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Zito C, Manganaro R, Ciappina G, Spagnolo CC, Racanelli V, Santarpia M, Silvestris N, Carerj S. Cardiotoxicity Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: What a Cardio-Oncology Team Should Know and Do. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215403. [PMID: 36358830 PMCID: PMC9653561 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the therapeutic scenario for several malignancies. However, they can be responsible for immune-related adverse events (irAEs), involving several organs, with a pooled incidence ranging between 54% and 76%. The frequency of cardiovascular system involvement is <1%. Among the cardiovascular irAEs, myocarditis is the most common and the most dangerous but other, less common manifestations of ICI-related cardiotoxicity include pericardial disease, arrhythmias, Takotsubo-like syndrome, and acute myocardial infarction, all of which remain poorly explored. Both oncologists and cardiologists, as well as the patients, should be aware of the possible occurrence of one or more of these complications, which in some cases are fatal, in order to implement effective strategies of cardiac surveillance. In this review, we summarize the latest studies and recommendations on the pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and management of ICI-related cardiotoxicity in order to realize a complete and updated overview on the main aspects of ICI-related cardiotoxicity, from surveillance to diagnosis to management, useful for both oncologists and cardiologists in their clinical practice. In particular, in the first part of the review, we realize a description of the pathogenetic mechanisms and risk factors of the main cardiovascular irAEs. Then, we focus on the management of ICI-related cardiotoxicity by analyzing five main points: (1) identifying and evaluating the type and severity of the cardiotoxicity; (2) deciding whether to withhold ICI therapy; (3) initiating steroid and immunosuppressive therapy; (4) starting conventional cardiac treatment; and (5) restarting ICI therapy. Finally, we discuss the existing evidence on surveillance for ICI-related cardiotoxicity and propose a surveillance strategy for both short- and long-term cardiotoxicity, according to the most recent guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Zito
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Manganaro
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuliana Ciappina
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology “G. Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Calogera Claudia Spagnolo
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology “G. Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Medical School, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Mariacarmela Santarpia
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology “G. Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology “G. Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Scipione Carerj
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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102
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Li X, Gulati M, Larson AC, Solheim JC, Jain M, Kumar S, Batra SK. Immune checkpoint blockade in pancreatic cancer: Trudging through the immune desert. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:14-27. [PMID: 36041672 PMCID: PMC9713834 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) has exceptionally high mortality due to ineffective treatment strategies. Immunotherapy, which mobilizes the immune system to fight against cancer, has been proven successful in multiple cancers; however, its application in PC has met with limited success. In this review, we articulated that the pancreatic tumor microenvironment is immuno-suppressive with extensive infiltration by M2-macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressive cells but low numbers of cytotoxic T-cells. In addition, low mutational load and poor antigen processing, presentation, and recognition contribute to the limited response to immunotherapy in PC. Immune checkpoints, the critical targets for immunotherapy, have high expression in PC and stromal cells, regulated by tumor microenvironmental milieu (cytokine and metabolites) and cell-intrinsic mechanisms (epigenetic regulation, oncogenic signaling, and post-translational modifications). Combining immunotherapy with modulators of the tumor microenvironment may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic regimens to manage PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mansi Gulati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Alaina C Larson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Joyce C Solheim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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103
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Haddad AF, Young JS, Gill S, Aghi MK. Resistance to immune checkpoint blockade: Mechanisms, counter-acting approaches, and future directions. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:532-541. [PMID: 35276342 PMCID: PMC9458771 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies seek to unleash the immune system against cancer cells. While a variety of immunotherapies exist, one of the most commonly used is immune checkpoint blockade, which refers to the use of antibodies to interfere with immunosuppressive signaling through immune checkpoint molecules. Therapies against various checkpoints have had success in the clinic across cancer types. However, the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors has varied across different cancer types and non-responsive patient populations have emerged. Non-responders to these therapies have highlighted the importance of understanding underlying mechanisms of resistance in order to predict which patients will respond and to tailor individual treatment paradigms. In this review we discuss the literature surrounding tumor mediated mechanisms of immune checkpoint resistance. We also describe efforts to overcome resistance and combine checkpoint inhibitors with additional immunotherapies. Finally, we provide insight into the future of immune checkpoint blockade, including the need for improved preclinical modeling and predictive biomarkers to facilitate personalized cancer treatments for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manish K. Aghi
- Corresponding author at: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, M-779, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA. (M.K. Aghi)
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104
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Anticancer natural products targeting immune checkpoint protein network. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:1008-1032. [PMID: 34838956 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Normal cells express surface proteins that bind to immune checkpoint proteins on immune cells to turn them off, whereby the immune system does not attack normal healthy cells. Cancer cells can also utilize this same protective mechanism by expressing surface proteins that can interact with checkpoint proteins on immune cells to overcome the immune surveillance. Immunotherapy is making the best use of the body's own immune system to reinforce anti-tumor responses. The most generally used immunotherapy is the control of immune checkpoints including the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell deathreceptor 1 (PD-1), or programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1). In spite of the clinical effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors, the overall response rate still remains low. Therefore, there have been considerable efforts in searching for alternative immune checkpoint proteins that may work as new therapeutic targets for treatment of cancer. Recent studies have identified several additional novel immune checkpoint targets, including lymphocyte activation gene-3, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3, T cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif domain, V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation, B7 homolog 3 protein, B and T cell lymphocyte attenuator, and inducible T cell COStimulator. Natural compounds, especially those present in medicinal or dietary plants, have been investigated for their anti-tumor effects in various in vitro and in vivo models. Some phytochemicals exert anti-tumor activities based on immunoregulatioby blocking interaction between proteins involved in immune checkpoint signal transduction or regulating their expression/activity. Recently, synergistic anti-cancer effects of diverse phytochemicals with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 or anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody drugs have been continuously reported. Considering an increasing attention to noteworthy therapeutic effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the cancer therapy, this review focuses on regulatory effects of selected phytochemicals on immune checkpoint protein network and their combinational effectiveness with immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting tumor cells.
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105
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Niang DGM, Gaba FM, Diouf A, Hendricks J, Diallo RN, Niang MDS, Mbengue B, Dieye A. Galectin-3 as a biomarker in breast neoplasms: Mechanisms and applications in patient care. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1041-1052. [PMID: 36125083 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0822-673r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a member of the lectin family encoded by the LGALS3 gene on chromosome 14. It is secreted by a wide range of immune cells and mammary tumor cells. Through its activity on the tumor microenvironment, in particular on tumor-infiltrating leukocytes, galectin-3 improves the proliferation, survival, and colonizing ability of mammary neoplastic cells. Consequently, galectin-3 expression in the tumor microenvironment could worsen therapeutic outcomes of breast neoplasms and become a biomarker and a therapeutic target in combined immunotherapy in breast neoplasms. There is a limited amount of information that is available on galectin-3 in breast cancer in Africa. In this review, we analyze how galectin-3 influences the tumor microenvironment and its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target in breast neoplasms. We aim to emphasize the significance of investigating galectin-3 in breast neoplasms in Africa based on the results of studies conducted elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doudou Georges Massar Niang
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Folly Mawulolo Gaba
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Adame Diouf
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Jacobus Hendricks
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, Limpopo province, South Africa
| | - Rokhaya Ndiaye Diallo
- Division of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Maguette Deme Sylla Niang
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Babacar Mbengue
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alioune Dieye
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
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106
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Gaikwad S, Agrawal MY, Kaushik I, Ramachandran S, Srivastava SK. Immune checkpoint proteins: Signaling mechanisms and molecular interactions in cancer immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:137-150. [PMID: 35341913 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint proteins (ICP) are currently one of the most novel and promising areas of immune-oncology research. This novel way of targeting tumor cells has shown favorable success over the past few years with some FDA approvals such as Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab etc. Currently, more than 3000 clinical trials of immunotherapeutic agents are ongoing with majority being ICPs. However, as the number of trials increase so do the challenges. Some challenges such as adverse side effects, non-specific binding on healthy tissues and absence of response in some subset populations are critical obstacles. For a safe and effective further therapeutic development of molecules targeting ICPs, understanding their mechanism at molecular level is crucial. Since ICPs are mostly membrane bound receptors, a number of downstream signaling pathways divaricate following ligand-receptor binding. Most ICPs are expressed on more than one type of immune cell populations. Further, the expression varies within a cell type. This naturally varied expression pattern adds to the difficulty of targeting specific effector immune cell types against cancer. Hence, understanding the expression pattern and cellular mechanism helps lay out the possible effect of any immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the signaling mechanism, expression pattern among various immune cells and molecular interactions derived using interaction database analysis (BioGRID).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas Gaikwad
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, and Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Manas Yogendra Agrawal
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, and Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Itishree Kaushik
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, and Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Sharavan Ramachandran
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, and Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Sanjay K Srivastava
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, and Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA.
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107
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Immunoregulatory signal networks and tumor immune evasion mechanisms: insights into therapeutic targets and agents in clinical development. Biochem J 2022; 479:2219-2260. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Through activation of immune cells, the immune system is responsible for identifying and destroying infected or otherwise damaged cells including tumorigenic cells that can be recognized as foreign, thus maintaining homeostasis. However, tumor cells have evolved several mechanisms to avoid immune cell detection and killing, resulting in tumor growth and progression. In the tumor microenvironment, tumor infiltrating immune cells are inactivated by soluble factors or tumor promoting conditions and lose their effects on tumor cells. Analysis of signaling and crosstalk between immune cells and tumor cells have helped us to understand in more detail the mechanisms of tumor immune evasion and this forms basis for drug development strategies in the area of cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we will summarize the dominant signaling networks involved in immune escape and describe the status of development of therapeutic strategies to target tumor immune evasion mechanisms with focus on how the tumor microenvironment interacts with T cells.
