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Kim K, Rosenthal MZ, Zielinski DJ, Brady R. Effects of virtual environment platforms on emotional responses. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2014; 113:882-893. [PMID: 24440136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to investigate the effects of different virtual environment (VE) technologies (i.e., desktop, head mounted display, or fully immersive platforms) on emotional arousal and task performance. Fifty-three participants were recruited from a college population. Reactivity to stressful VEs was examined in three VE systems from desktop to high-end fully immersive systems. The experiment was a 3 (desktop system, head mounted display, and six wall system)×2 (high- and low-stressful VE) within subject design, with self-reported emotional arousal and valence, skin conductance, task performance, presence, and simulator sickness examined as dependent variables. Replicating previous studies, the fully immersive system induced the highest sense of presence and the head mounted display system elicited the highest amount of simulator sickness. Extending previous studies, the results demonstrated that VE platforms were associated with different patterns in emotional responses and task performance. Our findings suggest that different VE systems may be appropriate for different scientific purposes when studying stress reactivity using emotionally evocative tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanguk Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University Medical Center, USA; Division of Computer Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Republic of Korea
| | - M Zachary Rosenthal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University Medical Center, USA.
| | | | - Rachael Brady
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, USA
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102
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Colizoli O, Murre JMJ, Rouw R. Training synesthetic letter-color associations by reading in color. J Vis Exp 2014:e50893. [PMID: 24638033 PMCID: PMC4126805 DOI: 10.3791/50893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synesthesia is a rare condition in which a stimulus from one modality automatically and consistently triggers unusual sensations in the same and/or other modalities. A relatively common and well-studied type is grapheme-color synesthesia, defined as the consistent experience of color when viewing, hearing and thinking about letters, words and numbers. We describe our method for investigating to what extent synesthetic associations between letters and colors can be learned by reading in color in nonsynesthetes. Reading in color is a special method for training associations in the sense that the associations are learned implicitly while the reader reads text as he or she normally would and it does not require explicit computer-directed training methods. In this protocol, participants are given specially prepared books to read in which four high-frequency letters are paired with four high-frequency colors. Participants receive unique sets of letter-color pairs based on their pre-existing preferences for colored letters. A modified Stroop task is administered before and after reading in order to test for learned letter-color associations and changes in brain activation. In addition to objective testing, a reading experience questionnaire is administered that is designed to probe for differences in subjective experience. A subset of questions may predict how well an individual learned the associations from reading in color. Importantly, we are not claiming that this method will cause each individual to develop grapheme-color synesthesia, only that it is possible for certain individuals to form letter-color associations by reading in color and these associations are similar in some aspects to those seen in developmental grapheme-color synesthetes. The method is quite flexible and can be used to investigate different aspects and outcomes of training synesthetic associations, including learning-induced changes in brain function and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Romke Rouw
- Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam
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103
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Holloway ID, van Atteveldt N, Blomert L, Ansari D. Orthographic dependency in the neural correlates of reading: evidence from audiovisual integration in English readers. Cereb Cortex 2013; 25:1544-53. [PMID: 24351976 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reading skills are indispensible in modern technological societies. In transparent alphabetic orthographies, such as Dutch, reading skills build on associations between letters and speech sounds (LS pairs). Previously, we showed that the superior temporal cortex (STC) of Dutch readers is sensitive to the congruency of LS pairs. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate whether a similar congruency sensitivity exists in STC of readers of the more opaque English orthography, where the relation among LS pairs is less reliable. Eighteen subjects passively perceived congruent and incongruent audiovisual pairs of different levels of transparency in English: letters and speech sounds (LS; irregular), letters and letter names (LN; fairly transparent), and numerals and number names (NN; transparent). In STC, we found congruency effects for NN and LN, but no effects in the predicted direction (congruent > incongruent) for LS pairs. These findings contrast with previous results obtained from Dutch readers. These data indicate that, through education, the STC becomes tuned to the congruency of transparent audiovisual pairs, but suggests a different neural processing of irregular mappings. The orthographic dependency of LS integration underscores cross-linguistic differences in the neural basis of reading and potentially has important implications for dyslexia interventions across languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Holloway
- Department of Psychology and Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nienke van Atteveldt
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Blomert
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Ansari
- Department of Psychology and Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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104
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Mayer AR, Wilcox CE, Teshiba TM, Ling JM, Yang Z. Hyperactivation of the cognitive control network in cocaine use disorders during a multisensory Stroop task. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133:235-41. [PMID: 23735613 PMCID: PMC3786052 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that individuals with cocaine use disorders (chronic cocaine abusers, CCA) have impairments in cognitive control, which likely contribute to impairments in decision making around drug use and relapse. However, deficits in cognitive control have currently only been studied under conditions of unisensory stimulation, which may not be reflective of more realistic multisensory drug cues. METHODS The current study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure neuronal activity during a multisensory numeric Stroop task. RESULTS Despite few differences in reaction time, recently abstinent CCA (N=14) exhibited increased activation in prefrontal cortex, striatum and thalamus during cognitive control relative to a group of carefully matched controls (N=16). Importantly, these neuronal differences were relatively robust in classifying patients from controls (approximately 90% accuracy) and evident during conditions of both low (slow stimulus presentation rate) and relatively high (faster stimulus presentation rate) cognitive demand. In addition, CCA also failed to deactivate the default-mode network during high frequency visual trials. CONCLUSIONS In summary, current results indicate compensatory activation within the cognitive control network in recently abstinent CCA to achieve similar levels of behavioral performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Mayer
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, 1101 Yale Blvd., Albuquerque, NM 87106,Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131,Neurology Department, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Claire E. Wilcox
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, MSC 09 5030, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Terri M. Teshiba
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, 1101 Yale Blvd., Albuquerque, NM 87106
| | - Josef M. Ling
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, 1101 Yale Blvd., Albuquerque, NM 87106
| | - Zhen Yang
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, 1101 Yale Blvd., Albuquerque, NM 87106,Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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105
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Neural substrates of cognitive switching and inhibition in a face processing task. Neuroimage 2013; 82:489-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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106
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Filoteo JV, Reed JD, Litvan I, Harrington DL. Volumetric correlates of cognitive functioning in nondemented patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2013; 29:360-7. [PMID: 24038502 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A challenge in Parkinson's disease (PD) is to identify biomarkers of early cognitive change because functioning in some domains may be more prognostic of dementia. Few studies have investigated whether structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlates in a regionally specific manner with functioning in different cognitive domains. The aim of this study was to identify neuroanatomical correlates of executive functioning, memory, and visual cognition in PD without dementia. 3T MRI was conducted in 51 PD patients and 39 control participants. Brain volumes were measured in structures comprising the frontostriatal cognitive-control system, the medial temporal memory system, the ventral object-based system, and the dorsal spatial-based system. Measures of executive functioning (Stroop Test; Letter Fluency), memory (California Verbal Learning Test), visuospatial cognition (Judgment of Line Orientation), and visuoconstruction (Pentagon Copy) were correlated with volumes comprising each system. Poorer executive functioning largely correlated with decreased frontostriatal volumes. Poorer memory correlated with decreased volumes in all medial temporal regions, but also with frontostriatal volumes. Poorer visuospatial cognition correlated with decreased volumes in the object-based system, whereas poorer visuoconstruction correlated with decreased frontal and object-based system volumes. These relationships were nonsignificant in the control group. This is the first study to demonstrate that subtle changes in multiple cognitive domains in PD without dementia correlate with regional volumes in specific systems implicated in the development of cognitive impairment. The findings suggest that structural MRI holds promise as a marker of early changes in different brain systems, some of which may predict future cognitive deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vincent Filoteo
- Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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107
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Buzzell GA, Roberts DM, Baldwin CL, McDonald CG. An electrophysiological correlate of conflict processing in an auditory spatial Stroop task: the effect of individual differences in navigational style. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:265-71. [PMID: 23994425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has identified an event-related potential (ERP) component, the incongruency negativity (N(inc)), which is sensitive to auditory Stroop conflict processing. Here, we investigated how this index of conflict processing is influenced by individual differences in cognitive style. There is evidence that individuals differ in the strategy they use to navigate through the environment; some use a predominantly verbal-egocentric strategy while others rely more heavily on a spatial-allocentric strategy. In addition, navigational strategy, assessed by a way-finding questionnaire, is predictive of performance on an auditory spatial Stroop task, in which either the semantic or spatial dimension of stimuli must be ignored. To explore the influence of individual differences in navigational style on conflict processing, participants took part in an auditory spatial Stroop task while the electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. Whereas behavioral performance only showed a main effect of congruency, we observed the predicted three-way interaction between congruency, task type and navigational style with respect to our physiological measure of Stroop conflict. Specifically, congruency-dependent modulation of the N(inc) was observed only when participants performed their non-dominant task (e.g., verbal navigators attempting to ignore semantic information). These results confirm that the N(inc) reliably indexes auditory Stroop conflict and extend previous results by demonstrating that the N(inc) is predictably modulated by individual differences in cognitive style.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Buzzell
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA; Center of Excellence in Neuroergonomics, Technology, and Cognition (CENTEC), Fairfax, VA, USA.
