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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will highlight recent developments in mineralocorticoid receptor research which impact aldosterone-associated vascular and cardiometabolic dysfunction. RECENT FINDINGS The mineralocorticoid receptor is also expressed in vascular smooth muscle and vascular endothelium, and contributes to vascular function and remodeling. Adipocyte-derived leptin stimulates aldosterone secretion, which may explain the observed link between obesity and hyperaldosteronism. Adipocyte mineralocorticoid receptor overexpression produces systemic changes consistent with metabolic syndrome. Ongoing studies with novel nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists may provide a novel treatment for diabetic nephropathy and heart failure in patients with chronic kidney disease, with reduced risk of hyperkalemia. SUMMARY Ongoing research continues to demonstrate novel roles of the vascular and adipocyte mineralocorticoid receptor function, which may explain the beneficial metabolic and vascular benefits of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
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Ringling RE, Gastecki ML, Woodford ML, Lum-Naihe KJ, Grant RW, Pulakat L, Vieira-Potter VJ, Padilla J. Loss of Nlrp3 Does Not Protect Mice from Western Diet-Induced Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Glucose Intolerance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161939. [PMID: 27583382 PMCID: PMC5008778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that loss of Nlrp3 would protect mice from Western diet-induced adipose tissue (AT) inflammation and associated glucose intolerance and cardiovascular complications. Five-week old C57BL6J wild-type (WT) and Nlrp3 knockout (Nlrp3-/-) mice were randomized to either a control diet (10% kcal from fat) or Western diet (45% kcal from fat and 1% cholesterol) for 24 weeks (n = 8/group). Contrary to our hypothesis that obesity-mediated white AT inflammation is Nlrp3-dependent, we found that Western diet-induced expression of AT inflammatory markers (i.e., Cd68, Cd11c, Emr1, Itgam, Lgals, Il18, Mcp1, Tnf, Ccr2, Ccl5 mRNAs, and Mac-2 protein) were not accompanied by increased caspase-1 cleavage, a hallmark feature of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, Nlrp3 null mice were not protected from Western diet-induced white or brown AT inflammation. Although Western diet promoted glucose intolerance in both WT and Nlrp3-/- mice, Nlrp3-/- mice were protected from Western diet-induced aortic stiffening. Additionally, Nlrp3-/- mice exhibited smaller cardiomyocytes and reduced cardiac fibrosis, independent of diet. Collectively, these findings suggest that presence of the Nlrp3 gene is not required for Western diet-induced AT inflammation and/or glucose intolerance; yet Nlrp3 appears to play a role in potentiating arterial stiffening, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Ringling
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Gastecki
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Makenzie L. Woodford
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kelly J. Lum-Naihe
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ryan W. Grant
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi Pulakat
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Victoria J. Vieira-Potter
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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103
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Jaisser F, Farman N. Emerging Roles of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Pathology: Toward New Paradigms in Clinical Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:49-75. [PMID: 26668301 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and its ligand aldosterone are the principal modulators of hormone-regulated renal sodium reabsorption. In addition to the kidney, there are several other cells and organs expressing MR, in which its activation mediates pathologic changes, indicating potential therapeutic applications of pharmacological MR antagonism. Steroidal MR antagonists have been used for decades to fight hypertension and more recently heart failure. New therapeutic indications are now arising, and nonsteroidal MR antagonists are currently under development. This review is focused on nonclassic MR targets in cardiac, vascular, renal, metabolic, ocular, and cutaneous diseases. The MR, associated with other risk factors, is involved in organ fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and aging; for example, in the kidney and heart MR mediates hormonal tissue-specific ion channel regulation. Genetic and epigenetic modifications of MR expression/activity that have been documented in hypertension may also present significant risk factors in other diseases and be susceptible to MR antagonism. Excess mineralocorticoid signaling, mediated by aldosterone or glucocorticoids binding, now appears deleterious in the progression of pathologies that may lead to end-stage organ failure and could therefore benefit from the repositioning of pharmacological MR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jaisser
- INSERM UMR 1138 Team 1, Cordeliers Research Center, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France (F.J., N.F); and University Paris-Est Creteil, Creteil, France (F.J.)
| | - N Farman
- INSERM UMR 1138 Team 1, Cordeliers Research Center, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France (F.J., N.F); and University Paris-Est Creteil, Creteil, France (F.J.)
