101
|
Zhao J, Ghafghazi S, Khan AR, Farid TA, Moore JB. Recent Developments in Stem and Progenitor Cell Therapy for Cardiac Repair. Circ Res 2018; 119:e152-e159. [PMID: 27932474 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Zhao
- From the Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Shahab Ghafghazi
- From the Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Abdur Rahman Khan
- From the Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Talha Ahmad Farid
- From the Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Joseph B Moore
- From the Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Riching AS, Zhao Y, Cao Y, Londono P, Xu H, Song K. Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling Potentiates Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Induced Cardiomyocytes. J Vis Exp 2018:57687. [PMID: 29912202 PMCID: PMC6101528 DOI: 10.3791/57687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-differentiation of one somatic cell type into another has enormous potential to model and treat human diseases. Previous studies have shown that mouse embryonic, dermal, and cardiac fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into functional induced-cardiomyocyte-like cells (iCMs) through overexpression of cardiogenic transcription factors including GATA4, Hand2, Mef2c, and Tbx5 both in vitro and in vivo. However, these previous studies have shown relatively low efficiency. In order to restore heart function following injury, mechanisms governing cardiac reprogramming must be elucidated to increase efficiency and maturation of iCMs. We previously demonstrated that inhibition of pro-fibrotic signaling dramatically increases reprogramming efficiency. Here, we detail methods to achieve a reprogramming efficiency of up to 60%. Furthermore, we describe several methods including flow cytometry, immunofluorescent imaging, and calcium imaging to quantify reprogramming efficiency and maturation of reprogrammed fibroblasts. Using the protocol detailed here, mechanistic studies can be undertaken to determine positive and negative regulators of cardiac reprogramming. These studies may identify signaling pathways that can be targeted to promote reprogramming efficiency and maturation, which could lead to novel cell therapies to treat human heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Riching
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Yuanbiao Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Yingqiong Cao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Pilar Londono
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University
| | - Kunhua Song
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus;
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Yoo SY, Jeong SN, Kang JI, Lee SW. Chimeric Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Cardiovascular Reprogramming for Ischemic Heart Disease. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:5918-5925. [PMID: 30023931 PMCID: PMC6044635 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrated chimeric adeno-associated virus (chimeric AAV), AAV-DJ-mediated cardiovascular reprogramming strategy to generate new cardiomyocytes and limit collagen deposition in cardiac fibroblasts by inducing synergism of chimeric AAV-expressing Gata4, Mef2c, Tbx5 (AAV-GMT)-mediated heart reprogramming and chimeric AAV-expressing thymosin β4 (AAV-Tβ4)-mediated heart regeneration. AAV-GMT promoted a gradual increase in expression of cardiac-specific genes, including Actc1, Gja1, Myh6, Ryr2, and cTnT, with a gradual decrease in expression of a fibrosis-specific gene, procollagen type I and here AAV-Tβ4 help to induce GMT expression, providing a chimeric AAV-mediated therapeutic cell reprogramming strategy for ischemic heart diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Young Yoo
- BIO-IT
Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National
University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research
Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Nam Jeong
- BIO-IT
Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National
University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-In Kang
- Research
Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Control
and Instrumentation Engineering, Korea Maritime
and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Wuk Lee
- Bioengineering,
University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Sabour D, Machado RSR, Pinto JP, Rohani S, Sahito RGA, Hescheler J, Futschik ME, Sachinidis A. Parallel Genome-wide Profiling of Coding and Non-coding RNAs to Identify Novel Regulatory Elements in Embryonic and Maturated Heart. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 12:158-173. [PMID: 30195755 PMCID: PMC6023836 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heart development is a complex process, tightly regulated by numerous molecular mechanisms. Key components of the regulatory network underlying heart development are transcription factors (TFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), yet limited investigation of the role of miRNAs in heart development has taken place. Here, we report the first parallel genome-wide profiling of polyadenylated RNAs and miRNAs in a developing murine heart. These data enable us to identify dynamic activation or repression of numerous biological processes and signaling pathways. More than 200 miRNAs and 25 long non-coding RNAs were differentially expressed during embryonic heart development compared to the mature heart; most of these had not been previously associated with cardiogenesis. Integrative analysis of expression data and potential regulatory interactions suggested 28 miRNAs as novel regulators of embryonic heart development, representing a considerable expansion of the current repertoire of known cardiac miRNAs. To facilitate follow-up investigations, we constructed HeartMiR (http://heartmir.sysbiolab.eu), an open access database and interactive visualization tool for the study of gene regulation by miRNAs during heart development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davood Sabour
- University of Cologne (UKK), Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, 47134 Babol, Iran
| | - Rui S R Machado
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory (SysBioLab), Center for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - José P Pinto
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory (SysBioLab), Center for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Susan Rohani
- University of Cologne (UKK), Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Raja G A Sahito
- University of Cologne (UKK), Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- University of Cologne (UKK), Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias E Futschik
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory (SysBioLab), Center for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine (ITSMED), University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK.
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- University of Cologne (UKK), Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Xu J, Lian W, Li L, Huang Z. Generation of induced cardiac progenitor cells via somatic reprogramming. Oncotarget 2018; 8:29442-29457. [PMID: 28199972 PMCID: PMC5438743 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) represent a more effective cell-based therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction. Unfortunately, their therapeutic application is limited by low yield of cell harvesting, declining quality and quantity during the ageing process, and the need for highly invasive heart biopsy. Therefore, there is an emerging interest in generating CPC-like stem cells from somatic cells via somatic reprogramming. This novel approach would provide an unlimited source of stem cells with cardiac differentiation potential. Here we would firstly discuss the different types of CPC and their importance in stem cell therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction; secondly, the necessity of generating induced CPC from somatic cells via somatic reprogramming; and finally the current progress of somatic reprogramming in cardiac cells, especially induced CPC generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Xu
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen City Shenzhen University Immunodiagnostic Technology Platform, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Lian
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen City Shenzhen University Immunodiagnostic Technology Platform, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen City Shenzhen University Immunodiagnostic Technology Platform, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen City Shenzhen University Immunodiagnostic Technology Platform, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Hodgkinson CP, Pratt RE, Kirste I, Dal-Pra S, Cooke JP, Dzau VJ. Cardiomyocyte Maturation Requires TLR3 Activated Nuclear Factor Kappa B. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1198-1209. [PMID: 29676038 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The process by which committed precursors mature into cardiomyocytes is poorly understood. We found that TLR3 inhibition blocked cardiomyocyte maturation; precursor cells committed to the cardiomyocyte lineage failed to express maturation genes and sarcomeres did not develop. Using various approaches, we found that the effects of TLR3 upon cardiomyocyte maturation were dependent upon the RelA subunit of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). Importantly, under conditions that promote the development of mature cardiomyocytes NFκB became significantly enriched at the promoters of cardiomyocyte maturation genes. Furthermore, activation of the TLR3-NFκB pathway enhanced cardiomyocyte maturation. This study, therefore, demonstrates that the TLR3-NFκB pathway is necessary for the maturation of committed precursors into mature cardiomyocytes. Stem Cells 2018;36:1198-1209.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conrad P Hodgkinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Mandel Center for Heart and Vascular Research, and the Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North California, USA
| | - Richard E Pratt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Mandel Center for Heart and Vascular Research, and the Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North California, USA
| | - Imke Kirste
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Mandel Center for Heart and Vascular Research, and the Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North California, USA
| | - Sophie Dal-Pra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Mandel Center for Heart and Vascular Research, and the Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North California, USA
| | - John P Cooke
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Victor J Dzau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Mandel Center for Heart and Vascular Research, and the Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Direct Cardiac Reprogramming: Progress and Promise. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:1435746. [PMID: 29731772 PMCID: PMC5872587 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1435746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The human adult heart lacks a robust endogenous repair mechanism to fully restore cardiac function after insult; thus, the ability to regenerate and repair the injured myocardium remains a top priority in treating heart failure. The ability to efficiently generate a large number of functioning cardiomyocytes capable of functional integration within the injured heart has been difficult. However, the ability to directly convert fibroblasts into cardiomyocyte-like cells both in vitro and in vivo offers great promise in overcoming this problem. In this review, we describe the insights and progress that have been gained from the investigation of direct cardiac reprogramming. We focus on the use of key transcription factors and cardiogenic genes as well as on the use of other biological molecules such as small molecules, cytokines, noncoding RNAs, and epigenetic modifiers to improve the efficiency of cardiac reprogramming. Finally, we discuss the development of safer reprogramming approaches for future clinical application.
