2009; 69:346-51. [PMID: 19021204 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is secreted as an inactive single-chain precursor called pro-HGF. Pro-HGF is converted to an active two-chain form by HGF activator and matriptase. We attempted to clarify whether serum levels of active HGF (AHGF) could be used as a marker of prostate cancer. METHODS Serum levels of AHGF and total HGF (THGF; pro-HGF + AHGF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 38 patients with benign prostatic disease and 160 patients with prostate cancer. RESULTS Serum levels of AHGF in patients with untreated prostate cancer (0.37 +/- 0.12 ng/ml) were significantly higher than those in patients with benign prostatic disease (0.28 +/- 0.08 ng/ml) (P = 0.0001). Serum AHGF levels were increased in patients with stage D or D3 compared with stage B. In addition, there were significant differences in serum AHGF levels between patients with well-differentiated and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, the mean serum AHGF/THGF ratio in patients with stage D3 prostate cancer was significantly higher than that in patients with stage B. CONCLUSIONS AHGF may be a potential tumor marker for prostate cancer. Further studies in large groups of patients are needed to define the clinical value of AHGF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yasuda
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Ma J, DeFrances MC, Zou C, Johnson C, Ferrell R, Zarnegar R. Somatic mutation and functional polymorphism of a novel regulatory element in the HGF gene promoter causes its aberrant expression in human breast cancer. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:478-91. [PMID: 19188684 DOI: 10.1172/jci36640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HGF gene is transcriptionally silenced in normal differentiated breast epithelial cells, but its repression fails to occur in mammary carcinoma tissues and cell lines. The molecular mechanisms underpinning aberrant HGF expression in breast cancer cells are unknown. Here we report the discovery of a DNA element located 750 bp upstream from the transcription start site in the human HGF promoter that acts as a transcriptional repressor and is a target of deletion mutagenesis in human breast cancer cells and tissues. This HGF promoter element consists of a mononucleotide repeat of 30 deoxyadenosines (30As), which we have termed "deoxyadenosine tract element" (DATE). Functional studies revealed that truncation mutations within DATE have profound local and global effects on the HGF promoter region by modulating chromatin structure and DNA-protein interactions, leading to constitutive activation of the HGF promoter in human breast carcinoma cell lines. We found that 51% of African Americans and 15% of individuals of mixed European descent with breast cancer harbor a truncated DATE variant (25As or fewer) in their breast tumors and that the truncated allele is associated with cancer incidence and aberrant HGF expression. Notably, breast cancer patients with the truncated DATE variant are substantially younger than those with a wild-type genotype. We also suggest that DATE may be used as a potential genetic marker to identify individuals with a higher risk of developing breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Ma
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Kongkham PN, Northcott PA, Ra YS, Nakahara Y, Mainprize TG, Croul SE, Smith CA, Taylor MD, Rutka JT. An epigenetic genome-wide screen identifies SPINT2 as a novel tumor suppressor gene in pediatric medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 2009; 68:9945-53. [PMID: 19047176 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant cerebellar tumor that occurs primarily in children. The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/MET pathway has an established role in both normal cerebellar development as well as the development and progression of human brain tumors, including MB. To identify novel tumor suppressor genes involved in MB pathogenesis, we performed an epigenome-wide screen in MB cell lines, using 5-aza-2'deoxycytidine to identify genes aberrantly silenced by promoter hypermethylation. Using this technique, we identified an inhibitor of HGF/MET signaling, serine protease inhibitor kunitz-type 2 (SPINT2/HAI-2), as a putative tumor suppressor silenced by promoter methylation in MB. In addition, based on single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis in primary MB samples, we identified hemizygous deletions targeting the SPINT2 locus in addition to gains on chromosome 7 encompassing the HGF and MET loci. SPINT2 gene expression was down-regulated and MET expression was up-regulated in 73.2% and 45.5% of tumors, respectively, by quantitative real-time PCR. SPINT2 promoter methylation was detected in 34.3% of primary MBs examined by methylation-specific PCR. SPINT2 reexpression in MB cell lines reduced proliferative capacity, anchorage independent growth, cell motility in vitro, and increased overall survival times in vivo in a xenograft model (P<0.0001). Taken together, these data support the role of SPINT2 as a putative tumor suppressor gene in MB, and further implicate dysregulation of the HGF/MET signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of MB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Kongkham
- Program in Cell Biology, Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Pathology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
108
|
Sanders AJ, Parr C, Martin TA, Lane J, Mason MD, Jiang WG. Genetic upregulation of matriptase‐2 reduces the aggressiveness of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and affects FAK and paxillin localisation. J Cell Physiol 2008; 216:780-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
109
|
Szabo R, Hobson JP, List K, Molinolo A, Lin CY, Bugge TH. Potent inhibition and global co-localization implicate the transmembrane Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-2 in the regulation of epithelial matriptase activity. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:29495-504. [PMID: 18713750 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801970200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitors (HAI)-1 and -2 are recently identified and closely related Kunitz-type transmembrane serine protease inhibitors. Whereas HAI-1 is well established as an inhibitor of the serine proteases matriptase and hepatocyte growth factor activator, the physiological targets of HAI-2 are unknown. Here we show that HAI-2 displays potent inhibitory activity toward matriptase, forms SDS-stable complexes with the serine protease, and blocks matriptase-dependent activation of its candidate physiological substrates proprostasin and cell surface-bound pro-urokinase plasminogen activator. To further explore the potential functional relationship between HAI-2 and matriptase, we generated a transgenic mouse strain with a promoterless beta-galactosidase marker gene inserted into the endogenous locus encoding HAI-2 protein and performed a global high resolution mapping of the expression of HAI-2, matriptase, and HAI-1 proteins in all adult tissues. This analysis showed striking co-localization of HAI-2 with matriptase and HAI-1 in epithelial cells of all major organ systems, thus strongly supporting a role of HAI-2 as a physiological regulator of matriptase activity, possibly acting in a redundant or partially redundant manner with HAI-1. Unlike HAI-1 and matriptase, however, HAI-2 expression was also detected in non-epithelial cells of brain and lymph nodes, suggesting that HAI-2 may also be involved in inhibition of serine proteases other than matriptase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Szabo
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Kitajima Y, Ide T, Ohtsuka T, Miyazaki K. Induction of hepatocyte growth factor activator gene expression under hypoxia activates the hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met system via hypoxia inducible factor-1 in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:1341-7. [PMID: 18422749 PMCID: PMC11159873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth facor activator (HGFA) is a serine protease that converts hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) into its active form. Our previous study demonstrated that tumor-stromal interaction under hypoxia augments the aggressive invasive features of pancreatic cancer line PK8 through activated HGF/c-Met signaling. The present study investigated whether or not hypoxia increases HGFA expression in PK8 cells and promotes the processing of HGF, and leads to c-Met activation. Moreover, HGFA promoter assays were performed to define whether hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1alpha) directly activates the HGFA promoter in a hypoxia-dependent fashion. As a result, hypoxia induced the HGFA mRNA and protein expression in PK8 and the elevation under hypoxia was inhibited by the transfection of HIF-1alpha siRNA, thus indicating HIF-1alpha-dependent induction of HGFA. The transfection of siRNA against HGFA to PK8 cells suppressed the conversion to the active HGF, which is secreted from fibroblast MRC5. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of c-Met and cancer invasion of PK8 cells were decreased by the transfection of HGFA siRNA under hypoxia. Using the luciferase reporter system, HIF-1alpha was shown to transactivate the HGFA promoter under hypoxia. These experiments demonstrated for the first time that HGFA is a novel HIF-1 target gene. Under hypoxia, HGFA might be overexpressed and secreted from pancreatic cancer cells, which contributes to accelerate processing of HGF from fibroblast, resulting in the activation of the c-Met pathway. HGF/HGFA/c-Met recruited between cancer-stromal fibroblasts is activated under hypoxic conditions and therefore might play a central role in the aggressive invasion of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Kitajima
- Department of Surgery, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, B49-8501 Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Drug development of MET inhibitors: targeting oncogene addiction and expedience. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:504-16. [PMID: 18511928 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 646] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The MET tyrosine kinase stimulates cell scattering, invasion, protection from apoptosis and angiogenesis, thereby acting as a powerful expedient for cancer dissemination. MET can also be genetically selected for the long-term maintenance of the primary transformed phenotype, and some tumours appear to be dependent on (or 'addicted' to) sustained MET activity for their growth and survival. Because of its dual role as an adjuvant, pro-metastatic gene for some tumour types and as a necessary oncogene for others, MET is a versatile candidate for targeted therapeutic intervention. Here we discuss recent progress in the development of molecules that inhibit MET function and consider their application in a subset of human tumours that are potentially responsive to MET-targeted therapies.