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108
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Qin R, Mahal LK, Bojar D. Deep learning explains the biology of branched glycans from single-cell sequencing data. iScience 2022; 25:105163. [PMID: 36217547 PMCID: PMC9547197 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is ubiquitous and often dysregulated in disease. However, the regulation and functional significance of various types of glycosylation at cellular levels is hard to unravel experimentally. Multi-omics, single-cell measurements such as SUGAR-seq, which quantifies transcriptomes and cell surface glycans, facilitate addressing this issue. Using SUGAR-seq data, we pioneered a deep learning model to predict the glycan phenotypes of cells (mouse T lymphocytes) from transcripts, with the example of predicting β1,6GlcNAc-branching across T cell subtypes (test set F1 score: 0.9351). Model interpretation via SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) identified highly predictive genes, in part known to impact (i) branched glycan levels and (ii) the biology of branched glycans. These genes included physiologically relevant low-abundance genes that were not captured by conventional differential expression analysis. Our work shows that interpretable deep learning models are promising for uncovering novel functions and regulatory mechanisms of glycans from integrated transcriptomic and glycomic datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Lara K. Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Daniel Bojar
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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109
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GAO Z, LING X, SHI C, WANG Y, LIN A. Tumor immune checkpoints and their associated inhibitors. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:823-843. [PMID: 36226537 PMCID: PMC9561405 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2200195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Immunological evasion is one of the defining characteristics of cancers, as the immune modification of an immune checkpoint (IC) confers immune evasion capabilities to tumor cells. Multiple ICs, such as programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), can bind to their respective receptors and reduce tumor immunity in a variety of ways, including blocking immune cell activation signals. IC blockade (ICB) therapies targeting these checkpoint molecules have demonstrated significant clinical benefits. This is because antibody-based IC inhibitors and a variety of specific small molecule inhibitors can inhibit key oncogenic signaling pathways and induce durable tumor remission in patients with a variety of cancers. Deciphering the roles and regulatory mechanisms of these IC molecules will provide crucial theoretical guidance for clinical treatment. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the functional and regulatory mechanisms of these IC molecules at multiple levels, including epigenetic regulation, transcriptional regulation, and post-translational modifications. In addition, we provide a summary of the medications targeting various nodes in the regulatory pathway, and highlight the potential of newly identified IC molecules, focusing on their potential implications for cancer diagnostics and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerui GAO
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou310058, China,Chu Kochen Honors College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Xingyi LING
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Chengyu SHI
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Ying WANG
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Aifu LIN
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou310058, China,Breast Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310003, China,International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu322000, China,ZJU-QILU Joint Research Institute, Hangzhou310058, China,Aifu LIN,
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110
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Agnihotri P, Mishra AK, Agarwal P, Vignali KM, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA, Mariuzza RA. Epitope Mapping of Therapeutic Antibodies Targeting Human LAG3. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1586-1594. [PMID: 36104110 PMCID: PMC9696730 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein (LAG3; CD223) is an inhibitory receptor that is highly upregulated on exhausted T cells in tumors and chronic viral infection. Consequently, LAG3 is now a major immunotherapeutic target for the treatment of cancer, and many mAbs against human (h) LAG3 (hLAG3) have been generated to block its inhibitory activity. However, little or no information is available on the epitopes they recognize. We selected a panel of seven therapeutic mAbs from the patent literature for detailed characterization. These mAbs were expressed as Fab or single-chain variable fragments and shown to bind hLAG3 with nanomolar affinities, as measured by biolayer interferometry. Using competitive binding assays, we found that the seven mAbs recognize four distinct epitopes on hLAG3. To localize the epitopes, we carried out epitope mapping using chimeras between hLAG3 and mouse LAG3. All seven mAbs are directed against the first Ig-like domain (D1) of hLAG3, despite their different origins. Three mAbs almost exclusively target a unique 30-residue loop of D1 that forms at least part of the putative binding site for MHC class II, whereas four mainly recognize D1 determinants outside this loop. However, because all the mAbs block binding of hLAG3 to MHC class II, each of the epitopes they recognize must at least partially overlap the MHC class II binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Agnihotri
- W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Arjun K Mishra
- W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Priyanka Agarwal
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Kate M Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA; and
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Roy A Mariuzza
- W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD;
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
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111
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Ascoli C, Schott CA, Huang Y, Turturice BA, Wang W, Ecanow N, Sweiss NJ, Perkins DL, Finn PW. Altered transcription factor targeting is associated with differential peripheral blood mononuclear cell proportions in sarcoidosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:848759. [PMID: 36311769 PMCID: PMC9608777 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.848759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionIn sarcoidosis, peripheral lymphopenia and anergy have been associated with increased inflammation and maladaptive immune activity, likely promoting development of chronic and progressive disease. However, the molecular mechanisms that lead to reduced lymphocyte proportions, particularly CD4+ T-cells, have not been fully elucidated. We posit that paradoxical peripheral lymphopenia is characterized by a dysregulated transcriptomic network associated with cell function and fate that results from altered transcription factor targeting activity.MethodsMessenger RNA-sequencing (mRNA-seq) was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from ACCESS study subjects with sarcoidosis and matched controls and findings validated on a sarcoidosis case-control cohort and a sarcoidosis case series. Preserved PBMC transcriptomic networks between case-control cohorts were assessed to establish cellular associations with gene modules and define regulatory targeting involved in sarcoidosis immune dysregulation utilizing weighted gene co-expression network analysis and differential transcription factor involvement analysis. Network centrality measures identified master transcriptional regulators of subnetworks related to cell proliferation and death. Predictive models of differential PBMC proportions constructed from ACCESS target gene expression corroborated the relationship between aberrant transcription factor regulatory activity and imputed and clinical PBMC populations in the validation cohorts.ResultsWe identified two unique and preserved gene modules significantly associated with sarcoidosis immune dysregulation. Strikingly, increased expression of a monocyte-driven, and not a lymphocyte-driven, gene module related to innate immunity and cell death was the best predictor of peripheral CD4+ T-cell proportions. Within the gene network of this monocyte-driven module, TLE3 and CBX8 were determined to be master regulators of the cell death subnetwork. A core gene signature of differentially over-expressed target genes of TLE3 and CBX8 involved in cellular communication and immune response regulation accurately predicted imputed and clinical monocyte expansion and CD4+ T-cell depletion.ConclusionsAltered transcriptional regulation associated with aberrant gene expression of a monocyte-driven transcriptional network likely influences lymphocyte function and survival. Although further investigation is warranted, this indicates that crosstalk between hyperactive monocytes and lymphocytes may instigate peripheral lymphopenia and underlie sarcoidosis immune dysregulation and pathogenesis. Future therapies selectively targeting master regulators, or their targets, may mitigate dysregulated immune processes in sarcoidosis and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ascoli
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Cody A. Schott
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yue Huang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Wangfei Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Engineering and Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Naomi Ecanow
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nadera J. Sweiss
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David L. Perkins
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Patricia W. Finn
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Patricia W. Finn,
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112
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Signaling pathways and targeted therapies in lung squamous cell carcinoma: mechanisms and clinical trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:353. [PMID: 36198685 PMCID: PMC9535022 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death across the world. Unlike lung adenocarcinoma, patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) have not benefitted from targeted therapies. Although immunotherapy has significantly improved cancer patients' outcomes, the relatively low response rate and severe adverse events hinder the clinical application of this promising treatment in LSCC. Therefore, it is of vital importance to have a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of LSCC as well as the inner connection among different signaling pathways, which will surely provide opportunities for more effective therapeutic interventions for LSCC. In this review, new insights were given about classical signaling pathways which have been proved in other cancer types but not in LSCC, including PI3K signaling pathway, VEGF/VEGFR signaling, and CDK4/6 pathway. Other signaling pathways which may have therapeutic potentials in LSCC were also discussed, including the FGFR1 pathway, EGFR pathway, and KEAP1/NRF2 pathway. Next, chromosome 3q, which harbors two key squamous differentiation markers SOX2 and TP63 is discussed as well as its related potential therapeutic targets. We also provided some progress of LSCC in epigenetic therapies and immune checkpoints blockade (ICB) therapies. Subsequently, we outlined some combination strategies of ICB therapies and other targeted therapies. Finally, prospects and challenges were given related to the exploration and application of novel therapeutic strategies for LSCC.
