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Schlumberger M, Massicotte MH, Nascimento CL, Chougnet C, Baudin E, Leboulleux S. Kinase inhibitors for advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67 Suppl 1:125-9. [PMID: 22584717 PMCID: PMC3328820 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(sup01)21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent availability of molecular targeted therapies leads to a reconsideration of the treatment strategy for patients with distant metastases from medullary thyroid carcinoma. In patients with progressive disease, treatment with kinase inhibitors should be offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schlumberger
- Centre de Référence Tumeurs Réfractaires de la Thyroïde, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, University Paris-Sud XI, Villejuif, France.
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102
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A Case of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B and Gangliomatosis of Gastrointestinal Tract. Case Rep Med 2012; 2012:491054. [PMID: 23093970 PMCID: PMC3472613 DOI: 10.1155/2012/491054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) is a rare familial syndrome caused by mutations in the RET protooncogene and it is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. The underlying problem for all the MEN syndromes is failure of a tumour suppressor gene. The genetic defect in MEN2 is on chromosome 10 (10q11.2) and has also been identified both for MEN2A and MEN2B. The reported patient is an 18-year-old girl presented with long-term diarrhea and enterocutaneous fistula. Her thyroid nodules, marfanoid habitus and bumpy lips, were also highly suggestive for MEN2B.
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103
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Menicali E, Moretti S, Voce P, Romagnoli S, Avenia N, Puxeddu E. Intracellular signal transduction and modification of the tumor microenvironment induced by RET/PTCs in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:67. [PMID: 22661970 PMCID: PMC3357465 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RET gene rearrangements (RET/PTCs) represent together with BRAF point mutations the two major groups of mutations involved in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) initiation and progression. In this review, we will examine the mechanisms involved in RET/PTC-induced thyroid cell transformation. In detail, we will summarize the data on the molecular mechanisms involved in RET/PTC formation and in its function as a dominant oncogene, on the activated signal transduction pathways and on the induced gene expression modifications. Moreover, we will report on the effects of RET/PTCs on the tumor microenvironment. Finally, a short review of the literature on RET/PTC prognostic significance will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Menicali
- Dipartimento di Medicina, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
- Centro di Proteomica e Genomica della Tiroide, University of PerugiaPerugia and Terni, Italy
| | - Sonia Moretti
- Dipartimento di Medicina, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
- Centro di Proteomica e Genomica della Tiroide, University of PerugiaPerugia and Terni, Italy
| | - Pasquale Voce
- Dipartimento di Medicina, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
- Centro di Proteomica e Genomica della Tiroide, University of PerugiaPerugia and Terni, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Avenia
- Centro di Proteomica e Genomica della Tiroide, University of PerugiaPerugia and Terni, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Efisio Puxeddu
- Dipartimento di Medicina, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
- Centro di Proteomica e Genomica della Tiroide, University of PerugiaPerugia and Terni, Italy
- *Correspondence: Efisio Puxeddu, Dipartimento di Medicina, Sezione MIENDO, Via Enrico dal Pozzo – Padiglione X, 06126 Perugia, Italy. e-mail:
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Abstract
Somatic, gain-of-function mutations in ras genes were the first specific genetic alterations identified in human cancer about 3 decades ago. Studies during the last quarter century have characterized the Ras proteins as essential components of signaling networks controlling cellular proliferation, differentiation, or survival. The oncogenic mutations of the H-ras, N-ras, or K-ras genes frequently found in human tumors are known to throw off balance the normal outcome of those signaling pathways, thus leading to tumor development. Oncogenic mutations in a number of other upstream or downstream components of Ras signaling pathways (including membrane RTKs or cytosolic kinases) have been detected more recently in association with a variety of cancers. Interestingly, the oncogenic Ras mutations and the mutations in other components of Ras/MAPK signaling pathways appear to be mutually exclusive events in most tumors, indicating that deregulation of Ras-dependent signaling is the essential requirement for tumorigenesis. In contrast to sporadic tumors, separate studies have identified germline mutations in Ras and various other components of Ras signaling pathways that occur in specific association with a number of different familial, developmental syndromes frequently sharing common phenotypic cardiofaciocutaneous features. Finally, even without being a causative force, defective Ras signaling has been cited as a contributing factor to many other human illnesses, including diabetes and immunological and inflammatory disorders. We aim this review at summarizing and updating current knowledge on the contribution of Ras mutations and altered Ras signaling to development of various tumoral and nontumoral pathologies.