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108
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Cachia A, Borst G, Vidal J, Fischer C, Pineau A, Mangin JF, Houdé O. The shape of the ACC contributes to cognitive control efficiency in preschoolers. J Cogn Neurosci 2013; 26:96-106. [PMID: 23915057 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive success at school and later in life is supported by executive functions including cognitive control (CC). The pFC plays a major role in CC, particularly the dorsal part of ACC or midcingulate cortex. Genes, environment (including school curricula), and neuroplasticity affect CC. However, no study to date has investigated whether ACC sulcal pattern, a stable brain feature primarily determined in utero, influences CC efficiency in the early stages of cognitive and neural development. Using anatomical MRI and three-dimensional reconstruction of cortical folds, we investigated the effect that ACC sulcal pattern may have on the Stroop score, a classical behavioral index of CC efficiency, in 5-year-old preschoolers. We found higher CC efficiency, that is, lower Stroop interference scores for both RTs and error rates, in children with asymmetrical ACC sulcal pattern (i.e., different pattern in each hemisphere) compared with children with symmetrical pattern (i.e., same pattern in both hemispheres). Critically, ACC sulcal pattern had no effect on performance in the forward and backward digit span tasks suggesting that ACC sulcal pattern contributes to the executive ability to resolve conflicts but not to the ability to maintain and manipulate information in working memory. This finding provides the first evidence that preschoolers' CC efficiency is likely associated with ACC sulcal pattern, thereby suggesting that the brain shape could result in early constraints on human executive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Cachia
- CNRS U3521, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Sorbonne, Paris, France
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109
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Jaspar M, Genon S, Muto V, Meyer C, Manard M, Dideberg V, Bours V, Salmon E, Maquet P, Collette F. Modulating effect of COMT genotype on the brain regions underlying proactive control process during inhibition. Cortex 2013; 50:148-61. [PMID: 23859480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic variability related to the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene (Val(158)Met polymorphism) has received increasing attention as a possible modulator of cognitive control functions. METHODS In an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, a modified version of the Stroop task was administered to three groups of 15 young adults according to their COMT Val(158)Met genotype [Val/Val (VV), Val/Met (VM) and Met/Met (MM)]. Based on the theory of dual mechanisms of control (Braver et al., 2007), the Stroop task has been built to induce proactive or reactive control processes according to the task context. RESULTS Behavioral results did not show any significant group differences for reaction times but Val allele carriers individuals are less accurate in the processing of incongruent items. fMRI results revealed that proactive control is specifically associated with increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in carriers of the Met allele, while increased activity is observed in the middle frontal gyrus (MFG) in carriers of the Val allele. CONCLUSION These observations, in keeping with a higher cortical dopamine level in MM individuals, support the hypothesis of a COMT Val(158)Met genotype modulation of the brain regions underlying proactive control, especially in frontal areas as suggested by Braver et al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Jaspar
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychology: Cognition and Behavior, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sarah Genon
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychology: Cognition and Behavior, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincenzo Muto
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychology: Cognition and Behavior, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Marine Manard
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychology: Cognition and Behavior, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Department of Genetics, University of Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Vincent Bours
- Department of Genetics, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Salmon
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Maquet
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Collette
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychology: Cognition and Behavior, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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110
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Richter A, Richter S, Barman A, Soch J, Klein M, Assmann A, Libeau C, Behnisch G, Wüstenberg T, Seidenbecher CI, Schott BH. Motivational salience and genetic variability of dopamine D2 receptor expression interact in the modulation of interference processing. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:250. [PMID: 23760450 PMCID: PMC3672681 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine has been implicated in the fine-tuning of complex cognitive and motor function and also in the anticipation of future rewards. This dual function of dopamine suggests that dopamine might be involved in the generation of active motivated behavior. The DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor gene (rs1800497) has previously been suggested to affect striatal function with carriers of the less common A1 allele exhibiting reduced striatal D2 receptor density and increased risk for addiction. Here we aimed to investigate the influences of DRD2 TaqIA genotype on the modulation of interference processing by reward and punishment. Forty-six young, healthy volunteers participated in a behavioral experiment, and 32 underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants performed a flanker task with a motivation manipulation (monetary reward, monetary loss, neither, or both). Reaction times (RTs) were shorter in motivated flanker trials, irrespective of congruency. In the fMRI experiment motivation was associated with reduced prefrontal activation during incongruent vs. congruent flanker trials, possibly reflecting increased processing efficiency. DRD2 TaqIA genotype did not affect overall RTs, but interacted with motivation on the congruency-related RT differences, with A1 carriers showing smaller interference effects to reward alone and A2 homozygotes exhibiting a specific interference reduction during combined reward (REW) and punishment trials (PUN). In fMRI, anterior cingulate activity showed a similar pattern of genotype-related modulation. Additionally, A1 carriers showed increased anterior insula activation relative to A2 homozygotes. Our results point to a role for genetic variations of the dopaminergic system in individual differences of cognition-motivation interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Richter
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Germany
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111
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Kelley TA, Rees G, Lavie N. The impact of distractor congruency on stimulus processing in retinotopic visual cortex. Neuroimage 2013; 81:158-163. [PMID: 23648965 PMCID: PMC3734350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is frequently confronted with sensory information that elicits conflicting response choices. While much research has addressed the top down control mechanisms associated with detection and resolution of response competition, the effects of response competition on sensory processing in the primary visual cortex remain unclear. To address this question we modified a typical ‘flanker task’ (Eriksen and Eriksen, 1974) so that the effects of response competition on human early retinotopic visual cortex could be assessed. Healthy human participants were scanned using fMRI while making a speeded choice response that classified a target object image into one of two categories (e.g. fruits, animals). An irrelevant distractor image that was either congruent (same image as target), incongruent (image from opposite category as target), or neutral (image from task-irrelevant category, e.g. household items) was also present on each trial, but in a different quadrant of the visual field relative to the target. Retinotopic V1 areas responding to the target stimuli showed increased response to targets in the presence of response-incongruent (compared to response-neutral) distractors. A negative correlation with behavioral response competition effects indicated that an increased primary visual cortical response to targets in the incongruent (vs. neutral) trials is associated with a reduced response competition effect on behavior. These results suggest a novel conflict resolution mechanism in the primary visual cortex. fMRI was used to examine effects of distractor congruency on retinotopic cortex. V1 showed increased response to targets in the presence of incongruent distractors. V1 effect was negatively correlated with distractor congruency effect on behavior. A mechanism for conflict resolution involving primary visual cortex is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Kelley
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Geraint Rees
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Nilli Lavie
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK.