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113
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Thudium K, Selby M, Zorn JA, Rak G, Wang XT, Bunch RT, Hogan JM, Strop P, Korman AJ. Preclinical Characterization of Relatlimab, a Human LAG-3-Blocking Antibody, Alone or in Combination with Nivolumab. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:1175-1189. [PMID: 35981087 PMCID: PMC9530649 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel therapeutic approaches combining immune-checkpoint inhibitors are needed to improve clinical outcomes for patients with cancer. Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) is an immune-checkpoint molecule that inhibits T-cell activity and antitumor immune responses, acting through an independent mechanism from that of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4). Here, we describe the development and preclinical characterization of relatlimab, a human antibody that binds to human LAG-3 with high affinity and specificity to block the interaction of LAG-3 with the ligands MHC II and fibrinogen-like protein-1, and to reverse LAG-3-mediated inhibition of T-cell function in vitro. Consistent with previous reports, in mouse models, the combined blockade of LAG-3 and PD-1 with surrogate antibodies resulted in enhanced antitumor activity greater than the individual blockade of either receptor. In toxicity studies in cynomolgus monkeys, relatlimab was generally well tolerated when combined with nivolumab. These results are consistent with findings from the RELATIVITY-047 phase II/III trial showing that relatlimab combined with nivolumab is a well-tolerated regimen that demonstrates superior progression-free survival compared with nivolumab monotherapy in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Thudium
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey.,Corresponding Authors: Kent Thudium, Walking Fish Therapeutics Inc., 450 E. Jamie Ct., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA. E-mail: ; and Julie Zorn, Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, 94063 California. E-mail:
| | - Mark Selby
- Walking Fish Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Julie A. Zorn
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey.,Corresponding Authors: Kent Thudium, Walking Fish Therapeutics Inc., 450 E. Jamie Ct., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA. E-mail: ; and Julie Zorn, Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, 94063 California. E-mail:
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114
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Tang XY, Xiong YL, Zhao YB, Yang J, Shi AP, Zheng KF, Liu YJ, Shu C, Jiang T, Ma N, Zhao JB. Dual immunological and proliferative regulation of immune checkpoint FGL1 in lung adenocarcinoma: The pivotal role of the YY1–FGL1–MYH9 axis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1014053. [PMID: 36268014 PMCID: PMC9577086 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1014053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rational Lung cancer is the most common tumor worldwide, with the highest mortality rate and second highest incidence. Immunotherapy is one of the most important treatments for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD); however, it has relatively low response rate and high incidence of adverse events. Herein, we explored the therapeutic potential of fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1) for LUAD. Methods Data from GEPIA and ACLBI databases were assessed to explore gene–gene correlations and tumor immune infiltration patterns. A total of 200 patients with LUAD were recruited. FGL1 levels in the serum and cellular supernatant were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to assess the effect FGL1 on the proliferation of LUAD cells. Cocultures were performed to explore the effect of FGL1 knockdown in lung cancer cells on T cells, concerning cytokine secretion and viability. PROMO and hTFtarget databases were used for transcription factor prediction. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), chromatin immunoprecipitation, and dual luciferase reporter assays were performed to validate the identified transcription factor of FGL1. Immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry and gene ontology analysis were performed to explore the downstream partners of FGL1. Results FGL1 expression in LUAD was positively associated with PDL1, but not for PD1 expression. Moreover, FGL1 was positively associated with the CD3D expression and negatively associated with FOXP3, S100A9, and TPSB2 within the tumor site. FGL1 promotes the secretion of interleukin-2 by T cells in vitro, simultaneously inducing their apoptosis. Indeed, YY1 is the upstream molecule of FGL1 was found to be transcriptionally regulated by YY1 and to directly by to MYH9 to promote the proliferation of LUAD cells in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions FGL1 is involved in the immunological and proliferative regulation of LUAD cells by controlling the secretion of important immune-related cytokines via the YY1–FGL1–MYH9 axis. Hence, targeting FGL1 in LUAD may pave the way for the development of new immunotherapies for tackling this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yang Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yan-Lu Xiong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ya-Bo Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - An-Ping Shi
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, China
| | - Kai-Fu Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yu-Jian Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chen Shu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Jin-Bo Zhao, ; Nan Ma, ; Tao Jiang,
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Jin-Bo Zhao, ; Nan Ma, ; Tao Jiang,
| | - Jin-Bo Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Jin-Bo Zhao, ; Nan Ma, ; Tao Jiang,
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115
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Yousif LI, Tanja AA, de Boer RA, Teske AJ, Meijers WC. The role of immune checkpoints in cardiovascular disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:989431. [PMID: 36263134 PMCID: PMC9574006 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.989431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are monoclonal antibodies which bind to immune checkpoints (IC) and their ligands to prevent inhibition of T-cell activation by tumor cells. Currently, multiple ICI are approved targeting Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), Programmed Death Protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1, and Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3). This therapy has provided potent anti-tumor effects and improved prognosis for many cancer patients. However, due to systemic effects, patients can develop immune related adverse events (irAE), including possible life threatening cardiovascular irAE, like atherosclerosis, myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Inhibition of vascular IC is associated with increased atherosclerotic burden and plaque instability. IC protect against atherosclerosis by inhibiting T-cell activity and cytokine production, promoting regulatory T-cell differentiation and inducing T-cell exhaustion. In addition, PD-L1 on endothelial cells might promote plaque stability by reducing apoptosis and increasing expression of tight junction molecules. In the heart, IC downregulate the immune response to protect against cardiac injury by reducing T-cell activity and migration. Here, inhibition of IC could induce life-threatening T-cell-mediated-myocarditis. One proposed purpose behind lymphocyte infiltration is reaction to cardiac antigens, caused by decreased self-tolerance, and thereby increased autoimmunity because of IC inhibition. In addition, there are several reports of ICI-mediated cardiomyopathy with immunoglobulin G expression on cardiomyocytes, indicating an autoimmune response. IC are mostly known due to their cardiotoxicity. However, t his review compiles current knowledge on mechanisms behind IC function in cardiovascular disease with the aim of providing an overview of possible therapeutic targets in prevention or treatment of cardiovascular irAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I. Yousif
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anniek A. Tanja
- Graduate School of Life Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A. de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arco J. Teske
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wouter C. Meijers
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Wouter C. Meijers,
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Herrador-Cañete G, Zalacain M, Labiano S, Laspidea V, Puigdelloses M, Marrodan L, Garcia-Moure M, Gonzalez-Huarriz M, Marco-Sanz J, Ausejo-Mauleon I, de la Nava D, Hernández-Osuna R, Martínez-García J, Silva-Pilipich N, Gurucega E, Patiño-García A, Hernández-Alcoceba R, Smerdou C, Alonso MM. Galectin-3 inhibition boosts the therapeutic efficacy of Semliki Forest virus in pediatric osteosarcoma. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 26:246-264. [PMID: 35949950 PMCID: PMC9345771 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcomes of metastatic and nonresponder pediatric osteosarcoma patients are very poor and have not improved in the last 30 years. These tumors harbor a highly immunosuppressive environment, making existing immunotherapies ineffective. Here, we evaluated the use of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) vectors expressing galectin-3 (Gal3) inhibitors as therapeutic tools, since both the inhibition of Gal3, which is involved in immunosuppression and metastasis, and virotherapy based on SFV have been demonstrated to reduce tumor progression in different tumor models. In vitro, inhibitors based on the Gal3 amino-terminal domain alone (Gal3-N) or fused to a Gal3 peptide inhibitor (Gal3-N-C12) were able to block the binding of Gal3 to the surface of activated T cells. In vivo, SFV expressing Gal3-N-C12 induced strong antitumor responses in orthotopic K7M2 and MOS-J osteosarcoma tumors, leading to complete regressions in 47% and 30% of mice, respectively. Pulmonary metastases were also reduced in K7M2 tumor-bearing mice after treatment with SFV-Gal3-N-C12. Both the antitumor and antimetastatic responses were dependent on modulation of the immune system, primarily including an increase in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and a reduction in the immunosuppressive environment inside tumors. Our results demonstrated that SFV-Gal3-N-C12 could constitute a potential therapeutic agent for osteosarcoma patients expressing Gal3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Herrador-Cañete
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Solid Tumor Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Marta Zalacain
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Solid Tumor Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Sara Labiano
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Solid Tumor Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Virginia Laspidea
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Solid Tumor Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Montserrat Puigdelloses
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Solid Tumor Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Lucía Marrodan
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Solid Tumor Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Marc Garcia-Moure
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Solid Tumor Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Marisol Gonzalez-Huarriz
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Solid Tumor Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Javier Marco-Sanz
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Solid Tumor Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Iker Ausejo-Mauleon
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Solid Tumor Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Daniel de la Nava
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Solid Tumor Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Reyes Hernández-Osuna
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Solid Tumor Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez-García
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Noelia Silva-Pilipich
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Gurucega
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Bioinformatics Platform, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Ana Patiño-García
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Solid Tumor Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Rubén Hernández-Alcoceba
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Cristian Smerdou
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Marta M Alonso
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Solid Tumor Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
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Wang X, Sun R, Chan S, Meng L, Xu Y, Zuo X, Wang Z, Hu X, Han Q, Dai L, Bai T, Yu Z, Wang M, Yang W, Zhang H, Chen W. PANoptosis-based molecular clustering and prognostic signature predicts patient survival and immune landscape in colon cancer. Front Genet 2022; 13:955355. [PMID: 36186438 PMCID: PMC9515384 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.955355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PANoptosis is a newly-discovered cell death pathway that involves crosstalk and co-ordination between pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis processes. However, the roles of PANoptosis-related genes (PRGs) in prognosis and immune landscape of colon cancer remain widely unknown. Here, we performed a bioinformatics analysis of expression data of nineteen PRGs identified from previous studies and clinical data of colon cancer patients obtained from TCGA and GEO databases. Colon cancer cases were divided into two PRG clusters, and prognosis-related differentially expressed genes (PRDEGs) were identified. The patient data were then separated into two corresponding distinct gene clusters, and the relationship between the risk score, patient prognosis, and immune landscape was analyzed. The identified PRGs and gene clusters correlated with patient survival and immune system and cancer-related biological processes and pathways. A prognosis signature based on seven genes was identified, and patients were divided into high-risk and low-risk groups based on the calculated risk score. A nomogram model for prediction of patient survival was also developed based on the risk score and other clinical features. Accordingly, the high-risk group showed worse prognosis, and the risk score was related to immune cell abundance, cancer stem cell (CSC) index, checkpoint expression, and response to immunotherapy and chemotherapeutic drugs. Results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that LGR5 and VSIG4 were differentially expressed between normal and colon cancer samples. In conclusion, we demonstrated the potential of PANoptosis-based molecular clustering and prognostic signatures for prediction of patient survival and tumor microenvironment (TME) in colon cancer. Our findings may improve our understanding of the role of PANoptosis in colon cancer, and enable the development of more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shixin Chan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuanmin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaomin Zuo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhenglin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xianyu Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qijun Han
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Longfei Dai
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Bai
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenqi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huabing Zhang
- Affiliated Chuzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, First People’s Hospital of Chuzhou, Chuzhou, Anhui, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Correspondence: Huabing Zhang, ; Wei Chen,
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Correspondence: Huabing Zhang, ; Wei Chen,
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Kuzevanova A, Apanovich N, Mansorunov D, Korotaeva A, Karpukhin A. The Features of Checkpoint Receptor—Ligand Interaction in Cancer and the Therapeutic Effectiveness of Their Inhibition. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092081. [PMID: 36140182 PMCID: PMC9495440 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, certain problems have been identified in cancer immunotherapy using the inhibition of immune checkpoints (ICs). Despite the excellent effect of cancer therapy in some cases when blocking the PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) ligand and the immune cell receptors PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) and CTLA4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) with antibodies, the proportion of patients responding to such therapy is still far from desirable. This situation has stimulated the exploration of additional receptors and ligands as targets for immunotherapy. In our article, based on the analysis of the available data, the TIM-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3), LAG-3 (lymphocyte-activation gene 3), TIGIT (T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domains), VISTA (V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation), and BTLA (B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator) receptors and their ligands are comprehensively considered. Data on the relationship between receptor expression and the clinical characteristics of tumors are presented and are analyzed together with the results of preclinical and clinical studies on the therapeutic efficacy of their blocking. Such a comprehensive analysis makes it possible to assess the prospects of receptors of this series as targets for anticancer therapy. The expression of the LAG-3 receptor shows the most unambiguous relationship with the clinical characteristics of cancer. Its inhibition is the most effective of the analyzed series in terms of the antitumor response. The expression of TIGIT and BTLA correlates well with clinical characteristics and demonstrates antitumor efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies, which indicates their high promise as targets for anticancer therapy. At the same time, the relationship of VISTA and TIM-3 expression with the clinical characteristics of the tumor is contradictory, and the results on the antitumor effectiveness of their inhibition are inconsistent.