Collapse
|
108
|
Lei W, Feng T, Fang X, Yu Y, Yang J, Zhao ZA, Liu J, Shen Z, Deng W, Hu S. Signature of circular RNAs in human induced pluripotent stem cells and derived cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018. [PMID: 29523209 PMCID: PMC5845222 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0793-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are regarded as a novel class of noncoding RNA regulators. Although a number of circRNAs have been identified by bioinformatics analysis of RNA-seq data, tissue and disease-specific circRNAs are still to be uncovered to promote their application in basic research and clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to explore the circRNA profiles in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), and to identify cardiac or disease-specific circRNAs. Methods hiPSCs were generated from fibroblasts, and then further differentiated to hiPSC-CMs by modulating WNT signaling in RPMI+B27 medium. Following high-throughput RNA sequencing, circRNAs were extracted and quantified by a combined strategy known as CIRCexplorer. Integrative analysis was performed to illuminate the correlation between circRNAs and their parental linear isoforms. Cardiac and disease-specific expression of circRNAs was confirmed by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. Results In this study, a total of 5602 circRNAs were identified in hiPSCs and hiPSC-CMs. Our data indicated, for the first time, more enriched expression of circRNAs in differentiated cardiomyocytes than in undifferentiated hiPSCs. In addition to the host gene-dependent expression, our integrative analysis also identified a number of circRNAs showing host gene-independent expression in hiPSCs and hiPSC-CMs. CircRNAs including circSLC8A1, circCACNA1D, circSPHKAP and circALPK2 showed cardiac-selective expression during cardiac differentiation and human heart-specific enrichment in fetal tissues. Furthermore, circSLC8A1 abnormally increased in heart tissues from patients suffering from dilated cardiomyopathy. Conclusions CircRNAs are highly enriched in hiPSC-differentiated CMs, and cardiac-specific circRNAs such as circSLC8A1, circCACNA1D, circSPHKAP and circALPK2 may serve as biomarkers of CMs. Detection of the excessive expression of circSLC8A1 provides a potential approach for pathological status indication of heart disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0793-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lei
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tingting Feng
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xing Fang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - You Yu
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Junjie Yang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Ao Zhao
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Junwei Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenya Shen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Wenbo Deng
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Shijun Hu
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
miR-302/367-induced neurons reduce behavioral impairment in an experimental model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 86:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
|
110
|
Miyamoto K, Akiyama M, Tamura F, Isomi M, Yamakawa H, Sadahiro T, Muraoka N, Kojima H, Haginiwa S, Kurotsu S, Tani H, Wang L, Qian L, Inoue M, Ide Y, Kurokawa J, Yamamoto T, Seki T, Aeba R, Yamagishi H, Fukuda K, Ieda M. Direct In Vivo Reprogramming with Sendai Virus Vectors Improves Cardiac Function after Myocardial Infarction. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 22:91-103.e5. [PMID: 29276141 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Direct cardiac reprogramming holds great promise for regenerative medicine. We previously generated directly reprogrammed induced cardiomyocyte-like cells (iCMs) by overexpression of Gata4, Mef2c, and Tbx5 (GMT) using retrovirus vectors. However, integrating vectors pose risks associated with insertional mutagenesis and disruption of gene expression and are inefficient. Here, we show that Sendai virus (SeV) vectors expressing cardiac reprogramming factors efficiently and rapidly reprogram both mouse and human fibroblasts into integration-free iCMs via robust transgene expression. SeV-GMT generated 100-fold more beating iCMs than retroviral-GMT and shortened the duration to induce beating cells from 30 to 10 days in mouse fibroblasts. In vivo lineage tracing revealed that the gene transfer of SeV-GMT was more efficient than retroviral-GMT in reprogramming resident cardiac fibroblasts into iCMs in mouse infarct hearts. Moreover, SeV-GMT improved cardiac function and reduced fibrosis after myocardial infarction. Thus, efficient, non-integrating SeV vectors may serve as a powerful system for cardiac regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Miyamoto
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mizuha Akiyama
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Fumiya Tamura
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mari Isomi
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamakawa
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Taketaro Sadahiro
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naoto Muraoka
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kojima
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Sho Haginiwa
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shota Kurotsu
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hidenori Tani
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Li Qian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Yoshinori Ide
- Pharmacological Evaluation Institute of Japan, Center for Pharmacological Science, 3-25-22-424 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Junko Kurokawa
- Department of Bio-informational Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Tsunehisa Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Seki
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ryo Aeba
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamagishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaki Ieda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Nanotechnology-Based Cardiac Targeting and Direct Cardiac Reprogramming: The Betrothed. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:4940397. [PMID: 29375623 PMCID: PMC5742458 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4940397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent the first cause of morbidity in Western countries, and chronic heart failure features a significant health care burden in developed countries. Efforts in the attempt of finding new possible strategies for the treatment of CHF yielded several approaches based on the use of stem cells. The discovery of direct cardiac reprogramming has unveiled a new approach to heart regeneration, allowing, at least in principle, the conversion of one differentiated cell type into another without proceeding through a pluripotent intermediate. First developed for cancer treatment, nanotechnology-based approaches have opened new perspectives in many fields of medical research, including cardiovascular research. Nanotechnology could allow the delivery of molecules with specific biological activity at a sustained and controlled rate in heart tissue, in a cell-specific manner. Potentially, all the mediators and structural molecules involved in the fibrotic process could be selectively targeted by nanocarriers, but to date, only few experiences have been made in cardiac research. This review highlights the most prominent concepts that characterize both the field of cardiac reprogramming and a nanomedicine-based approach to cardiovascular diseases, hypothesizing a possible synergy between these two very promising fields of research in the treatment of heart failure.
