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Fernandes MS, Sanches JM, Seruca R. Targeting the PI3K Signalling as a Therapeutic Strategy in Colorectal Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1110:35-53. [PMID: 30623365 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02771-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide. Regarded as a heterogeneous disease, a number of biomarkers have been proposed to help in the stratification of CRC patients and to enable the selection of the best therapy for each patient towards personalized therapy. However, although the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of CRC have been elucidated, the therapeutic strategies available for these patients are still quite limited. Thus, over the last few years, a multitude of novel targets and therapeutic strategies have emerged focusing on deregulated molecules and pathways that are implicated in cell growth and survival. Particularly relevant in CRC are the activating mutations in the oncogene PIK3CA that frequently occur in concomitancy with KRAS and BRAF mutations and that lead to deregulation of the major signalling pathways PI3K and MAPK, downstream of EGFR. This review focus on the importance of the PI3K signalling in CRC development, on the current knowledge of PI3K inhibition as a therapeutic approach in CRC and on the implications PI3K signalling molecules may have as potential biomarkers and as new targets for directed therapies in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sofia Fernandes
- Institute for Systems and Robotics (ISR), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - João Miguel Sanches
- Institute for Systems and Robotics (ISR), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Seruca
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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102
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Li H, Jin F, Jiang K, Ji S, Wang L, Ni Z, Chen X, Hu Z, Zhang H, Liu Y, Qin Y, Zha X. mTORC1-mediated downregulation of COX2 restrains tumor growth caused by TSC2 deficiency. Oncotarget 2017; 7:28435-47. [PMID: 27078846 PMCID: PMC5053737 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), caused by loss-of-function mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 gene, is characterized by benign tumor formation in multiple organs. Hyperactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is the primary alteration underlying TSC tumors. By analyzing Tsc2-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and rat uterine leiomyoma-derived Tsc2-null ELT3 cells, we detected evidence for the involvement of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) as a downstream target of mTORC1 in the development of TSC tumors. We showed that loss of TSC2 led to decreased COX2 expression through activation of an mTORC1/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. Overexpression of COX2 promoted proliferation and tumoral growth of Tsc2-null cells. COX2 knockdown inhibited the proliferation of the control cells. COX2 enhanced Tsc2-null cell growth through upregulation of interleukin-6 (IL-6). In addition, rapamycin in combination with celecoxib, a COX2 inhibitor, strongly inhibited Tsc2-deficient cell growth. We conclude that downregulation of COX2 exerts a protective effect against hyperactivated mTORC1-mediated tumorigenesis caused by the loss of TSC2, and the combination of rapamycin and celecoxib may be an effective new approach to treating TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwu Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fuquan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Keguo Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuang Ji
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaofei Ni
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xianguo Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhongdong Hu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yehai Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yide Qin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaojun Zha
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
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103
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Kanaan R, Strange C. Use of multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitors to attenuate platelet-derived growth factor signalling in lung disease. Eur Respir Rev 2017; 26:26/146/170061. [PMID: 29070579 PMCID: PMC9488848 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0061-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors (PDGFRs) play a fundamental role in the embryonic development of the lung. Aberrant PDGF signalling has been documented convincingly in a large variety of pulmonary diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, lung cancer and lung fibrosis. Targeting PDGF signalling has been proven to be effective in these diseases. In clinical practice, the most effective way to block PDGF signalling is to inhibit the activity of the intracellular PDGFR kinases. Although the mechanism of action of such drugs is not specific for PDGF signalling, the medications have a broad therapeutic index that allows clinical use. The safety profile and therapeutic opportunities of these and future medications that target PDGFs and PDGFRs are reviewed. An increasing role for PDGF signalling inhibitors in clinical trials for the treatment of various pulmonary diseaseshttp://ow.ly/buaI30f9HcN