Collapse
|
112
|
Yin YL, Chen HL, Kuo HM, He SP. NK3 and NK4 of HGF enhance filamin production via STAT pathway, but not NK1 and NK2 in human breast cancer cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008; 29:728-35. [PMID: 18501120 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to reveal the effects of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) variants on human breast cancer cells and the differential signaling pathways of the variants in controlling cell proliferation and invasion. METHODS Four HGF variants (NK1, NK2, NK3, and NK4) were created by gene engineering, and the variant DNA fragments were cloned into pGEM-T for DNA sequencing and then transferred to a pTrcHis-A plasmid for expression. Recombinant proteins were purified from Escherichia coli, and a series of assays, including cell proliferation and invasion were carried out. Phosphorylated components in the HGF-c-Met and STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) pathways were detected by immunoprecipitation-Western blots. RESULTS All the HGF variants inhibited the vigorous growth of the cancer cells differently and dose-dependently, but the effect of NK3 or NK4 was 7.5-fold higher than NK1 or NK2. In addition, the assays for the phosphorylation of the components in the HGF-c-Met pathway showed that NK3 and NK4 inhibited invasion via the STAT pathway, whereas NK1 and NK2 were via the HGF-c-Met pathway. CONCLUSION The engineered HGF variants inhibited the proliferation of human breast cancer cells via different signaling pathways, NK1 and NK2 via the HGF-c-Met pathways, and NK3 and NK4 via the STAT pathway, the latter being a possible key route for the inhibition of cell invasion. All of the HGF variants have the potential to become pharmaceutical drugs in the treatment of human cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-ling Yin
- China Medical University School of Medicine, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
113
|
|
114
|
Provenzano PP, Inman DR, Eliceiri KW, Knittel JG, Yan L, Rueden CT, White JG, Keely PJ. Collagen density promotes mammary tumor initiation and progression. BMC Med 2008; 6:11. [PMID: 18442412 PMCID: PMC2386807 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-6-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 995] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammographically dense breast tissue is one of the greatest risk factors for developing breast carcinoma. Despite the strong clinical correlation, breast density has not been causally linked to tumorigenesis, largely because no animal model has existed for studying breast tissue density. Importantly, regions of high breast density are associated with increased stromal collagen. Thus, the influence of the extracellular matrix on breast carcinoma development and the underlying molecular mechanisms are not understood. METHODS To study the effects of collagen density on mammary tumor formation and progression, we utilized a bi-transgenic tumor model with increased stromal collagen in mouse mammary tissue. Imaging of the tumors and tumor-stromal interface in live tumor tissue was performed with multiphoton laser-scanning microscopy to generate multiphoton excitation and spectrally resolved fluorescent lifetimes of endogenous fluorophores. Second harmonic generation was utilized to image stromal collagen. RESULTS Herein we demonstrate that increased stromal collagen in mouse mammary tissue significantly increases tumor formation approximately three-fold (p < 0.00001) and results in a significantly more invasive phenotype with approximately three times more lung metastasis (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the increased invasive phenotype of tumor cells that arose within collagen-dense mammary tissues remains after tumor explants are cultured within reconstituted three-dimensional collagen gels. To better understand this behavior we imaged live tumors using nonlinear optical imaging approaches to demonstrate that local invasion is facilitated by stromal collagen re-organization and that this behavior is significantly increased in collagen-dense tissues. In addition, using multiphoton fluorescence and spectral lifetime imaging we identify a metabolic signature for flavin adenine dinucleotide, with increased fluorescent intensity and lifetime, in invading metastatic cells. CONCLUSION This study provides the first data causally linking increased stromal collagen to mammary tumor formation and metastasis, and demonstrates that fundamental differences arise and persist in epithelial tumor cells that progressed within collagen-dense microenvironments. Furthermore, the imaging techniques and signature identified in this work may provide useful diagnostic tools to rapidly assess fresh tissue biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo P Provenzano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Syed DN, Afaq F, Sarfaraz S, Khan N, Kedlaya R, Setaluri V, Mukhtar H. Delphinidin inhibits cell proliferation and invasion via modulation of Met receptor phosphorylation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 231:52-60. [PMID: 18499206 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The HGF/Met signaling pathway is deregulated in majority of cancers and is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Delphinidin, present in pigmented fruits and vegetables possesses potent anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties. Here, we assessed the anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects of delphinidin on HGF-mediated responses in the immortalized MCF-10A breast cell line. Treatment of cells with delphinidin prior to exposure to exogenous HGF resulted in the inhibition of HGF-mediated (i) tyrosyl-phosphorylation and increased expression of Met receptor, (ii) phosphorylation of downstream regulators such as FAK and Src and (iii) induction of adaptor proteins including paxillin, Gab-1 and GRB-2. In addition, delphinidin treatment resulted in significant inhibition of HGF-activated (i) Ras-ERK MAPKs and (ii) PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K pathways. Delphinidin was found to repress HGF-activated NFkappaB transcription with a decrease in (i) phosphorylation of IKKalpha/beta and IkappaBalpha, and (ii) activation and nuclear translocation of NFkappaB/p65. Inhibition of HGF-mediated membrane translocation of PKCalpha as well as decreased phosphorylation of STAT3 was further observed in delphinidin treated cells. Finally, decreased cell viability of Met receptor expressing breast cancer cells treated with delphinidin argues for a potential role of the agent in the prevention of HGF-mediated activation of various signaling pathways implicated in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deeba N Syed
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Mukai S, Fukushima T, Naka D, Tanaka H, Osada Y, Kataoka H. Activation of hepatocyte growth factor activator zymogen (pro-HGFA) by human kallikrein 1-related peptidases. FEBS J 2008; 275:1003-17. [PMID: 18221492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA) is a serine protease and a potent activator of prohepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (pro-HGF/SF), a multifunctional growth factor that is critically involved in tissue morphogenesis, regeneration, and tumor progression. HGFA circulates as a zymogen (pro-HGFA) and is activated in response to tissue injury. Although thrombin is considered to be an activator of pro-HGFA, alternative pro-HGFA activation pathways in tumor microenvironments remain to be identified. In this study, we examined the effects of kallikrein 1-related peptidases (KLKs), a family of extracellular serine proteases, on the activation of pro-HGFA. Among the KLKs examined (KLK2, KLK3, KLK4 and KLK5), we identified KLK4 and KLK5 as novel activators of pro-HGFA. Using N-terminal sequencing, the cleavage site was identified as the normal processing site, Arg407-Ile408. The activation of pro-HGFA by KLK5 required a negatively charged substance such as dextran sulfate, whereas KLK4 could process pro-HGFA without dextran sulfate. KLK5 showed more efficient pro-HGFA processing than KLK4, and was expressed in 50% (13/25) of the tumor cell lines examined. HGFA processed by these KLKs efficiently activated pro-HGF/SF, and led to cellular scattering and invasion in vitro. The activities of both KLK4 and KLK5 were strongly inhibited by HGFA inhibitor type 1, an integral membrane Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor that inhibits HGFA and other pro-HGF/SF-activating proteases. These data suggest that KLK4 and KLK5 mediate HGFA-induced activation of pro-HGF/SF within tumor tissue, which may thereafter trigger a series of events leading to tumor progression via the MET receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Mukai
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
Conway K, Ruge F, Price P, Harding KG, Jiang WG. Hepatocyte growth factor regulation: An integral part of why wounds become chronic. Wound Repair Regen 2007; 15:683-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2007.00296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
118
|
Sasser AK, Sullivan NJ, Studebaker AW, Hendey LF, Axel AE, Hall BM. Interleukin-6 is a potent growth factor for ER-alpha-positive human breast cancer. FASEB J 2007; 21:3763-70. [PMID: 17586727 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8832com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone is the primary anatomical site of breast cancer metastasis, and bone metastasis is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are a predominant fibroblast cell population within the bone marrow, and metastatic breast cancer cells that seed within bone would predictably encounter MSC or their soluble factors. Therefore, we examined the impact of primary human MSC on a panel of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha)-positive (MCF-7, T47D, BT474, and ZR-75-1) and ERalpha-negative (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468) human breast tumor cell lines. All ERalpha-positive breast tumor cell lines displayed low basal activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) until exposed to MSC, which induced chronic phosphorylation of STAT3 on tyrosine-705. Paracrine IL-6 was found to be the principal mediator of STAT3 phosphorylation in coculture studies, and MSC induction of STAT3 phosphorylation was lost when IL-6 was depleted from MSC conditioned media or the IL-6 receptor was blocked on tumor cells. Enhanced tumor cell growth rates were observed in the ERalpha-positive mammary tumor cell line MCF-7 after paracrine and autocrine IL-6 exposure, where MCF-7 growth rates were enhanced by >2-fold when cocultured with MSC in vitro and even more pronounced in vivo with autocrine IL-6 production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Kate Sasser
- Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine & Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
Parr C, Sanders AJ, Davies G, Martin T, Lane J, Mason MD, Mansel RE, Jiang WG. Matriptase-2 Inhibits Breast Tumor Growth and Invasion and Correlates with Favorable Prognosis for Breast Cancer Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:3568-76. [PMID: 17575220 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The type II transmembrane serine proteases are cell surface proteolytic enzymes that mediate a diverse range of cellular functions, including tumor invasion and metastasis. Matriptase (matriptase-1) and matriptase-2 belong to the type II transmembrane serine protease family. Matriptase-1 is known to play a role in breast cancer progression, and elevated levels of matriptase-1 correlate with poor patient outcome. The role of matriptase-2 and its cellular function in cancer is unknown. This study aimed to provide new insights into the significance of matriptase-2 in cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Matriptase-2 expression levels were assessed in a cohort of human breast cancer specimens (normal, n = 34; cancer, n = 95), in association with patient clinical variables, using both quantitative and qualitative analysis of the matriptase-2 transcript along with immunohistochemical techniques. Matriptase-2 was also experimentally overexpressed in the MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line. The effects of matriptase-2 overexpression were examined through a series of in vitro and in vivo studies. RESULTS Here, we show that reduced matriptase-2 levels in breast cancer tissues correlate with an overall poor prognosis for the breast cancer patient. This study also reveals that matriptase-2 overexpression in breast cancer cells significantly suppressed tumorigenesis in CD1 athymic mice (P = 0.000003). Furthermore, we report that matriptase-2 overexpression dramatically reduced the invasive (P = 0.0001) and migratory properties (P = 0.01) of the breast cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Matriptase-2 suppresses breast tumor development in vivo, displays prognostic value for breast cancer patients, inhibits both breast cancer cell invasion and motility in vitro, and may play a contrasting role to matriptase-1 in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Parr
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
120
|
Yancy HF, Mason JA, Peters S, Thompson CE, Littleton GK, Jett M, Day AA. Metastatic progression and gene expression between breast cancer cell lines from African American and Caucasian women. J Carcinog 2007; 6:8. [PMID: 17472751 PMCID: PMC1876212 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3163-6-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
African American (AA) women have a lower overall incidence of breast cancer than do Caucasian (CAU) women, but a higher overall mortality. Little is known as to why the incidence of breast cancer is lower yet mortality is higher in AA women. Many studies speculate that this is only a socio-economical problem. This investigation suggests the possibility that molecular mechanisms contribute to the increased mortality of AA women with breast cancer. This study investigates the expression of 14 genes which have been shown to play a role in cancer metastasis. Cell lines derived from AA and CAU patients were analyzed to demonstrate alterations in the transcription of genes known to be involved in cancer and the metastatic process. Total RNA was isolated from cell lines and analyzed by RT-PCR analysis. Differential expression of the 14 targeted genes between a spectrum model (6 breast cancer cell lines and 2 non-cancer breast cell lines) and a metastasis model (12 metastatic breast cancer cell lines) were demonstrated. Additionally, an in vitro comparison of the expression established differences in 5 of the 14 biomarker genes between African American and Caucasian breast cell lines. Results from this study indicates that altered expression of the genes Atp1b1, CARD 10, KLF4, Spint2, and Acly may play a role in the aggressive phenotype seen in breast cancer in African American women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haile F Yancy
- Department of Arts and Sciences, Coppin State University, Baltimore, MD, 21216, USA
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, USA
| | - Jacquline A Mason
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, USA
| | - Sharla Peters
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, USA
| | - Charles E Thompson
- Department of Physiology, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, USA
| | - George K Littleton
- Department of Physiology, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, USA
| | - Marti Jett
- Division of Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Agnes A Day
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, USA
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Generali D, Fox SB, Berruti A, Moore JW, Brizzi MP, Patel N, Allevi G, Bonardi S, Aguggini S, Bersiga A, Campo L, Dogliotti L, Bottini A, Harris AL. Regulation of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor 2 by hypoxia in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:550-8. [PMID: 17255277 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the in vitro regulation of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 2 (HAI-2) in breast cancer cells and the in vivo predictive role for the efficacy of chemoendocrine primary therapy in patients with breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS HAI-2 regulation was studied in a panel of breast cancer cell lines comparing normoxia to hypoxia. The effect of HIF-1alpha RNAi on HAI-2 expression was evaluated in these cells. HAI-2 was examined in breast cancer using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The HAI-2 predictive role was assessed in T(2-4) N(0-1) breast cancers (n = 177) enrolled in a neoadjuvant randomized trial comparing epirubicin versus epirubicin + tamoxifen. RESULTS HAI-2 mRNA and protein were regulated by hypoxia in the c-erbB2-positive cell lines, SKBR3 and BT474, and controlled by HIF-1alpha in these cells. Immunohistochemistry confirmed this profile with high expression of HAI-2 in c-erbB2-positive breast cancer. HAI-2 was correlated with T status (P < 0.004), node involvement (P = 0.01), and c-erbB2 expression (P = 0.05). HAI-2 also correlated with hypoxia markers such as carbonic anhydrase IX expression (P = 0.01) and HIF-1alpha. Additionally, high levels of HAI-2 were a significant predictor for poor clinical complete response to preoperative epirubicin in univariate (P = 0.01) and multivariate analyses (P = 0.016). No correlation with disease-free survival and survival was observed. CONCLUSION HAI-2 expression in breast cancer correlated with tumor aggressiveness in vivo. It is a HIF target in c-erbB2-positive cells and it is an independent negative predictive factor of efficacy of anthracycline therapy. The interaction of HAI-2 with the hepatocyte growth factor activation pathway may be a useful site for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Generali
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Abstract
We have compiled from literature and other sources a list of 1261 proteins believed to be differentially expressed in human cancer. These proteins, only some of which have been detected in plasma to date, represent a population of candidate plasma biomarkers that could be useful in early cancer detection and monitoring given sufficiently sensitive specific assays. We have begun to prioritize these markers for future validation by frequency of literature citations, both total and as a function of time. The candidates include proteins involved in oncogenesis, angiogenesis, development, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, hematopoiesis, immune and hormonal responses, cell signaling, nucleotide function, hydrolysis, cellular homing, cell cycle and structure, the acute phase response and hormonal control. Many have been detected in studies of tissue or nuclear components; nevertheless we hypothesize that most if not all should be present in plasma at some level. Of the 1261 candidates only 9 have been approved as "tumor associated antigens" by the FDA. We propose that systematic collection and large-scale validation of candidate biomarkers would fill the gap currently existing between basic research and clinical use of advanced diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malu Polanski
- The Plasma Proteome Institute, P.O. Box: 53450, Washington DC, 20009-3450, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Eichbaum MHR, de Rossi TM, Kaul S, Bruckner T, Schneeweiss A, Sohn C. Serum levels of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor in patients with liver metastases from breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2006; 28:36-44. [PMID: 17143015 DOI: 10.1159/000097701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have shown that the pleiotropic cytokine hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) and its receptor c-Met play major roles in the malignant progression of numerous tumors. For patients with breast cancer liver metastases, increased serum levels of HGF/SF have been reported. We studied the relationship between the clinical course of the disease and the serum levels of HGF/SF in such patients. METHODS We examined 51 patients treated for breast cancer liver metastases. Serum concentrations of HGF/SF were measured before each therapy cycle and compared to the corresponding tumor marker levels. RESULTS Mean serum levels of HGF/SF in patients with liver metastases were increased above the reported reference levels of primary breast cancer patients. Serum levels of HGF/SF were correlated with tumor marker levels in a logarithmic relation (r = 0.47, p < 0.001). In some cases serum concentrations of HGF/SF changed similarly to the course of the corresponding tumor markers. CONCLUSIONS Serum levels of HGF/SF are associated with the clinical course of metastatic breast cancer patients with liver metastases. Further studies are required to clarify the potential value of the HGF/SF serum concentration as a tumor marker. HGF/SF and its receptor c-Met should be further evaluated as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H R Eichbaum