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Padilla J, Ramirez-Perez FI, Habibi J, Bostick B, Aroor AR, Hayden MR, Jia G, Garro M, DeMarco VG, Manrique C, Booth FW, Martinez-Lemus LA, Sowers JR. Regular Exercise Reduces Endothelial Cortical Stiffness in Western Diet-Fed Female Mice. Hypertension 2016; 68:1236-1244. [PMID: 27572153 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that Western diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance promotes endothelial cortical stiffness in young female mice. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that regular aerobic exercise would attenuate the development of endothelial and whole artery stiffness in female Western diet-fed mice. Four-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomized into sedentary (ie, caged confined, n=6) or regular exercise (ie, access to running wheels, n=7) conditions for 16 weeks. Exercise training improved glucose tolerance in the absence of changes in body weight and body composition. Compared with sedentary mice, exercise-trained mice exhibited reduced endothelial cortical stiffness in aortic explants (sedentary 11.9±1.7 kPa versus exercise 5.5±1.0 kPa; P<0.05), as assessed by atomic force microscopy. This effect of exercise was not accompanied by changes in aortic pulse wave velocity (P>0.05), an in vivo measure of aortic stiffness. In comparison, exercise reduced femoral artery stiffness in isolated pressurized arteries and led to an increase in femoral internal artery diameter and wall cross-sectional area (P<0.05), indicative of outward hypertrophic remodeling. These effects of exercise were associated with an increase in femoral artery elastin content and increased number of fenestrae in the internal elastic lamina (P<0.05). Collectively, these data demonstrate for the first time that the aortic endothelium is highly plastic and, thus, amenable to reductions in stiffness with regular aerobic exercise in the absence of changes in in vivo whole aortic stiffness. Comparatively, the same level of exercise caused destiffening effects in peripheral muscular arteries, such as the femoral artery, that perfuse the working limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Padilla
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Francisco I Ramirez-Perez
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Javad Habibi
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Brian Bostick
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Melvin R Hayden
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Guanghong Jia
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Mona Garro
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Camila Manrique
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Frank W Booth
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - James R Sowers
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.).
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Dudenbostel T, Ghazi L, Liu M, Li P, Oparil S, Calhoun DA. Body Mass Index Predicts 24-Hour Urinary Aldosterone Levels in Patients With Resistant Hypertension. Hypertension 2016; 68:995-1003. [PMID: 27528066 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prospective studies indicate that hyperaldosteronism is found in 20% of patients with resistant hypertension. A small number of observational studies in normotensive and hypertensive patients suggest a correlation between aldosterone levels and obesity while others could not confirm these findings. The correlation between aldosterone levels and body mass index (BMI) in patients with resistant hypertension has not been previously investigated. Our objective was to determine whether BMI is positively correlated with plasma aldosterone concentration, plasma renin activity, aldosterone:renin ratio, and 24-hour urinary aldosterone in black and white patients. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of a large diverse cohort (n=2170) with resistant hypertension. The relationship between plasma aldosterone concentration, plasma renin activity, aldosterone:renin ratio, 24-hour urinary aldosterone, and BMI was investigated for the entire cohort, by sex and race (65.3% white, 40.3% men). We demonstrate that plasma aldosterone concentration and aldosterone:renin ratio were significantly correlated to BMI (P<0.0001) across the first 3 quartiles, but not from the 3rd to 4th quartile of BMI. Plasma renin activity was not correlated with BMI. Twenty-four-hour urinary aldosterone was positively correlated across all quartiles of BMI for the cohort (P<0.0001) and when analyzed by sex (men P<0.0001; women P=0.0013) and race (P<0.05), and stronger for men compared with women (r=0.19, P<0.001 versus r=0.05, P=0.431, P=0.028) regardless of race. In both black and white patients, aldosterone levels were positively correlated to increasing BMI, with the correlation being more pronounced in black and white men. These findings suggest that obesity, particularly the abdominal obesity typical of men, contributes to excess aldosterone in patients with resistant hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Dudenbostel
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Vascular Biology, and Hypertension Program (T.D., L.G., M.L., S.O., D.A.C.), School of Medicine (M.L.), and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (P.L.), University of Alabama at Birmingham.