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Kanaan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Charlie Strange
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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104
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Kim YY, Jee HJ, Um JH, Kim YM, Bae SS, Yun J. Cooperation between p21 and Akt is required for p53-dependent cellular senescence. Aging Cell 2017; 16:1094-1103. [PMID: 28691365 PMCID: PMC5595696 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence has been implicated in normal aging, tissue homeostasis, and tumor suppression. Although p53 has been shown to be a central mediator of cellular senescence, the signaling pathway by which it induces senescence remains incompletely understood. In this study, we have shown that both Akt and p21 are required to induce cellular senescence in response to p53 expression. In a p53-induced senescence model, we found that Akt activation was essential for inducing a cellular senescence phenotype. Surprisingly, Akt inhibition did not abolish p53-induced cell cycle arrest, but it suppressed the increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The results of the cell cycle and morphological analysis suggest that p53 induced quiescence, not senescence, following Akt inhibition. Conversely, the inhibition of p21 induction abolished cell cycle arrest but did not affect the p53-induced increase in ROS levels. Additionally, p21 and Akt separately controlled cell cycle arrest and ROS levels, respectively, during H-Ras-induced senescence in human normal fibroblasts. The mechanistic analysis revealed that Akt increased ROS levels through NOX4 induction, and increased Akt-dependent NF-κB binding to the NOX4 promoter is responsible for NOX4 induction upon p53 expression. We further showed that Akt activation upon p53 expression is mediated by mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2. In addition, p53-mediated IL6 and IL8 induction was abrogated by Akt inhibition, suggesting that Akt activation is also required for the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Collectively, these results suggest that p53 simultaneously controls multiple pathways to induce cellular senescence through p21 and Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Yeon Kim
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center; College of Medicine; Dong-A University; Busan 49201 Korea
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Medicine; Dong-A University; Busan 49201 Korea
| | - Hye Jin Jee
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center; College of Medicine; Dong-A University; Busan 49201 Korea
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Medicine; Dong-A University; Busan 49201 Korea
| | - Jee-Hyun Um
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center; College of Medicine; Dong-A University; Busan 49201 Korea
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Medicine; Dong-A University; Busan 49201 Korea
| | - Young Mi Kim
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center; College of Medicine; Dong-A University; Busan 49201 Korea
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Medicine; Dong-A University; Busan 49201 Korea
| | - Sun Sik Bae
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Pusan National University; Yangsan-si 602-739 Korea
| | - Jeanho Yun
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center; College of Medicine; Dong-A University; Busan 49201 Korea
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Medicine; Dong-A University; Busan 49201 Korea
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105
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Asrani K, Sood A, Torres A, Georgess D, Phatak P, Kaur H, Dubin A, Talbot CC, Elhelu L, Ewald AJ, Xiao B, Worley P, Lotan TL. mTORC1 loss impairs epidermal adhesion via TGF-β/Rho kinase activation. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4001-4017. [PMID: 28945203 DOI: 10.1172/jci92893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its central position in oncogenic intracellular signaling networks, the role of mTORC1 in epithelial development has not been studied extensively in vivo. Here, we have used the epidermis as a model system to elucidate the cellular effects and signaling feedback sequelae of mTORC1 loss of function in epithelial tissue. In mice with conditional epidermal loss of the mTORC1 components Rheb or Rptor, mTORC1 loss of function unexpectedly resulted in a profound skin barrier defect with epidermal abrasions, blistering, and early postnatal lethality, due to a thinned epidermis with decreased desmosomal protein expression and incomplete biochemical differentiation. In mice with mTORC1 loss of function, we found that Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling was constitutively activated, resulting in increased cytoskeletal tension and impaired cell-cell adhesion. Inhibition or silencing of ROCK1 was sufficient to rescue keratinocyte adhesion and biochemical differentiation in these mice. mTORC1 loss of function also resulted in marked feedback upregulation of upstream TGF-β signaling, triggering ROCK activity and its downstream effects on desmosomal gene expression. These findings elucidate a role for mTORC1 in the regulation of epithelial barrier formation, cytoskeletal tension, and cell adhesion, underscoring the complexity of signaling feedback following mTORC1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dan Georgess