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105
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Tanaka R, Koyanagi K, Narita N, Kuo C, Hoon DSB. Prognostic molecular biomarkers for cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Surg Oncol 2011; 104:438-46. [PMID: 21557225 PMCID: PMC3673884 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular signatures of melanoma have propelled new approaches to early diagnosis, monitoring of treatment response, and targeted therapy. This review discusses messenger RNA (mRNA), genomic, and epigenomic melanoma biomarkers in blood and tissue specimens. The major focus is on tissue-based molecular assays to upstage sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs), and blood-based assays to detect melanoma progression by monitoring levels of circulating tumor cells (CTC) and circulating DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, USA
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107
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Waguespack SG, Rich TA, Perrier ND, Jimenez C, Cote GJ. Management of medullary thyroid carcinoma and MEN2 syndromes in childhood. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011; 7:596-607. [PMID: 21862994 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2 syndromes are rare but important endocrine diseases that are increasingly managed by pediatric providers. MTC is generally associated with a favorable prognosis when diagnosed during childhood, where it frequently occurs secondary to activating mutations in the RET proto-oncogene and arises from pre-existing C-cell hyperplasia. MEN2A accounts for 90-95% of childhood MTC cases and is most commonly due to mutations in codon 634 of RET. MEN2B is associated with the most aggressive clinical presentation of MTC and is almost always due to the Met918Thr mutation of RET. Surgery is the primary treatment and only chance of cure, although the advent of targeted therapies seems to be improving progression-free survival in advanced cases. Since the discovery of the role of RET in MEN2A, considerable advances in the management of this syndrome have occurred, and most of the children with MEN2A who have undergone early thyroidectomy will now lead full, productive lives. Strong genotype-phenotype correlations have facilitated the development of guidelines for interventions. Contemporary approaches for deciding the appropriate age at which surgery should take place incorporate data from ultrasonography and calcitonin measurements in addition to the results of genotyping. To optimize care and to facilitate ongoing research, children with MTC and the MEN2 syndromes are optimally treated at tertiary centers with multidisciplinary expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Waguespack
- The Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, PO Box 301402, Unit 1461, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA.
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108
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Borrello MG, Aiello A, Peissel B, Rizzetti MG, Mondellini P, Degl'Innocenti D, Catalano V, Gobbo M, Collini P, Bongarzone I, Pierotti MA, Greco A, Seregni E. Functional characterization of the MTC-associated germline RET-K666E mutation: evidence of oncogenic potential enhanced by the G691S polymorphism. Endocr Relat Cancer 2011; 18:519-27. [PMID: 21690267 DOI: 10.1530/erc-10-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations of RET, a gene encoding two isoforms of a tyrosine kinase receptor physiologically expressed in several neural crest-derived cell lineages, are associated with the inherited forms of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The identification and characterization of novel RET mutations involved in MTC is valuable, as RET gene testing plays a crucial role in the management of these patients. In an MTC patient, we have identified a germline c.1996A>G transition in heterozygosis leading to K666E substitution. In addition, the conservative S904S (c.2712C>G) and the non-conservative functional G691S (c.2071G>A) polymorphisms have been identified. Through functional studies, we demonstrate for the first time that K666E is a gain-of-function mutation with oncogenic potential, based on its ability to transform NIH3T3 cells. It was not possible to define whether K666E is a de novo or inherited RET variant in the patient, as the family history was negative for MTC, and the carrier status of family members could not be tested. Our results, together with a recent report of co-segregation of the mutation in three MTC families, suggest that K666E is a causative MTC mutation. As we have shown that the same patient allele carries both K666E and G691S variants, the latter known to increase downstream RET signaling, a possible role for the G691S polymorphism has also been investigated. We have demonstrated that, although RET-G691S is not oncogenic per se, it enhances the transforming activity of the RET-K666E mutant, thus suggesting a modifier role for this functional polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Borrello
- Operative Unit Molecular Mechanisms, Department of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Foundation, Milan, Italy.