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Sharafi F, Hasani SA, Alesaeidi S, Kahrizi MS, Adili A, Ghoreishizadeh S, Shomali N, Tamjidifar R, Aslaminabad R, Akbari M. A comprehensive review about the utilization of immune checkpoint inhibitors and combination therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: an updated review. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:269. [PMID: 35999569 PMCID: PMC9400240 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A pharmacological class known as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been developed as a potential treatment option for various malignancies, including HCC. In HCC, ICIs have demonstrated clinically significant advantages as monotherapy or combination therapy. ICIs that target programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1), as well as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), have made significant advances in cancer treatment. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), several ICIs are being tested in clinical trials, and the area is quickly developing. As immunotherapy-related adverse events (irAEs) linked with ICI therapy expands and gain worldwide access, up-to-date management guidelines become crucial to the safety profile of ICIs. This review aims to describe the evidence for ICIs in treating HCC, emphasizing the use of combination ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Sharafi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Abaei Hasani
- Cancer Research Center, Department of General Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Alesaeidi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Adili
- Senior Adult Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Oncology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rozita Tamjidifar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
- Department of Stem Cell, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Ramin Aslaminabad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Kim JS, Kim S, Koh J, Kim M, Keam B, Kim TM, Lindmark B, Kim DW. Predictive role of galectin-3 for immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) in advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: a potential new marker for ICB resistance. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 149:2355-2365. [PMID: 35976444 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to assess the predictive value of galectin-3 (Gal-3) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) therapy using both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). METHODS This retrospective study was conducted at Seoul National University Hospital. Patients with EGFR/ALK-wild-type advanced or metastatic NSCLC who received ICBs between December 2013 and December 2019 were enrolled. Patients with archived blood samples collected prior to ICB treatment were assigned to the ELISA cohort. In addition, those with tissue samples from sites of recurrence or metastasis were assigned to an IHC cohort. Then, we analyzed Gal-3 expression in both cohorts. RESULTS Fifty-six patients in the ELISA cohort were grouped into low (N = 36) and high (N = 20) groups, using the mean Gal-3 ELISA level (13.24 pg/ml) as a cutoff. The high group demonstrated trends toward reduced progression-free survival (PFS) (0.9 vs. 3.7 months, p = 0.196) and significantly shorter overall survival (OS) (1.6 vs. 12.3 months, p = 0.018) than the low group. We categorized 94 patients in the IHC cohort into negative (N = 31) and positive (N = 63) groups based on Gal-3 IHC positivity. However, the median PFS (4.6 vs. 4.6 months for the negative vs. positive IHC group, respectively, p = 0.345) and OS (16.4 vs. 9.0 months, p = 0.137) were not significantly different. CONCLUSION High blood Gal-3 levels may predict inferior survival in patients with advanced or metastatic NSCLC treated with ICBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Sun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Cancer Research and Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemoon Koh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Miso Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research and Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bhumsuk Keam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research and Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research and Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dong-Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Cancer Research and Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Hemmatzadeh M, Ahangar Parvin E, Mohammadi H, Azizi G, Shomali N, Jadidi-Niaragh F. The role of immune regulatory molecules in rheumatoid arthritis: Implication for etiopathogenesis and prospective for treatment. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3541-3553. [PMID: 35938550 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered an autoimmune chronic disorder and the most common inflammatory arthropathy. Disease progression in RA begins with asymptomatic autoimmune responses in cases with a genetic or environmental predisposition, that alters to arthralgia phase as autoantibodies reach the joints and subjects begin demonstrating nonspecific musculoskeletal presentations lacking any clinical symptoms of synovial inflammation. After that, patients' symptoms develop to undifferentiated arthritis (UA)/idiopathic arthritis (IA) whenever the subjects progress to clinical synovitis systemic comorbidities affecting the vasculature, metabolism, and bone, and eventually with augmented immune cell infiltration, IA/UA patients progress to clinically classifiable RA. RA is mainly correlated with different immune cells and each of them contributes variously to the pathogenesis of the disease. The pathogenesis of RA is altered by the contribution of both T and B cells in an autoimmune irregularity. Modulation of the immune responses occurs through regulatory and inhibitory molecules that control activation of the adaptive system as well as immune hemostasis. To confine the exorbitant T cell-associated inflammatory reactions, the immune system provides a system of inhibitory feedbacks, collectively named immune checkpoints. In this review, we aimed to discuss about inhibitory members of immune checkpoint molecules, including programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1, cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-antigen-4, lymphocyte activation gene-3, T cell immunoglobulin-3, V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator, and T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain and their role in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Ahangar Parvin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Dwivedi M, Tiwari S, Kemp EH, Begum R. Implications of regulatory T cells in anti-cancer immunity: from pathogenesis to therapeutics. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10450. [PMID: 36082331 PMCID: PMC9445387 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an essential role in maintaining immune tolerance and suppressing inflammation. However, Tregs present major hurdle in eliciting potent anti-cancer immune responses. Therefore, curbing the activity of Tregs represents a novel and efficient way towards successful immunotherapy of cancer. Moreover, there is an emerging interest in harnessing Treg-based strategies for augmenting anti-cancer immunity in different types of the disease. This review summarises the crucial mechanisms of Tregs’ mediated suppression of anti-cancer immunity and strategies to suppress or to alter such Tregs to improve the immune response against tumors. Highlighting important clinical studies, the review also describes current Treg-based therapeutic interventions in cancer, and discusses Treg-suppression by molecular targeting, which may emerge as an effective cancer immunotherapy and as an alternative to detrimental chemotherapeutic agents. Tregs are crucial in maintaining immune tolerance and suppressing inflammation. Tregs present a major obstacle to eliciting potent anti-tumor immune responses. The review summarizes current Treg-based therapeutic interventions in cancer. Treg can be an effective cancer immunotherapy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Dwivedi
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi, Surat, Gujarat, 394350, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Sanjay Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - E. Helen Kemp
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Rasheedunnisa Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
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Chocarro L, Bocanegra A, Blanco E, Fernández-Rubio L, Arasanz H, Echaide M, Garnica M, Ramos P, Piñeiro-Hermida S, Vera R, Escors D, Kochan G. Cutting-Edge: Preclinical and Clinical Development of the First Approved Lag-3 Inhibitor. Cells 2022; 11:2351. [PMID: 35954196 PMCID: PMC9367598 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized medical practice in oncology since the FDA approval of the first ICI 11 years ago. In light of this, Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG-3) is one of the most important next-generation immune checkpoint molecules, playing a similar role as Programmed cell Death protein 1 (PD-1) and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4). 19 LAG-3 targeting molecules are being evaluated at 108 clinical trials which are demonstrating positive results, including promising bispecific molecules targeting LAG-3 simultaneously with other ICIs. Recently, a new dual anti-PD-1 (Nivolumab) and anti-LAG-3 (Relatimab) treatment developed by Bristol Myers Squibb (Opdualag), was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as the first LAG-3 blocking antibody combination for unresectable or metastatic melanoma. This novel immunotherapy combination more than doubled median progression-free survival (PFS) when compared to nivolumab monotherapy (10.1 months versus 4.6 months). Here, we analyze the large clinical trial responsible for this historical approval (RELATIVITY-047), and discuss the preclinical and clinical developments that led to its jump into clinical practice. We will also summarize results achieved by other LAG-3 targeting molecules with promising anti-tumor activities currently under clinical development in phases I, I/II, II, and III. Opdualag will boost the entry of more LAG-3 targeting molecules into clinical practice, supporting the accumulating evidence highlighting the pivotal role of LAG-3 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Chocarro
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Ana Bocanegra
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Ester Blanco
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leticia Fernández-Rubio
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Miriam Echaide
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Maider Garnica
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Pablo Ramos
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Sergio Piñeiro-Hermida
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Ruth Vera
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - David Escors
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
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Hassanian H, Asadzadeh Z, Baghbanzadeh A, Derakhshani A, Dufour A, Rostami Khosroshahi N, Najafi S, Brunetti O, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. The expression pattern of Immune checkpoints after chemo/radiotherapy in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:938063. [PMID: 35967381 PMCID: PMC9367471 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.938063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a disease with the highest disease-associated burden worldwide, cancer has been the main subject of a considerable proportion of medical research in recent years, intending to find more effective therapeutic approaches with fewer side effects. Combining conventional methods with newer biologically based treatments such as immunotherapy can be a promising approach to treating different tumors. The concept of "cancer immunoediting" that occurs in the field of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is the aspect of cancer therapy that has not been at the center of attention. One group of the role players of the so-called immunoediting process are the immune checkpoint molecules that exert either co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory effects in the anti-tumor immunity of the host. It involves alterations in a wide variety of immunologic pathways. Recent studies have proven that conventional cancer therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination of them, i.e., chemoradiotherapy, alter the "immune compartment" of the TME. The mentioned changes encompass a wide range of variations, including the changes in the density and immunologic type of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and the alterations in the expression patterns of the different immune checkpoints. These rearrangements can have either anti-tumor immunity empowering or immune attenuating sequels. Thus, recognizing the consequences of various chemo(radio)therapeutic regimens in the TME seems to be of great significance in the evolution of therapeutic approaches. Therefore, the present review intends to summarize how chemo(radio)therapy affects the TME and specifically some of the most important, well-known immune checkpoints' expressions according to the recent studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Hassanian
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Insitute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- McCaig Insitute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Souzan Najafi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology “G. Barresi” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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125