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pornima Phatak
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew J Ewald
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Oncology, and
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Worley
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tamara L Lotan
- Department of Pathology and.,Department of Oncology, and
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106
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Jin F, Jiang K, Ji S, Wang L, Ni Z, Huang F, Li C, Chen R, Zhang H, Hu Z, Zha X. Deficient TSC1/TSC2-complex suppression of SOX9-osteopontin-AKT signalling cascade constrains tumour growth in tuberous sclerosis complex. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:407-419. [PMID: 28013293 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder featured with multi-organ benign tumours. Disruption of TSC1/TSC2 complex suppression on mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling causes TSC. Hyperactive mTOR-mediated negative feedback regulation of AKT partially contributes to the benign nature of TSC-associated tumours. In this study, we demonstrated that osteopontin (OPN) was dramatically reduced by loss of TSC1/TSC2 complex in Tsc2-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), rat uterine leiomyoma-derived Tsc2-deficient cells, genetically modified mouse TSC models, and clinical samples. TSC1/TSC2 complex upregulation of OPN expression is mediated by transcription factor SOX9 in an mTOR-independent manner. Moreover, ablation of OPN by deficient TSC1/TSC2 complex contributed to inactivation of AKT in TSC cells. Lastly, the abundance of OPN dictated the potency of cell proliferation and tumour development. Therefore, loss of TSC1/TSC2 complex led to mTOR-independent inhibition of AKT at least partially through downregulation of the SOX9-OPN signalling cascade. We suggest that the decreased SOX9-OPN-AKT signalling pathway safeguard against the development of malignant tumours in TSC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuquan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Keguo Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Ji
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaofei Ni
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuqiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China and
| | - Chunjia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China and
| | - Rongrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China and
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China and
| | - Zhongdong Hu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Zha
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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107
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Ekizceli G, Inan S, Oktem G, Onur E, Ozbilgin K. Assessment of mTOR pathway molecules during implantation in rats. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:450-458. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1350749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G. Ekizceli
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa
| | - S. Inan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Izmir University of Economics, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir
| | - G. Oktem
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir
| | - E. Onur
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa
| | - K. Ozbilgin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey
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108
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Huang F, Cai P, Wang Y, Zhou X, Chen H, Liao W, Mao Y, Zha X, Zhang H, Hu Z. Up-regulation of brain-expressed X-linked 2 is critical for hepatitis B virus X protein-induced hepatocellular carcinoma development. Oncotarget 2017; 8:65789-65799. [PMID: 29029472 PMCID: PMC5630372 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause for HCC. Hepatitis B virus X (HBx), one of four proteins encoded by HBV genome, plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of HBV-induced HCC. However, the molecular mechanisms of HBx-triggered HCC remain largely undetermined. Here we revealed that the expression of Brain-expressed X-linked 2 (BEX2) and Osteopontin (OPN) were elevated in liver tissues of HBV transgenic mice and human HCC specimens. Moreover, a positive correlation between BEX2 and OPN was exhibited in samples from HCC patients with HBV infection. The protein levels of BEX2 and OPN were both higher in HBV-positive HCC specimens compared to that of HBV-negative HCC specimens. HBx potentiated OPN expression through up-regulation of BEX2. Importantly, the depletion of BEX2 suppressed tumorigenic potential of HCC cells with highly expressed HBx. We demonstrated the important role of BEX2 in HCC pathogenesis, and BEX2 may be a novel therapeutic target for HCC patients with HBV infection. The newly identified HBx/BEX2/OPN signaling cassette is implicated in the pathogenesis of HBV-induced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yilei Mao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Zha