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109
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Pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening to identify potential RET kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4490-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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110
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Broutin S, Ameur N, Lacroix L, Robert T, Petit B, Oumata N, Talbot M, Caillou B, Schlumberger M, Dupuy C, Bidart JM. Identification of soluble candidate biomarkers of therapeutic response to sunitinib in medullary thyroid carcinoma in preclinical models. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2044-54. [PMID: 21325074 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), an aggressive rare tumor due to activating mutations in the proto-oncogene RET, requires new therapeutic strategies. Sunitinib, a potent inhibitor of RET, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)α/β, has been reported as clinically effective in some patients with advanced MTC. In this study, we examine molecular mechanisms of action of sunitinib and identify candidate soluble biomarkers of response. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Both in vitro and in vivo assays, using the human TT RET(C634W) MTC cell line, were done to assess the activity of sunitinib. Kinetic microarray studies were used to analyze molecular pathways modified by sunitinib and to identify candidate biomarkers that were subsequently investigated in the serum of patients. RESULTS Sunitinib displayed antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities and inhibited RET autophosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling pathways. We showed that sunitinib treatment induced major changes in the expression of genes involved in tissue invasion and metastasis including vimentin (VIM), urokinase plasminogen (PLAU), tenascin-C (TN-C), SPARC, and CD44. Analyzing downregulated genes, we identified those encoding secreted proteins and, among them, interleukin (IL)-8 was found to be modulated in the serum of xenografted mice under sunitinib treatment. Furthermore, we demonstrated that metastatic MTC patients presented increased serum levels of IL-8 and TGF-β2. CONCLUSIONS Experimental models confirm the clinical efficacy of sunitinib observed in a few studies. Molecular pathways revealed by genomic signatures underline the impact of sunitinib on tissue invasion. Selected soluble candidate biomarkers could be of value for monitoring sunitinib response in metastatic MTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Broutin
- Unité CNRS UMR8200, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy and Univ Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
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111
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Samadi AK, Mukerji R, Shah A, Timmermann BN, Cohen MS. A novel RET inhibitor with potent efficacy against medullary thyroid cancer in vivo. Surgery 2011; 148:1228-36; discussion 1236. [PMID: 21134556 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2010.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) recur or progress despite curative resection. Current targeted therapies show promise but lack durable efficacy and tolerability. The purpose of this study was to build on previous in vitro work and evaluate withaferin A (WA), a novel RET inhibitor, in a metastatic murine model of MTC. METHODS A total of 5 million DRO-81-1 human MTC cells injected in the left posterior neck of nu/nu mice generated metastases uniformly to the liver, spleen, and/or lungs. Treatment with WA (8 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally, for 21 days) was started for neoplasms > 100 mm(3). Endpoints were survival, neoplasm > 15,00 mm(3), decreased body weight, or body score (all measured three times/wk). RESULTS All controls (saline; n = 5) died or deteriorated from metastatic disease by 7 weeks postinjection. All treated animals were alive (WA; n = 5), having tumor regression and growth delay without toxicity or weight loss at 6 weeks posttreatment (P < .01). Tumor cells treated with WA demonstrated inhibition of total and phospho-RET levels by Western blot analysis in a dose-dependent manner (almost complete inhibition with treatment of 5 μM WA) as well as potent inhibition of phospho-ERK and phospho-Akt levels. CONCLUSION WA is a novel natural-product RET-inhibitor with efficacy in a metastatic murine model of MTC. Further long-term efficacy/toxicity studies are warranted to evaluate this compound for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas K Samadi
- Department of Surgery, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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112
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Neely RJ, Brose MS, Gray CM, McCorkell KA, Leibowitz JM, Ma C, Rothstein JL, May MJ. The RET/PTC3 oncogene activates classical NF-κB by stabilizing NIK. Oncogene 2011; 30:87-96. [PMID: 20818435 PMCID: PMC3000456 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The oncogenic fusion protein RET/PTC3 (RP3) that is expressed in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and thyroid epithelia in Hashimoto's thyroiditis activates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and induces pro-inflammatory gene expression; however, the mechanism of this activation is unknown. To address this, we expressed RP3 in murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking key classical and noncanonical NF-κB signaling components. In wild-type MEFs, RP3 upregulated CCL2, CXCL1, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and tumor necrosis factor expression and activated classical but not noncanonical NF-κB. RP3-activated NF-κB in IκB kinase (IKK)β(-/-) MEFs but not IKKα- or NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO)-deficient cells and activation was inhibited by a peptide that blocks NEMO binding to the IKKs. RP3 increased the levels of NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) and did not activate NF-κB in NIK-deficient MEFs. Notably, NIK stabilization was not accompanied by TRAF3 degradation demonstrating that RP3 disrupts normal basal NIK regulation. Dominant-negative NIK blocked RP3-induced NF-κB activation and an RP3 signaling mutant (RP3(Y588F)) did not stabilize NIK. Finally, examination of PTC specimens revealed strong positive staining for NIK. We therefore conclude that RP3 activates classical NF-κB via NIK, NEMO and IKKα. Importantly, our findings reveal a novel mechanism for oncogene-induced NF-κB activation via stabilization of NIK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Neely
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology/Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Marcia S. Brose
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Carolyn M. Gray
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kelly A. McCorkell