| | - Lama Ghazi
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Vascular Biology, and Hypertension Program (T.D., L.G., M.L., S.O., D.A.C.), School of Medicine (M.L.), and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (P.L.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Mingchun Liu
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Vascular Biology, and Hypertension Program (T.D., L.G., M.L., S.O., D.A.C.), School of Medicine (M.L.), and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (P.L.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Peng Li
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Vascular Biology, and Hypertension Program (T.D., L.G., M.L., S.O., D.A.C.), School of Medicine (M.L.), and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (P.L.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Suzanne Oparil
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Vascular Biology, and Hypertension Program (T.D., L.G., M.L., S.O., D.A.C.), School of Medicine (M.L.), and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (P.L.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - David A Calhoun
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Vascular Biology, and Hypertension Program (T.D., L.G., M.L., S.O., D.A.C.), School of Medicine (M.L.), and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (P.L.), University of Alabama at Birmingham
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106
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Kayes TD, Weisman GA, Camden JM, Woods LT, Bredehoeft C, Downey EF, Cole J, Braley-Mullen H. New Murine Model of Early Onset Autoimmune Thyroid Disease/Hypothyroidism and Autoimmune Exocrinopathy of the Salivary Gland. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2119-30. [PMID: 27521344 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sixty to seventy percent of IFN-γ(-/-) NOD.H-2h4 mice given sodium iodide (NaI)-supplemented water develop a slow onset autoimmune thyroid disease, characterized by thyrocyte epithelial cell (TEC) hyperplasia and proliferation (H/P). TEC H/P develops much earlier in CD28(-/-) mice and nearly 100% (both sexes) have severe TEC H/P at 4 mo of age. Without NaI supplementation, 50% of 5- to 6-mo-old CD28(-/-)IFN-γ(-/-) mice develop severe TEC H/P, and 2-3 wk of NaI is sufficient for optimal development of severe TEC H/P. Mice with severe TEC H/P are hypothyroid, and normalization of serum thyroxine levels does not reduce TEC H/P. Activated CD4(+) T cells are sufficient to transfer TEC H/P to SCID recipients. Thyroids of mice with TEC H/P have infiltrating T cells and expanded numbers of proliferating thyrocytes that highly express CD40. CD40 facilitates, but is not required for, development of severe TEC H/P, as CD40(-/-)IFN-γ(-/-)CD28(-/-) mice develop severe TEC H/P. Accelerated development of TEC H/P in IFN-γ(-/-)CD28(-/-) mice is a result of reduced regulatory T cell (Treg) numbers, as CD28(-/-) mice have significantly fewer Tregs, and transfer of CD28(+) Tregs inhibits TEC H/P. Essentially all female IFN-γ(-/-)CD28(-/-) NOD.H-2h4 mice have substantial lymphocytic infiltration of salivary glands and reduced salivary flow by 6 mo of age, thereby providing an excellent new model of autoimmune exocrinopathy of the salivary gland. This is one of very few models where autoimmune thyroid disease and hypothyroidism develop in most mice by 4 mo of age. This model will be useful for studying the effects of hypothyroidism on multiple organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary A Weisman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211; and
| | - Jean M Camden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211; and
| | - Lucas T Woods
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211; and
| | - Cole Bredehoeft
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Edward F Downey
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - James Cole
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Helen Braley-Mullen
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
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107
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Pitt B, Pedro Ferreira J, Zannad F. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with heart failure: current experience and future perspectives. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOTHERAPY 2016; 3:48-57. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvw016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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108
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Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition with linagliptin prevents western diet-induced vascular abnormalities in female mice. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:94. [PMID: 27391040 PMCID: PMC4938903 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular stiffening, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is accelerated, particularly in women with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Preclinical evidence suggests that dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors may have cardiovascular benefits independent of glycemic lowering effects. Recent studies show that consumption of a western diet (WD) high in fat and simple sugars induces aortic stiffening in female C57BL/6J mice in advance of increasing blood pressure. The aims of this study were to determine whether administration of the DPP-4 inhibitor, linagliptin (LGT), prevents the development of aortic and endothelial stiffness induced by a WD in female mice. METHODS C56Bl6/J female mice were fed a WD for 4 months. Aortic stiffness and ex vivo endothelial stiffness were evaluated by Doppler pulse wave velocity (PWV) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. In addition, we examined aortic vasomotor responses and remodeling markers via immunohistochemistry. Results were analyzed via 2-way ANOVA, p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS Compared to mice fed a control diet (CD), WD-fed mice exhibited a 24 % increase in aortic PWV, a five-fold increase in aortic endothelial stiffness, and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. In aorta, these findings were accompanied by medial wall thickening, adventitial fibrosis, increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), decreased Klotho, enhanced oxidative stress, and endothelial cell ultrastructural changes, all of which were prevented with administration of LGT. CONCLUSIONS The present findings support the notion that DPP-4 plays a role in development of WD-induced aortic stiffening, vascular oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular remodeling. Whether, DPP-4 inhibition could be a therapeutic tool used to prevent the development of aortic stiffening and the associated cardiovascular complications in obese and diabetic females remains to be elucidated.