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongdong Hu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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109
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Ammad-ud-din M, Khan SA, Wennerberg K, Aittokallio T. Systematic identification of feature combinations for predicting drug response with Bayesian multi-view multi-task linear regression. Bioinformatics 2017; 33:i359-i368. [PMID: 28881998 PMCID: PMC5870540 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION A prime challenge in precision cancer medicine is to identify genomic and molecular features that are predictive of drug treatment responses in cancer cells. Although there are several computational models for accurate drug response prediction, these often lack the ability to infer which feature combinations are the most predictive, particularly for high-dimensional molecular datasets. As increasing amounts of diverse genome-wide data sources are becoming available, there is a need to build new computational models that can effectively combine these data sources and identify maximally predictive feature combinations. RESULTS We present a novel approach that leverages on systematic integration of data sources to identify response predictive features of multiple drugs. To solve the modeling task we implement a Bayesian linear regression method. To further improve the usefulness of the proposed model, we exploit the known human cancer kinome for identifying biologically relevant feature combinations. In case studies with a synthetic dataset and two publicly available cancer cell line datasets, we demonstrate the improved accuracy of our method compared to the widely used approaches in drug response analysis. As key examples, our model identifies meaningful combinations of features for the well known EGFR, ALK, PLK and PDGFR inhibitors. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The source code of the method is available at https://github.com/suleimank/mvlr . CONTACT muhammad.ammad-ud-din@helsinki.fi or suleiman.khan@helsinki.fi. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ammad-ud-din
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Suleiman A Khan
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Krister Wennerberg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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110
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Alteration of PDGFRβ-Akt-mTOR pathway signaling in fibrosarcomatous transformation of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Hum Pathol 2017; 67:60-68. [PMID: 28711648 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a cutaneous mesenchymal tumor of intermediate malignancy and fibroblastic/myofibroblastic differentiation. Fibrosarcomatous (FS) component is a high-grade component of DFSP. The detailed oncogenic difference between DFSP and FS components is not clear. We thus investigated the Akt-mTOR pathway in both components. We used 65 tumor samples obtained from 65 patients. The phosphorylation of Akt-mTOR pathway proteins (Akt, mTOR, 4EBP1, and S6RP) and PDGFRα/β was assessed by immunohistochemical staining, the results of which were confirmed by Western blotting. The immunohistochemical results were as follows: in ordinary DFSP components, p-PDGFRα-positive tumors were 41.9% (18/43 cases), p-PDGFRβ 55.8% (24/43 cases), p-Akt 51.2% (22/43 cases), p-mTOR 39.5% (17/43 cases), p-4EBP1 46.5% (20/43 cases), and p-S6RP 41.8% (18/43 cases); in DFSP components of FS-DFSP, 52.6% (10/19 cases), 47.4% (9/19 cases), 52.6% (10/19 cases), 36.8% (7/19 cases), 52.6% (10/19 cases), and 52.6% (10/19 cases); and in FS components, 45.5% (10/22 cases), 36.4% (8/22 cases), 72.7% (16/22 cases), 54.5% (12/22 cases), 72.7% (16/22 cases), and 68.2% (15/22 cases), respectively. There were significant positive correlations of the phosphorylation of most of the Akt-mTOR pathway proteins (p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-4EBP1, and p-S6RP) with each other (P < .05). Phospho-PDGFRβ was well correlated with the phosphorylation of Akt-mTOR pathway proteins in DFSP components of ordinary and FS-DFSPs, but these correlations were weaker in FS components. This study suggested the association of activation of Akt-mTOR pathway proteins and PDGFR with the progression of DFSP to FS. The Akt-mTOR pathway is thus a potential therapeutic target in imatinib-resistant DFSP/FS.