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Zhu H, Hu X, Feng S, Gu L, Jian Z, Zou N, Xiong X. Predictive value of PIMREG in the prognosis and response to immune checkpoint blockade of glioma patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:946692. [PMID: 35928818 PMCID: PMC9344140 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.946692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor in the human brain. The present study was designed to explore the expression of PIMREG in glioma and its relevance to the clinicopathological features and prognosis of glioma patients. The correlations of PIMREG with the infiltrating levels of immune cells and its relevance to the response to immunotherapy were also investigated. PIMREG expression in glioma was analyzed based on the GEO, TCGA, and HPA databases. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to examine the predictive value of PIMREG for the prognosis of patients with glioma. The correlation between the infiltrating levels of immune cells in glioma and PIMREG was analyzed using the CIBERSORT algorithm and TIMRE database. The correlation between PIMREG and immune checkpoints and its correlation with the patients’ responses to immunotherapy were analyzed using R software and the GEPIA dataset. Cell experiments were conducted to verify the action of PIMREG in glioma cell migration and invasion. We found that PIMREG expression was upregulated in gliomas and positively associated with WHO grade. High PIMREG expression was correlated with poor prognosis of LGG, prognosis of all WHO grade gliomas, and prognosis of recurrent gliomas. PIMREG was related to the infiltration of several immune cell types, such as M1 and M2 macrophages, monocytes and CD8+ T cells. Moreover, PIMREG was correlated with immune checkpoints in glioma and correlated with patients’ responses to immunotherapy. KEGG pathway enrichment and GO functional analysis illustrated that PIMREG was related to multiple tumor- and immune-related pathways. In conclusion, PIMREG overexpression in gliomas is associated with poor prognosis of patients with glioma and is related to immune cell infiltrates and the responses to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
| | - Xinyao Hu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Zou, ; Xiaoxing Xiong,
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Zou, ; Xiaoxing Xiong,
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Zettl M, Wurm M, Schaaf O, Mostböck S, Tirapu I, Apfler I, Lorenz IC, Frego L, Kenny C, Thibodeau M, Oquendo Cifuentes E, Reschke M, Moll J, Kraut N, Vogt A, Sedgwick JD, Waizenegger IC. Combination of two novel blocking antibodies, anti-PD-1 antibody ezabenlimab (BI 754091) and anti-LAG-3 antibody BI 754111, leads to increased immune cell responses. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2080328. [PMID: 35756842 PMCID: PMC9225207 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2080328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of inhibitory receptors, such as lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), may limit the antitumor activity of therapeutic antibodies targeting the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) pathway. We describe the binding properties of ezabenlimab, an anti-human PD-1 antibody, and BI 754111, an anti-human LAG-3 antibody, and assess their activity alone and in combination. Ezabenlimab bound with high affinity to human PD-1 (KD = 6 nM) and blocked the interaction of PD-1 with PD-L1 and PD-L2. Ezabenlimab dose-dependently increased interferon-γ secretion in human T cells expressing PD-1 in co-culture with PD-L1-expressing dendritic cells. Administration of ezabenlimab to human PD-1 knock-in mice dose-dependently inhibited growth of MC38 tumors. To reduce immunogenicity, ezabenlimab was reformatted from a human IgG4 to a chimeric variant with a mouse IgG1 backbone (BI 905725) for further in vivo studies. Combining BI 905725 with anti-mouse LAG-3 antibodies improved antitumor activity versus BI 905725 monotherapy in the MC38 tumor model. We generated BI 754111, which bound with high affinity to human LAG-3 and prevented LAG-3 interaction with its ligand, major histocompatibility complex class II. In an in vitro model of antigen-experienced memory T cells expressing PD-1 and LAG-3, interferon-γ secretion increased by an average 1.8-fold versus isotype control (p = 0.027) with BI 754111 monotherapy, 6.9-fold (p < 0.0001) with ezabenlimab monotherapy and 13.2-fold (p < 0.0001) with BI 754111 plus ezabenlimab. Overall, ezabenlimab and BI 754111 bound to their respective targets with high affinity and prevented ligand binding. Combining ezabenlimab with BI 754111 enhanced in vitro activity versus monotherapy, supporting clinical investigation of this combination (NCT03156114; NCT03433898).
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Zettl
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Wurm
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Otmar Schaaf
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven Mostböck
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iñigo Tirapu
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilse Apfler
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivo C Lorenz
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Lee Frego
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Cynthia Kenny
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jürgen Moll
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Kraut
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne Vogt
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
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LAG3 ectodomain structure reveals functional interfaces for ligand and antibody recognition. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1031-1041. [PMID: 35761082 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The immune checkpoint receptor lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein (LAG3) inhibits T cell function upon binding to major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) or fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1). Despite the emergence of LAG3 as a target for next-generation immunotherapies, we have little information describing the molecular structure of the LAG3 protein or how it engages cellular ligands. Here we determined the structures of human and murine LAG3 ectodomains, revealing a dimeric assembly mediated by Ig domain 2. Epitope mapping indicates that a potent LAG3 antagonist antibody blocks interactions with MHC class II and FGL1 by binding to a flexible 'loop 2' region in LAG3 domain 1. We also defined the LAG3-FGL1 interface by mapping mutations onto structures of LAG3 and FGL1 and established that FGL1 cross-linking induces the formation of higher-order LAG3 oligomers. These insights can guide LAG3-based drug development and implicate ligand-mediated LAG3 clustering as a mechanism for disrupting T cell activation.
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Nielsen MA, Juul-Madsen K, Stegmayr J, Gao C, Mehta AY, Greisen SR, Kragstrup TW, Hvid M, Vorup-Jensen T, Cummings RD, Leffler H, Deleuran BW. Galectin-3 Decreases 4-1BBL Bioactivity by Crosslinking Soluble and Membrane Expressed 4-1BB. Front Immunol 2022; 13:915890. [PMID: 35812455 PMCID: PMC9263355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
4-1BB is a T cell costimulatory receptor and a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Here, we show that Galectin-3 (Gal-3) decreases the cellular response to its ligand (4-1BBL). Gal-3 binds to both soluble 4-1BB (s4-1BB) and membrane-bound 4-1BB (mem4-1BB), without blocking co-binding of 4-1BBL. In plasma, we detected complexes composed of 4-1BB and Gal-3 larger than 100 nm in size; these complexes were reduced in synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis. Both activated 4-1BB+ T cells and 4-1BB-transfected HEK293 cells depleted these complexes from plasma, followed by increased expression of 4-1BB and Gal-3 on the cell surface. The increase was accompanied by a 4-fold decrease in TNFα production by the 4-1BBhighGal-3+ T cells, after exposure to 4-1BB/Gal-3 complexes. In RA patients, complexes containing 4-1BB/Gal-3 were dramatically reduced in both plasma and SF compared with healthy plasma. These results support that Gal-3 binds to 4-1BB without blocking the co-binding of 4-1BBL. Instead, Gal-3 leads to formation of large soluble 4-1BB/Gal-3 complexes that attach to mem4-1BB on the cell surfaces, resulting in suppression of 4-1BBL’s bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Aagaard Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - John Stegmayr
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Division for Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology (MIG), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Akul Y. Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stinne Ravn Greisen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tue Wenzel Kragstrup
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Malene Hvid
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hakon Leffler
- Division for Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology (MIG), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bent Winding Deleuran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Bent Winding Deleuran,
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Liu Z, Gao Z, Li B, Li J, Ou Y, Yu X, Zhang Z, Liu S, Fu X, Jin H, Wu J, Sun S, Sun S, Wu Q. Lipid-associated macrophages in the tumor-adipose microenvironment facilitate breast cancer progression. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2085432. [PMID: 35712121 PMCID: PMC9196645 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2085432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor-adipose microenvironment (TAME) is a universal microecosystem, that is characterized by the dysfunction of lipid metabolism, such as excessive free fatty acids (FFAs). Macrophages are the most abundant immune cell type within TAME, although their diversity in the TAME is not clear. We first reveal that infiltration of M2-like macrophages in the TAME is associated with poor survival in breast cancer. To explore lipid-associated alterations in the TAME, we also detected the levels of FFAs transporters including fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) and fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). The results indicated that expression of fatty acid transporters in the TAME is tightly linked to the function of macrophages and predicts survival in breast cancer. To explore the impact of FFAs transporters on the function of macrophages, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics. Consequently, we identified a special subpopulation of macrophages defined as lipid-associated macrophages (LAMs), highly expressed macrophage markers (CD163, SPP1 and C1QC), genes involved in lipid metabolism (FABP3, FABP4, FABP5, LPL and LIPA) and some lipid receptors (LGALS3 and TREM2). Functionally, LAMs were characterized by a canonical functional signature of M2-like macrophages, lipid accumulation and enhancing phagocytosis, and they were mostly distributed in tumor-adipose junctional regions. Finally, the allograft cancer mouse models confirmed that LAMs depletion in the TAME synergizes the antitumorigenic effects of anti-PD1 therapy. In summary, we defined a novel subtype of macrophages in the TAME, that has unique features and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Gao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Bei Li
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Ou
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zun Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Siqin Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Fu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hongzhong Jin
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Juan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Shengrong Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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130
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Zhang Y, Yang R, Xu C, Zhang Y, Deng M, Wu D, Tang F, Liu X, Han Y, Zhan Y, Miao J. Analysis of the immune checkpoint lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) in endometrial cancer: An emerging target for immunotherapy. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 236:153990. [PMID: 35749914 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is a novel molecule that participates in the immune escape of tumor cells and is a target for immunotherapy. However, the expression of LAG-3 in patients with endometrial cancer (EC) has not been comprehensively characterized. OBJECTIVES We elucidated the expression of LAG-3 and investigated its correlation with clinicopathological parameters, ProMisE subtypes, CD8+ T-cell infiltration and relapse-free survival (RFS) in a retrospective cohort of 421 patients with endometrial cancer. METHODS Next-generation sequencing of the polymerase epsilon (POLE) and immunohistochemistry of mismatch repair (MMR)-related protein (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6), p53, CD8 and LAG-3 protein in whole sections were performed. RESULTS Positive LAG-3 was detected in tumor cells (TCs) and immune cells (ICs) in 31.6% (133/421) and 24.0% (101/421) of the patients, respectively. LAG-3 positivity in ICs was more common in high-grade, high-intermediate risk, high-risk, and advanced/metastatic subgroups and was relevant to lymphovascular space invasion, while that in TCs was more common in older individuals (≥54 years). LAG-3 expression was more prevalent in POLE ultramutated (POLEmut) and MMR-deficient (MMRd) EC than in p53-abnormal (p53abn) and p53-wild (p53wt) EC in TCs (34.4 % and 66.3% in POLEmut and MMRd versus 28.6% and 19.5% in p53abn and p53wt, P < 0.001) and ICs (78.1 % and 65.1% in POLEmut and MMRd versus 2.9% and 5.2% in p53abn and p53wt, P < 0.001). Positive expression of LAG-3 in TCs and ICs was associated with high levels of tumor-associated CD8+ T-cell immune infiltration. Additionally, LAG-3 positivity in TCs was related to improved RFS. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that immunotherapy targeting LAG-3 may play a role in EC patients with POLEmut or MMRd molecular markers. Positive LAG-3 expression in TCs may be a predictor of improved RFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiye Yang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Xu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqin Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengqi Deng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Tang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yiding Han
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhan
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinwei Miao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China.