Collapse
|
112
|
Sommese L, Zullo A, Schiano C, Mancini FP, Napoli C. Possible Muscle Repair in the Human Cardiovascular System. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:170-191. [PMID: 28058671 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative potential of tissues and organs could promote survival, extended lifespan and healthy life in multicellular organisms. Niches of adult stemness are widely distributed and lead to the anatomical and functional regeneration of the damaged organ. Conversely, muscular regeneration in mammals, and humans in particular, is very limited and not a single piece of muscle can fully regrow after a severe injury. Therefore, muscle repair after myocardial infarction is still a chimera. Recently, it has been recognized that epigenetics could play a role in tissue regrowth since it guarantees the maintenance of cellular identity in differentiated cells and, therefore, the stability of organs and tissues. The removal of these locks can shift a specific cell identity back to the stem-like one. Given the gradual loss of tissue renewal potential in the course of evolution, in the last few years many different attempts to retrieve such potential by means of cell therapy approaches have been performed in experimental models. Here we review pathways and mechanisms involved in the in vivo repair of cardiovascular muscle tissues in humans. Moreover, we address the ongoing research on mammalian cardiac muscle repair based on adult stem cell transplantation and pro-regenerative factor delivery. This latter issue, involving genetic manipulations of adult cells, paves the way for developing possible therapeutic strategies in the field of cardiovascular muscle repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sommese
- Department of Internal and Specialty Medicine, U.O.C. Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Piazza Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Alberto Zullo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.,CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, s.c.ar.l, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Francesco P Mancini
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Department of Internal and Specialty Medicine, U.O.C. Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Piazza Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy.,IRCCS Foundation SDN, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Luo S, Chen Y, He R, Shi Y, Su L. Rescuing infusion of miRNA-1 prevents cardiac remodeling in a heart-selective miRNA deficient mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:607-613. [PMID: 29117535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The decreased expression of muscle-specific microRNA-1 (miR-1) has been found in many cardiovascular diseases and is considered to contribute to heart failure (HF). Here we investigated the role of miR-1 in myocardium protection by infusion of miR-1 in a cardiac global miRNA-deficient mouse. METHODS We generated a cardiac-selective miRNA-deficient mouse by crossing Dicerflox/flox mice with mice expressing tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase under the control of a mouse αMHC promoter. When Dicer gene was removed following tamoxifen injection, the mice were treated with micrONTM mmu-miR-1a-3p agomir (agomir-1). The mice were subjected to echocardiography measurement, and the heart tissue specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Sirius red. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nickend labeling assay and Ki67 immunofluorescence were used to determine apoptosis and proliferation. RESULTS Dicer deletion resulted in extensive decrease in cardiac miRNAs in the mice. In echocardiography, the mice developed rapid and dramatic left ventricular enlargement. In histology, apparent cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myofiber disarray, ventricular fibrosis, inflammatory infiltration, and severe ventricular remodeling were exhibited. When the mice were treated with agomir-1, they did not show any significant abnormalities in heart structure and histology in response to Dicer ablation. CONCLUSION The proper expression of miRNAs plays vital roles in the maintenance of heart histology and function. Among these miRNAs, miR-1 is critical to inhibit myocyte hypertrophy and extracellular matrix deposition, thereby preventing cardiac remodeling in cardiac-selective Dicer deficient mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuilian Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongnan Hospital of WuHan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Rui He
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Yujun Shi
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Li Su
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Ghiroldi A, Piccoli M, Ciconte G, Pappone C, Anastasia L. Regenerating the human heart: direct reprogramming strategies and their current limitations. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
115
|
Dogan A, Parmaksız M, Elçin AE, Elçin YM. Extracellular Matrix and Regenerative Therapies from the Cardiac Perspective. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 12:202-13. [PMID: 26668014 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death and a major cause of financial burden. Regenerative therapies for heart diseases bring the promise of alternative treatment modalities for myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and congestive heart failure. Although, clinical trials attest to the safety of stem cell injection therapies, researchers need to overcome the underlying mechanisms that are limiting the success of future regenerative options. This article aims to review the basic scientific concepts in the field of mechanobiology and the effects of extracellular functions on stem cell fate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arin Dogan
- Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Ankara University Faculty of Science, and Ankara University Stem Cell Institute, Degol Caddesi, Tandogan, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Parmaksız
- Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Ankara University Faculty of Science, and Ankara University Stem Cell Institute, Degol Caddesi, Tandogan, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Eser Elçin
- Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Ankara University Faculty of Science, and Ankara University Stem Cell Institute, Degol Caddesi, Tandogan, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Y Murat Elçin
- Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Ankara University Faculty of Science, and Ankara University Stem Cell Institute, Degol Caddesi, Tandogan, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
(Re-)programming of subtype specific cardiomyocytes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 120:142-167. [PMID: 28916499 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adult cardiomyocytes (CMs) possess a highly restricted intrinsic regenerative potential - a major barrier to the effective treatment of a range of chronic degenerative cardiac disorders characterized by cellular loss and/or irreversible dysfunction and which underlies the majority of deaths in developed countries. Both stem cell programming and direct cell reprogramming hold promise as novel, potentially curative approaches to address this therapeutic challenge. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has introduced a second pluripotent stem cell source besides embryonic stem cells (ESCs), enabling even autologous cardiomyocyte production. In addition, the recent achievement of directly reprogramming somatic cells into cardiomyocytes is likely to become of great importance. In either case, different clinical scenarios will require the generation of highly pure, specific cardiac cellular-subtypes. In this review, we discuss these themes as related to the cardiovascular stem cell and programming field, including a focus on the emergent topic of pacemaker cell generation for the development of biological pacemakers and in vitro drug testing.
Collapse
|
117
|
Liu L, Lei I, Wang Z. Improving cardiac reprogramming for heart regeneration. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2017; 21:588-594. [PMID: 27755167 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world today, and the death rate has remained virtually unchanged in the last 20 years (American Heart Association). This severe life-threatening disease underscores a critical need for developing novel therapeutic strategies to effectively treat this devastating disease. Cell-based therapy represents an extremely promising approach. Generation of induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs) directly from fibroblasts offers an attractive novel strategy for in-situ heart regeneration. Major challenges of iCM reprogramming include the low conversion rate and heterogeneity of the iCMs. This review will summarize the major advancements in improving the iCM reprogramming efficiency and iCM maturation. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous studies have been published in the past 18 months to describe various strategies for achieving more efficient iCM reprogramming. These strategies are based on our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cardiogenesis, which include transcriptional networks, signaling pathways and epigenetic cell fate change. SUMMARY Novel strategies for highly efficient iCM reprogramming will be required for applying iCM reprogramming to patients. Creative and combined methods based on our understanding of cardiogenesis will continue to contribute heavily in the advancement of iCM reprogramming. We are highly optimistic that iCM reprogramming-based heart therapy will restore the pumping function of damaged patient hearts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Wang D, Liu C, Wang Y, Wang W, Wang K, Wu X, Li Z, Zhao C, Li L, Peng L. Impact of miR-26b on cardiomyocyte differentiation in P19 cells through regulating canonical/non-canonical Wnt signalling. Cell Prolif 2017; 50. [PMID: 28810055 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The control of cardiomyocyte differentiation is tightly linked to microRNAs (miRNAs), which have been emerging as important players in heart development. However, the regulation mechanisms mediated by miRNAs in early heart development remains speculative. Here, we evaluated the impact of miR-26b during the progression of cardiomyocyte differentiation from the P19 cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS The overexpression of miR-26b in P19 cells was performed by transduction with lentivirus vector. The levels of cardiac-related genes during P19 cell differentiation were detected using quantitative real-time PCR for mRNA abundance and Western blots for protein expression. ICG-001 was applied to elucidate the role of β-catenin on P19 cells differentiation. The Cell Counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to monitor the cell proliferation. The target genes of miR-26b were validated using the dual luciferase reporter system. RESULTS Overexpression of miR-26b upregulates the expression level of cardiomyocyte-related genes such as Gata4, cTNT, α-MHC and α-Actinin that comprehensively represent cardiomyocyte differentiation by effecting Wnt5a signalling and Gsk3β activity. However, ICG-001 blocks the differentiation along with inhibition of the cell proliferation. In addition, miR-26b also regulates CyclinD1 to promote P19 cell proliferation, thereby, demonstrating the rapid aggregation and differentiation programming of these cells into cardiomyocytic types. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that miR-26b exerts a role on promoting cardiomyocyte differentiation of P19 cells by controlling the canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiujuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuimei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Luying Peng
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Taguchi J, Yamada Y. In vivo reprogramming for tissue regeneration and organismal rejuvenation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 46:132-140. [PMID: 28779646 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor-mediated reprogramming has enabled us to induce the fate conversion of somatic cells into other cell types. Although the study of reprogramming mostly occurs at the cellular level in vitro, previous studies have demonstrated that somatic cells are reprogrammable in multicellular organisms too. Recent studies using in vivo reprogramming have provided important insights on regenerative medicine for diseased organs. Moreover, similar studies have revealed unappreciated mechanisms in various biological phenomena, including tissue regeneration, aging, rejuvenation and cancer development in multicellular organisms. Here, we review recent progress and future perspectives of in vivo reprogramming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Taguchi
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Pathophysiology and therapeutic potential of cardiac fibrosis. Inflamm Regen 2017; 37:13. [PMID: 29259712 PMCID: PMC5725925 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-017-0046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory and fibrotic responses to myocardial damage are essential for cardiac repair; however, these responses often result in extensive fibrotic remodeling with impaired systolic function. Recent reports have suggested that such acute phase responses provide a favorable environment for endogenous cardiac regeneration, which is mainly driven by the division of pre-existing cardiomyocytes (CMs). Existing CMs in mammals can re-acquire proliferative activity after substantial cardiac damage, and elements other than CMs in the physiological and/or pathological environment, such as hypoxia, angiogenesis, and the polarity of infiltrating macrophages, have been reported to regulate replication. Cardiac fibroblasts comprise the largest cell population in terms of cell number in the myocardium, and they play crucial roles in the proliferation and protection of CMs. The in vivo direct reprogramming of functional CMs has been investigated in cardiac regeneration. Currently, growth factors, transcription factors, microRNAs, and small molecules promoting the regeneration and protection of these CMs have also been actively researched. Here, we summarize and discuss current studies on the relationship between cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, and cardiac regeneration and protection, which would be useful for the development of therapeutic strategies to treat and prevent advanced heart failure.