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112
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Grandjean J, D'Ostilio K, Fias W, Phillips C, Balteau E, Degueldre C, Luxen A, Maquet P, Salmon E, Collette F. Exploration of the mechanisms underlying the ISPC effect: Evidence from behavioral and neuroimaging data. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:1040-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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113
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Is consciousness necessary for conflict detection and conflict resolution? Behav Brain Res 2013; 247:110-6. [PMID: 23518434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Is conflict control dependent on consciousness? To answer this question, we used high temporal resolution event-related potentials (ERPs) to separate conflict detection from conflict resolution in a masked prime Stroop task. Although behavioral interference effect was present in both the masked and unmasked conditions, the electrophysiological findings revealed more complex patterns. ERP analyses showed that N450 was greater for incongruent trials than for congruent trials and that it was located in the ACC and nearby motor cortex, regardless of whether the primes were masked or unmasked; however, the effects were smaller for the masked than unmasked condition. These results suggest that consciousness of conflict information may not be necessary for detecting conflict, but that it may modulate conflict detection. The analysis of slow potential (SP) amplitude showed that it distinguished incongruent trials from congruent trials, and that this modulation effects was reduced to a greater extent for the masked condition than for the unmasked condition. Moreover, the prefrontal-parietal control network was activated under the unmasked but not under the masked condition. These results suggest that the consciousness of conflict information may be a necessary boundary condition for the subsequent initiation of control operations in the more extended PFC-parietal control network. However, considering that the conflict interference effect was significantly reduced in the masked condition, it may be that, with larger unconscious conflict effects, more extensive cognitive control networks would have been activated. These findings have important implications for theories on the relationship between consciousness and cognitive control.
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114
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Localization of function in anterior cingulate cortex: From psychosurgery to functional neuroimaging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:340-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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115
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Abstract
AbstractThere is a strong interaction between multisensory processing and the neuroplasticity of the human brain. On one hand, recent research demonstrates that experience and training in various domains modifies how information from the different senses is integrated; and, on the other hand multisensory training paradigms seem to be particularly effective in driving functional and structural plasticity. Multisensory training affects early sensory processing within separate sensory domains, as well as the functional and structural connectivity between uni- and multisensory brain regions. In this review, we discuss the evidence for interactions of multisensory processes and brain plasticity and give an outlook on promising clinical applications and open questions.
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116
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Neural responses to incongruency in a blocked-trial Stroop fMRI task in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2012; 143:241-7. [PMID: 22995943 PMCID: PMC3501555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) perform poorly on the Stroop task, which is a measure of the executive control of attention, with impaired interference resolution. The neural correlates of this deficit are not well described. To examine how this deficit relates to pathophysiological abnormalities in MDD, we conducted an fMRI Stroop study comparing MDD subjects to controls. METHODS Forty-two unmedicated patients with current MDD and 17 control subjects underwent fMRI scanning with a color-word Stroop task. Subjects assessed font color during alternating color identification (e.g., 'XXXX' in blue) and incongruent color/word blocks (e.g., the word 'red' in blue). We examined neural activation that was greater in incongruent than color identification blocks (Z>2.3 and corrected p<0.05), controlling for trial-by-trial reaction time. RESULTS Compared to controls, MDD subjects exhibited lower activation during incongruent blocks across multiple brain regions, including middle frontal gyrus, paracingulate and posterior cingulate, precuneus, occipital regions, and brain stem. No brain regions were identified in which MDD subjects were more active than controls during incongruent blocks. LIMITATIONS Not all MDD subjects were antidepressant-naïve. CONCLUSIONS Brain regions related to executive function, visual processing, and semantic processing are less active during processing of incongruent stimuli in MDD subjects as compared to controls. Deficits of attention in MDD may be the product of a failure to maintain activity across a distributed network in a sustained manner, as is required over the sequential trials in this block design. Further studies may clarify whether the abnormalities represent a trait or state deficit.
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117
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Donohue SE, Todisco AE, Woldorff MG. The rapid distraction of attentional resources toward the source of incongruent stimulus input during multisensory conflict. J Cogn Neurosci 2012; 25:623-35. [PMID: 23249355 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging work on multisensory conflict suggests that the relevant modality receives enhanced processing in the face of incongruency. However, the degree of stimulus processing in the irrelevant modality and the temporal cascade of the attentional modulations in either the relevant or irrelevant modalities are unknown. Here, we employed an audiovisual conflict paradigm with a sensory probe in the task-irrelevant modality (vision) to gauge the attentional allocation to that modality. ERPs were recorded as participants attended to and discriminated spoken auditory letters while ignoring simultaneous bilateral visual letter stimuli that were either fully congruent, fully incongruent, or partially incongruent (one side incongruent, one congruent) with the auditory stimulation. Half of the audiovisual letter stimuli were followed 500-700 msec later by a bilateral visual probe stimulus. As expected, ERPs to the audiovisual stimuli showed an incongruency ERP effect (fully incongruent versus fully congruent) of an enhanced, centrally distributed, negative-polarity wave starting ∼250 msec. More critically here, the sensory ERP components to the visual probes were larger when they followed fully incongruent versus fully congruent multisensory stimuli, with these enhancements greatest on fully incongruent trials with the slowest RTs. In addition, on the slowest-response partially incongruent trials, the P2 sensory component to the visual probes was larger contralateral to the preceding incongruent visual stimulus. These data suggest that, in response to conflicting multisensory stimulus input, the initial cognitive effect is a capture of attention by the incongruent irrelevant-modality input, pulling neural processing resources toward that modality, resulting in rapid enhancement, rather than rapid suppression, of that input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Donohue
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Box 90999, Durham, NC 27708-0999, USA.
