101
|
Garikipati VNS, Kishore R. Cardiac progenitor cells: old is not always gold. J Physiol 2017; 595:6221-6222. [PMID: 28791714 DOI: 10.1113/jp274989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raj Kishore
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Castaldi A, Dodia RM, Orogo AM, Zambrano CM, Najor RH, Gustafsson ÅB, Heller Brown J, Purcell NH. Decline in cellular function of aged mouse c-kit + cardiac progenitor cells. J Physiol 2017; 595:6249-6262. [PMID: 28737214 PMCID: PMC5621489 DOI: 10.1113/jp274775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS While autologous stem cell-based therapies are currently being tested on elderly patients, there are limited data on the function of aged stem cells and in particular c-kit+ cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs). We isolated c-kit+ cells from young (3 months) and aged (24 months) C57BL/6 mice to compare their biological properties. Aged CPCs have increased senescence, decreased stemness and reduced capacity to proliferate or to differentiate following dexamethasone (Dex) treatment in vitro, as evidenced by lack of cardiac lineage gene upregulation. Aged CPCs fail to activate mitochondrial biogenesis and increase proteins involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in response to Dex. Aged CPCs fail to upregulate paracrine factors that are potentially important for proliferation, survival and angiogenesis in response to Dex. The results highlight marked differences between young and aged CPCs, which may impact future design of autologous stem cell-based therapies. ABSTRACT Therapeutic use of c-kit+ cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) is being evaluated for regenerative therapy in older patients with ischaemic heart failure. Our understanding of the biology of these CPCs has, however, largely come from studies of young cells and animal models. In the present study we examined characteristics of CPCs isolated from young (3 months) and aged (24 months) mice that could underlie the diverse outcomes reported for CPC-based therapeutics. We observed morphological differences and altered senescence indicated by increased senescence-associated markers β-galactosidase and p16 mRNA in aged CPCs. The aged CPCs also proliferated more slowly than their young counterparts and expressed lower levels of the stemness marker LIN28. We subsequently treated the cells with dexamethasone (Dex), routinely used to induce commitment in CPCs, for 7 days and analysed expression of cardiac lineage marker genes. While MEF2C, GATA4, GATA6 and PECAM mRNAs were significantly upregulated in response to Dex treatment in young CPCs, their expression was not increased in aged CPCs. Interestingly, Dex treatment of aged CPCs also failed to increase mitochondrial biogenesis and expression of the mitochondrial proteins Complex III and IV, consistent with a defect in mitochondria complex assembly in the aged CPCs. Dex-treated aged CPCs also had impaired ability to upregulate expression of paracrine factor genes and the conditioned media from these cells had reduced ability to induce angiogenesis in vitro. These findings could impact the design of future CPC-based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of older patients suffering from cardiac injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Castaldi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ramsinh Mansinh Dodia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,California State University, Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA, USA
| | - Amabel M Orogo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cristina M Zambrano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rita H Najor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Åsa B Gustafsson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joan Heller Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicole H Purcell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Poe AJ, Knowlton AA. Exosomes as agents of change in the cardiovascular system. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 111:40-50. [PMID: 28782514 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes have an evolving role in paracrine and autocrine signaling, which is enhanced because these lipid vesicles are quite stable and can deliver miRNA, DNA, protein and other molecules to cells throughout the body. Most cell types release exosomes, and exosomes are found in all biological fluids, making them accessible biomarkers. Significantly, exosomes can carry a biologically potent cargo, which can alter the phenotype of recipient cells. In the cardiovascular system exosomes have been primarily studied for their role in mediating the beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells after myocardial injury. Exosomes released by cardiac cells in disease states, such as myocardial ischemia, can potentially have important pathophysiologic effects on other cardiac cells as well as on distant organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Poe
- Molecular & Cellular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - A A Knowlton