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131
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Greisen SR, Aspari M, Deleuran B. Co-Inhibitory Molecules – Their Role in Health and Autoimmunity; Highlighted by Immune Related Adverse Events. Front Immunol 2022; 13:883733. [PMID: 35784333 PMCID: PMC9243421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint receptors are key players in regulating the immune response. They are responsible for both generating an immune response sufficient to kill invading pathogens, balancing the same response, and protecting against tissue destruction or the development of autoimmune events. The central role of the co-inhibitory receptors also referred to as inhibitory immune checkpoints, including PD-1 and CTLA-4 has become especially evident with the cancer treatments targeting these receptors. Blocking these pathways enhances the immune activity, resulting in both an increased chance of cancer clearance, at the same time induction of immune-related adverse events (irAE). Some of these irAE progress into actual autoimmune diseases with autoantibodies and symptoms, undistinguished from the naturally occurring diseases. This review will take advantage of the lessons learned from immune checkpoint blockade and relate this knowledge to our understanding of the same pathways in naturally occurring autoimmune diseases, mainly focusing on rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stinne R. Greisen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Stinne R. Greisen,
| | - Maithri Aspari
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bent Deleuran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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132
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Chocarro L, Blanco E, Arasanz H, Fernández-Rubio L, Bocanegra A, Echaide M, Garnica M, Ramos P, Fernández-Hinojal G, Vera R, Kochan G, Escors D. Clinical landscape of LAG-3-targeted therapy. IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY TECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:100079. [PMID: 35755891 PMCID: PMC9216443 DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2022.100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte-activated gene 3 (LAG-3) is a cell surface inhibitory receptor and a key regulator of immune homeostasis with multiple biological activities related to T-cell functions. LAG-3 is considered a next-generation immune checkpoint of clinical importance, right next to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4). Indeed, it is the third inhibitory receptor to be exploited in human anticancer immunotherapies. Several LAG-3-antagonistic immunotherapies are being evaluated at various stages of preclinical and clinical development. In addition, combination therapies blocking LAG-3 together with other immune checkpoints are also being evaluated at preclinical and clinical levels. Indeed, the co-blockade of LAG-3 with PD-1 is demonstrating encouraging results. A new generation of bispecific PD-1/LAG-3-blocking agents have also shown strong capacities to specifically target PD-1+ LAG-3+ highly dysfunctional T cells and enhance their proliferation and effector activities. Here we identify and classify preclinical and clinical trials conducted involving LAG-3 as a target through an extensive bibliographic research. The current understanding of LAG-3 clinical applications is summarized, and most of the publically available data up to date regarding LAG-3-targeted therapy preclinical and clinical research and development are reviewed and discussed. LAG-3 is a highly important next-generation immune checkpoint molecule. Ninety-seven clinical trials are evaluating at least 16 LAG-3-targeting molecules. Here we identify preclinical and clinical studies conducted involving LAG-3. Bispecific LAG-3 molecules are being developed, showing strong capacities. LAG-3/PD-1 co-blockade is demonstrating encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chocarro
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - E Blanco
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - H Arasanz
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - L Fernández-Rubio
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - A Bocanegra
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - M Echaide
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - M Garnica
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - P Ramos
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - G Fernández-Hinojal
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Vera
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - G Kochan
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - D Escors
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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133
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Zhou X, Ren T, Zan H, Hua C, Guo X. Novel Immune Checkpoints in Esophageal Cancer: From Biomarkers to Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864202. [PMID: 35669786 PMCID: PMC9163322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer ranks as the sixth most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Due to the limited efficacy of conventional therapeutic strategies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, treatments are still far from satisfactory in terms of survival, prompting the search for novel treatment methods. Immune checkpoints play crucial roles in immune evasion mediated by tumor cells, and successful clinical outcomes have been achieved via blocking these pathways. However, only a small fraction of patients can benefit from current immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4. Unfortunately, some patients show primary and/or acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Until now, novel immune checkpoint pathways have rarely been studied in esophageal cancer, and there is a great need for biomarkers to predict who will benefit from existing strategies. Herein, we primarily discuss the roles of new immune checkpoints as predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for esophageal cancer. In addition, we summarize the ongoing clinical trials and provide future research directions targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyin Zhou
- School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ting Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyuan Zan
- School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Hua
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyan Hua, ; Xufeng Guo,
| | - Xufeng Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyan Hua, ; Xufeng Guo,
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134
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Sung E, Ko M, Won JY, Jo Y, Park E, Kim H, Choi E, Jung UJ, Jeon J, Kim Y, Ahn H, Choi DS, Choi S, Hong Y, Park H, Lee H, Son YG, Park K, Won J, Oh SJ, Lee S, Kim KP, Yoo C, Song HK, Jin HS, Jung J, Park Y. LAG-3xPD-L1 bispecific antibody potentiates antitumor responses of T cells through dendritic cell activation. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2800-2816. [PMID: 35526096 PMCID: PMC9372323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several preclinical studies demonstrate that antitumor efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade can be improved by combination with other checkpoint inhibitors. Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) is an inhibitory checkpoint receptor involved in T cell exhaustion and tumor immune escape. Here, we describe ABL501, a bispecific antibody targeting LAG-3 and PD-L1 in modulating immune cell responses against tumors. ABL501 that efficiently inhibits both LAG-3 and PD-L1 pathways enhances the activation of effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with a higher degree than a combination of single anti-LAG-3 and anti-PD-L1. The augmented effector T cell responses by ABL501 resulted in mitigating regulatory T cell-mediated immunosuppression. Mechanistically, the simultaneous binding of ABL501 to LAG-3 and PD-L1 promotes DC activation and tumor cell conjugation with T cells that subsequently mounts effective CD8+T cell responses. ABL501 demonstrates its potent in vivo antitumor efficacy in a humanized xenograft model and with knock-in mice expressing human orthologs. The immune profiling analysis of peripheral blood reveals an increased abundance of LAG-3hiPD-1hi memory CD4+T cell subset in relapsed cholangiocarcinoma patients after gemcitabine plus cisplatin therapy, which are more responsive to ABL501. This study supports the clinical evaluation of ABL501 as a novel cancer immunotherapeutic, and a first-in-human trial has started (NCT05101109).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minkyung Ko
- Theragnosis center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Ju-Young Won
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Yunju Jo
- Theragnosis center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea; Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02481, South Korea
| | | | | | - Eunji Choi
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Hyejin Ahn
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Da-Som Choi
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Seunghyun Choi
- Theragnosis center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Soo Jin Oh
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Seonmin Lee
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Pyo Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Changhoon Yoo
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kyu Song
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02481, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Seung Jin
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea.
| | - Jaeho Jung
- ABL Bio Inc, Seongnam, 13488, South Korea.
| | - Yoon Park
- Theragnosis center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea.
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135
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Checkpoints and Immunity in Cancers: Role of GNG12. Pharmacol Res 2022; 180:106242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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136
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Arnouk S, De Groof TW, Van Ginderachter JA. Imaging and therapeutic targeting of the tumor immune microenvironment with biologics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 184:114239. [PMID: 35351469 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The important role of tumor microenvironmental elements in determining tumor progression and metastasis has been firmly established. In particular, the presence and activity profile of tumor-infiltrating immune cells may be associated with the outcome of the disease and may predict responsiveness to (immuno)therapy. Indeed, while some immune cell types, such as macrophages, support cancer cell outgrowth and mediate therapy resistance, the presence of activated CD8+ T cells is usually indicative of a better prognosis. It is therefore of the utmost interest to obtain a full picture of the immune infiltrate in tumors, either as a prognostic test, as a way to stratify patients to maximize therapeutic success, or as therapy follow-up. Hence, the non-invasive imaging of these cells is highly warranted, with biologics being prime candidates to achieve this goal.
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137
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Shepherd DJ, Tabb ES, Kunitoki K, Zhang ML, Kem M, Barth J, Qualls DA, Mooradian MJ, Gainor JF, Mino-Kenudson M, Hung YP. Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 in non-small-cell lung carcinomas: correlations with clinicopathologic features and prognostic significance. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:615-624. [PMID: 34880448 PMCID: PMC9050756 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00974-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) modulates the tumor microenvironment through immunosuppressive effects. Its associations with clinicopathologic parameters and prognostic significance in non-small-cell lung carcinomas remain unclear. We examined LAG-3 expression in 368 resected non-small-cell lung carcinomas (including 218 adenocarcinomas and 150 squamous-cell carcinomas) using tissue microarrays, with normalization to CD8+ T-cell count (LAG-3/CD8 index), and correlated LAG-3, CD8, and LAG-3/CD8 index with clinicopathologic features, molecular status, and survival. LAG-3 expression in the immune cells (ranged 0.35-540.1 cells/mm²) was identified in 92% of non-small-cell lung carcinomas. In adenocarcinomas and squamous-cell carcinomas, LAG-3 expression correlated with CD8+ T-cell count and PD-L1 expression. In adenocarcinomas, high LAG-3 expression (defined as >median) was additionally associated with smoking history, high T stage, aggressive pathologic features (solid-predominant histologic pattern, lymphovascular invasion, and nodal metastasis), and lack of EGFR mutation. In the entire resected tumor cohort and in adenocarcinomas, high LAG-3 and LAG-3/CD8 index were each associated with worse overall survival. In squamous-cell carcinomas, high CD8 was associated with better overall survival. In an exploratory analysis of pretreatment samples from advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma patients treated with pembrolizumab, high CD8 was predictive of improved overall and progression-free survival, while high LAG-3, but not high LAG-3/CD8 index, was associated with improved progression-free survival. In conclusion, the clinicopathologic correlations and prognostic impact of LAG-3 in non-small-cell lung carcinoma are histotype-dependent, highlighting differences in the immune microenvironment between adenocarcinomas and squamous-cell carcinomas. The predictive impact of LAG-3 warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Shepherd
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elisabeth S. Tabb
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keiko Kunitoki
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M. Lisa Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marina Kem
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Jaimie Barth
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - David A. Qualls
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meghan J. Mooradian
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin F. Gainor
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yin P. Hung
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
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138
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Salivary Proteome, Inflammatory, and NETosis Biomarkers in Older Adult Practitioners and Nonpractitioners of Physical Exercise. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3725056. [PMID: 35502212 PMCID: PMC9056209 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3725056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Since aging has been associated with increased production of inflammatory biomarkers, the ability to monitor older adults repeatedly is highly desirable, and saliva is an interesting biofluid for the search of biomarkers, as it is easily accessible in a noninvasive manner. However, given the incipient knowledge of salivary biomarkers in aging and its relationship to physical exercise, the present study is aimed at evaluating the protein expression and the levels of inflammatory and NETosis biomarkers in the saliva of practitioners (PE) and nonpractitioners (NPE) of physical exercise older adults. Six (6) practitioner and 4 nonpractitioner older adults were enrolled in this study. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected for analysis of the proteome by label-free mass spectrometry, as well as of the inflammatory status by evaluation of C-reactive protein (CRP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines (TNF-α, interleukin- (IL-) 1β, and IL-8), while NETosis was assessed by myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil elastase. Regarding oral health, the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMF-T) index, bleeding on probing, suppuration, and probing depth measurement (mm) were evaluated. In addition, functional capacity was investigated using the General Physical Fitness Index (GPFI). In relation to the proteome analysis, 93 and 143 proteins were found exclusively in the PE and NPE groups, respectively; 224 proteins were common to both groups. Among these proteins, 10 proteins showed statistical difference (
) between the groups: alpha-2-macroglobulin, component 3 of the complement, serotransferrin, and protein soluble in brain acid 1 were less expressed, while lactotransferrin, alpha-amylase 1, S100-A8, S100-A9, lactoperoxidase, and galectin-3 binding protein were more expressed in the PE group. No differences between groups were observed in the analysis of inflammatory and NETosis biomarkers. This study shows the potential utility of saliva for detecting protein biomarkers in a noninvasive biological sample of the elderly population.