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109
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Lother
- From the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, (A.L., L.H.), Heart Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, (A.L.), and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (L.H.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Hein
- From the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, (A.L., L.H.), Heart Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, (A.L.), and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (L.H.), University of Freiburg, Germany
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Hwang MH, Lee S. Insulin resistance: vascular function and exercise. Integr Med Res 2016; 5:198-203. [PMID: 28462118 PMCID: PMC5390417 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance associated with metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an epidemic metabolic disorder, which increases the risk of cardiovascular complications. Impaired vascular endothelial function is an early marker for atherosclerosis, which causes cardiovascular complications. Both experimental and clinical studies indicate that endothelial dysfunction in vasculatures occurs with insulin resistance. The associated physiological mechanisms are not fully appreciated yet, however, it seems that augmented oxidative stress, a physiological imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, in vascular cells is a possible mechanism involved in various vascular beds with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Regardless of the inclusion of resistance exercise, aerobic exercise seems to be beneficial for vascular endothelial function in both large conduit and small resistance vessels in both clinical and experimental studies with insulin resistance. In clinical cases, aerobic exercise over 8 weeks with higher intensity seems more beneficial than the cases with shorter duration and lower intensity. However, more studies are needed in the future to elucidate the physiological mechanisms by which vascular endothelial function is impaired in insulin resistance and improved with aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Hyon Hwang
- Division of Health and Exercise Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea.,Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sewon Lee
- Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea.,Division of Sport Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
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Shefer G, Marcus Y, Knoll E, Dolkart O, Foichtwanger S, Nevo N, Limor R, Stern N. Angiotensin 1-7 Is a Negative Modulator of Aldosterone Secretion In Vitro and In Vivo. Hypertension 2016; 68:378-84. [PMID: 27245181 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin (1-7) [Ang 1-7] is a 7 amino acid peptide generated predominantly from Ang II by the action of Ang-converting enzyme 2. We previously showed that Ang 1-7 reduced plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity in high fructose-fed rats, and that the reduction in circulating aldosterone seemed to accord a parallel reduction in plasma renin activity. Here, we tested the possibility that Ang 1-7 affects aldosterone secretion acting directly in glomerulosa cells. First, as detected by immunofluorescence, the receptor for Ang 1-7, Mas1 is localized predominantly at the rat adrenal subcapsular region. Second, in isolated rat glomerulosa cells incubates, Ang 1-7 attenuated the aldosterone response to Ang II, with the strongest effect seen on Ang II (10(-9) M) (control 22±2.5 pg/10(5) cells; Ang II [10(-9) M] 189±11 pg/10(5) cells; Ang II [10(-9) M]+Ang 1-7 [10(-6) M] 33±3.6 pg/10(5) cells; P<0.001) and the largest effect on adrenocorticotropic hormone (10(-8) M) (control 30±3.4 pg/10(5) cells; ACTH [10(-8) M] 409±32.5 pg/10(5) cells; ACTH [10(-8) M]+Ang 1-7 [10(-6) M] 280±12.5 pg/10(5) cells; P<0.001). In contrast, Ang 1-7 did not affect the aldosterone response to potassium (K(+)). In rats subjected to a low-salt diet for 7 days, continuous infusion of Ang 1-7 (576 μg/kg per day) resulted in a lesser rise in aldosterone (salt deplete+Ang 1-7, 16.4±4.8 ng/dL) compared with rats receiving vehicle (salt deplete+vehicle, 27.6±5.3 ng/dL; P<0.01) but did not modify plasma renin activity. Taken together, these results indicate that Ang 1-7 can act as a negative modulator of aldosterone secretion in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabi Shefer
- From the Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel (G.S., Y.M., E.K., S.F., R.L., N.S.); Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Shoulder Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (O.D.); and Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (N.N.)