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118
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Nixon E, Liddle PF, Nixon NL, Liotti M. On the interaction between sad mood and cognitive control: the effect of induced sadness on electrophysiological modulations underlying Stroop conflict processing. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 87:313-26. [PMID: 23246586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The present study employed high-density ERPs to examine the effect of induced sad mood on the spatiotemporal correlates of conflict monitoring and resolution in a colour-word Stroop interference task. Neuroimaging evidence and dipole modelling implicates the involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) regions in conflict-laden interference control. On the basis that these structures have been found to mediate emotion-cognition interactions in negative mood states, it was predicted that Stroop-related cognitive control, which relies heavily on anterior neural sources, would be affected by effective sad mood provocation. Healthy participants (N=14) were induced into transient sadness via use of autobiographical sad scripts, a well-validated mood induction technique (Liotti et al., 2000a, 2002). In accord with previous research, interference effects were shown at both baseline and sad states while Stroop conflict was associated with early (N450) and late (Late Positive Component; LPC) electrophysiological modulations at both states. Sad mood induction attenuated the N450 effect in line with our expectation that it would be susceptible to modulation by mood, given its purported anterior limbic source. The LPC effect was displayed at the typical posterior lateral sites but, as predicted, was not affected by sad mood. However, frontocentral LPC activity-presumably generated from an additional anterior limbic source-was affected at sad state, hinting a role in conflict monitoring. Although the neurophysiological underpinnings of interference control are yet to be clarified, this study provided further insight into emotion-cognition interactions as indexed by Stroop conflict-laden processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Nixon
- Division of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Nottingham University Innovation Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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119
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Mayer AR, Yang Z, Yeo RA, Pena A, Ling JM, Mannell MV, Stippler M, Mojtahed K. A functional MRI study of multimodal selective attention following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Imaging Behav 2012; 6:343-54. [PMID: 22673802 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-012-9178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous work suggests that the ability to selectively attend to and resolve conflicting information may be the most enduring cognitive deficit following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The current study used fMRI to evaluate potential differences in hemodynamic activation in 22 mTBI patients and 22 carefully matched healthy controls (HC) during a multimodal selective attention task (numeric Stroop). Behavioral data indicated faster reaction times for congruent versus incongruent trials and for stimuli presented at 0.66 compared to 0.33 Hz across both groups, with minimal differences in behavioral performance across the groups. Similarly, there were no group-wise differences in functional activation within lateral and medial prefrontal cortex during the execution of cognitive control (incongruent versus congruent trials). In contrast, within-group comparisons indicated robust patterns of attention-related modulations (ARM) within the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and bilateral visual streams for HC but not mTBI patients. In addition, mTBI patients failed to exhibit task-induced deactivation within the default-mode network (DMN) under conditions of higher attentional load. In summary, in spite of near normal behavioral performance, current results suggest within-group abnormalities during both the top-down allocation of visual attention and in regulating the DMN during the semi-acute stage of mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Mayer
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA.
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121
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Heine L, Soddu A, Gómez F, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Tshibanda L, Thonnard M, Charland-Verville V, Kirsch M, Laureys S, Demertzi A. Resting state networks and consciousness: alterations of multiple resting state network connectivity in physiological, pharmacological, and pathological consciousness States. Front Psychol 2012; 3:295. [PMID: 22969735 PMCID: PMC3427917 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to better understand the functional contribution of resting state activity to conscious cognition, we aimed to review increases and decreases in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) functional connectivity under physiological (sleep), pharmacological (anesthesia), and pathological altered states of consciousness, such as brain death, coma, vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome, and minimally conscious state. The reviewed resting state networks were the DMN, left and right executive control, salience, sensorimotor, auditory, and visual networks. We highlight some methodological issues concerning resting state analyses in severely injured brains mainly in terms of hypothesis-driven seed-based correlation analysis and data-driven independent components analysis approaches. Finally, we attempt to contextualize our discussion within theoretical frameworks of conscious processes. We think that this “lesion” approach allows us to better determine the necessary conditions under which normal conscious cognition takes place. At the clinical level, we acknowledge the technical merits of the resting state paradigm. Indeed, fast and easy acquisitions are preferable to activation paradigms in clinical populations. Finally, we emphasize the need to validate the diagnostic and prognostic value of fMRI resting state measurements in non-communicating brain damaged patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizette Heine
- Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Center & Neurology Department, University of Liège Liège, Belgium
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122
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Lesion mapping of cognitive control and value-based decision making in the prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:14681-6. [PMID: 22908286 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206608109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable body of previous research on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has helped characterize the regional specificity of various cognitive functions, such as cognitive control and decision making. Here we provide definitive findings on this topic, using a neuropsychological approach that takes advantage of a unique dataset accrued over several decades. We applied voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping in 344 individuals with focal lesions (165 involving the PFC) who had been tested on a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tasks. Two distinct functional-anatomical networks were revealed within the PFC: one associated with cognitive control (response inhibition, conflict monitoring, and switching), which included the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex and a second associated with value-based decision-making, which included the orbitofrontal, ventromedial, and frontopolar cortex. Furthermore, cognitive control tasks shared a common performance factor related to set shifting that was linked to the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. By contrast, regions in the ventral PFC were required for decision-making. These findings provide detailed causal evidence for a remarkable functional-anatomical specificity in the human PFC.
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123
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Grandjean J, D’Ostilio K, Phillips C, Balteau E, Degueldre C, Luxen A, Maquet P, Salmon E, Collette F. Modulation of brain activity during a Stroop inhibitory task by the kind of cognitive control required. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41513. [PMID: 22911806 PMCID: PMC3404037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used a proportion congruency manipulation in the Stroop task in order to investigate, at the behavioral and brain substrate levels, the predictions derived from the Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) account of two distinct modes of cognitive control depending on the task context. Three experimental conditions were created that varied the proportion congruency: mostly incongruent (MI), mostly congruent (MC), and mostly neutral (MN) contexts. A reactive control strategy, which corresponds to transient interference resolution processes after conflict detection, was expected for the rare conflicting stimuli in the MC context, and a proactive strategy, characterized by a sustained task-relevant focus prior to the occurrence of conflict, was expected in the MI context. Results at the behavioral level supported the proactive/reactive distinction, with the replication of the classic proportion congruent effect (i.e., less interference and facilitation effects in the MI context). fMRI data only partially supported our predictions. Whereas reactive control for incongruent trials in the MC context engaged the expected fronto-parietal network including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex, proactive control in the MI context was not associated with any sustained lateral prefrontal cortex activations, contrary to our hypothesis. Surprisingly, incongruent trials in the MI context elicited transient activation in common with incongruent trials in the MC context, especially in DLPFC, superior parietal lobe, and insula. This lack of sustained activity in MI is discussed in reference to the possible involvement of item-specific rather than list-wide mechanisms of control in the implementation of a high task-relevant focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Grandjean
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Psychology: Cognition and Behavior, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Kevin D’Ostilio
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Psychology: Cognition and Behavior, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christophe Phillips
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Balteau
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - André Luxen
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Maquet
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Salmon
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Collette
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Psychology: Cognition and Behavior, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Kompus K, Specht K, Ersland L, Juvodden HT, van Wageningen H, Hugdahl K, Westerhausen R. A forced-attention dichotic listening fMRI study on 113 subjects. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2012; 121:240-247. [PMID: 22494771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report fMRI and behavioral data from 113 subjects on attention and cognitive control using a variant of the classic dichotic listening paradigm with pairwise presentations of consonant-vowel syllables. The syllable stimuli were presented in a block-design while subjects were in the MR scanner. The subjects were instructed to pay attention to and report either the left or right ear stimulus. The hypothesis was that paying attention to the left ear stimulus (FL condition) induces a cognitive conflict, requiring cognitive control processes, not seen when paying attention to the right ear stimulus (FR condition), due to the perceptual salience of the right ear stimulus in a dichotic situation. The FL condition resulted in distinct activations in the left inferior prefrontal gyrus and caudate nucleus, while the right inferior frontal gyrus and caudate were activated in both the FL and FR conditions, and in a non-instructed (NF) baseline condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Kompus
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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125
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Is conflict monitoring supramodal? Spatiotemporal dynamics of cognitive control processes in an auditory Stroop task. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012; 12:1-15. [PMID: 21964643 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-011-0060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The electrophysiological correlates of conflict processing and cognitive control have been well characterized for the visual modality in paradigms such as the Stroop task. Much less is known about corresponding processes in the auditory modality. Here, electroencephalographic recordings of brain activity were measured during an auditory Stroop task, using three different forms of behavioral response (overt verbal, covert verbal, and manual), that closely paralleled our previous visual Stroop study. As was expected, behavioral responses were slower and less accurate for incongruent than for congruent trials. Neurally, incongruent trials showed an enhanced fronto-central negative polarity wave (N(inc)), similar to the N450 in visual Stroop tasks, with similar variations as a function of behavioral response mode, but peaking ~150 ms earlier, followed by an enhanced positive posterior wave. In addition, sequential behavioral and neural effects were observed that supported the conflict-monitoring and cognitive adjustment hypothesis. Thus, while some aspects of the conflict detection processes, such as timing, may be modality dependent, the general mechanisms would appear to be supramodal.