Collapse
|
121
|
Rao KS, Spees JL. Harnessing Epicardial Progenitor Cells and Their Derivatives for Rescue and Repair of Cardiac Tissue After Myocardial Infarction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:149-158. [PMID: 29057207 DOI: 10.1007/s40610-017-0066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ischemic heart disease and stroke lead to the greatest number of deaths worldwide. Despite decreased time to intervention and improvements in the standard of care, 1 out of 5 patients that survive a myocardial infarction (MI) still face long-term chronic heart failure and a 5-year mortality rate of about 50%. Based on their multi-potency for differentiation and paracrine activity, epicardial cells and their derivatives have potential to rescue jeopardized tissue and/or promote cardiac regeneration. Here we review the diagnosis and treatment of MI, basic epicardial cell biology, and potential treatment strategies designed to harness the reparative properties of epicardial cells. RECENT FINDINGS During cardiac development, epicardial cells covering the surface of the heart generate migratory progenitor cells that contribute to the coronary vasculature and the interstitial fibroblasts. Epicardial cells also produce paracrine signals required for myocardial expansion and cardiac growth. In adults with myocardial infarction, epicardial cells and their derivatives provide paracrine factors that affect myocardial remodeling and repair. At present, the intrinsic mechanisms and extrinsic signals that regulate epicardial cell fate and paracrine activity in adults remain poorly understood. SUMMARY Human diseases that result in heart failure due to negative remodeling or extensive loss of viable cardiac tissue require new, effective treatments. Improved understanding of epicardial cell function(s) and epicardial-mediated secretion of growth factors, cytokines and hormones during cardiac growth, homeostasis and injury may lead to new ways to treat patients with myocardial infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krithika S Rao
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446
| | - Jeffrey L Spees
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Abstract
Despite rapid advances in cardiovascular research and therapeutic strategies, ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs which post transcriptionally regulate gene expression. In the past few years, miRNAs have emerged as key tools for the understanding of the pathophysiology of IHD, with potential uses as new biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Several studies report a regulatory role of miRNAs, with regard to fundamental components of IHD pathogenesis and progression, such as lipoprotein metabolism, atherogenesis, vascular calcification, platelet function, and angiogenesis. Due to their high stability in biofluids, circulating miRNAs have attracted attention as promising biomarkers of IHD, especially in cardiovascular risk prediction and the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Furthermore, experimental studies have demonstrated the potential of miRNA-targeted therapy in improving hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and angiogenesis. In this review, the current knowledge on the role of miRNAs in IHD and translational perspectives of their use is discussed.
Collapse
|
123
|
Mathison M, Singh VP, Sanagasetti D, Yang L, Pinnamaneni JP, Yang J, Rosengart TK. Cardiac reprogramming factor Gata4 reduces postinfarct cardiac fibrosis through direct repression of the profibrotic mediator snail. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 154:1601-1610.e3. [PMID: 28711329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The administration of a variety of reprogramming factor cocktails has now been shown to reprogram cardiac fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocyte-like cells. However, reductions in ventricular fibrosis observed after reprogramming factor administration seem to far exceed the extent of induced cardiomyocyte-like cell generation in vivo. We investigated whether reprogramming factor administration might primarily play a role in activating antifibrotic molecular pathways. METHODS Adult rat cardiac fibroblasts were infected with lentivirus encoding the transcription factors Gata4, Mef2c, or Tbx5, all 3 vectors, or a green fluorescent protein control vector. Gene and protein expression assays were performed to identify relevant antifibrotic targets of these factors. The antifibrotic effects of these factors were then investigated in a rat coronary ligation model. RESULTS Gata4, Mef2c, or Tbx5 administration to rat cardiac fibroblasts in vitro significantly downregulated expression of Snail and the profibrotic factors connective tissue growth factor, collagen1a1, and fibronectin. Of these factors, Gata4 was shown to be the one responsible for the downregulation of the profibrotic factors and Snail (mRNA expression fold change relative to green fluorescent protein for Snail, Gata4: 0.5 ± 0.3, Mef2c: 1.3 ± 1.0, Tbx5: 0.9 ± 0.5, Gata4, Mef2c, or Tbx5: 0.6 ± 0.2, P < .05). Chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative polymerase chain reaction identified Gata4 binding sites in the Snail promoter. In a rat coronary ligation model, only Gata4 administration alone improved postinfarct ventricular function and reduced the extent of postinfarct fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Gata4 administration reduces postinfarct ventricular fibrosis and improves ventricular function in a rat coronary ligation model, potentially as a result of Gata4-mediated downregulation of the profibrotic mediator Snail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Mathison
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Vivek P Singh
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Deepthi Sanagasetti
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Lina Yang
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Jaya Pratap Pinnamaneni
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Jianchang Yang
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Todd K Rosengart
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Tex.