| | - Yonit Marcus
- From the Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel (G.S., Y.M., E.K., S.F., R.L., N.S.); Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Shoulder Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (O.D.); and Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (N.N.)
| | - Esther Knoll
- From the Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel (G.S., Y.M., E.K., S.F., R.L., N.S.); Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Shoulder Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (O.D.); and Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (N.N.)
| | - Oleg Dolkart
- From the Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel (G.S., Y.M., E.K., S.F., R.L., N.S.); Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Shoulder Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (O.D.); and Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (N.N.)
| | - Shulamit Foichtwanger
- From the Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel (G.S., Y.M., E.K., S.F., R.L., N.S.); Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Shoulder Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (O.D.); and Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (N.N.)
| | - Nava Nevo
- From the Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel (G.S., Y.M., E.K., S.F., R.L., N.S.); Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Shoulder Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (O.D.); and Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (N.N.)
| | - Rona Limor
- From the Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel (G.S., Y.M., E.K., S.F., R.L., N.S.); Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Shoulder Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (O.D.); and Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (N.N.)
| | - Naftali Stern
- From the Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel (G.S., Y.M., E.K., S.F., R.L., N.S.); Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Shoulder Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (O.D.); and Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (N.N.).
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Manrique C, Lastra G, Ramirez-Perez FI, Haertling D, DeMarco VG, Aroor AR, Jia G, Chen D, Barron BJ, Garro M, Padilla J, Martinez-Lemus LA, Sowers JR. Endothelial Estrogen Receptor-α Does Not Protect Against Vascular Stiffness Induced by Western Diet in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1590-600. [PMID: 26872089 PMCID: PMC4816732 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of a diet high in fat and refined carbohydrates (Western diet [WD]) is associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). In women, obesity and insulin resistance abrogate the protection against CVD likely afforded by estrogen signaling through estrogen receptor (ER)α. Indeed, WD in females results in increased vascular stiffness, which is independently associated with CVD. We tested the hypothesis that loss of ERα signaling in the endothelium exacerbates WD-induced vascular stiffening in female mice. We used a novel model of endothelial cell (EC)-specific ERα knockout (EC-ERαKO), obtained after sequential crossing of the ERα double floxed mice and VE-Cadherin Cre-recombinase mice. Ten-week-old females, EC-ERαKO and aged-matched genopairs were fed either a regular chow diet (control diet) or WD for 8 weeks. Vascular stiffness was measured in vivo by pulse wave velocity and ex vivo in aortic explants by atomic force microscopy. In addition, vascular reactivity was assessed in isolated aortic rings. Initial characterization of the model fed a control diet did not reveal changes in whole-body insulin sensitivity, aortic vasoreactivity, or vascular stiffness in the EC-ERαKO mice. Interestingly, ablation of ERα in ECs reduced WD-induced vascular stiffness and improved endothelial-dependent dilation. In the setting of a WD, endothelial ERα signaling contributes to vascular stiffening in females. The precise mechanisms underlying the detrimental effects of endothelial ERα in the setting of a WD remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Manrique
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D., G.L., G.J., A.R.A., C.M., J.R.S., D.H., D.C., B.J.B., M.G.), Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (65212) (V.G.D., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.) and Research Service (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Departments of Child Health (65201) (J.P.) and Biological Engineering (L.A.M.-L., F.I.R.-P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Guido Lastra
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D., G.L., G.J., A.R.A., C.M., J.R.S., D.H., D.C., B.J.B., M.G.), Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (65212) (V.G.D., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.) and Research Service (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Departments of Child Health (65201) (J.P.) and Biological Engineering (L.A.M.-L., F.I.R.-P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Francisco I Ramirez-Perez
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D., G.L., G.J., A.R.A., C.M., J.R.S., D.H., D.C., B.J.B., M.G.), Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (65212) (V.G.D., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.) and Research Service (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Departments of Child Health (65201) (J.P.) and Biological Engineering (L.A.M.-L., F.I.R.-P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Dominic Haertling
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D., G.L., G.J., A.R.A., C.M., J.R.S., D.H., D.C., B.J.B., M.G.), Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (65212) (V.G.D., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.) and Research Service (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Departments of Child Health (65201) (J.P.) and Biological Engineering (L.A.M.-L., F.I.R.-P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D., G.L., G.J., A.R.A., C.M., J.R.S., D.H., D.C., B.J.B., M.G.), Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (65212) (V.G.D., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.) and Research Service (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Departments of Child Health (65201) (J.P.) and Biological Engineering (L.A.M.-L., F.I.R.-P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D., G.L., G.J., A.R.A., C.M., J.R.S., D.H., D.C., B.J.B., M.G.), Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (65212) (V.G.D., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.) and Research Service (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Departments of Child Health (65201) (J.P.) and Biological Engineering (L.A.M.-L., F.I.R.-P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Guanghong Jia