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126
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Schmidt C, Peigneux P, Cajochen C, Collette F. Adapting test timing to the sleep-wake schedule: effects on diurnal neurobehavioral performance changes in young evening and older morning chronotypes. Chronobiol Int 2012; 29:482-90. [PMID: 22480320 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.658984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The synchrony effect refers to the beneficial impact of temporal matching between the timing of cognitive task administration and preferred time-of-day for diurnal activity. Aging is often associated with an advance in sleep-wake timing and concomitant optimal performance levels in the morning. In contrast, young adults often perform better in the evening hours. So far, the synchrony effect has been tested at fixed clock times, neglecting the individual's sleep-wake schedule and thus introducing confounds, such as differences in accumulated sleep pressure or circadian phase, which may exacerbate synchrony effects. To probe this hypothesis, the authors tested older morning and young evening chronotypes with a psychomotor vigilance and a Stroop paradigm once at fixed morning and evening hours and once adapting testing time to their preferred sleep-wake schedule in a within-subject design. The authors observe a persistence of synchrony effects for overall median reaction times during a psychomotor vigilance task, even when testing time is adapted to the specific individual's sleep-wake schedule. However, data analysis also indicates that time-of-day modulations are weakened under those conditions for incongruent trials on Stroop performance and the slowest reaction times on the psychomotor vigilance task. The latter result suggests that the classically observed synchrony effect may be partially mediated by a series of parameters, such as differences in socio-professional timing constraints, the amount of accumulated sleep need, or circadian phase, all leading to differential arousal levels at testing.
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127
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Appelbaum LG, Boehler CN, Won R, Davis L, Woldorff MG. Strategic allocation of attention reduces temporally predictable stimulus conflict. J Cogn Neurosci 2012; 24:1834-48. [PMID: 22360623 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Humans are able to continuously monitor environmental situations and adjust their behavioral strategies to optimize performance. Here we investigate the behavioral and brain adjustments that occur when conflicting stimulus elements are, or are not, temporally predictable. ERPs were collected while manual response variants of the Stroop task were performed in which the SOAs between the relevant color and irrelevant word stimulus components were either randomly intermixed or held constant within each experimental run. Results indicated that the size of both the neural and behavioral effects of stimulus incongruency varied with the temporal arrangement of the stimulus components, such that the random-SOA arrangements produced the greatest incongruency effects at the earliest irrelevant first SOA (-200 msec) and the constant-SOA arrangements produced the greatest effects with simultaneous presentation. These differences in conflict processing were accompanied by rapid (∼150 msec) modulations of the sensory ERPs to the irrelevant distractor components when they occurred consistently first. These effects suggest that individuals are able to strategically allocate attention in time to mitigate the influence of a temporally predictable distractor. As these adjustments are instantiated by the participants without instruction, they reveal a form of rapid strategic learning for dealing with temporally predictable stimulus incongruency.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gregory Appelbaum
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, B203 LSRC, Box 90999, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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128
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Schmidt C, Peigneux P, Leclercq Y, Sterpenich V, Vandewalle G, Phillips C, Berthomier P, Berthomier C, Tinguely G, Gais S, Schabus M, Desseilles M, Dang-Vu T, Salmon E, Degueldre C, Balteau E, Luxen A, Cajochen C, Maquet P, Collette F. Circadian preference modulates the neural substrate of conflict processing across the day. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29658. [PMID: 22238632 PMCID: PMC3251569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human morning and evening chronotypes differ in their preferred timing for sleep and wakefulness, as well as in optimal daytime periods to cope with cognitive challenges. Recent evidence suggests that these preferences are not a simple by-product of socio-professional timing constraints, but can be driven by inter-individual differences in the expression of circadian and homeostatic sleep-wake promoting signals. Chronotypes thus constitute a unique tool to access the interplay between those processes under normally entrained day-night conditions, and to investigate how they impinge onto higher cognitive control processes. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we assessed the influence of chronotype and time-of-day on conflict processing-related cerebral activity throughout a normal waking day. Sixteen morning and 15 evening types were recorded at two individually adapted time points (1.5 versus 10.5 hours spent awake) while performing the Stroop paradigm. Results show that interference-related hemodynamic responses are maintained or even increased in evening types from the subjective morning to the subjective evening in a set of brain areas playing a pivotal role in successful inhibitory functioning, whereas they decreased in morning types under the same conditions. Furthermore, during the evening hours, activity in a posterior hypothalamic region putatively involved in sleep-wake regulation correlated in a chronotype-specific manner with slow wave activity at the beginning of the night, an index of accumulated homeostatic sleep pressure. These results shed light into the cerebral mechanisms underlying inter-individual differences of higher-order cognitive state maintenance under normally entrained day-night conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schmidt
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit (UR2NF), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Leclercq
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Steffen Gais
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Manuel Schabus
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Thanh Dang-Vu
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Salmon
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Evelyne Balteau
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - André Luxen
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Maquet
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Collette
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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129
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Burton H, Wineland A, Bhattacharya M, Nicklaus J, Garcia KS, Piccirillo JF. Altered networks in bothersome tinnitus: a functional connectivity study. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:3. [PMID: 22217183 PMCID: PMC3282646 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective was to examine functional connectivity linked to the auditory system in patients with bothersome tinnitus. Activity was low frequency (< 0.1 Hz), spontaneous blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses at rest. The question was whether the experience of chronic bothersome tinnitus induced changes in synaptic efficacy between co-activated components. Functional connectivity for seed regions in auditory, visual, attention, and control networks was computed across all 2 mm3 brain volumes in 17 patients with moderate-severe bothersome tinnitus (Tinnitus Handicap Index: average 53.5 ± 3.6 (range 38-76)) and 17 age-matched controls. Results In bothersome tinnitus, negative correlations reciprocally characterized functional connectivity between auditory and occipital/visual cortex. Negative correlations indicate that when BOLD response magnitudes increased in auditory or visual cortex they decreased in the linked visual or auditory cortex, suggesting reciprocally phase reversed activity between functionally connected locations in tinnitus. Both groups showed similar connectivity with positive correlations within the auditory network. Connectivity for primary visual cortex in tinnitus included extensive negative correlations in the ventral attention temporoparietal junction and in the inferior frontal gyrus and rostral insula - executive control network components. Rostral insula and inferior frontal gyrus connectivity in tinnitus also showed greater negative correlations in occipital cortex. Conclusions These results imply that in bothersome tinnitus there is dissociation between activity in auditory cortex and visual, attention and control networks. The reciprocal negative correlations in connectivity between these networks might be maladaptive or reflect adaptations to reduce phantom noise salience and conflict with attention to non-auditory tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Burton
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St, Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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130
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Weston C. Another major function of the anterior cingulate cortex: The representation of requirements. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:90-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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131