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Abstract
Because the heart is a poorly regenerative organ, there has been considerable interest in developing novel cell-based approaches to restore lost contractile function after myocardial infarction (MI). While a wide variety of candidate cell types have been tested in animal MI models, the vast majority of clinical trials have used adult stem cell types, usually derived from bone marrow. These studies have generally yielded disappointing results, an outcome that may reflect in part the limited cardiogenic potential of the adult stem cell sources employed. Post-MI heart failure is ultimately a disease of cardiomyocyte deficiency, so better outcomes may be possible with more cardiogenic approaches that may 'remuscularize' the infarct scar with new, electrically-integrated myocardium. In this review, we summarize work in the field to 'program' exogenous or endogenous cells into such a cardiogenic state, as well as efforts to test their capacity to mediate true heart regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Romagnuolo
- Toronto General Research Institute, McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael A Laflamme
- Toronto General Research Institute, McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Abstract
Sachse et al. highlight work that reveals a Na+-dependent inactivation mechanism in the Na+/K+ pump.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank B Sachse
- Department of Bioengineering and Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Robert Clark
- Faculties of Kinesiology and Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wayne R Giles
- Faculties of Kinesiology and Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Choong OK, Lee DS, Chen CY, Hsieh PCH. The roles of non-coding RNAs in cardiac regenerative medicine. Noncoding RNA Res 2017; 2:100-110. [PMID: 30159427 PMCID: PMC6096405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has challenged the central dogma of molecular biology that dictates that the decryption of genetic information starts from transcription of DNA to RNA, with subsequent translation into a protein. Large numbers of ncRNAs with biological significance have now been identified, suggesting that ncRNAs are important in their own right and their roles extend far beyond what was originally envisaged. ncRNAs do not only regulate gene expression, but are also involved in chromatin architecture and structural conformation. Several studies have pointed out that ncRNAs participate in heart disease; however, the functions of ncRNAs still remain unclear. ncRNAs are involved in cellular fate, differentiation, proliferation and tissue regeneration, hinting at their potential therapeutic applications. Here, we review the current understanding of both the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of ncRNAs in heart disease and describe some of the ncRNAs that have potential heart regeneration effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oi Kuan Choong
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Desy S Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Patrick C H Hsieh
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University & Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Kojima H, Ieda M. Discovery and progress of direct cardiac reprogramming. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2203-2215. [PMID: 28197667 PMCID: PMC11107684 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac disease remains a major cause of death worldwide. Direct cardiac reprogramming has emerged as a promising approach for cardiac regenerative therapy. After the discovery of MyoD, a master regulator for skeletal muscle, other single cardiac reprogramming factors (master regulators) have been sought. Discovery of cardiac reprogramming factors was inspired by the finding that multiple, but not single, transcription factors were needed to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from fibroblasts. We first reported a combination of cardiac-specific transcription factors, Gata4, Mef2c, and Tbx5 (GMT), that could convert mouse fibroblasts into cardiomyocyte-like cells, which were designated as induced cardiomyocyte-like cells (iCMs). Following our first report of cardiac reprogramming, many researchers, including ourselves, demonstrated an improvement in cardiac reprogramming efficiency, in vivo direct cardiac reprogramming for heart regeneration, and cardiac reprogramming in human cells. However, cardiac reprogramming in human cells and adult fibroblasts remains inefficient, and further efforts are needed. We believe that future research elucidating epigenetic barriers and molecular mechanisms of direct cardiac reprogramming will improve the reprogramming efficiency, and that this new technology has great potential for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Kojima
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Ieda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
- AMED-PRIME, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death in the world. The limited regenerative capacity of adult cardiomyocytes is the major barrier for heart regeneration. After myocardial infarction, myofibroblasts are the dominant cell type in the infarct zone. Therefore, it is a good idea to reprogram terminally differentiated myofibroblasts into cardiomyocyte-like cells directly, providing a good strategy to simultaneously reduce scar tissue and increase functional cardiomyocytes. Transcription factors were first identified to reprogram myofibroblasts into cardiomyocytes. Thereafter, microRNAs and/or small molecules showed great potential to optimize the reprogramming process. Here, we systemically summarize and compare the major progress in directed cardiac reprogramming including transcription factors and miRNAs, especially the small molecules. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges needed to be overcome to apply this strategy clinically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiu Chen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Building 1, Room 1628, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215007, China.,Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215007, China
| | - Ziying Yang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Building 1, Room 1628, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215007, China
| | - Zhen-Ao Zhao
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Building 1, Room 1628, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215007, China.
| | - Zhenya Shen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Building 1, Room 1628, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215007, China.
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Kurotsu S, Suzuki T, Ieda M. Direct Reprogramming, Epigenetics, and Cardiac Regeneration. J Card Fail 2017; 23:552-557. [PMID: 28529134 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has revolutionized regenerative medicine. Autologous iPSCs can be generated by introducing 4 stem cell-specific factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) into fibroblasts. iPSCs can propagate indefinitely and differentiate into clinically important cell types, including cardiomyocytes, in vitro. The iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes represent a promising source of cells for cell-based therapeutic approaches for cardiac regeneration. However, there are several challenges in the clinical application of iPSCs: tumorigenicity of immature cells, poor survival of the transplanted myocardial cells, and cost and efficacy of this therapeutic approach. We developed a new alternate approach for cardiac regeneration, called direct cardiac reprogramming. Instead of using stem cell factors, we overexpressed combinations of cardiac cell-specific genes in fibroblasts to directly induce cardiomyocytes without mediating through iPSCs. The direct reprogramming approach may overcome the challenges faced in the applicability of iPSC-based cell therapy. After the development of direct cardiac reprogramming, great progress has been made in improving the efficiency of direct cardiac reprogramming and applying this technology to regenerative medicine. Here, we provide an overview of the recent progress made, epigenetics, and potential clinical applications of direct cardiac reprogramming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Kurotsu
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Amed Prime, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Basic Biologic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Basic Biologic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Ieda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Amed Prime, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Ban K, Bae S, Yoon YS. Current Strategies and Challenges for Purification of Cardiomyocytes Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Theranostics 2017. [PMID: 28638487 PMCID: PMC5479288 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are considered a most promising option for cell-based cardiac repair. Hence, various protocols have been developed for differentiating hPSCs into CMs. Despite remarkable improvement in the generation of hPSC-CMs, without purification, these protocols can only generate mixed cell populations including undifferentiated hPSCs or non-CMs, which may elicit adverse outcomes. Therefore, one of the major challenges for clinical use of hPSC-CMs is the development of efficient isolation techniques that allow enrichment of hPSC-CMs. In this review, we will discuss diverse strategies that have been developed to enrich hPSC-CMs. We will describe major characteristics of individual hPSC-CM purification methods including their scientific principles, advantages, limitations, and needed improvements. Development of a comprehensive system which can enrich hPSC-CMs will be ultimately useful for cell therapy for diseased hearts, human cardiac disease modeling, cardiac toxicity screening, and cardiac tissue engineering.
Collapse
|
131
|
Ebrahimi B. In vivo reprogramming for heart regeneration: A glance at efficiency, environmental impacts, challenges and future directions. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 108:61-72. [PMID: 28502796 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Replacing dying or diseased cells of a tissue with new ones that are converted from patient's own cells is an attractive strategy in regenerative medicine. In vivo reprogramming is a novel strategy that can circumvent the hurdles of autologous/allogeneic cell injection therapies. Interestingly, studies have demonstrated that direct injection of cardiac transcription factors or specific miRNAs into the infarct border zone of murine hearts following myocardial infarction converts resident cardiac fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes. Moreover, in vivo cardiac reprogramming not only drives cardiac tissue regeneration, but also improves cardiac function and survival rate after myocardial infarction. Thanks to the influence of cardiac microenvironment and the same developmental origin, cardiac fibroblasts seem to be more amenable to reprogramming toward cardiomyocyte fate than other cell sources (e.g. skin fibroblasts). Thus, reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts to functional induced cardiomyocytes in the cardiac environment holds great promises for induced regeneration and potential clinical purposes. Application of small molecules in future studies may represent a major advancement in this arena and pharmacological reprogramming would convey reprogramming technology to the translational medicine paradigm. This study reviews accomplishments in the field of in vitro and in vivo mouse cardiac reprogramming and then deals with strategies for the enhancement of the efficiency and quality of the process. Furthermore, it discusses challenges ahead and provides suggestions for future research. Human cardiac reprogramming is also addressed as a foundation for possible application of in vivo cardiac reprogramming for human heart regeneration in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Ebrahimi
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Galdos FX, Guo Y, Paige SL, VanDusen NJ, Wu SM, Pu WT. Cardiac Regeneration: Lessons From Development. Circ Res 2017; 120:941-959. [PMID: 28302741 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Palliative surgery for congenital heart disease has allowed patients with previously lethal heart malformations to survive and, in most cases, to thrive. However, these procedures often place pressure and volume loads on the heart, and over time, these chronic loads can cause heart failure. Current therapeutic options for initial surgery and chronic heart failure that results from failed palliation are limited, in part, by the mammalian heart's low inherent capacity to form new cardiomyocytes. Surmounting the heart regeneration barrier would transform the treatment of congenital, as well as acquired, heart disease and likewise would enable development of personalized, in vitro cardiac disease models. Although these remain distant goals, studies of heart development are illuminating the path forward and suggest unique opportunities for heart regeneration, particularly in fetal and neonatal periods. Here, we review major lessons from heart development that inform current and future studies directed at enhancing cardiac regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco X Galdos
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Yuxuan Guo
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Sharon L Paige
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Nathan J VanDusen
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Sean M Wu
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.).
| | - William T Pu
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.).