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Hsia CY, Huo TI, Chiang SY, Lu MF, Sun CL, Wu JC, Lee PC, Chi CW, Lui WY, Lee SD. Evaluation of interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and human hepatocyte growth factor as tumor markers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006; 33:208-12. [PMID: 17140760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is the most important tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previous reports indicated that HCC was also associated with increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). This study investigated the role of these cytokines as tumor markers for HCC. METHOD A total of 128 adults were prospectively enrolled and categorized into four groups: normal subjects (n=29), chronic hepatitis B or C (n=50), non-HCC tumors (n=23) and HCC (n=26). Serum AFP, IL-6, IL-10 and HGF levels were determined in all subjects. RESULTS The expression of IL-6 or IL-10 (> or =3 pg/ml), or high level of HGF (>1000 pg/ml) or AFP (>20 ng/ml) was observed in only 0-3% of normal subjects. Patients with HCC more frequently had higher IL-6 and IL-10 levels (p<0.05), whereas HGF levels in HCC patients were not significantly elevated compared to patients with chronic hepatitis or non-HCC tumors. Among patients with low (<20 ng/ml) AFP level, IL-6 or IL-10 expression was significantly associated with the existence of HCC (p<0.05). Patients with large (>5 cm) HCC more often had increased IL-6, IL-10 or AFP levels (p values all <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10 are frequently elevated in patients with HCC but not in benign liver disease or non-HCC tumors. IL-6 and IL-10 may help identify a subset of HCC patients with low AFP level, and may serve as complementary tumor markers in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C-Y Hsia
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
List K, Bugge TH, Szabo R. Matriptase: potent proteolysis on the cell surface. Mol Med 2006; 12:1-7. [PMID: 16838070 PMCID: PMC1514551 DOI: 10.2119/2006-00022.list] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Matriptase is a type II transmembrane serine protease expressed in most human epithelia, where it is coexpressed with its cognate transmembrane inhibitor, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI)-1. Activation of the matriptase zymogen requires sequential N-terminal cleavage, activation site autocleavage, and transient association with HAI-1. Matriptase has an essential physiological role in profilaggrin processing, corneocyte maturation, and lipid matrix formation associated with terminal differentiation of the oral epithelium and the epidermis, and is also critical for hair follicle growth. Matriptase and HAI expression are frequently dysregulated in human cancer, and matriptase expression that is unopposed by HAI-1 potently promotes carcinogenesis and metastatic dissemination in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin List
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
Conway K, Price P, Harding KG, Jiang WG. The molecular and clinical impact of hepatocyte growth factor, its receptor, activators, and inhibitors in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2006. [PMID: 16476066 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2005.00081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing involves a number of cellular and molecular events, many of which are controlled by soluble growth factors. In the process of healing, hepatocyte growth factor, a cytokine known to act as mitogen, motogen, and morphogen, has been postulated to play multiple roles during several stages of this complex biological process. Produced primarily by stromal fibroblasts, hepatocyte growth factor regulates angiogenesis, vascular permeability, cell migration, matrix deposition and degradation, and other biological processes. The current article discusses recent progress in understanding the multiple roles played by this growth factor in tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Conway
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
127
|
Moshitch-Moshkovitz S, Tsarfaty G, Kaufman DW, Stein GY, Shichrur K, Solomon E, Sigler RH, Resau JH, Vande Woude GF, Tsarfaty I. In vivo direct molecular imaging of early tumorigenesis and malignant progression induced by transgenic expression of GFP-Met. Neoplasia 2006; 8:353-63. [PMID: 16790084 PMCID: PMC1592452 DOI: 10.1593/neo.05634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase receptor Met and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), play an important role in normal developmental processes, as well as in tumorigenicity and metastasis. We constructed a green fluorescent protein (GFP) Met chimeric molecule that functions similarly to the wild-type Met receptor and generated GFP-Met transgenic mice. These mice ubiquitously expressed GFP-Met in specific epithelial and endothelial cells and displayed enhanced GFP-Met fluorescence in sebaceous glands. Thirty-two percent of males spontaneously developed adenomas, adenocarcinomas, and angiosarcomas in their lower abdominal sebaceous glands. Approximately 70% of adenocarcinoma tumors metastasized to the kidneys, lungs, or liver. Quantitative subcellular-resolution intravital imaging revealed very high levels of GFP-Met in tumor lesions and in single isolated cells surrounding them, relative to normal sebaceous glands. These single cells preceded the formation of local and distal metastases. Higher GFP-Met levels correlated with earlier tumor onset and aggressiveness, further demonstrating the role of Met-HGF/SF signaling in cellular transformation and acquisition of invasive and metastatic phenotypes. Our novel mouse model and high-resolution intravital molecular imaging create a powerful tool that enables direct real-time molecular imaging of receptor expression and localization during primary events of tumorigenicity and metastasis at single-cell resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Galia Tsarfaty
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Sheba Medical Center, Diagnostic Imaging, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Gideon Y Stein
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Keren Shichrur
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Eddy Solomon
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | - James H Resau
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | | | - Ilan Tsarfaty
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Parr C, Jiang WG. Hepatocyte growth factor activation inhibitors (HAI-1 and HAI-2) regulate HGF-induced invasion of human breast cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:1176-83. [PMID: 16557597 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) plays a plethora of roles in cancer metastasis and tumour growth. The interaction between tumour cells and their surrounding stromal environment is a crucial factor regulating tumour invasion and metastasis. Stromal fibroblasts are the main source of HGF in the body, and release HGF as an inactive precursor (pro-HGF). HGF activator (HGFA), matriptase, urokinase-type plasminogen activator and hepsin are the main factors responsible for converting pro-HGF into active HGF. HAI-1 and HAI-2 are 2 novel Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors that regulate HGF activity through inhibition of HGFA, matriptase and hepsin action. Recent studies demonstrate that HAI-1 and HAI-2 may also potently inhibit a number of other pro-metastatic serine proteases and therefore have direct bearing on the spread of tumours. Our study examined the potential of these HAI's to suppress the influence of HGF and regulate cancer metastasis. We generated a retroviral expression system that induced HAI expression in a human fibroblast cell line. Forced expression of either HAI-1 or HAI-2 in these fibroblasts resulted in a dramatic decrease in the production of bioactive hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). This reduction in HGF activity subsequently suppressed HGF's metastatic influence on breast cancer cells. To further assess the anti-cancer properties of HAI-1 and HAI-2 we generated recombinant HAI proteins. These recombinant HAI proteins possessed the ability to potently quench HGF activity. We also demonstrate that these recombinant HAI's suppressed fibroblast-mediated breast cancer invasion. An additional ribozyme transgenes study revealed that elimination of HAI-1 and HAI-2 expression, in an MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, significantly enhanced the migratory, proliferative and invasive nature of these breast cancer cells. Overall, our data demonstrates the important roles of HAI-1 and HAI-2 in cancer metastasis, and reveals that these serine protease inhibitors display strong therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Parr
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Department of Surgery, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Vogel LK, Sæbø M, Skjelbred CF, Abell K, Pedersen EDK, Vogel U, Kure EH. The ratio of Matriptase/HAI-1 mRNA is higher in colorectal cancer adenomas and carcinomas than corresponding tissue from control individuals. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:176. [PMID: 16820046 PMCID: PMC1525198 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has recently been shown that overexpression of the serine protease, matriptase, in transgenic mice causes a dramatically increased frequency of carcinoma formation. Overexpression of HAI-1 and matriptase together changed the frequency of carcinoma formation to normal. This suggests that the ratio of matriptase to HAI-1 influences the malignant progression. The aim of this study has been to determine the ratio of matriptase to HAI-1 mRNA expression in affected and normal tissue from individuals with colorectal cancer adenomas and carcinomas as well as in healthy individuals, in order to determine at which stages a dysregulated ratio of matriptase/HAI-1 mRNA is present during carcinogenesis. Methods Using quantitative RT-PCR, we have determined the mRNA levels for matriptase and HAI-1 in colorectal cancer tissue (n = 9), severe dysplasia (n = 15), mild/moderate dysplasia (n = 21) and in normal tissue from the same individuals. In addition, corresponding tissue was examined from healthy volunteers (n = 10). Matriptase and HAI-1 mRNA levels were normalized to β-actin. Results Matriptase mRNA level was lower in carcinomas compared to normal tissue from healthy individuals (p < 0.01). In accordance with this, the matriptase mRNA level was also lower in adenomas/carcinomas combined as compared to their adjacent normal tissue (p < 0.01). HAI-1 mRNA levels in both normal and affected tissue from individuals with severe dysplasia or carcinomas and in affected tissue with mild/moderate dysplasia were all significantly lower than mRNA levels observed in corresponding tissue from healthy control individuals. HAI-1 mRNA was lower in carcinomas as compared to normal tissue from healthy individuals (p < 0.001). HAI-1 mRNA levels were significantly lower in tissue displaying mild/moderate (p < 0.001) and severe (p < 0.01) dysplasia compared to normal tissue from the same patients. Both adenomas and carcinomas displayed a significantly different matriptase/HAI-1 mRNA ratio than corresponding normal tissue from healthy control individuals (p < 0.05). In addition statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) could be observed between mild/moderate and severe adenomas and their adjacent normal tissue. Conclusion Our results show that dysregulation of the matriptase/HAI-1 mRNA ratio occurs early during carcinogenesis. Future studies are required to clarify whether the dysregulated matriptase/HAI-1 ratio was causing the malignant progression or is a consequence of the same.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotte K Vogel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Denmark