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D., G.L., G.J., A.R.A., C.M., J.R.S., D.H., D.C., B.J.B., M.G.), Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (65212) (V.G.D., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.) and Research Service (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Departments of Child Health (65201) (J.P.) and Biological Engineering (L.A.M.-L., F.I.R.-P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Dongqing Chen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D., G.L., G.J., A.R.A., C.M., J.R.S., D.H., D.C., B.J.B., M.G.), Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (65212) (V.G.D., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.) and Research Service (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Departments of Child Health (65201) (J.P.) and Biological Engineering (L.A.M.-L., F.I.R.-P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Brady J Barron
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D., G.L., G.J., A.R.A., C.M., J.R.S., D.H., D.C., B.J.B., M.G.), Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (65212) (V.G.D., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.) and Research Service (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Departments of Child Health (65201) (J.P.) and Biological Engineering (L.A.M.-L., F.I.R.-P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Mona Garro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D., G.L., G.J., A.R.A., C.M., J.R.S., D.H., D.C., B.J.B., M.G.), Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (65212) (V.G.D., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.) and Research Service (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Departments of Child Health (65201) (J.P.) and Biological Engineering (L.A.M.-L., F.I.R.-P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D., G.L., G.J., A.R.A., C.M., J.R.S., D.H., D.C., B.J.B., M.G.), Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (65212) (V.G.D., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.) and Research Service (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Departments of Child Health (65201) (J.P.) and Biological Engineering (L.A.M.-L., F.I.R.-P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D., G.L., G.J., A.R.A., C.M., J.R.S., D.H., D.C., B.J.B., M.G.), Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (65212) (V.G.D., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.) and Research Service (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Departments of Child Health (65201) (J.P.) and Biological Engineering (L.A.M.-L., F.I.R.-P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - James R Sowers
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D., G.L., G.J., A.R.A., C.M., J.R.S., D.H., D.C., B.J.B., M.G.), Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (65212) (V.G.D., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.) and Research Service (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Departments of Child Health (65201) (J.P.) and Biological Engineering (L.A.M.-L., F.I.R.-P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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Huby AC, Otvos L, Belin de Chantemèle EJ. Leptin Induces Hypertension and Endothelial Dysfunction via Aldosterone-Dependent Mechanisms in Obese Female Mice. Hypertension 2016; 67:1020-8. [PMID: 26953321 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease in males and females. Whether obesity triggers cardiovascular disease via similar mechanisms in both the sexes is, however, unknown. In males, the adipokine leptin highly contributes to obesity-related cardiovascular disease by increasing sympathetic activity. Females secrete 3× to 4× more leptin than males, but do not exhibit high sympathetic tone with obesity. Nevertheless, females show inappropriately high aldosterone levels that positively correlate with adiposity and blood pressure (BP). We hypothesized that leptin induces hypertension and endothelial dysfunction via aldosterone-dependent mechanisms in females. Leptin control of the cardiovascular function was analyzed in female mice sensitized to leptin via the deletion of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b (knockout) and in agouti yellow obese hyperleptinemic mice (Ay). Hypersensitivity to leptin (wild-type, 115 ± 2; protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b knockout, 124 ± 2 mm Hg; P<0.05) and obesity elevated BP (a/a, 113 ± 1; Ay, 128 ± 7 mm Hg; P<0.05) and impaired endothelial function. Chronic leptin receptor antagonism restored BP and endothelial function in protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b knockout and Ay mice. Hypersensitivity to leptin and obesity reduced BP response to ganglionic blockade in both strains and plasma catecholamine levels in protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b knockout mice. Hypersensitivity to leptin and obesity significantly increased plasma aldosterone levels and adrenal CYP11B2 expression. Chronic leptin receptor antagonism reduced aldosterone levels. Furthermore, chronic leptin and mineralocorticoid receptor blockade reduced BP and improved endothelial function in both leptin-sensitized and obese hyperleptinemic female mice. Together, these data demonstrate that leptin induces hypertension and endothelial dysfunction via aldosterone-dependent mechanisms in female mice and suggest that obesity leads to cardiovascular disease via sex-specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Cécile Huby
- From the Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.-C.H., E.J.B.d.C.); Biology Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (L.O.); and Department of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (L.O.)