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Cencioni C, Spallotta F, Farsetti A, Zeiher AM, Gaetano C. Deciphering Histone Code Enigmas Sheds New Light on Cardiac Regeneration. Circ Res 2017; 120:1370-1372. [PMID: 28450354 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cencioni
- From the National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Rome, Italy (C.C., A.F.); and Division of Cardiovascular Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology (C.C., F.S., C.G.) and Internal Medicine Clinic III, Department of Cardiology (F.S., A.F., A.M.Z., C.G.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Francesco Spallotta
- From the National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Rome, Italy (C.C., A.F.); and Division of Cardiovascular Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology (C.C., F.S., C.G.) and Internal Medicine Clinic III, Department of Cardiology (F.S., A.F., A.M.Z., C.G.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Antonella Farsetti
- From the National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Rome, Italy (C.C., A.F.); and Division of Cardiovascular Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology (C.C., F.S., C.G.) and Internal Medicine Clinic III, Department of Cardiology (F.S., A.F., A.M.Z., C.G.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas M Zeiher
- From the National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Rome, Italy (C.C., A.F.); and Division of Cardiovascular Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology (C.C., F.S., C.G.) and Internal Medicine Clinic III, Department of Cardiology (F.S., A.F., A.M.Z., C.G.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carlo Gaetano
- From the National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Rome, Italy (C.C., A.F.); and Division of Cardiovascular Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology (C.C., F.S., C.G.) and Internal Medicine Clinic III, Department of Cardiology (F.S., A.F., A.M.Z., C.G.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany .
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Abstract
Myocardial infarction afflicts close to three quarters of a million Americans annually, resulting in reduced heart function, arrhythmia, and frequently death. Cardiomyocyte death reduces the heart’s pump capacity while the deposition of a non-conductive scar incurs the risk of arrhythmia. Direct cardiac reprogramming emerged as a novel technology to simultaneously reduce scar tissue and generate new cardiomyocytes to restore cardiac function. This technology converts endogenous cardiac fibroblasts directly into induced cardiomyocyte-like cells using a variety of cocktails including transcription factors, microRNAs, and small molecules. Although promising, direct cardiac reprogramming is still in its fledging phase, and numerous barriers have to be overcome prior to its clinical application. This review discusses current findings to optimize reprogramming efficiency, including reprogramming factor cocktails and stoichiometry, epigenetic barriers to cell fate reprogramming, incomplete conversion and residual fibroblast identity, requisite growth factors, and environmental cues. Finally, we address the current challenges and future directions for the field.
Collapse
|
135
|
Sun T, Dong YH, Du W, Shi CY, Wang K, Tariq MA, Wang JX, Li PF. The Role of MicroRNAs in Myocardial Infarction: From Molecular Mechanism to Clinical Application. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040745. [PMID: 28362341 PMCID: PMC5412330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small single-stranded and highly conserved non-coding RNAs, which are closely linked to cardiac disorders such as myocardial infarction (MI), cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and heart failure. A growing number of studies have demonstrated that miRNAs determine the fate of the heart by regulating cardiac cell death and regeneration after MI. A deep understanding of the pathophysiology of miRNA dependent regulatory pathways in these processes is required. The role of miRNAs as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets also needs to be explored in order to utilize them in clinical settings. This review summarizes the role of miRNAs in myocardial infarction and focuses mainly on their influence on cardiomyocyte regeneration and cell death including apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. In addition, the targets of pro- and anti-MI miRNAs are comparatively described. In particular, the possibilities of miRNA-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for myocardial infarction are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Sun
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Yan-Han Dong
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Wei Du
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Chun-Ying Shi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Muhammad-Akram Tariq
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Jian-Xun Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Pei-Feng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Raso A, Dirkx E. Cardiac regenerative medicine: At the crossroad of microRNA function and biotechnology. Noncoding RNA Res 2017; 2:27-37. [PMID: 30159418 PMCID: PMC6096413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic strategies to stimulate cardiac repair after damage, such as myocardial infarction. Already for more than a century scientist are intrigued by studying the regenerative capacity of the heart. While moving away from the old classification of the heart as a post-mitotic organ, and being inspired by the stem cell research in other scientific fields, mainly three different strategies arose in order to develop regenerative medicine, namely; the use of cardiac stem cells, reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes or direct stimulation of endogenous cardiomyocyte proliferation. MicroRNAs, known to play a role in orchestrating cell fate processes such as proliferation, differentiation and reprogramming, gained a lot of attention in this context the latest years. Indeed, several research groups have independently demonstrated that microRNA-based therapy shows promising results to induce heart tissue regeneration and improve cardiac pump function after myocardial injury. Nowadays, a whole new biotechnology field has been unveiled to investigate the possibilities for efficient, safe and specific delivery of microRNAs towards the heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen Dirkx
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Disease, Maastricht University, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
De Novo Human Cardiac Myocytes for Medical Research: Promises and Challenges. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:4528941. [PMID: 28303153 PMCID: PMC5337883 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4528941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of cellular reprogramming technology has revolutionized biomedical research. De novo human cardiac myocytes can now be obtained from direct reprogramming of somatic cells (such as fibroblasts), from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs, which are reprogrammed from somatic cells), and from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Such de novo human cardiac myocytes hold great promise for in vitro disease modeling and drug screening and in vivo cell therapy of heart disease. Here, we review the technique advancements for generating de novo human cardiac myocytes. We also discuss several challenges for the use of such cells in research and regenerative medicine, such as the immature phenotype and heterogeneity of de novo cardiac myocytes obtained with existing protocols. We focus on the recent advancements in addressing such challenges.
Collapse
|
138
|
Kim H, Kim D, Ku SH, Kim K, Kim SH, Kwon IC. MicroRNA-mediated non-viral direct conversion of embryonic fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes: comparison of commercial and synthetic non-viral vectors. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2017; 28:1070-1085. [PMID: 28277007 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2017.1287537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances opened up new ways of directing cell fate conversion from one cell lineage to another. The direct cell conversion technique has recently attracted much attention in regenerative medicine to treat devastated organs and tissues, particularly having limited regenerative capacity such as the heart and brain. Unfortunately, its clinical application is severely limited due to a safety concern and immunogenicity of viral vectors, as human gene therapy did in the beginning stages. In this study, we examined the possibility of adopting non-viral vectors to direct cell conversion from mouse embryonic fibroblasts to induced cardiomyocytes (iCM) by transient transfection of four types of chemically synthesized micro-RNA mimics (miRNA-1, 133, 208, and 499). Herein, we tested several commercial and synthetic non-viral gene delivery carriers, which could be divided into three different categories: polymers [branched PEI (bPEI), bioreducible PEI (PEI-SS), deoxycholic acid-conjugated PEI (DA-PEI), jetPEI™, SuperFect™], lipids (Lipofectamine 2000™), and peptides (PepMute™). According to the analyses of physicochemical properties, cellular uptake, and cytotoxicity of the carrier/miRNA complexes, DA-PEI exhibited excellent miRNA delivery efficiency to mouse embryonic fibroblasts. One week after a single treatment of DA-PEI/miRNA without other adjuvants, the cells started to express cardiomyocyte-specific markers, such as α-actinin and α-MHC, indicating the formation of cardiomyocyte-like cells. Although the overall frequency of non-viral vector induced cardiomyogenic transdifferentiation was quite low (ca. 0.2%), this study can provide compelling support to develop clinically applicable transdifferentiation techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyosuk Kim
- a Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul , South Korea.,b KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology , Korea University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Dongkyu Kim
- a Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Sook Hee Ku
- c Technology Convergence R&BD Group , Korea Institute of Industrial Technology , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- a Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Sun Hwa Kim