| | - Mona Sæbø
- Telemark University College, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bø i Telemark, Norway
| | - Camilla F Skjelbred
- Telemark University College, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bø i Telemark, Norway
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Medical Genetics, Telemark Hospital, Skien, Norway
| | - Kathrine Abell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Denmark
| | - Esben DK Pedersen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elin H Kure
- Telemark University College, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bø i Telemark, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Parr C, Gan CH, Watkins G, Jiang WG. Reduced vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI) expression is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Angiogenesis 2006; 9:73-81. [PMID: 16758268 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-006-9033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI) is a novel anti-angiogenic cytokine that belongs to the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. Very little is known about the significance of VEGI in cancer. Our study analysed VEGI expression in relation to breast cancer patient clinical parameters. The VEGI expression profile was assessed qualitatively (RT-PCR), quantitatively (real-time Quantitative-PCR), and immuno-histochemically (IHC), in a panel of 24 human normal and cancer cell lines and in a cohort of 151 mammary tissue samples (n = 33 normal breast tissue; n = 118 breast cancer tissue) with a 6-year median follow-up. Patients who had died of breast cancer or had local recurrence of the disease expressed significantly lower levels of VEGI in comparison to the elevated levels in the disease free patients. High levels of VEGI were associated with an increased chance of patient survival. Importantly, patients with breast tumours expressing reduced levels of VEGI had a poorer prognosis than those patients expressing high levels of VEGI. However, no significant correlations were observed between VEGI expression and tumour grade, TNM classification, or nodal involvement. In conclusion, VEGI is aberrantly expressed in human breast cancer tissues. VEGI displays prognostic relevance as breast cancer patients with an overall poor prognosis express significantly lower levels of VEGI compared to those with a favourable prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Parr
- Department of Surgery, Wales College of Medicine, Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14-4XN, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Nagakawa O, Yamagishi T, Fujiuchi Y, Junicho A, Akashi T, Nagaike K, Fuse H. Serum hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA) in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2006; 48:686-90. [PMID: 16005141 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA) is responsible for proteolytic activation of the precursor form of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). We attempted to clarify whether serum levels of HGFA could be used as a marker for prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Serum levels of total HGF and HGFA were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 99 healthy controls, 27 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 119 patients with prostate cancer. RESULTS : The mean+/-S.D. serum levels of HGFA in untreated prostate cancer and BPH cases were 0.42+/-0.24 and 0.50+/-0.26 ng/ml, respectively (no significant difference). Serum HGFA was significantly elevated in hormone-refractory prostate cancer (stage D3) compared to other stages, while HGF did not significantly differ with regard to clinical stage. CONCLUSIONS Serum HGFA tends was elevated in patients with advanced stage prostate cancer. Further studies in large groups of patients are needed to clarify the clinical value of HGFA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Nagakawa
- Department of Urology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
132
|
Charafe-Jauffret E, Ginestier C, Monville F, Finetti P, Adélaïde J, Cervera N, Fekairi S, Xerri L, Jacquemier J, Birnbaum D, Bertucci F. Gene expression profiling of breast cell lines identifies potential new basal markers. Oncogene 2006; 25:2273-84. [PMID: 16288205 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A better molecular characterization of breast cell lines (BCL) may help discover new markers to apply to tumour samples. We performed gene and protein expression profiling of 31 BCL using whole-genome DNA microarrays and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on 'cell microarrays' (CMA), respectively. Global hierarchical clustering discriminated two groups of BCL: group I corresponded to luminal cell lines, group II to basal and mesenchymal cell lines. Correlations with centroids calculated from a published 'intrinsic 500-gene set' assigned 15 cell lines as luminal, eight as basal and four as mesenchymal. A set of 1.233 genes was differentially expressed between basal and luminal samples. Mesenchymal and basal subtypes were rather similar and discriminated by only 227 genes. The expression of 10 proteins (CAV1, CD44, EGFR, MET, ETS1, GATA3, luminal cytokeratin CK19, basal cytokeratin CK5/6, CD10, and ERM protein moesin) encoded by luminal vs basal discriminator genes confirmed the subtype classification and the validity of the identified markers. Our BCL basal/luminal signature correctly re-classified the published series of tumour samples that originally served to identify the molecular subtypes, suggesting that the identified markers should be useful for tumour classification and might represent promising targets for disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Charafe-Jauffret
- Marseille Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Inserm/Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Nagakawa O, Yamagishi T, Akashi T, Nagaike K, Fuse H. Serum hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type I (HAI-I) and type 2 (HAI-2) in prostate cancer. Prostate 2006; 66:447-52. [PMID: 16353247 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) and type 2 (HAI-2) are Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors for hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA). We attempted to clarify whether serum levels of HAI-1 and HAI-2 could be a useful marker in patients with prostate cancer. METHODS Serum levels of HAI-1 and HAI-2 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 27 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 118 patients with prostate cancer. RESULTS The mean serum levels of HAI-1 in patients with prostate cancer were significantly higher than those in patients with BPH. Furthermore, the serum HAI-1 levels in patients with distant metastasis and hormone resistant prostate cancer were significantly elevated compared with those in patients with organ-confined diseases. There were no significant differences in serum HAI-2 levels among prostate cancer subgroups according to clinical stage. Significantly elevated levels of HAI-1 were detected in 38 patients with prostate cancer before any treatment. CONCLUSIONS HAI-1 may be a potential tumor marker for prostate cancer. Further studies in large groups of patients are needed to define the clinical value of HAI-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Nagakawa
- Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Department of Urology, Toyama, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
134
|
Hallikas OK, Aaltonen JM, von Koskull H, Lindberg LA, Valmu L, Kalkkinen N, Wahlström T, Kataoka H, Andersson L, Lindholm D, Schröder J. Identification of antibodies against HAI-1 and integrin alpha6beta4 as immunohistochemical markers of human villous cytotrophoblast. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 54:745-52. [PMID: 16495474 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.5a6816.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Syncytiotrophoblast and invasive extravillous trophoblast arise from a common stem cell, namely villous cytotrophoblast, but have very different characteristics. The study of the differentiation process relies on the availability of suitable markers for these different cell types of developing placenta. In this work, we have produced monoclonal antibodies that are specific to human villous cytotrophoblast. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) MG2 was specific to villous cytotrophoblast across gestation, and recognizes hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1. MAb MD10 stained villous cytotrophoblast across gestation and also some endothelial cells, particularly in the second or third trimester. MAb MD10 recognizes human integrin alpha6beta4. As a test for specificity, the novel MAbs were also used for staining of frozen tissue from human colon carcinoma. The results show that the two antibodies can be used as tools to study human villous cytotrophoblasts and also human tumors. The MG2 antibody seems most specific and promising for the study of various aspects of human villous cytotrophoblast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Outi K Hallikas