| | - Laszlo Otvos
- From the Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.-C.H., E.J.B.d.C.); Biology Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (L.O.); and Department of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (L.O.)
| | - Eric J Belin de Chantemèle
- From the Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.-C.H., E.J.B.d.C.); Biology Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (L.O.); and Department of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (L.O.).
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114
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Jia G, Habibi J, Aroor AR, Martinez-Lemus LA, DeMarco VG, Ramirez-Perez FI, Sun Z, Hayden MR, Meininger GA, Mueller KB, Jaffe IZ, Sowers JR. Endothelial Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mediates Diet-Induced Aortic Stiffness in Females. Circ Res 2016; 118:935-943. [PMID: 26879229 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.308269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Enhanced activation of the mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) in cardiovascular tissues increases oxidative stress, maladaptive immune responses, and inflammation with associated functional vascular abnormalities. We previously demonstrated that consumption of a Western diet (WD) for 16 weeks results in aortic stiffening, and that these abnormalities were prevented by systemic MR blockade in female mice. However, the cell-specific role of endothelial cell MR (ECMR) in these maladaptive vascular effects has not been explored. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that specific deletion of the ECMR would prevent WD-induced increases in endothelial sodium channel activation, reductions in bioavailable nitric oxide, increased vascular remodeling, and associated increases in vascular stiffness in females. METHODS AND RESULTS Four-week-old female ECMR knockout and wild-type mice were fed either mouse chow or WD for 16 weeks. WD feeding resulted in aortic stiffness and endothelial dysfunction as determined in vivo by pulse wave velocity and ex vivo by atomic force microscopy, and wire and pressure myography. The WD-induced aortic stiffness was associated with enhanced endothelial sodium channel activation, attenuated endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation, increased oxidative stress, a proinflammatory immune response and fibrosis. Conversely, cell-specific ECMR deficiency prevented WD-induced aortic fibrosis and stiffness in conjunction with reductions in endothelial sodium channel activation, oxidative stress and macrophage proinflammatory polarization, restoration of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation. CONCLUSIONS Increased ECMR signaling associated with consumption of a WD plays a key role in endothelial sodium channel activation, reduced nitric oxide production, oxidative stress, and inflammation that lead to aortic remodeling and stiffness in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Javad Habibi
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | | | - Zhe Sun
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Melvin R Hayden
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | | | - Iris Z Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
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Foote CA, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Ramirez-Perez FI, Jia G, Hill MA, Reyes-Aldasoro CC, Sowers JR, Martinez-Lemus LA. Arterial Stiffening in Western Diet-Fed Mice Is Associated with Increased Vascular Elastin, Transforming Growth Factor-β, and Plasma Neuraminidase. Front Physiol 2016; 7:285. [PMID: 27458385 PMCID: PMC4935726 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of excess fat and carbohydrate (Western diet, WD) is associated with alterations in the structural characteristics of blood vessels. This vascular remodeling contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease, particularly as it affects conduit and resistance arteries. Vascular remodeling is often associated with changes in the elastin-rich internal elastic lamina (IEL) and the activation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. In addition, obesity and type II diabetes have been associated with increased serum neuraminidase, an enzyme known to increase TGF-β cellular output. Therefore, we hypothesized that WD-feeding would induce structural modifications to the IEL of mesenteric resistance arteries in mice, and that these changes would be associated with increased levels of circulating neuraminidase and the up-regulation of elastin and TGF-β in the arterial wall. To test this hypothesis, a WD, high in fat and sugar, was used to induce obesity in mice, and the effect of this diet on the structure of mesenteric resistance arteries was investigated. 4-week old, Post-weaning mice were fed either a normal diet (ND) or WD for 16 weeks. Mechanically, arteries from WD-fed mice were stiffer and less distensible, with marginally increased wall stress for a given strain, and a significantly increased Young's modulus of elasticity. Structurally, the wall cross-sectional area and the number of fenestrae found in the internal elastic lamina (IEL) of mesenteric arteries from mice fed a WD were significantly smaller than those of arteries from the ND-fed mice. There was also a significant increase in the volume of elastin, but not collagen in arteries from the WD cohort. Plasma levels of neuraminidase and the amount of TGF-β in mesenteric arteries were elevated in mice fed a WD, while ex vivo, cultured vascular smooth muscle cells exposed to neuraminidase secreted greater amounts of tropoelastin and TGF-β than those exposed to vehicle. These data suggest that consumption of a diet high in fat and sugar causes stiffening of the vascular wall in resistance arteries through a process that may involve increased neuraminidase and TGF-β activity, elevated production of elastin, and a reduction in the size and number of fenestrae in the arterial IEL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge A. Castorena-Gonzalez