- a Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- a Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul , South Korea.,b KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology , Korea University , Seoul , South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Dal-Pra S, Hodgkinson CP, Mirotsou M, Kirste I, Dzau VJ. Demethylation of H3K27 Is Essential for the Induction of Direct Cardiac Reprogramming by miR Combo. Circ Res 2017; 120:1403-1413. [PMID: 28209718 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Direct reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes has recently emerged as a novel and promising approach to regenerate the injured myocardium. We have previously demonstrated the feasibility of this approach in vitro and in vivo using a combination of 4 microRNAs (miR-1, miR-133, miR-208, and miR-499) that we named miR combo. However, the mechanism of miR combo mediated direct cardiac reprogramming is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigated the possibility that miR combo initiated direct cardiac reprogramming through an epigenetic mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction array, we found that histone methyltransferases and demethylases that regulate the trimethylation of H3K27 (H3K27me3), an epigenetic modification that marks transcriptional repression, were changed in miR combo-treated fibroblasts. Accordingly, global H3K27me3 levels were downregulated by miR combo treatment. In particular, the promoter region of cardiac transcription factors showed decreased H3K27me3 as revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Inhibition of H3K27 methyltransferases or of the PRC2 (Polycomb Repressive Complex 2) by pharmaceutical inhibition or siRNA reduced the levels of H3K27me3 and induced cardiogenic markers at the RNA and protein level, similarly to miR combo treatment. In contrast, knockdown of the H3K27 demethylases Kdm6A and Kdm6B restored the levels of H3K27me3 and blocked the induction of cardiac gene expression in miR combo-treated fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we demonstrated that removal of the repressive mark H3K27me3 is essential for the induction of cardiac reprogramming by miR combo. Our data not only highlight the importance of regulating the epigenetic landscape during cell fate conversion but also provide a framework to improve this technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Dal-Pra
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Conrad P Hodgkinson
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Maria Mirotsou
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Imke Kirste
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Victor J Dzau
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Abstract
Changes in cell identity occur in adult mammalian organisms but are rare and often linked to disease. Research in the last few decades has thrown light on how to manipulate cell fate, but the conversion of a particular cell type into another within a living organism (also termed in vivo transdifferentiation) has only been recently achieved in a limited number of tissues. Although the therapeutic promise of this strategy for tissue regeneration and repair is exciting, important efficacy and safety concerns will need to be addressed before it becomes a reality in the clinical practice. Here, we review the most relevant in vivo transdifferentiation studies in adult mammalian animal models, offering a critical assessment of this potentially powerful strategy for regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
141
|
Psaltis PJ, Schwarz N, Toledo-Flores D, Nicholls SJ. Cellular Therapy for Heart Failure. Curr Cardiol Rev 2016; 12:195-215. [PMID: 27280304 PMCID: PMC5011188 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666160606121858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/1969] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy and heart failure (HF) is underpinned by complex changes at subcellular, cellular and extracellular levels in the ventricular myocardium. For all of the gains that conventional treatments for HF have brought to mortality and morbidity, they do not adequately address the loss of cardiomyocyte numbers in the remodeling ventricle. Originally conceived to address this problem, cellular transplantation for HF has already gone through several stages of evolution over the past two decades. Various cell types and delivery routes have been implemented to positive effect in preclinical models of ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy, with pleiotropic benefits observed in terms of myocardial remodeling, systolic and diastolic performance, perfusion, fibrosis, inflammation, metabolism and electrophysiology. To a large extent, these salubrious effects are now attributed to the indirect, paracrine capacity of transplanted stem cells to facilitate endogenous cardiac repair processes. Promising results have also followed in early phase human studies, although these have been relatively modest and somewhat inconsistent. This review details the preclinical and clinical evidence currently available regarding the use of pluripotent stem cells and adult-derived progenitor cells for cardiomyopathy and HF. It outlines the important lessons that have been learned to this point in time, and balances the promise of this exciting field against the key challenges and questions that still need to be addressed at all levels of research, to ensure that cell therapy realizes its full potential by adding to the armamentarium of HF management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Psaltis
- Co-Director of Vascular Research Centre, Heart Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5000.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Tissue-engineered 3-dimensional (3D) microenvironment enhances the direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes by microRNAs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38815. [PMID: 27941896 PMCID: PMC5150639 DOI: 10.1038/srep38815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that a combination of microRNAs, miR combo, can directly reprogram cardiac fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo. Reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts by miR combo in vivo is associated with improved cardiac function following myocardial infarction. However, the efficiency of direct reprogramming in vitro is relatively modest and new strategies beyond the traditional two-dimensional (2D) culture should be identified to improve reprogramming process. Here, we report that a tissue-engineered three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel environment enhanced miR combo reprogramming of neonatal cardiac and tail-tip fibroblasts. This was associated with significantly increased MMPs expression in 3D vs. 2D cultured cells, while pharmacological inhibition of MMPs blocked the effect of the 3D culture on enhanced miR combo mediated reprogramming. We conclude that 3D tissue-engineered environment can enhance the direct reprogramming of fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes via a MMP-dependent mechanism.
Collapse
|
143
|
Singh VP, Mathison M, Patel V, Sanagasetti D, Gibson BW, Yang J, Rosengart TK. MiR-590 Promotes Transdifferentiation of Porcine and Human Fibroblasts Toward a Cardiomyocyte-Like Fate by Directly Repressing Specificity Protein 1. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e003922. [PMID: 27930352 PMCID: PMC5210349 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocyte-like cells represents a promising potential new therapy for treating heart disease, inducing significant improvements in postinfarct ventricular function in rodent models. Because reprogramming factors effective in transdifferentiating rodent cells are not sufficient to reprogram human cells, we sought to identify reprogramming factors potentially applicable to human studies. METHODS AND RESULTS Lentivirus vectors expressing Gata4, Mef2c, and Tbx5 (GMT); Hand2 (H), Myocardin (My), or microRNA (miR)-590 were administered to rat, porcine, and human cardiac fibroblasts in vitro. induced cardiomyocyte-like cell production was then evaluated by assessing expression of the cardiomyocyte marker, cardiac troponin T (cTnT), whereas signaling pathway studies were performed to identify reprogramming factor targets. GMT administration induced cTnT expression in ≈6% of rat fibroblasts, but failed to induce cTnT expression in porcine or human cardiac fibroblasts. Addition of H/My and/or miR-590 to GMT administration resulted in cTNT expression in ≈5% of porcine and human fibroblasts and also upregulated the expression of the cardiac genes, MYH6 and TNNT2. When cocultured with murine cardiomyocytes, cTnT-expressing porcine cardiac fibroblasts exhibited spontaneous contractions. Administration of GMT plus either H/My or miR-590 alone also downregulated fibroblast genes COL1A1 and COL3A1. miR-590 was shown to directly suppress the zinc finger protein, specificity protein 1 (Sp1), which was able to substitute for miR-590 in inducing cellular reprogramming. CONCLUSIONS These data support porcine studies as a surrogate for testing human cardiac reprogramming, and suggest that miR-590-mediated repression of Sp1 represents an alternative pathway for enhancing human cardiac cellular reprogramming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Singh
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Megumi Mathison
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Brian W Gibson
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Jianchang Yang
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Srivastava D, DeWitt N. In Vivo Cellular Reprogramming: The Next Generation. Cell 2016; 166:1386-1396. [PMID: 27610565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular reprogramming technology has created new opportunities in understanding human disease, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. While a combinatorial code was initially found to reprogram somatic cells to pluripotency, a "second generation" of cellular reprogramming involves lineage-restricted transcription factors and microRNAs that directly reprogram one somatic cell to another. This technology was enabled by gene networks active during development, which induce global shifts in the epigenetic landscape driving cell fate decisions. A major utility of direct reprogramming is the potential of harnessing resident support cells within damaged organs to regenerate lost tissue by converting them into the desired cell type in situ. Here, we review the progress in direct cellular reprogramming, with a focus on the paradigm of in vivo reprogramming for regenerative medicine, while pointing to hurdles that must be overcome to translate this technology into future therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Natalie DeWitt
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Cencioni C, Atlante S, Savoia M, Martelli F, Farsetti A, Capogrossi MC, Zeiher AM, Gaetano C, Spallotta F. The double life of cardiac mesenchymal cells: Epimetabolic sensors and therapeutic assets for heart regeneration. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 171:43-55. [PMID: 27742569 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organ-specific mesenchymal cells naturally reside in the stroma, where they are exposed to some environmental variables affecting their biology and functions. Risk factors such as diabetes or aging influence their adaptive response. In these cases, permanent epigenetic modifications may be introduced in the cells with important consequences on their local homeostatic activity and therapeutic potential. Numerous results suggest that mesenchymal cells, virtually present in every organ, may contribute to tissue regeneration mostly by paracrine mechanisms. Intriguingly, the heart is emerging as a source of different cells, including pericytes, cardiac progenitors, and cardiac fibroblasts. According to phenotypic, functional, and molecular criteria, these should be classified as mesenchymal cells. Not surprisingly, in recent years, the attention on these cells as therapeutic tools has grown exponentially, although only very preliminary data have been obtained in clinical trials to date. In this review, we summarized the state of the art about the phenotypic features, functions, regenerative properties, and clinical applicability of mesenchymal cells, with a particular focus on those of cardiac origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cencioni
- Division of Cardiovascular Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany; Internal Medicine Clinic III, Department of Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany.