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139
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Wei Y, Li Z. LAG3-PD-1 Combo Overcome the Disadvantage of Drug Resistance. Front Oncol 2022; 12:831407. [PMID: 35494015 PMCID: PMC9048820 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.831407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although PD-1 blockade therapy has been promising in cancer treatment, only 4% (pancreatic cancer) to 70% (melanoma) of patients have a positive response to this blockade therapy, which is one of its important disadvantages. Therefore, it is important to seek out new targets for cancer immunotherapy to improve the overall response rate in patients. Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), an immune checkpoint receptor, is mainly expressed in activated immune cells. LAG-3 maintains the body’s immune homeostasis under physiological conditions while mediating tumour immune escape. Several preclinical and clinical examinations have shown that LAG-3 blockade effectively alleviates the patient’s tolerance to PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors. Moreover, the combination of LAG-3 and PD-1 blockade has good clinical efficacy in cancers. Hence, synchronous LAG-3 and PD-1 inhibition may be a potential new strategy for tumour immunotherapy.
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140
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He W, Hu Y, Chen D, Li Y, Ye D, Zhao Q, Lin L, Shi X, Lu L, Yin Z, He X, Gao Y, Wu Y. Hepatocellular carcinoma-infiltrating γδ T cells are functionally defected and allogenic Vδ2 + γδ T cell can be a promising complement. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e800. [PMID: 35390227 PMCID: PMC8989380 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), γδ T cells participate in mediating the anti-tumour response and are linked with a positive prognosis. However, these cells can become pro-tumoural in the tumour microenvironment (TME). We aimed to decipher the immune landscape and functional states of HCC-infiltrating γδ T cells to provide fundamental evidence for the adoptive transfer of allogeneic Vδ2+ γδ T cells in HCC immunotherapy. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on γδ T cells derived from HCC tumours and healthy donor livers. Confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and a Luminex assay were applied to validate the scRNA-seq findings. The γδ T cells in the HCC TME entered G2/M cell cycle arrest, and expressed cytotoxic molecules such as interferon-gamma and granzyme B, but were functionally exhausted as indicated by upregulated gene and protein LAG3 expression. The γδ T cells in the HCC TME were dominated by the LAG3+ Vδ1+ population, whereas the Vδ2+ γδ T population was greatly depleted. Moreover, glutamine metabolism of γδ T cells was markedly upregulated in the glutamine-deficient TME. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that glutamine deficiency upregulated LAG3 expression. Finally, our results indicated that ex vivo-expanded Vδ2+ γδ T cells from healthy donor could complement the loss of T cell receptor clonality and effector functions of HCC-derived γδ T cells. This work deciphered the dysfunctional signatures of HCC-infiltrating γδ T cells in the HCC TME, providing scientific support for the use of allogeneic Vδ2+ γδ T cells in HCC cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing He
- Organ Transplantation UnitFirst Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant ImmunologyThe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Yi Hu
- Microbiology and Immunology DepartmentSchool of MedicineJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Dan Chen
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational MedicineZhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University)Jinan UniversityZhuhaiGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Yijia Li
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational MedicineZhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University)Jinan UniversityZhuhaiGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Dongmei Ye
- Organ Transplantation UnitFirst Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant ImmunologyThe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Organ Transplantation UnitFirst Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant ImmunologyThe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Li Lin
- The Biomedical Translational Research InstituteJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Shi
- Organ Transplantation UnitFirst Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant ImmunologyThe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Ligong Lu
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational MedicineZhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University)Jinan UniversityZhuhaiGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational MedicineZhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University)Jinan UniversityZhuhaiGuangdongP.R. China
- The Biomedical Translational Research InstituteJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Xiaoshun He
- Organ Transplantation UnitFirst Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant ImmunologyThe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Yifang Gao
- Organ Transplantation UnitFirst Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant ImmunologyThe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Yangzhe Wu
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational MedicineZhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University)Jinan UniversityZhuhaiGuangdongP.R. China
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141
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Park K, Veena MS, Shin DS. Key Players of the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:830208. [PMID: 35345849 PMCID: PMC8957227 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.830208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex, dynamic battlefield for both immune cells and tumor cells. The advent of the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) since 2011, such as the anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein (CTLA)-4 and anti-programmed cell death receptor (PD)-(L)1 antibodies, provided powerful weapons in the arsenal of cancer treatments, demonstrating unprecedented durable responses for patients with many types of advanced cancers. However, the response rate is generally low across tumor types and a substantial number of patients develop acquired resistance. These primary or acquired resistance are attributed to various immunosuppressive elements (soluble and cellular factors) and alternative immune checkpoints in the TME. Therefore, a better understanding of the TME is absolutely essential to develop therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance. Numerous clinical studies are underway using ICIs and additional agents that are tailored to the characteristics of the tumor or the TME. Some of the combination treatments are already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), such as platinum-doublet chemotherapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) -targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) combined with anti-PD-(L)1 antibodies or immuno-immuno combinations (anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1). In this review, we will discuss the key immunosuppressive cells, metabolites, cytokines or chemokines, and hypoxic conditions in the TME that contribute to tumor immune escape and the prospect of relevant clinical trials by targeting these elements in combination with ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Park
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mysore S Veena
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Sanghoon Shin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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142
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Kuske M, Haist M, Jung T, Grabbe S, Bros M. Immunomodulatory Properties of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-More than Boosting T-Cell Responses? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1710. [PMID: 35406483 PMCID: PMC8996886 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) that serve to enhance effector T-cell anti-tumor responses has strongly improved success rates in the treatment of metastatic melanoma and other tumor types. The currently approved ICI constitute monoclonal antibodies blocking cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein (CTLA)-4 and anti-programmed cell death (PD)-1. By this, the T-cell-inhibitory CTLA-4/CD80/86 and PD-1/PD-1L/2L signaling axes are inhibited. This leads to sustained effector T-cell activity and circumvents the immune evasion of tumor cells, which frequently upregulate PD-L1 expression and modulate immune checkpoint molecule expression on leukocytes. As a result, profound clinical responses are observed in 40-60% of metastatic melanoma patients. Despite the pivotal role of T effector cells for triggering anti-tumor immunity, mounting evidence indicates that ICI efficacy may also be attributable to other cell types than T effector cells. In particular, emerging research has shown that ICI also impacts innate immune cells, such as myeloid cells, natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells, which may amplify tumoricidal functions beyond triggering T effector cells, and thus improves clinical efficacy. Effects of ICI on non-T cells may additionally explain, in part, the character and extent of adverse effects associated with treatment. Deeper knowledge of these effects is required to further develop ICI treatment in terms of responsiveness of patients to treatment, to overcome resistance to ICI and to alleviate adverse effects. In this review we give an overview into the currently known immunomodulatory effects of ICI treatment in immune cell types other than the T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.J.); (S.G.)
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143
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Gertel S, Polachek A, Elkayam O, Furer V. Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) regulatory T cells: An evolving biomarker for treatment response in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2022; 21:103085. [PMID: 35341974 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) comprise a CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cell subset for maintaining immune tolerance, and their deficits and/or dysfunction are observed in autoimmune diseases. The lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3, also known as CD223), which is an immunoglobulin superfamily member expressed on peripheral immune cells, is recognized as an inhibitory regulator of Tregs. LAG-3+ T cells represent a novel protective Tregs subset that produces interleukin-10. Alterations in LAG-3+ Tregs have been reported in several autoimmune diseases, suggesting their potential pathogenic role. Recent studies have indicated that LAG-3+ Tregs may be associated not only with immunopathology but also with response to therapy in several autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and others. We present a review of Tregs phenotypes and functions, with a focus on LAG-3+ Tregs, and discuss their potential role as biomarkers for treatment response in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smadar Gertel
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Ari Polachek
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ori Elkayam
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Victoria Furer
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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144
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Abstract
The discovery of immune checkpoints (ICs) and the development of specific blockers to relieve immune effector cells from this inhibiting mechanism has changed the view of anti-cancer therapy. In addition to cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and programmed death 1 (PD1), classical ICs of T lymphocytes and recently described also on a fraction of natural killer (NK) cells, several NK cell receptors, including killer immunoglobulin-like inhibitory receptors (KIRs) and NGK2A, have been recognized as checkpoint members typical of the NK cell population. This offers the opportunity of a dual-checkpoint inhibition approach, targeting classical and non-classical ICs and leading to a synergistic therapeutic effect. In this review, we will overview and discuss this new perspective, focusing on the most relevant candidates for this role among the variety of potential NK ICs. Beside listing and defining classical ICs expressed also by NK cells, or non-classical ICs either on T or on NK cells, we will address their role in NK cell survival, chronic stimulation or functional exhaustion, and the potential relevance of this phenomenon on anti-tumor immune response. Furthermore, NK ICs will be proposed as possible new targets for the development of efficient combined immunotherapy, not forgetting the relevant concerns that may be raised on NK IC blockade. Finally, the impact of epigenetic drugs in such a complex therapeutic picture will be briefly addressed.