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Francisco I. Ramirez-Perez
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Michael A. Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | | | - James R. Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Luis A. Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- *Correspondence: Luis A. Martinez-Lemus
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Jia G, Habibi J, DeMarco VG, Martinez-Lemus LA, Ma L, Whaley-Connell AT, Aroor AR, Domeier TL, Zhu Y, Meininger GA, Mueller KB, Jaffe IZ, Sowers JR. Endothelial Mineralocorticoid Receptor Deletion Prevents Diet-Induced Cardiac Diastolic Dysfunction in Females. Hypertension 2015; 66:1159-1167. [PMID: 26441470 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Overnutrition and insulin resistance are especially prominent risk factors for the development of cardiac diastolic dysfunction in females. We recently reported that consumption of a Western diet (WD) containing excess fat (46%), sucrose (17.5%), and high fructose corn syrup (17.5%) for 16 weeks resulted in cardiac diastolic dysfunction and aortic stiffening in young female mice and that these abnormalities were prevented by mineralocorticoid receptor blockade. Herein, we extend those studies by testing whether WD-induced diastolic dysfunction and factors contributing to diastolic impairment, such as cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, inflammation, and impaired insulin signaling, are modulated by excess endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor signaling. Four-week-old female endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor knockout and wild-type mice were fed mouse chow or WD for 4 months. WD feeding resulted in prolonged relaxation time, impaired diastolic septal wall motion, and increased left ventricular filling pressure indicative of diastolic dysfunction. This occurred in concert with myocardial interstitial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy that were associated with enhanced profibrotic (transforming growth factor β1/Smad) and progrowth (S6 kinase-1) signaling, as well as myocardial oxidative stress and a proinflammatory immune response. WD also induced cardiomyocyte stiffening, assessed ex vivo using atomic force microscopy. Conversely, endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor deficiency prevented WD-induced diastolic dysfunction, profibrotic, and progrowth signaling, in conjunction with reductions in macrophage proinflammatory polarization and improvements in insulin metabolic signaling. Therefore, our findings indicate that increased endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor signaling associated with consumption of a WD plays a key role in the activation of cardiac profibrotic, inflammatory, and growth pathways that lead to diastolic dysfunction in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Javad Habibi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Lixin Ma
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Adam T Whaley-Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Timothy L Domeier
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | | | - Iris Z Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
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Jia G, Aroor AR, DeMarco VG, Martinez-Lemus LA, Meininger GA, Sowers JR. Vascular stiffness in insulin resistance and obesity. Front Physiol 2015; 6:231. [PMID: 26321962 PMCID: PMC4536384 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes are associated with a substantially increased prevalence of vascular fibrosis and stiffness, with attendant increased risk of cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. Although the underlying mechanisms and mediators of vascular stiffness are not well understood, accumulating evidence supports the role of metabolic and immune dysregulation related to increased adiposity, activation of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system, reduced bioavailable nitric oxide, increased vascular extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM remodeling in the pathogenesis of vascular stiffness. This review will give a brief overview of the relationship between obesity, insulin resistance and increased vascular stiffness to provide a contemporary understanding of the proposed underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital Columbia, MO, USA ; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital Columbia, MO, USA ; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital Columbia, MO, USA ; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
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