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Division of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Bertotti A, Comoglio PM, Trusolino L. Beta4 integrin is a transforming molecule that unleashes Met tyrosine kinase tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2006; 65:10674-9. [PMID: 16322210 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell multiplication in the absence of integrin-derived adhesive signals (anchorage-independent growth) is the phenotypic hallmark of neoplastic transformation. Therefore, the frequently observed up-regulation of some integrins in tumors has been interpreted as an epiphenomenon and not as a causative factor of oncogenic conversion. beta4 integrin stimulates proliferation and survival of epithelial cells and is overexpressed in human carcinomas, often in concomitance with up-regulation of the Met tyrosine kinase receptor for hepatocyte growth factor. Met is not endowed with transforming ability but can exploit the beta4 cytoplasmic tail as a substrate/adaptor for amplification of mitogenic and antiapoptotic responses, independently of cell adhesion. Here, we show that overexpression of beta4 is sufficient to transform rodent fibroblasts, enhances anchorage-independent growth of breast carcinoma cells, and induces tumorigenesis in nude mice; conversely, RNA interference-mediated depletion abrogates the transformed phenotype of neoplastic cells. These autonomous oncogenic properties are dramatically exacerbated upon Met coexpression, suggesting that the integrin can instigate the latent tumorigenic potential of the kinase. A beta4 nonadhesive variant still cooperates with Met for cellular transformation, confirming the adhesion-independent function of beta4 in magnification of Met biological effects. Conversely, a beta4 signaling-incompetent mutant that cannot be efficiently tyrosine phosphorylated by Met and displays reduced ability to activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent and Ras-dependent pathways aborts transformation. Our findings define beta4 as a signaling accomplice (a "servo-oncogene") of tyrosine kinase proto-oncogenes in primary carcinogenesis, evoke an unorthodox function for a prototypic adhesion molecule in the positive regulation of anchorage-independent growth, and suggest the use of beta4 as a target for anticancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bertotti
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo (Torino), Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
136
|
Herter S, Piper D, Aaron W, Gabriele T, Cutler G, Cao P, Bhatt A, Choe Y, Craik C, Walker N, Meininger D, Hoey T, Austin R. Hepatocyte growth factor is a preferred in vitro substrate for human hepsin, a membrane-anchored serine protease implicated in prostate and ovarian cancers. Biochem J 2005; 390:125-36. [PMID: 15839837 PMCID: PMC1184568 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepsin is a membrane-anchored, trypsin-like serine protease with prominent expression in the human liver and tumours of the prostate and ovaries. To better understand the biological functions of hepsin, we identified macromolecular substrates employing a tetrapeptide PS-SCL (positional scanning-synthetic combinatorial library) screen that rapidly determines the P1-P4 substrate specificity. Hepsin exhibited strong preference at the P1 position for arginine over lysine, and favoured threonine, leucine or asparagine at the P2, glutamine or lysine at the P3, and proline or lysine at the P4 position. The relative activity of hepsin toward individual AMC (7-amino-4-methylcoumarin)-tetrapeptides was generally consistent with the overall peptide profiling results derived from the PC-SCL screen. The most active tetrapeptide substrate Ac (acetyl)-KQLR-AMC matched with the activation cleavage site of the hepatocyte growth factor precursor sc-HGF (single-chain HGF), KQLR downward arrowVVNG (where downward arrow denotes the cleavage site), as identified by a database analysis of trypsin-like precursors. X-ray crystallographic studies with KQLR chloromethylketone showed that the KQLR peptide fits well into the substrate-binding cleft of hepsin. This hepsin-processed HGF induced c-Met receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells, indicating that the hepsin-cleaved HGF is biologically active. Activation cleavage site mutants of sc-HGF with predicted non-preferred sequences, DPGR downward arrowVVNG or KQLQ downward arrowVVNG, were not processed, illustrating that the P4-P1 residues can be important determinants for substrate specificity. In addition to finding macromolecular hepsin substrates, the extracellular inhibitors of the HGF activator, HAI-1 and HAI-2, were potent inhibitors of hepsin activity (IC50 4+/-0.2 nM and 12+/-0.5 nM respectively). Together, our findings suggest that the HGF precursor is a potential in vivo substrate for hepsin in tumours, where hepsin expression is dysregulated and may influence tumorigenesis through inappropriate activation and/or regulation of HGF receptor (c-Met) functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Herter
- *Department of Biology, Amgen San Francisco, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, U.S.A
| | - Derek E. Piper
- *Department of Biology, Amgen San Francisco, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, U.S.A
| | - Wade Aaron
- *Department of Biology, Amgen San Francisco, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, U.S.A
| | - Timothy Gabriele
- *Department of Biology, Amgen San Francisco, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, U.S.A
| | - Gene Cutler
- *Department of Biology, Amgen San Francisco, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, U.S.A
| | - Ping Cao
- *Department of Biology, Amgen San Francisco, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, U.S.A
| | - Ami S. Bhatt
- †University of California San Francisco, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, U.S.A
| | - Youngchool Choe
- †University of California San Francisco, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, U.S.A
| | - Charles S. Craik
- †University of California San Francisco, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, U.S.A
| | - Nigel Walker
- *Department of Biology, Amgen San Francisco, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, U.S.A
| | - David Meininger
- *Department of Biology, Amgen San Francisco, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, U.S.A
| | - Timothy Hoey
- *Department of Biology, Amgen San Francisco, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, U.S.A
| | - Richard J. Austin
- *Department of Biology, Amgen San Francisco, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Parr C, Watkins G, Boulton M, Cai J, Jiang WG. Placenta growth factor is over-expressed and has prognostic value in human breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:2819-27. [PMID: 16275058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Placenta growth factor (PlGF) belongs to the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, a group of angiogenic factors that are crucial for tumour angiogenesis. Very little is known about the significance of PlGF in human cancer. We hypothesise that PlGF may have a potent influence in breast cancer. This study examined PlGF levels in human breast cancer in relation to patient's clinical parameters. PlGF expression and distribution was examined quantitatively using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) on a cohort of human breast cancer tissue (n = 119) and background breast tissue (n = 33), qualitatively using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on a range of cell lines, and immunohistochemically on patient samples. All these techniques revealed that PlGF expression was dramatically increased (P = 0.028) in breast cancer tissues compared with normal breast tissue. We demonstrate that PlGF displays prognostic value through analysis of patient survival status (6-year follow-up), as elevated levels of PlGF were significantly associated (P = 0.017) with recurrence, metastasis and patient mortality. Our study has shown that PlGF is over-expressed in breast cancer tissues and correlates with patient prognosis, and is likely to play a major role in the pathogenesis of tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Parr
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Department of Surgery, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
138
|
Zeng L, Cao J, Zhang X. Expression of serine protease SNC19/matriptase and its inhibitor hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 in normal and malignant tissues of gastrointestinal tract. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:6202-7. [PMID: 16273651 PMCID: PMC4436641 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i39.6202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To provide the expression profile of serine protease SNC19/matriptase and its inhibitor hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) in normal and malignant tissues of gastrointestinal tract at mRNA level for further study on their correlations with tumor progression and metastasis.
METHODS: Total RNAs were prepared from 37 samples of colorectal cancer tissues, 40 samples of gastric cancer tissues, and their adjacent normal tissues. The expression of SNC19/matriptase and HAI-1 in these samples was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as internal standard, and the clinical significance for the correlation with clinicopathological parameters was evaluated.
RESULTS: In gastric cancer tissues the expression of HAI-1 and SNC19/matriptase was significantly lower than that in the corresponding adjacent normal tissues (Z = -3.280, P = 0.006; Z = -4.651, P = 0.000). HAI-1:SNC19/matriptase ratio showed no difference between normal and malignant tissues (P>0.05). Analysis of clinicopathological parameters showed decreased expression of HAI-1 and HAI-1:SNC19/matriptase ratio associated with stage III/IV gastric tumors as compared to stage I/II ones (Z = -2.140, P = 0.031; Z = -2.155, P = 0.031), and with lymph node-positive gastric cancer tissues as compared to lymph node-negative ones (Z = -2.081, P = 0.036; Z = -2.686, P = 0.006). The expression of SNC19/matriptase had no relationship with stages and lymph node metastasis (P>0.05). The expression of HAI-1 and HAI-1:SNC19/matriptase ratio increased in well-differentiated gastric cancer tissues, but there was no statistical significance (P>0.05). The difference of SNC19/matriptase expression was not significant in gastric cancer tissues of different histological differentiation status (P>0.05). In colorectal cancer tissues, the expression of HAI-1 and SNC19/matriptase was also markedly lower than that in their adjacent normal tissues (Z = -3.100, P = 0.002; Z = -2.731, P = 0.006), whereas HAI-1:SNC19/matriptase ratio showed no difference. Decreased expression of HAI-1 was associated with increased invasive depth and lymph node metastasis, but there was no statistical significance (P>0.05). The difference of SNC19/matriptase expression and HAI-1:SNC19/matriptase ratio was not significant in different stages and different lymph node metastasis status (P>0.05). The expression of SNC19/matriptase, HAI-1 or HAI-1:SNC19/matriptase ratio showed no difference in colorectal cancer tissues of different histological differentiation status (P>0.05).