| | - Sandra Atlante
- Division of Cardiovascular Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany; Internal Medicine Clinic III, Department of Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany.
| | - Matteo Savoia
- Division of Cardiovascular Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany; Universitá Cattolica, Institute of Medical Pathology, 00138 Rome, Italy; Internal Medicine Clinic III, Department of Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany.
| | - Fabio Martelli
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS-Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan 20097, Italy.
| | - Antonella Farsetti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Roma, Italy; Internal Medicine Clinic III, Department of Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany.
| | - Maurizio C Capogrossi
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Roma, Italy.
| | - Andreas M Zeiher
- Internal Medicine Clinic III, Department of Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany.
| | - Carlo Gaetano
- Division of Cardiovascular Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany; Internal Medicine Clinic III, Department of Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany.
| | - Francesco Spallotta
- Division of Cardiovascular Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany; Internal Medicine Clinic III, Department of Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Mathison M, Singh VP, Chiuchiolo MJ, Sanagasetti D, Mao Y, Patel VB, Yang J, Kaminsky SM, Crystal RG, Rosengart TK. In situ reprogramming to transdifferentiate fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes using adenoviral vectors: Implications for clinical myocardial regeneration. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 153:329-339.e3. [PMID: 27773576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocyte-like cells improves ventricular function in myocardial infarction models. Only integrating persistent expression vectors have thus far been used to induce reprogramming, potentially limiting its clinical applicability. We therefore tested the reprogramming potential of nonintegrating, acute expression adenoviral (Ad) vectors. METHODS Ad or lentivirus vectors encoding Gata4 (G), Mef2c (M), and Tbx5 (T) were validated in vitro. Sprague-Dawley rats then underwent coronary ligation and Ad-mediated administration of vascular endothelial growth factor to generate infarct prevascularization. Three weeks later, animals received Ad or lentivirus encoding G, M, or T (AdGMT or LentiGMT) or an equivalent dose of a null vector (n = 11, 10, and 10, respectively). Outcomes were analyzed by echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and histology. RESULTS Ad and lentivirus vectors provided equivalent G, M, and T expression in vitro. AdGMT and LentiGMT both likewise induced expression of the cardiomyocyte marker cardiac troponin T in approximately 6% of cardiac fibroblasts versus <1% cardiac troponin T expression in AdNull (adenoviral vector that does not encode a transgene)-treated cells. Infarcted myocardium that had been treated with AdGMT likewise demonstrated greater density of cells expressing the cardiomyocyte marker beta myosin heavy chain 7 compared with AdNull-treated animals. Echocardiography demonstrated that AdGMT and LentiGMT both increased ejection fraction compared with AdNull (AdGMT: 21% ± 3%, LentiGMT: 14% ± 5%, AdNull: -0.4% ± 2%; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Ad vectors are at least as effective as lentiviral vectors in inducing cardiac fibroblast transdifferentiation into induced cardiomyocyte-like cells and improving cardiac function in postinfarct rat hearts. Short-term expression Ad vectors may represent an important means to induce cardiac cellular reprogramming in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Mathison
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Vivek P Singh
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Maria J Chiuchiolo
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Deepthi Sanagasetti
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Yun Mao
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Vivekkumar B Patel
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Jianchang Yang
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Stephen M Kaminsky
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Todd K Rosengart
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Tex.
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Zhu K, Liu D, Lai H, Li J, Wang C. Developing miRNA therapeutics for cardiac repair in ischemic heart disease. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:E918-E927. [PMID: 27747027 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.08.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) families have been found to be powerful regulators in a wide variety of diseases, which enables the possible use of miRNAs in therapeutic strategies for cardiac repair after ischemic heart disease. This review provides some general insights into miRNAs modulation for development of current molecular and cellular therapeutics in cardiac repair, including endogenous regeneration, endogenous repair, stem cells transplantation, and reprogramming. We also review the delivery strategies for miRNAs modulation, and briefly summarize the current bench and clinical efforts that are being made to explore miRNAs as the future therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dingqian Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Lai
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Chen Y, Pu J, Zhang B. Progress and Challenges of Cell Replacement Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases Based on Direct Neural Reprogramming. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:962-970. [PMID: 27589383 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by protein aggregation and progressive degeneration of neurons, causing severe functional deficiency in cognition, behavior, and movement. Until now, there has been no effective treatment available in the clinic. Considering the selective loss of specific neurons in the human brain in the pathogenesis of these diseases, generating functional neurons in vitro or in vivo to replace the lost neurons represents a novel strategy to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells have good potential for cell replacement therapy. However, limitations, such as the possibility of tumor formation, have hindered its applications. Recently, a novel approach, direct neural reprogramming, in which somatic cells are reprogrammed to functional neurons without a stem-cell state, has emerged an alternative for cell replacement. Specific human somatic cells can be reprogrammed to functional subtype neurons via the introduction of transcription factors, microRNAs, or small molecules in vitro and in vivo, thereby reducing the risk of carcinogenesis. Studies demonstrated symptomatic relief when induced neurons were transplanted into animal models. Although the direct neural reprogramming holds great promise for cell replacement therapy, there remain a number of challenges for its clinical application, including low efficiency, unclear mechanisms, and safety concerns. This review highlights the progress and challenges of this technique, and discusses perspectives for its applications in cell replacement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Pu
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Williams R. Circulation Research “In This Issue” Anthology. Circ Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1161/res.0000000000000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
150
|
Talman V, Ruskoaho H. Cardiac fibrosis in myocardial infarction-from repair and remodeling to regeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 365:563-81. [PMID: 27324127 PMCID: PMC5010608 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic cell death during a myocardial infarction leads to a multiphase reparative response in which the damaged tissue is replaced with a fibrotic scar produced by fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. This also induces geometrical, biomechanical, and biochemical changes in the uninjured ventricular wall eliciting a reactive remodeling process that includes interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. Although the initial reparative fibrosis is crucial for preventing rupture of the ventricular wall, an exaggerated fibrotic response and reactive fibrosis outside the injured area are detrimental as they lead to progressive impairment of cardiac function and eventually to heart failure. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the mechanisms of both reparative and reactive cardiac fibrosis in response to myocardial infarction, discuss the potential of inducing cardiac regeneration through direct reprogramming of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts into cardiomyocytes, and review the currently available and potential future therapeutic strategies to inhibit cardiac fibrosis. Graphical abstract Reparative response following a myocardial infarction. Hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte death leads to the activation of myofibroblasts and a reparative fibrotic response in the injured area. Right top In adult mammals, the fibrotic scar formed at the infarcted area is permanent and promotes reactive fibrosis in the uninjured myocardium. Right bottom In teleost fish and newts and in embryonic and neonatal mammals, the initial formation of a fibrotic scar is followed by regeneration of the cardiac muscle tissue. Induction of post-infarction cardiac regeneration in adult mammals is currently the target of intensive research and drug discovery attempts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virpi Talman
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Heikki Ruskoaho
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|