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Dooley K, Deutsch D. Absolute pitch correlates with high performance on interval naming tasks. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 130:4097-4104. [PMID: 22225064 DOI: 10.1121/1.3652861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Absolute pitch, the rare ability to identify or produce a musical tone without a reference tone, has been shown to be advantageous in some musical tasks; however, its relevance in musical contexts primarily involving relative pitch has been questioned. To explore this issue, 36 trained musicians-18 absolute pitch possessors and 18 non-possessors with equivalent age of onset and duration of musical training-were tested on interval naming tasks requiring only relative pitch. The intervals to be named were either ascending or descending with separation ranging from 1 to 12 semitones and equally involved all 12 pitch classes. Three different conditions were employed; these used brief sine waves, piano tones, and piano tones preceded by a V7-I chord cadence so as to establish a tonal context. The possession of absolute pitch was strongly correlated with enhanced performance on all these tests of relative pitch. Furthermore, no evidence was found that this absolute pitch avantage depended on key, interval size, or musical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dooley
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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132
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Polosan M, Baciu M, Cousin E, Perrone M, Pichat C, Bougerol T. An fMRI study of the social competition in healthy subjects. Brain Cogn 2011; 77:401-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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133
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Huang CM, Polk TA, Goh JO, Park DC. Both left and right posterior parietal activations contribute to compensatory processes in normal aging. Neuropsychologia 2011; 50:55-66. [PMID: 22063904 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Older adults often exhibit greater brain activation in prefrontal cortex compared to younger adults, and there is some evidence that this increased activation compensates for age-related neural degradation that would otherwise adversely affect cognitive performance. Less is known about aging and compensatory recruitment in the parietal cortex. In this event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we presented healthy young and old participants with two Stroop-like tasks (number magnitude and physical size). In young, the number magnitude task activated right parietal cortex and the physical size task activated left parietal cortex. In older adults, we observed contralateral parietal recruitment that depended on the task: in the number magnitude task older participants recruited left posterior parietal cortex (in addition to the right parietal activity observed in young) while in the physical size task they recruited right (in addition to left) posterior parietal cortex. In both cases, the additional parietal activity was associated with better performance suggesting that it played a compensatory role. Older adults also recruited left prefrontal cortex during both tasks and this common activation was also associated with better performance. The results provide evidence for task-specific compensatory recruitment in parietal cortex as well as task-independent compensatory recruitment in prefrontal cortex in normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Mao Huang
- Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
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134
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Mayer AR, Teshiba TM, Franco AR, Ling J, Shane MS, Stephen JM, Jung RE. Modeling conflict and error in the medial frontal cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:2843-55. [PMID: 21976411 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive study, the role of the dorsal medial frontal cortex (dMFC) in error monitoring and conflict processing remains actively debated. The current experiment manipulated conflict type (stimulus conflict only or stimulus and response selection conflict) and utilized a novel modeling approach to isolate error and conflict variance during a multimodal numeric Stroop task. Specifically, hemodynamic response functions resulting from two statistical models that either included or isolated variance arising from relatively few error trials were directly contrasted. Twenty-four participants completed the task while undergoing event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging on a 1.5-Tesla scanner. Response times monotonically increased based on the presence of pure stimulus or stimulus and response selection conflict. Functional results indicated that dMFC activity was present during trials requiring response selection and inhibition of competing motor responses, but absent during trials involving pure stimulus conflict. A comparison of the different statistical models suggested that relatively few error trials contributed to a disproportionate amount of variance (i.e., activity) throughout the dMFC, but particularly within the rostral anterior cingulate gyrus (rACC). Finally, functional connectivity analyses indicated that an empirically derived seed in the dorsal ACC/pre-SMA exhibited strong connectivity (i.e., positive correlation) with prefrontal and inferior parietal cortex but was anti-correlated with the default-mode network. An empirically derived seed from the rACC exhibited the opposite pattern, suggesting that sub-regions of the dMFC exhibit different connectivity patterns with other large scale networks implicated in internal mentations such as daydreaming (default-mode) versus the execution of top-down attentional control (fronto-parietal).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Mayer
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA.
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135
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Mörsen CP, Heinz A, Bühler M, Mann K. Glücksspiel im Gehirn: Neurobiologische Grundlagen pathologischen Glücksspielens. SUCHT-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR WISSENSCHAFT UND PRAXIS 2011. [DOI: 10.1024/0939-5911.a000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hintergrund: Pathologisches Glücksspielen (PG) wird in den internationalen Klassifikationssystemen bislang als Impulskontrollstörung klassifiziert. Erst in jüngster Zeit wird aufgrund der Ähnlichkeiten in Phänomenologie, Ätiologie, Verlauf sowie genetischen und neurobiologischen Faktoren mit der Substanzabhängigkeit eine Einordnung des PGs als Verhaltenssucht diskutiert. Insbesondere neurobiologische und neuropsychologische Befunde haben zu dieser veränderten Sichtweise beigetragen. Methode: Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Befunde zu neurobiologischen Grundlagen PGs vorgestellt. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf neurokognitiven Prozessen wie Belohnungs- und Bestrafungsverarbeitung, Cue-Reaktivität, Impulsivität und Entscheidungsfindung. Die Befunde werden im Hinblick auf Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede PGs zur Substanzabhängigkeit diskutiert. Ergebnisse: Ähnlich wie bei der Substanzabhängigkeit zeigt sich auch bei pathologischen Spielern Veränderungen mesolimbischer-präfrontaler Netzwerke, die sich in einer verminderten Belohnungs- und Bestrafungssensitivität, Impulshemmung und einer erhöhten Cue-Reaktivität auf glücksspielassoziierte Reize äußern können. Jedoch sind die Befunde teilweise nicht eindeutig und eine Vielzahl der Studien unterliegt methodischen Einschränkungen. Schlussfolgerungen: Bisherige Befunde stützen die Einordnung pathologischen Spielverhaltens als Verhaltenssucht.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Patricia Mörsen
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Mira Bühler
- Klinik für Abhängiges Verhalten und Suchtmedizin, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg
| | - Karl Mann
- Klinik für Abhängiges Verhalten und Suchtmedizin, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg
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136
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Ogata Y, Horaguchi T, Watanabe N, Yamamoto M. Comparison of the choice effect and the distance effect in a number-comparison task by FMRI. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21716. [PMID: 21738777 PMCID: PMC3128082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral and neurophysiological studies of numerical comparisons have shown a "distance effect," whereby smaller numerical distances between two digits are associated with longer response times and higher activity in the parietal region. In this experiment, we introduced a two-choice condition (between either the smaller/lower or the larger/higher of two digits) and examined its effect on brain activity by fMRI. We observed longer response times and greater activity with the choice of smaller numbers ("choice effect") in several brain regions including the right temporo-parietal region, (pre)cuneus, superior temporal sulcus, precentral gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, bilateral insula, and anterior cingulate cortex. These regions correspond to areas that have been suggested to play a role in attentional shift and response conflict. However, brain activity associated with the distance effect disappeared even though the behavioral distance effect remained. Despite the absence of the distance effect on brain activity, several areas changed activity in relation to response time, including regions that were reported to change activity in both a distance effect and a reaction-time-related manner. The result suggested that the level of task load may change the activity of regions that are responsible for magnitude detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Ogata
- Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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137
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Macedonia M, Müller K, Friederici AD. The impact of iconic gestures on foreign language word learning and its neural substrate. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 32:982-98. [PMID: 20645312 PMCID: PMC6870319 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vocabulary acquisition represents a major challenge in foreign language learning. Research has demonstrated that gestures accompanying speech have an impact on memory for verbal information in the speakers' mother tongue and, as recently shown, also in foreign language learning. However, the neural basis of this effect remains unclear. In a within-subjects design, we compared learning of novel words coupled with iconic and meaningless gestures. Iconic gestures helped learners to significantly better retain the verbal material over time. After the training, participants' brain activity was registered by means of fMRI while performing a word recognition task. Brain activations to words learned with iconic and with meaningless gestures were contrasted. We found activity in the premotor cortices for words encoded with iconic gestures. In contrast, words encoded with meaningless gestures elicited a network associated with cognitive control. These findings suggest that memory performance for newly learned words is not driven by the motor component as such, but by the motor image that matches an underlying representation of the word's semantics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Macedonia