CONCLUSION: The expressions of SNC19/matriptase and its inhibitor HAI-1 are decreased in gastrointestinal cancer tissues compared to their normal counterparts, and the decreased expression of HAI-1 may correlate with invasion and lymph node metastasis. The possible mechanisms involved need to be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zeng
- Clinical Research Institute, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Jiang WG, Raz A, Douglas-Jones A, Mansel RE. Expression of autocrine motility factor (AMF) and its receptor, AMFR, in human breast cancer. J Histochem Cytochem 2005; 54:231-41. [PMID: 16204225 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.5a6785.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autocrine motility factor (AMF) stimulates, via an autocrine route, the motility of cancer cells. The current study investigated the expression of AMF and its receptor, AMFR (gp78), in breast cancer and attempted to dissect a clinical link. Breast tumor tissues (n=120) and non-neoplastic normal tissues (n=32) were studied. AMF and AMFR distribution in tissues were assessed using immunohistochemistry and their transcripts were analyzed using RT-PCR and quantitative PCR. Median follow-up of the cohort was 10 years. Normal mammary epithelial cells, but not stromal and endothelial cells, weakly stained for AMF and AMFR. However, cancer cells showed stronger staining. Both AMF and AMFR transcripts were significantly higher in tumor than in normal tissues (p=0.003 and p=0.0001, respectively). High levels of AMF and AMFR were seen in patients who died of breast cancer (p=0.049, p=0.0435) and high AMF was also seen in patients who had local recurrence (p=0.039) compared with those who remained disease free. A significant correlation was seen between long-term survival and the AMFR:CK19 ratio, in which patients with high AMFR:CK19 ratio tumors had a significantly shorter survival (101.0 months, 80.6-121.4) compared with those with low ratio (136.0 months, 123.7-148.2), p=0.0331. In conclusion, AMF and AMFR are overexpressed in human breast cancer and are negatively associated with patients' clinical outcome. This strongly indicates that the AMF-AMFR complex plays an important role in the progression of breast cancer, as well as having a prognostic role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen G Jiang
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, University Department of Surgery, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Ding KF, Sun LF, Ge WT, Hu HG, Zhang SZ, Zheng S. Effect of SNC19/ST14 gene overexpression on invasion of colorectal cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:5651-4. [PMID: 16237759 PMCID: PMC4481482 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i36.5651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effect of SNC19/ST14 gene overexpression on invasion in vitro of colorectal cancer cells.
METHODS: The adhesion of SNC19/ST14 gene-transfected cells to ECM was measured by MTT assay. The cell movement was evaluated by wound healing assay. Cell invasion and migration were determined by invasion assay in vitro.
RESULTS: SNC19/ST14 gene overexpression could enhance invasion of colorectal cancer cells in vitro significantly and influence early cell adherence to ECM, but could not change cell movement significantly.
CONCLUSION: SNC19/ST14 gene overexpression increases the local invasion of colorectal cancer cells in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Feng Ding
- Surgery of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejinag University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
141
|
Miyata S, Uchinokura S, Fukushima T, Hamasuna R, Itoh H, Akiyama Y, Nakano S, Wakisaka S, Kataoka H. Diverse roles of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) in the growth of glioblastoma cells in vivo. Cancer Lett 2005; 227:83-93. [PMID: 16051034 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Revised: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 01/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type-1 (HAI-1) is an integral-membrane proteinase inhibitor. In this study, we examined the effects of HAI-1 on human glioblastoma cells. Two glioblastoma cell lines (YKG-1, U251) were stably transfected with expression plasmid harboring mature membrane-form or truncated secreted-form HAI-1. Culture characteristics were not altered by the expression of HAI-1, whereas in vitro invasiveness of U251 was suppressed. On the other hand, the expression of membrane-form HAI-1 resulted in significantly enhanced tumorigenicity of both cell lines in vivo. In contrast, secreted-form HAI-1 did not promote the tumorigenicity. These results suggest that HAI-1 may play complex roles in progression of glioblastoma cells, and membrane-form HAI-1 may mediate an undefined important signaling in the cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Miyata
- Second Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Jin X, Hirosaki T, Lin CY, Dickson RB, Higashi S, Kitamura H, Miyazaki K. Production of soluble matriptase by human cancer cell lines and cell surface activation of its zymogen by trypsin. J Cell Biochem 2005; 95:632-47. [PMID: 15832373 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The membrane-bound serine proteinase matriptase, which is often released from the plasma membrane of epithelial and carcinoma cells, has been implicated to play important roles in both physiological and pathological conditions. However, the regulatory mechanism of its activity is poorly understood. In the present study, we examined expression and activation state of soluble matriptase in 24 human cancer cell lines. Soluble matriptase was detected in the conditioned media from all of 5 colon and 4 breast carcinoma cell lines and 8 of 10 stomach carcinoma cell lines tested. Only two of five lung cancer cell lines released the matriptase protein into the culture media. Out of the five matriptase-negative cell lines, two cell lines expressed the matriptase mRNA. Among 24 cancer cell lines tested, 13 cell lines secreted trypsin in an active or latent form and all of them released matriptase. Most of the 24 cell lines released a latent, single-chain matriptase of 75 kDa as a major form, as well as low levels of complex forms of an activated two-chain enzyme with its specific inhibitor HAI-1. Thus, these soluble matriptases appeared to have little proteolytic activity. Treatment of stomach and colon cancer cell lines with epidermal growth factor stimulated the release of matripatase/HAI-1 complexes. In cancer cell lines secreting active trypsin, however, matriptase was released mostly as an inhibitor-free, two-chain active form. Trypsin seemed to activate the membrane-bound, latent matriptase on the cell surface. These results suggest that matriptase and trypsin cooperatively function for extracellular proteolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlian Jin
- Division of Cell Biology, Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
Knudsen BS, Lucas JM, Fazli L, Hawley S, Falcon S, Coleman IM, Martin DB, Xu C, True LD, Gleave ME, Nelson PS, Ayala GE. Regulation of hepatocyte activator inhibitor-1 expression by androgen and oncogenic transformation in the prostate. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 167:255-66. [PMID: 15972969 PMCID: PMC1603455 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62970-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte activator inhibitor-1 (HAI-1) is a transmembrane serine protease inhibitor that regulates the conversion of latent to active hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Studies supporting a role for the HGF pathway in prostate carcinogenesis prompted an analysis of HAI-1 expression in the prostate. Here we analyze the regulation of HAI-1 expression by androgen, oncogenic transformation, and cancer progression. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that HAI-1 expression was restricted to prostate epithelium, where staining occurred primarily in basal and atrophic luminal epithelial cells. Compared to normal glands, HAI-1 expression was significantly increased in localized prostate cancer and was present in most prostate cancer metastases. HAI-1 protein expression levels were sensitive to androgen in normal epithelium but not in cancer. Although androgen did not increase HAI-1 protein expression levels in LNCaP cells, it decreased HAI-1 surface expression, consistent with previous data from our group (Martin DB, Gifford DR, Wright ME, Keller A, Yi E, Goodlett DR, Aebersold R, Nelson PS: Quantitative proteomic analysis of proteins released by neoplastic prostate epithelium. Cancer Res 2004, 64:347-355). HAI-1 overexpression in cancer was predictive of prostate-specific antigen recurrence (relative risk, 1.24). These results suggest that HAI-1 regulates the HGF Met axis on prostate epithelial cells and influences HGF mediated tumor invasion and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice S Knudsen
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Jiang WG, Martin TA, Parr C, Davies G, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T. Hepatocyte growth factor, its receptor, and their potential value in cancer therapies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2005; 53:35-69. [PMID: 15607934 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor plays multiple roles in cancer, by acting as a motility and invasion stimulating factor, promoting metastasis and tumour growth. Furthermore, it acts as a powerful angiogenic factor. The pivotal role of this factor in cancer has indicated HGF as being a potential target in cancer therapies. The past few years have seen rapid progress in developing tools in targeting HGF, in the context of cancer therapies, including development of antagonists, small compounds, antibodies and genetic approaches. The current article discusses the potential value of HGF and its receptor as targets in cancer therapies, the current development in anti-HGF research, and the clinical value of HGF in prognosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen G Jiang