- VA Medical Center Sacramento, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States; Molecular & Cellular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States; Pharmacology Department, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Wehman B, Pietris N, Bigham G, Siddiqui O, Mishra R, Li T, Aiello E, Jack G, Wang W, Murthi S, Sharma S, Kaushal S. Cardiac Progenitor Cells Enhance Neonatal Right Ventricular Function After Pulmonary Artery Banding. Ann Thorac Surg 2017; 104:2045-2053. [PMID: 28760475 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-kit+ cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have been shown to be safe and effective in large-animal models and in an early-phase clinical trial for adult patients with ischemic heart disease. However, CPCs have not yet been evaluated in a preclinical model of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, which is a salient feature of many forms of congenital heart disease. METHODS Human c-kit+ CPCs were generated from right atrial appendage biopsy specimens obtained during routine congenital cardiac operations. Immunosuppressed Yorkshire swine (6 to 9 kg) underwent pulmonary artery banding to induce RV dysfunction. Thirty minutes after banding, pigs received intramyocardial injection into the RV free wall with c-kit+ CPCs (1 million cells, n = 5) or control (phosphate-buffered saline, n = 5). Pigs were euthanized at 30 days postbanding. RESULTS Banding was calibrated to a consistent rise in the RV-to-systemic pressure ratio across both groups (postbanding: CPCs = 0.76 ± 0.06, control = 0.75 ± 0.03). At 30 days postbanding, the CPCs group demonstrated less RV dilatation and a significantly greater RV fractional area of change than the control group (p = 0.002). In addition, measures of RV myocardial strain, including global longitudinal strain and strain rate, were significantly greater in the CPCs group at 4 weeks relative to control (p = 0.004 and p = 0.01, respectively). The RV free wall in the CPCs group demonstrated increased arteriole formation (p < 0.0001) and less myocardial fibrosis compared with the control group (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Intramyocardial injection of c-kit+ CPCs results in enhanced RV performance relative to control at 30 days postbanding in neonatal pigs. This model is important for further evaluation of c-kit+ CPCs, including long-term efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brody Wehman
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicholas Pietris
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Grace Bigham
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Osama Siddiqui
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rachana Mishra
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tieluo Li
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emily Aiello
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Godly Jack
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wendy Wang
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah Murthi
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sudhish Sharma
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sunjay Kaushal
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Yue Y, Garikipati VNS, Verma SK, Goukassian DA, Kishore R. Interleukin-10 Deficiency Impairs Reparative Properties of Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cell Exosomes. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:1241-1250. [PMID: 28471299 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC)-based therapy has immense potential to promote cardiac neovascularization and attenuate ischemic injury. Functional benefits of EPCs and other adult stem cell therapies largely involve paracrine mechanisms and exosomes secreted by stem cells are emerging as pivotal paracrine entity of stem/progenitor cells. However, modest outcomes after EPC-/stem cell-based clinical trials suggest that stem cell/exosome function might be modulated by stimuli they encounter in ischemic tissues, including systemic inflammation. We hypothesized that EPCs under inflammatory stress might produce exosomes of altered and dysfunctional content, which may compromise EPC repair in ischemic heart disease. We have previously shown that EPCs obtained from interleukin-10 knockout (IL-10KO) mice (model mimicking systemic inflammation) display impaired angiogenic functions. Whether IL-10KO-EPC-derived exosomes inherit their parental dysfunctional phenotype and whether inflammatory environment alters the cargo of their secreted exosomes are not known. After cell expansion from IL-10KO and wild-type (WT) mice, we isolated exosomes and compared their functions in terms of effect on cell survival, proliferation, migration, and angiogenic capacity in vitro. WT-EPC-Exo treatment enhanced endothelial cell proliferation and tube formation, and inhibited apoptosis, whereas IL-10KO-Exo exhibited impaired or even detrimental effects, suggesting that the reparative capacity of WT-EPC-Exo is lost in exosomes derived from IL-10-KO-EPCs. Deep RNA sequencing and proteomic analyses to compare WT and IL-10KO-Exo revealed drastically altered exosome cargo. Importantly, IL-10KO-EPC-Exo were highly enriched in microRNAs and proteins that promote inflammation and apoptosis and inhibit angiogenesis. Through modulation of a specific enriched miRNA (miR-375), we partially rescued IL-10KO-EPC-Exo dysfunction. Thus, our study revealed that EPC exosomes display impaired function under inflammatory stimulus through changed exosome contents, and the dysfunction can be rescued by modulation of a specific target packed in exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Yue
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Suresh Kumar Verma
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David A Goukassian
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raj Kishore