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Müller
- Magnet Resonance Unit, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angela D. Friederici
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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138
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Connor LT, Fucetola RP. Assessment of Attention in People With Aphasia: Challenges and Recommendations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1044/nnsld21.2.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Assessing nonverbal cognitive constructs, such as attention, in persons with aphasia is particularly challenging. The most difficult aspect of this task is determining whether language deficits are independent of attention deficits or whether the pattern of preserved and impaired performance reflects a combination of deficits of language and attention. As difficult as the task of assessing attention in people with aphasia may be, teasing apart contributions of language and attention to communication is crucial for appropriate treatment planning and goal-setting for people with communication deficits. Assessment tools, both standardized and non-standardized, are reviewed to help in determining the extent to which types of attention are affected in people with aphasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Tabor Connor
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Department of Neurology, Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO
| | - Robert P. Fucetola
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO
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139
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Abstract
Many models of word recognition predict a lexical ambiguity disadvantage in semantic categorization tasks (SCTs). However, recent evidence suggests that an ambiguity disadvantage in SCT results from a bias in the decision-making phase of the task and not in the meaning-activation phase: Behavioral effects of ambiguity disappear when these decision biases are controlled ( Pexman, Hino, & Lupker, 2004 ). The current study used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural correlates of ambiguity in a task that produced no behavioral ambiguity effect (i.e., SCT with a well-defined decision category). Twenty healthy adults participated. Results showed that despite producing no behavioral effect of ambiguity, ambiguous words were associated with the recruitment of cortical structures implicated in top-down modulation of noisy activity (e.g., left inferior frontal gyrus) when compared to unambiguous words. These results are interpreted as evidence that multiple meanings are activated for ambiguous words in SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bradley G. Goodyear
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Canada
- Seaman Family MR Research Centre, University of Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada
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140
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Coste CP, Sadaghiani S, Friston KJ, Kleinschmidt A. Ongoing Brain Activity Fluctuations Directly Account for Intertrial and Indirectly for Intersubject Variability in Stroop Task Performance. Cereb Cortex 2011; 21:2612-9. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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141
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Gao W, Lin W. Frontal parietal control network regulates the anti-correlated default and dorsal attention networks. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:192-202. [PMID: 21391263 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports demonstrate the anti-correlated behaviors between the default (DF) and the dorsal attention (DA) networks. We aimed to investigate the roles of the frontal parietal control (FPC) network in regulating the two anti-correlated networks through three experimental conditions, including resting, continuous self-paced/attended sequential finger tapping (FT), and natural movie watching (MW), respectively. The two goal-directed tasks were chosen to engage either one of the two competing networks-FT for DA whereas MW for default. We hypothesized that FPC will selectively augment/suppress either network depending on how the task targets the specific network; FPC will positively correlate with the target network, but negatively correlate with the network anti-correlated with the target network. We further hypothesized that significant causal links from FPC to both DA and DF are present during all three experimental conditions, supporting the initiative regulating role of FPC over the two opposing systems. Consistent with our hypotheses, FPC exhibited a significantly higher positive correlation with DA (P = 0.0095) whereas significantly more negative correlation with default (P = 0.0025) during FT when compared to resting. Completely opposite to that observed during FT, the FPC was significantly anti-correlated with DA (P = 2.1e-6) whereas positively correlated with default (P = 0.0035) during MW. Furthermore, extensive causal links from FPC to both DA and DF were observed across all three experimental states. Together, our results strongly support the notion that the FPC regulates the anti-correlated default and DA networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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142
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van Mourik R, Sergeant JA, Heslenfeld D, Konig C, Oosterlaan J. Auditory conflict processing in ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011; 52:265-74. [PMID: 21073461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired cognitive control has been implicated as an important developmental pathway to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Cognitive control is crucial to suppress interference resulting from conflicting information and can be measured by Stroop-like tasks. This study was conducted to gain insight into conflict processing in children with ADHD. METHODS Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in an auditory Stroop task. Twenty-four children with ADHD were compared with 24 control children (aged 8-12 years). RESULTS No deficit in interference control was found on the auditory Stroop task in children with ADHD. Children with ADHD responded more slowly, less accurately and more variably compared to controls. No differences between the groups occurred in the early conflict-related ERPs. However, the difference between the congruent and the incongruent condition in the 450-550 ms time window was absent in the ADHD group compared to controls. In addition, the conflict sustained potential was found frontally in the ADHD group but parietally in the control group. CONCLUSIONS These ERP findings suggest that children with ADHD evaluate conflict to a lesser extent and differ in the way their brains select appropriate responses during conflict compared with controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa van Mourik
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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143
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Christensen TA, Lockwood JL, Almryde KR, Plante E. Neural substrates of attentive listening assessed with a novel auditory Stroop task. Front Hum Neurosci 2011; 4:236. [PMID: 21258643 PMCID: PMC3020403 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2010.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A common explanation for the interference effect in the classic visual Stroop test is that reading a word (the more automatic semantic response) must be suppressed in favor of naming the text color (the slower sensory response). Neuroimaging studies also consistently report anterior cingulate/medial frontal, lateral prefrontal, and anterior insular structures as key components of a network for Stroop-conflict processing. It remains unclear, however, whether automatic processing of semantic information can explain the interference effect in other variants of the Stroop test. It also is not known if these frontal regions serve a specific role in visual Stroop conflict, or instead play a more universal role as components of a more generalized, supramodal executive-control network for conflict processing. To address these questions, we developed a novel auditory Stroop test in which the relative dominance of semantic and sensory feature processing is reversed. Listeners were asked to focus either on voice gender (a more automatic sensory discrimination task) or on the gender meaning of the word (a less automatic semantic task) while ignoring the conflicting stimulus feature. An auditory Stroop effect was observed when voice features replaced semantic content as the “to-be-ignored” component of the incongruent stimulus. Also, in sharp contrast to previous Stroop studies, neural responses to incongruent stimuli studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed greater recruitment of conflict loci when selective attention was focused on gender meaning (semantic task) over voice gender (sensory task). Furthermore, in contrast to earlier Stroop studies that implicated dorsomedial cortex in visual conflict processing, interference-related activation in both of our auditory tasks was localized ventrally in medial frontal areas, suggesting a dorsal-to-ventral separation of function in medial frontal cortex that is sensitive to stimulus context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Christensen
- Laboratory for Brain Imaging of Language, Attention and Memory, Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, The University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA.