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111
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Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin controls cell growth, metabolism, and aging in response to nutrients, cellular energy stage, and growth factors. In cancers including breast cancer, mechanistic target of rapamycin is frequently upregulated. Blocking mechanistic target of rapamycin with rapamycin, first-generation and second-generation mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitors, called rapalogs, have shown potent reduction of breast cancer tumor growth in preclinical models and clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the fundamental role of the mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway in driving breast tumors. Moreover, we also review key molecules involved with aberrant mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway activation in breast cancer and current efforts to target these components for therapeutic gain. Further development of predictive biomarkers will be useful in the selection of patients who will benefit from inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Qing Li
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Xia Zhou
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Wen Yu
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
| | - Ling Sun
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Hou Han
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
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112
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Wang L, Ni Z, Liu Y, Ji S, Jin F, Jiang K, Ma J, Ren C, Zhang H, Hu Z, Zha X. Hyperactivated mTORC1 downregulation of FOXO3a/PDGFRα/AKT cascade restrains tuberous sclerosis complex-associated tumor development. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54858-54872. [PMID: 28903387 PMCID: PMC5589626 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), caused by loss-of-function mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene, leads to the development of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a benign tumor syndrome with multiple affected organs. mTORC1-mediated inhibition of AKT constrains the tumor progression of TSC, but the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Herein we showed that loss of TSC1 or TSC2 downregulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) expression was mediated by mTORC1. Moreover, mTORC1 inhibited PDGFRα expression via suppression of forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a)-mediated PDGFRα gene transcription. In addition, ectopic expression of PDGFRα promoted AKT activation and enhanced proliferation and tumorigenic capacity of Tsc1- or Tsc2-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), and vice versa. Most importantly, rapamycin in combination with AG1295, a PDGFR inhibitor, significantly inhibited growth of TSC1/TSC2 complex-deficient cells in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, downregulated FOXO3a/PDGFRα/AKT pathway exerts a protective effect against hyperactivated mTORC1-induced tumorigenesis caused by loss of TSC1/TSC2 complex, and the combination of rapamycin and AG1295 may be a new effective strategy for TSC-associated tumors treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaofei Ni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- The First Clinical Medical School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuang Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fuquan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Keguo Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Junfang Ma
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiping Ren
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongdong Hu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Zha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Wataya-Kaneda M, Uemura M, Fujita K, Hirata H, Osuga K, Kagitani-Shimono K, Nonomura N. Tuberous sclerosis complex: Recent advances in manifestations and therapy. Int J Urol 2017; 24:681-691. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Wataya-Kaneda
- Department of Dermatology; Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Motohide Uemura
- Department of Urology; Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Fujita
- Department of Urology; Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Haruhiko Hirata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases; Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Keigo Osuga
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Kuriko Kagitani-Shimono
- Department of United Graduate School of Child Development; Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology; Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
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114
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Dalla Pozza E, Forciniti S, Palmieri M, Dando I. Secreted molecules inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 78:62-72. [PMID: 28673679 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biologic process that allows a polarized epithelial cell to undergo multiple biochemical changes that enable it to assume a mesenchymal cell phenotype. EMT is involved in embryo development, wound healing, tissue regeneration, organ fibrosis and has also been proposed as the critical mechanism for the acquisition of malignant phenotypes by epithelial cancer cells. These cells have been shown to acquire a mesenchymal phenotype when localized at the invasive front of primary tumours increasing aggressiveness, invasiveness, metastatic potential and resistance to chemotherapy. There is now increasing evidence demonstrating that a crucial role in the development of this process is played by factors secreted by cells of the tumour microenvironment or by the tumour cells themselves. This review summarises the current knowledge of EMT induction in cancer by paracrine or autocrine mechanisms, by exosomes or free proteins and miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Dalla Pozza