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, University Department of Surgery, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Al-Rawi MAA, Watkins G, Mansel RE, Jiang WG. Interleukin 7 upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor D in breast cancer cells and induces lymphangiogenesis in vivo. Br J Surg 2005; 92:305-10. [PMID: 15672426 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL) 7 is known to stimulate growth of breast cancer cells in vitro. It has been recently associated with node-positive tumours and with poor survival in breast cancer. The effects of IL-7 on the lymphangiogenic properties of breast cancer cells were explored. METHODS The effects of IL-7 on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) in MDA MB-231, MCF-7 and BT-483 cells were analysed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. An in vivo lymphangiogenesis model using nude mice was developed. The newly generated microtubules were stained with anti-von Willebrand factor and anti-LYVE-1 (lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor) antibodies. RESULTS All VEGFs (VEGF-A, -B, -C and -D) were expressed in breast cancer cells, but at different levels. IL-7 increased the expression of VEGF-D at both mRNA and protein levels in MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cells. In the in vivo model, IL-7 significantly induced the formation of lymphatic LYVE-1-positive, but not vascular von Willebrand factor-positive, microtubules (P = 0.021 versus sections without IL-7). CONCLUSION IL-7 induced the lymphangiogenic properties of breast cancer cells, probably by upregulation of VEGF-D. This might have a significant impact on the lymphatic spread of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A A Al-Rawi
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, University Department of Surgery, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
146
|
Ma PC, Jagadeeswaran R, Jagadeesh S, Tretiakova MS, Nallasura V, Fox EA, Hansen M, Schaefer E, Naoki K, Lader A, Richards W, Sugarbaker D, Husain AN, Christensen JG, Salgia R. Functional expression and mutations of c-Met and its therapeutic inhibition with SU11274 and small interfering RNA in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2005; 65:1479-88. [PMID: 15735036 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a difficult disease to treat. The c-Met receptor is an attractive potential target for novel therapeutic inhibition in human cancers. We provide strong evidence that c-Met is overexpressed, activated, and sometimes mutated in NSCLC cell lines and tumor tissues. Expression of c-Met was found in all (100%) of the NSCLC tumor tissues examined (n = 23) and most (89%) of the cell lines (n = 9). Sixty-one percent of tumor tissues strongly expressed total c-Met, especially adenocarcinoma (67%). Specific expression of phospho-Met (p-Met) [Y1003] and [Y1230/1234/1235] was seen by immunohistochemistry. p-Met expression was preferentially observed at the NSCLC tumor invasive fronts. c-Met alterations were identified within the semaphorin domain (E168D, L299F, S323G, and N375S) and the juxtamembrane domain (R988C, R988C + T1010I, S1058P, and alternative splice product skipping entire juxtamembrane domain) of a NSCLC cell line and adenocarcinoma tissues. We validated c-Met as potential therapeutic target using small interfering RNA down-regulation of the receptor expression by 50% to 60% in NSCLC cells. This led to inhibition of p-Met and phospho-AKT and up to 57.1 +/- 7.2% cell viability inhibition at 72 hours. The selective small molecule inhibitor of c-Met SU11274 inhibited cell viability in c-Met-expressing NSCLC cells. SU11274 also abrogated hepatocyte growth factor-induced phosphorylation of c-Met and its downstream signaling. Here, we provide first direct evidence by small interfering RNA targeting and small molecule inhibitor that c-Met is important in NSCLC biology and biochemistry. These results indicate that c-Met inhibition will be an important therapeutic strategy against NSCLC to improve its clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Ma
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
147
|
Rmali KA, Watkins G, Harrison G, Parr C, Puntis MCA, Jiang WG. Tumour endothelial marker 8 (TEM-8) in human colon cancer and its association with tumour progression. Eur J Surg Oncol 2005; 30:948-53. [PMID: 15498639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2004.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tumour endothelial marker-8 (TEM-8) is endothelial cell surface marker that may be specific to tumour endothelial cells. This study examined the role of TEM-8 in human colon cancer and its correlation with tumour prognosis. METHODOLOGY Specimens of colorectal tissue (normal and cancer) were stained immunohistochemically with an anti-TEM-8 antibody, newly developed in our laboratory, and with anti-vonWillebrand Factor antibody. RNA was extracted from frozen sections for gene amplification. The anti-TEM-8 antibody specificity tested by using slot blotting with irrelevant antibody, and western blotting with different cell lines. The expression of TEM-8 was assessed using RT-PCR, and the level of TEM-8 was quantified using real-time-quantitative PCR (Q-RT-PCR). RESULTS TEM-8 staining was primarily seen in endothelial cells. TEM-8 identified more micro-vessels in colon tumour tissue, than in normal colon tissues, (p=0.002). Whereas, fewer vessels were stained positive for TEM-8 in normal tissues stained positive for vonWillebrand Factor (factor-8), (p=0.008). Malignant cells in tumour tissues were found to be stained strongly positive for TEM-8 compared with the epithelial cells in normal colon tissues. The level of TEM-8 expression was significantly higher in the tumour tissues compared to the normal colon mucosa (p=0.001). TEM-8 mRNA expression was also found to be more elevated in patients with advanced tumour, Dukes C (Dukes A vs. Dukes C, p=0.01). CONCLUSION TEM-8 is a marker that identifies tumour associated micro-vessels in colon cancer. The levels of expression of TEM-8 in invasive colon cancer are linked to disease progression. This suggests that TEM-8 has significant prognostic and therapeutic values in colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Rmali
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, University Department of Surgery, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Mazzone M, Basilico C, Cavassa S, Pennacchietti S, Risio M, Naldini L, Comoglio PM, Michieli P. An uncleavable form of pro-scatter factor suppresses tumor growth and dissemination in mice. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:1418-32. [PMID: 15545993 PMCID: PMC525743 DOI: 10.1172/jci22235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scatter factor (SF), also known as hepatocyte growth factor, is ubiquitously present in the extracellular matrix of tissues in the form of an inactive precursor (pro-SF). In order to acquire biological activity, pro-SF must be cleaved by specific proteases present on the cell surface. The mature form of SF controls invasive cues in both physiological and pathological processes through activation of its receptor, the Met tyrosine kinase. By substituting a single amino acid in the proteolytic site, we engineered an unprocessable form of pro-SF (uncleavable SF). Using lentivirus vector technology, we achieved local or systemic delivery of uncleavable SF in mice. We provide evidence that (a) uncleavable SF inhibits both protease-mediated pro-SF conversion and active SF-induced Met activation; (b) local expression of uncleavable SF in tumors suppresses tumor growth, impairs tumor angiogenesis, and prevents metastatic dissemination; and (c) systemic expression of uncleavable SF dramatically inhibits the growth of transplanted tumors and abolishes the formation of spontaneous metastases without perturbing vital physiological functions. These data show that proteolytic activation of pro-SF is a limiting step in tumor progression, thus suggesting a new strategy for the treatment or prevention of the malignant conversion of neoplastic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Mazzone
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:2199-2201. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i9.2199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
150
|
Nagaike K, Kohama K, Uchiyama S, Tanaka H, Chijiiwa K, Itoh H, Kataoka H. Paradoxically enhanced immunoreactivity of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) in cancer cells at the invasion front. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:728-35. [PMID: 15471558 PMCID: PMC11159007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Revised: 07/06/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated significantly decreased immunoreactivity of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1), an integral membrane protein that exhibits potent inhibitory activity against hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA) and matriptase, in colorectal adenocarcinomas. In this report, we describe further detailed analysis of HAI-1 expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma by using three kinds of anti-HAI-1 antibodies, each of which recognizes a distinct epitope of the HAI-1 molecule, and also by in-situ hybridization for HAI-1 mRNA. The results indicated that the decreased immunoreactivity of HAI-1 in colorectal carcinoma cells is largely a result of enhanced ectodomain shedding of HAI-1 in these cells. In contrast, immunoreactivity of mature membrane-form HAI-1 was paradoxically en-hanced in cancer cells at the invasion front, showing intense cell-stroma interactions and/or sprouting invasion. This finding indicates that these invading cells showed decreased ectodomain shedding of HAI-1 and consequently might require the existence of the membrane-form HAI-1. Of particular interest was the observation of a possible inverse correlation between paradoxical up-regulation of membrane-form HAI-1 expression and membrane-associated E-cadherin in these cells. These membrane-form HAI-1-positive sprouting cancer cells were also negative for MIB-1 immunohistochemically, indicating a low-proliferating population. All these results suggest that HAI-1 may mediate diverse functions in regard to the progression of colorectal carcinomas, and the immunoreactivity of membrane-form HAI-1 may serve as a marker of invading cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koki Nagaike
- Second Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|