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Autologous and allogeneic cardiac stem cell therapy for cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Res 2017; 127:92-100. [PMID: 28554583 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is one of the most promising therapeutic innovations to help restore cardiac structure and function after ischemic insults to the heart. However, phase I and II clinical trials with autologous "first-generation stem cells" have yielded inconsistent results in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients and have not produced the definitive evidence for their broad clinical application. Recently, new cell types such as cardiac stem cells (CSC) and new allogeneic sources have attracted the attention of researchers given their inherent biological, clinical and logistic advantages. Preclinical evidence and emerging clinical data show that exogenous CSC produce a range of protein-based factors that have a powerful cardioprotective effect in the ischemic myocardium, immunoregulatory properties that promote angiogenesis and reduce scar formation, and are able to activate endogenous CSC which multiply and differentiate into cardiomyocytes and microvasculature. Furthermore, allogeneic CSC can be produced in large quantities beforehand and can be administered "off-the-shelf" early during the acute phase of myocardial ischemia. The distinctive immunological behavior of allogeneic CSC and their interaction with the host immune system is supposed to produce immunomodulatory beneficial effects in the short-term, preventing long-term side-effects after their rejection. Preclinical studies have shown highly promising results with allogeneic CSC, and clinical trials are already ongoing. Finally, unraveling questions about the biology and physiology of CSC, the characterization of their secretome, the conduction of larger clinical trials with autologous CSC, the definitive evidence on the safety and efficacy of allogeneic CSC in humans and the possibility of repeated administrations or combinations with other cell types and soluble factors will pave the road for further developments with CSC, that will undoubtedly determine the future of cardiovascular regenerative medicine in human beings.
Collapse
|
107
|
Abstract
Dramatic evolution in medical and catheter interventions and complex surgeries to treat children with congenital heart disease (CHD) has led to a growing number of patients with a multitude of long-term complications associated with morbidity and mortality. Heart failure in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome predicated by functional single ventricle lesions is associated with an increase in CHD prevalence and remains a significant challenge. Pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to the progression of CHD, including single ventricle lesions and dilated cardiomyopathy, and adult heart disease may inevitably differ. Although therapeutic options for advanced cardiac failure are restricted to heart transplantation or mechanical circulatory support, there is a strong impetus to develop novel therapeutic strategies. As lower vertebrates, such as the newt and zebrafish, have a remarkable ability to replace lost cardiac tissue, this intrinsic self-repair machinery at the early postnatal stage in mice was confirmed by partial ventricular resection. Although the underlying mechanistic insights might differ among the species, mammalian heart regeneration occurs even in humans, with the highest degree occurring in early childhood and gradually declining with age in adulthood, suggesting the advantage of stem cell therapy to ameliorate ventricular dysfunction in patients with CHD. Although effective clinical translation by a variety of stem cells in adult heart disease remains inconclusive with respect to the improvement of cardiac function, case reports and clinical trials based on stem cell therapies in patients with CHD may be invaluable for the next stage of therapeutic development. Dissecting the differential mechanisms underlying progressive ventricular dysfunction in children and adults may lead us to identify a novel regenerative therapy. Future regenerative technologies to treat patients with CHD are exciting prospects for heart regeneration in general practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidemasa Oh
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Bittle GJ, Wehman B, Karathanasis SK, Kaushal S. Clinical Progress in Cell Therapy for Single Ventricle Congenital Heart Disease. Circ Res 2017; 120:1060-1062. [PMID: 28360342 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Bittle
- From the Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (G.J.B., B.W., S.K.); and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines Biotech Unit, Medimmune, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD (S.K.K.)
| | - Brody Wehman
- From the Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (G.J.B., B.W., S.K.); and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines Biotech Unit, Medimmune, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD (S.K.K.)
| | - Sotirios K Karathanasis
- From the Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (G.J.B., B.W., S.K.); and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines Biotech Unit, Medimmune, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD (S.K.K.)
| | - Sunjay Kaushal
- From the Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (G.J.B., B.W., S.K.); and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines Biotech Unit, Medimmune, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD (S.K.K.).
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Srikanth Garikipati VN, Kishore R. Young Hearts Run Free: Therapeutic Potential of Neonatal Human Cardiac Progenitor Cells Secretome. Circ Res 2017; 120:751-752. [PMID: 28254793 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Naga Srikanth Garikipati
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (V.N.S.G., R.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (R.K.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Raj Kishore
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (V.N.S.G., R.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (R.K.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
| |
Collapse
|