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefania Forciniti
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marta Palmieri
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Dando
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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115
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Joglekar-Javadekar M, Van Laere S, Bourne M, Moalwi M, Finetti P, Vermeulen PB, Birnbaum D, Dirix LY, Ueno N, Carter M, Rains J, Ramachandran A, Bertucci F, van Golen KL. Characterization and Targeting of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor alpha (PDGFRA) in Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC). Neoplasia 2017; 19:564-573. [PMID: 28609680 PMCID: PMC5470553 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is arguably the deadliest form of breast cancer due to its rapid onset and highly invasive nature. IBC carries 5- and 10-year disease-free survival rates of ~45% and <20%, respectively. Multiple studies demonstrate that in comparison with conventional breast cancer, IBC has a unique molecular identity. Here, we have identified platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) as being uniquely expressed and active in IBC patient tumor cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Here we focus on characterizing and targeting PDGFRA in IBC. Using gene expression, we analyzed IBC patient samples and compared them with non-IBC patient samples. Further, using IBC cells in culture, we determined the effect of small molecules inhibitors in both in vitro and in vivo assays. RESULTS: In IBC patients, we show more frequent PDGFRA activation signature than non-IBC samples. In addition, the PDGFRA activation signature is associated with shorter metastasis-free survival in both uni- and multivariate analyses. We also demonstrate that IBC cells express active PDGFRA. Finally, we show that PDGFRA targeting by crenolanib (CP-868-596), but not imatinib (STI571), two small molecule inhibitors, interferes with IBC cell growth and emboli formation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that PDGFRA may be a promising target for therapy in IBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Joglekar-Javadekar
- The Laboratory for Cytoskeletal Physiology, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Delaware, Newark, DE; The Center for Translational Cancer Research, The University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Steven Van Laere
- Center for Oncological Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Michael Bourne
- The Laboratory for Cytoskeletal Physiology, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Delaware, Newark, DE; The Center for Translational Cancer Research, The University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Manal Moalwi
- The Laboratory for Cytoskeletal Physiology, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Delaware, Newark, DE; The Center for Translational Cancer Research, The University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Pascal Finetti
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM UMR1068, CNRS UMR725, Institut Paoli-Calmettes (IPC), Marseille, France
| | - Peter B Vermeulen
- Center for Oncological Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daniel Birnbaum
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM UMR1068, CNRS UMR725, Institut Paoli-Calmettes (IPC), Marseille, France
| | - Luc Y Dirix
- Center for Oncological Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Naoto Ueno
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Francois Bertucci
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM UMR1068, CNRS UMR725, Institut Paoli-Calmettes (IPC), Marseille, France
| | - Kenneth L van Golen
- The Laboratory for Cytoskeletal Physiology, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Delaware, Newark, DE; The Center for Translational Cancer Research, The University of Delaware, Newark, DE; The Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Newark, DE.
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116
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Metabolic Impact of Rapamycin (Sirolimus) and B-Estradiol Using Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts as a Model for Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Lung 2017; 195:425-430. [PMID: 28577037 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-017-0016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare, progressive cystic lung disease that predominantly affects women of childbearing age. Exogenous rapamycin (sirolimus) has been shown to improve clinical outcomes and was recently approved to treat LAM, whereas estrogen (E2) is implicated in disease progression. No consistent metabolic model currently exists for LAM, therefore wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF +/+) and TSC2 knockout cells (MEF -/-) were used in this study as a model for LAM. METHODS Oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and redox potential were measured to determine metabolic state across control cells, MEF +/+ and -/- cells treated with rapamycin (Rapa), and MEF +/+ and -/- cells treated with E2. An XF96 extracellular flux analyzer from Seahorse Bioscience® was used to measure OCR, and a RedoxSYS™ ORP was used to measure redox potential. RESULTS OCR of MEF -/- cells treated with rapamycin (MEF -/- Rapa) versus MEF -/- control were significantly lower across all conditions. The static oxidation reduction potential of the MEF -/- Rapa group was also lower, approaching significance. The coupling efficiency and ratio of ATP-linked respiration to maximum respiration were statistically lower in MEF -/- Rapa compared to MEF +/+ Rapa. There were no significant metabolic findings across any of the MEF cells treated with E2. MEF -/- control cells versus MEF +/+ control cells were not found to significantly differ. CONCLUSION MEF cells are thought to be a feasible metabolic model for LAM, which has implications for future pharmacologic and biologic testing.