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145
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Krzyżanowska N, Wojas-Krawczyk K, Milanowski J, Krawczyk P. Future Prospects of Immunotherapy in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients: Is There Hope in Other Immune Checkpoints Targeting Molecules? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063087. [PMID: 35328510 PMCID: PMC8950480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, one of the leading treatments for non-small-cell lung cancer is immunotherapy involving immune checkpoint inhibitors. These monoclonal antibodies restore the anti-tumour immune response altered by negative immune checkpoint interactions. The most commonly used immunotherapeutics in monotherapy are anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies. The effectiveness of both groups of antibodies has been proven in many clinical trials, which have translated into positive immunotherapeutic registrations for cancer patients worldwide. These antibodies are generally well tolerated, and certain patients achieve durable responses. However, given the resistance of some patients to this form of therapy, along with its other drawbacks, such as adverse events, alternatives are constantly being sought. Specifically, new drugs targeting already known molecules are being tested, and new potential targets are being explored. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the latest developments in this area.
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146
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Agur T, Wedel J, Bose S, Sahankumari AGP, Goodman D, Kong SW, Ghosh CC, Briscoe DM. Inhibition of mevalonate metabolism by statins augments the immunoregulatory phenotype of vascular endothelial cells and inhibits the costimulation of CD4 + T cells. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:947-954. [PMID: 34687147 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The statin family of therapeutics is widely used clinically as cholesterol lowering agents, and their effects to target intracellular mevalonate production is a key mechanism of action. In this study, we performed full transcriptomic RNA sequencing and qPCR to evaluate the effects of mevalonate on the immunoregulatory phenotype of endothelial cells (EC). We find that mevalonate-dependent gene regulation includes a reduction in the expression of multiple pro-inflammatory genes including TNFSF4 (OX40-L) and TNFSF18 (GITR-L) and a co-incident induction of immunoregulatory genes including LGALS3 (Galectin-3) and LGALS9 (Galectin-9). In functional assays, pretreatment of EC with simvastatin to inhibit mevalonate metabolism resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the costimulation of CD45RO+ CD4+ T cell proliferation as well as IL-2, IFNγ and IL-6 production versus vehicle-treated EC. In contrast, pre-treatment of EC with L-mevalonate in combination with simvastatin reversed phenotypic and functional responses. Collectively, these results indicate that relative mevalonate metabolism by EC is critical to sustain EC-dependent mechanisms of immunity. Our findings have broad relevance for the repurposing of statins as therapeutics to augment immunoregulation and/or to inhibit local tissue pro-inflammatory cytokine production following transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timna Agur
- The Transplant Research Program and the Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Johannes Wedel
- The Transplant Research Program and the Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sayantan Bose
- The Transplant Research Program and the Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A G Pramoda Sahankumari
- The Transplant Research Program and the Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Goodman
- The Transplant Research Program and the Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sek Won Kong
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chandra C Ghosh
- The Transplant Research Program and the Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David M Briscoe
- The Transplant Research Program and the Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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147
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Cocks MM, Mills AM. The Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor LAG-3 and Its Ligand GAL-3 in Vulvar Squamous Neoplasia. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2022; 41:113-121. [PMID: 33782343 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (vSCC), although rare, carries significant morbidity and a high rate of recurrence. Treatment options beyond surgical excision remain limited. Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) and its binding partner galectin-3 (GAL-3) are an immuno-inhibitory checkpoint pair that represent potential immunotherapy targets for the treatment of vSCC. This study examined the expression of LAG-3 and GAL-3 alongside programmed cell death ligand-1 expression in invasive SCC and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) by immunohistochemical analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. A total of 35 cases were selected for evaluation: 13 VIN3 [human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated VIN/usual-type VIN], 2 differentiated VIN (dVIN), 16 HPV-associated vSCC, and 4 dVIN-associated vSCC. LAG-3+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were identified in 91% (32/35) of cases of vulvar squamous neoplasia. Tumor cells were positive for GAL-3 in 71% of the vulvar neoplasia cases. HPV-associated vSCC was more likely to demonstrate GAL-3 tumoral positivity when compared with dVIN-associated vSCC (24/29 vs. 1/6, P=0.004). We observed co-expression of all 3 immunomarkers in 40% (14/35) of cases evaluated. In light of these findings, use of immunomodulatory drugs that target the LAG-3/GAL-3 pathway may be potentially beneficial in vSCC and efficacy may be increased when combined with anti-programmed cell death ligand-1 therapy.
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148
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Schöffski P, Tan DSW, Martín M, Ochoa-de-Olza M, Sarantopoulos J, Carvajal RD, Kyi C, Esaki T, Prawira A, Akerley W, De Braud F, Hui R, Zhang T, Soo RA, Maur M, Weickhardt A, Krauss J, Deschler-Baier B, Lau A, Samant TS, Longmire T, Chowdhury NR, Sabatos-Peyton CA, Patel N, Ramesh R, Hu T, Carion A, Gusenleitner D, Yerramilli-Rao P, Askoxylakis V, Kwak EL, Hong DS. Phase I/II study of the LAG-3 inhibitor ieramilimab (LAG525) ± anti-PD-1 spartalizumab (PDR001) in patients with advanced malignancies. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003776. [PMID: 35217575 PMCID: PMC8883259 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) is an inhibitory immunoreceptor that negatively regulates T-cell activation. This paper presents preclinical characterization of the LAG-3 inhibitor, ieramilimab (LAG525), and phase I data for the treatment of patients with advanced/metastatic solid tumors with ieramilimab ±the anti-programmed cell death-1 antibody, spartalizumab. Methods Eligible patients had advanced/metastatic solid tumors and progressed after, or were unsuitable for, standard-of-care therapy, including checkpoint inhibitors in some cases. Patients received ieramilimab ±spartalizumab across various dose-escalation schedules. The primary objective was to assess the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) or recommended phase II dose (RP2D). Results In total, 255 patients were allocated to single-agent ieramilimab (n=134) and combination (n=121) treatment arms. The majority (98%) had received prior antineoplastic therapy (median, 3). Four patients experienced dose-limiting toxicities in each treatment arm across various dosing cohorts. No MTD was reached. The RP2D on a 3-week schedule was declared as 400 mg ieramilimab plus 300 mg spartalizumab and, on a 4-week schedule (once every 4 weeks; Q4W), as 800 mg ieramilimab plus 400 mg spartalizumab; tumor target (LAG-3) suppression with 600 mg ieramilimab Q4W was predicted to be similar to the Q4W, RP2D schedule. Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) occurred in 75 (56%) and 84 (69%) patients in the single-agent and combination arms, respectively. Most common TRAEs were fatigue, gastrointestinal, and skin disorders, and were of mild severity; seven patients experienced at least one treatment-related serious adverse event in the single-agent (5%) and combination group (5.8%). Antitumor activity was observed in the combination arm, with 3 (2%) complete responses and 10 (8%) partial responses in a mixed population of tumor types. In the combination arm, eight patients (6.6%) experienced stable disease for 6 months or longer versus six patients (4.5%) in the single-agent arm. Responding patients trended towards having higher levels of immune gene expression, including CD8 and LAG3, in tumor tissue at baseline. Conclusions Ieramilimab was well tolerated as monotherapy and in combination with spartalizumab. The toxicity profile of ieramilimab in combination with spartalizumab was comparable to that of spartalizumab alone. Modest antitumor activity was seen with combination treatment. Trial registration number NCT02460224.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schöffski
- Department of General Medical Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel S W Tan
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Miguel Martín
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - John Sarantopoulos
- Institute for Drug Development, Mays Cancer Center at University of Texas Health San Antonio MD Anderson Cancer Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Chrisann Kyi
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Taito Esaki
- National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Amy Prawira
- Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wallace Akerley
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Rina Hui
- Westmead Hospital and The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tian Zhang
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ross A Soo
- National University Cancer Institute, Singapore
| | - Michela Maur
- Oncologia Medica, AOU Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | | | - Jürgen Krauss
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Allen Lau
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tanay S Samant
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tyler Longmire
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Nidhi Patel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Radha Ramesh
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tiancen Hu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana Carion
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Gusenleitner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Eunice L Kwak
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David S Hong
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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149
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Update on lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) in cancers: from biological properties to clinical applications. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:1203-1212. [PMID: 35170503 PMCID: PMC9337260 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy that targets checkpoints, especially programmed cell death protein 1 and programmed cell death ligand 1, has revolutionized cancer therapy regimens. The overall response rate to mono-immunotherapy, however, is limited, emphasizing the need to potentiate the efficacy of these regimens. The functions of immune cells are modulated by multiple stimulatory and inhibitory molecules, including lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3). LAG-3 is co-expressed together with other inhibitory checkpoints and plays key roles in immune suppression. Increasing evidence, particularly in the last 5 years, has shown the potential of LAG-3 blockade in anti-tumor immunity. This review provides an update on the biological properties and clinical applications of LAG-3 in cancers.
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150
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Tian J, Liu Y, Zhang T, Yue L, Xiao Y, Guo C. LAG-3 is a promising inhibitory immune checkpoint for antitumor immunotherapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2022; 22:289-296. [PMID: 35132925 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2022.2039124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Engagement of LAG-3 by its ligands to trigger downstream signaling can inhibit immune responses and regulate the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer and inflammatory diseases. AREAS COVERED We used keywords to search for relevant publications in PubMed and information on websites. After systematic analysis, we discuss the biological characteristics of LAG-3 and its ligands, LAG-3 related signaling, its roles in the pathogenesis of tumors, and its blockages for the treatment of cancers, as well as current challenges and future directions of research. EXPERT OPINION Although the mechanisms underlying the action of LAG-3/ligand-related signaling in tumor development are not fully understood, advances in scientific research and LAG-3-based immunotherapies are promising. Further studies to explore its biological roles and molecular mechanisms may aid in developing new LAG-3- and ligand-based therapeutic drugs to benefit patients with different types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tian
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China.,Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - TengLong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Lu Yue
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - YaNan Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital West Campus, Qingdao, China
| | - ChengYe Guo
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
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