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jason M Leibowitz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Changqing Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jay L. Rothstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology/Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
- Inflammation Research, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington, WA 98101
| | - Michael J. May
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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113
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Almeida MQ, Stratakis CA. Solid tumors associated with multiple endocrine neoplasias. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 203:30-6. [PMID: 20951316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present an update on molecular and clinical genetics of solid tumors associated with the various multiple endocrine neoplasias (MEN) syndromes. MEN type 1 (MEN1) describes the association of pituitary, parathyroid, and pancreatic islet cell tumors with a variety of many other lesions. MEN type 2 (MEN2) conditions represent at least four different syndromes that associate pheochromocytoma with medullary thyroid carcinoma, hyperparathyroidism, and a number of other manifestations. Other pheochromocytoma-associated syndromes include von Hippel-Lindau disease; neurofibromatosis 1; the recently defined paraganglioma syndromes type 1, 3, and 4; Carney-Stratakis syndrome; and the Carney triad. Carney-Stratakis syndrome is characterized by the association of paragangliomas and familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors. In the Carney triad, patients can manifest gastrointestinal stromal tumors, lung chondroma, paraganglioma, adrenal adenoma and pheochromocytoma, esophageal leiomyoma, and other conditions. The Carney complex is yet another form of MEN that is characterized by skin tumors and pigmented lesions, myxomas, schwannomas, and various endocrine neoplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madson Q Almeida
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, CRC, Room I-3330, 10 Center Dr., MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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114
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Molecular targeted therapies for patients with refractory thyroid cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2010; 22:448-55. [PMID: 20554167 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent availability of molecular targeted therapies leads to reconsideration of the treatment strategy in patients with distant metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma who are resistant to radioiodine therapy, and in patients with metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma. In patients with progressive disease, treatment with kinase inhibitors should be offered, preferably in the context of a prospective trial.
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115
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Abstract
Targeted therapy in oncology consists of drugs that specifically interfere with abnormal signaling pathways that are dysregulated in cancer cells. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) take advantage of unique oncogenes that are activated in certain types of cancer, and also target common mechanisms of growth, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. However, many kinase inhibitors for cancer therapy are somewhat nonselective, and most have additional mechanisms of action at the cellular level, which are not completely understood. The use of these agents has increased our knowledge of important side effects, of which the practicing clinician must be aware. Recently, proposed endocrine-related side effects of these agents include alterations in thyroid function, bone metabolism, linear growth, gonadal function, fetal development, and glucose metabolism, and adrenal function. This review summarizes the most recent data on the endocrine side effects of TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya B Lodish
- Section on Endocrinology Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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116
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Fagin JA, Tuttle RM, Pfister DG. Harvesting the low-hanging fruit: kinase inhibitors for therapy of advanced medullary and nonmedullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:2621-4. [PMID: 20525911 PMCID: PMC2902070 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/pathology
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzenesulfonates/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Carcinoma, Medullary/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Medullary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Medullary/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Humans
- Indoles/adverse effects
- Indoles/therapeutic use
- Neoplasm Metastasis/prevention & control
- Niacinamide/analogs & derivatives
- Phenylurea Compounds
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Pyridines/therapeutic use
- Pyrroles/adverse effects
- Pyrroles/therapeutic use
- Sorafenib
- Sunitinib
- Thyroid Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
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117
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Werner T. Next generation sequencing in functional genomics. Brief Bioinform 2010; 11:499-511. [PMID: 20501549 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbq018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide sequencing has enabled modern biomedical research to relate more and more events in healthy as well as disease-affected cells and tissues to the genomic sequence. Now next generation sequencing (NGS) extends that reach into multiple almost complete genomes of the same species, revealing more and more details about how individual genomes as well as individual aspects of their regulation differ from each other. The inclusion of NGS-based transcriptome sequencing, chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of transcription factor binding and epigenetic analyses (usually based on DNA methylation or histone modification ChIP) completes the picture with unprecedented resolution enabling the detection of even subtle differences such as alternative splicing of individual exons. Functional genomics aims at the elucidation of the molecular basis of biological functions and requires analyses that go far beyond the primary analysis of the reads such as mapping to a genome template sequence. The various and complex interactions between the genome, gene products and metabolites define biological function, which necessitates inclusion of results other than sequence tags in quite elaborative approaches. However, the extra efforts pay off in revealing mechanisms as well as providing the foundation for new strategies in systems biology and personalized medicine. This review emphasizes the particular contribution NGS-based technologies make to functional genomics research with a special focus on gene regulation by transcription factor binding sites.
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