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144
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Fitzgerald KD, Stern ER, Angstadt M, Nicholson-Muth KC, Maynor MR, Welsh RC, Hanna GL, Taylor SF. Altered function and connectivity of the medial frontal cortex in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68:1039-47. [PMID: 20947065 PMCID: PMC2988474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exaggerated concern for correct performance has been linked to hyperactivity of the medial frontal cortex (MFC) in adult obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but the role of the MFC during the early course of illness remains poorly understood. We tested whether hyperactive MFC-based performance monitoring function relates to altered MFC connectivity within task control and default mode networks in pediatric patients. METHODS Eighteen pairs of OCD and matched healthy youth underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during performance monitoring and at rest. Task-related hyperactivations in the posterior and ventral MFC were used as seeds for connectivity analyses during task and resting state. RESULTS In posterior MFC, patients showed greater activation of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) than control subjects, with greater activation predicting worse performance. In ventral MFC, control subjects exhibited deactivation, whereas patients activated this region. Compared with control subjects, patients showed increased dACC-ventral MFC connectivity during task and decreased dACC-right anterior operculum and ventral MFC-posterior cingulate connectivity during rest. CONCLUSIONS Excessive activation and increased interactions of posterior and ventral MFC during performance monitoring may combine with reduced resting state connectivity of these regions within networks for task control and default mode to reflect early markers of OCD. Alteration of reciprocal interactions between these networks could potentiate the intrusion of ventral MFC-based affectively laden, self-referential thoughts, while disrupting posterior MFC-based performance-monitoring function in young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Dimond Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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145
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Word and position interference in stroop tasks: a behavioral and fMRI study. Exp Brain Res 2010; 207:139-47. [PMID: 20924569 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2433-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
One of the main features of the attentional system is the capability to select between relevant and irrelevant information. However, irrelevant information interferes with the processing of the relevant one. Using high-field magnetic resonance imaging, we examined the interference effect of a verbal (color-word) and a spatial (arrow-position) Stroop task on the activation of cortical areas known to be dedicated to the attentional control. Behaviorally, we found costs from the irrelevant information in both tasks; in the brain, we found a common neural network of activation that mainly involved the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex. However, the neural circuits involved in the two tasks overlapped only partially, since processing of words in the color-word Stroop task showed a wider and more right-lateralized activation, while spatial processing in the arrow-position Stroop task resulted in a more restricted and left-lateralized activation.
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146
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Ali N, Green DW, Kherif F, Devlin JT, Price CJ. The role of the left head of caudate in suppressing irrelevant words. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 22:2369-86. [PMID: 19803688 PMCID: PMC3646394 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Suppressing irrelevant words is essential to successful speech production and is expected to involve general control mechanisms that reduce interference from task-unrelated processing. To investigate the neural mechanisms that suppress visual word interference, we used fMRI and a Stroop task, using a block design with an event-related analysis. Participants indicated with a finger press whether a visual stimulus was colored pink or blue. The stimulus was either the written word "BLUE," the written word "PINK," or a string of four Xs, with word interference introduced when the meaning of the word and its color were "incongruent" (e.g., BLUE in pink hue) relative to congruent (e.g., BLUE in blue) or neutral (e.g., XXXX in pink). The participants also made color decisions in the presence of spatial interference rather than word interference (i.e., the Simon task). By blocking incongruent, congruent, and neutral trials, we identified activation related to the mechanisms that suppress interference as that which was greater at the end relative to the start of incongruency. This highlighted the role of the left head of caudate in the control of word interference but not spatial interference. The response in the left head of caudate contrasted to bilateral inferior frontal activation that was greater at the start than at the end of incongruency, and to the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus which responded to a change in the motor response. Our study therefore provides novel insights into the role of the left head of caudate in the mechanisms that suppress word interference.
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147
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Ruz M, Tudela P. Emotional conflict in interpersonal interactions. Neuroimage 2010; 54:1685-91. [PMID: 20736070 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial displays of emotions can help to infer the mental states of other individuals. However, the expectations we generate on the basis of people's emotions can mismatch their actual behaviour in certain circumstances, which generates conflict. In the present study, we explored the neural mechanisms of emotional conflict during interpersonal interactions. Participants had to accept or reject economic offers made by several partners who displayed emotional expressions. On every trial, a cue informed participants of whether they could trust the emotion of their partner or not. Trustworthy (low-conflict) partners with happy facial expressions were cooperative and those with angry expressions did not cooperate. Untrustworthy (high-conflict) partners, on the other hand, cooperated when their expression was angry and did not cooperate when they displayed a happy emotion. Behavioural responses were faster for trustworthy than for untrustworty partners. High-conflict partners activated the anterior cingulate and the anterior insula. In turn, trustworthy partners were associated with activations in the left precuneus. Our results suggest that the emotion displayed by another person affects our decision-making in social contexts. When emotional expressions are linked to their natural consequences, they engage ToM processes. In contrast, untrustworthy emotional expressions engage conflict-related brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ruz
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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148
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Abstract
Response inhibition is the capacity to suppress inappropriate actions and is considered to be a fundamental executive function. This study investigated whether the neural correlates of response inhibition are organized along supramodal or modality-specific principles. For this purpose, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging in a go-nogo task with auditory and visual stimuli. Common activation relating to response inhibition across modalities was observed in a frontoparietal network including the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, there was no modality-specific activation related to response inhibition in the prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that the neural correlates of response inhibition have a supramodal organization, which is consistent with its role as a core executive function.
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149
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Do words hurt? Brain activation during the processing of pain-related words. Pain 2010; 148:198-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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150
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Alemán GG, de Erausquin GA, Micheli F. Cognitive disturbances in primary blepharospasm. Mov Disord 2010; 24:2112-20. [PMID: 19705473 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The common belief that primary dystonia is a purely motor disorder with no anatomical substrate and no other accompanying neurological dysfunction has recently been challenged. In addition, there is increasing evidence that the basal ganglia besides motor control, plays a role in cognitive functioning. However, no systematic cognitive performance evaluation has been carried out in patients with primary blepharospasm (BS), one of the most common forms of adult dystonia. We evaluated a series of 20 patients with primary BS and a group of 17 controls matched by severity of mood symptoms, age, and sex. BS patients performed significantly worse on the Luria sequencing test, Purdue pegboard test, reciprocal coordination, tactile denomination, and reverse visuospatial span and the differences persisted after correction for age, duration of disease, severity of BS, and degree of depression. The Wisconsin card sorting test showed no statistical difference, but BS patients made more errors and more perseverative answers than expected according to population means, whereas the control group performed poorly but within normal parameters. Our findings suggest broad cortical involvement in focal dystonia that is not correlated with the severity or duration of dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gonzalez Alemán
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Program, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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