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117
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Gan N, Zou S, Hang W, Yang D, Zhang X, Yin Y. Osteopontin is Critical for Hyperactive mTOR-Induced Tumorigenesis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Cancer 2017. [PMID: 28638450 PMCID: PMC5479241 DOI: 10.7150/jca.18031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a critical role in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we have demonstrated that the expression of osteopontin (OPN) was dramatically up-regulated in OSCC tissues and cell lines. Moreover, reduction of OPN suppressed cell proliferation, colony formation, and in vivo tumorigenic ability of OSCC cell lines Tca8113. In addition, there was a strong positive correlation between mTORC1 activity and OPN expression in OSCC tissues and cell lines. Furthermore, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) enhanced OPN expression through up-regulation of ERRα. Therefore, OPN is a downstream target of mTORC1 and is crucial for OSCC development. mTORC1, ERRα, and OPN may be potential targets for treatment of OSCC with aberrant mTORC1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Gan
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China.,Chongqing key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Sihai Zou
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China.,Chongqing key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Wenming Hang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China.,Chongqing key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Deqin Yang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China.,Chongqing key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yibing Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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118
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Lu H, Mei H, Wang F, Zhao Q, Wang S, Liu L, Cheng L. Decreased phosphorylation of PDGFR-β impairs the angiogenic potential of expanded endothelial progenitor cells via the inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:1492-1504. [PMID: 28487975 PMCID: PMC5428960 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical cord blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been proven to contribute to post-natal angiogenesis, and have been applied in various models of ischemia. However, to date, to the best of our knowledge, there is no available data on the angiogenic properties of EPCs during the process of in vitro expansion. In this study, we expanded EPCs to obtain cells at different passages, and analyzed their cellular properties and angiogenic ability. In the process of expansion, no changes were observed in cell cobblestone-like morphology, apoptotic rate and telomere length. However, the cell proliferative ability was significantly decreased. Additionally, the expression of CD144, CD90 and KDR was significantly downregulated in the later-passage cells. Vascular formation assay in vitro revealed that EPCs at passage 4 and 6 formed more integrated and organized capillary-like networks. In a murine model of hind limb ischemia, the transplantation of EPCs at passage 4 and 6 more effectively promoted perfusion recovery in the limbs on days 7 and 14, and promoted limb salvage and histological recovery. Furthermore, the phosphorylation levels of platelet‑derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β) were found to be significantly decreased with the in vitro expansion process, accompanied by the decreased activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. When PDGFR inhibitor was used to treat the EPCs, the differences in the angiogenic potential and migratory ability among the EPCs at different passages were no longer observed; no significant differences were also observed in the levels of phosphorylated PI3K/Akt between the EPCs at different passages following treatment with the inhibitor. On the whole, our findings indicate that the levels of phosphorylated PDGFR-β are decreased in EPCs with the in vitro expansion process, which impairs their angiogenic potential by inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling. Our findings may aid in the more effective selection of EPCs of different passages for the clinical therapy of ischemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyuan Lu
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Hua Mei
- National Center of Human Stem Cell Research and Engineering, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- National Center of Human Stem Cell Research and Engineering, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Siqi Wang
- National Center of Human Stem Cell Research and Engineering, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Lvjun Liu
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Lamei Cheng
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
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119
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Reynolds LE, D'Amico G, Lechertier T, Papachristodoulou A, Muñoz-Félix JM, De Arcangelis A, Baker M, Serrels B, Hodivala-Dilke KM. Dual role of pericyte α6β1-integrin in tumour blood vessels. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1583-1595. [PMID: 28289267 PMCID: PMC5450232 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.197848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The α6β1-integrin is a major laminin receptor, and formation of a laminin-rich basement membrane is a key feature in tumour blood vessel stabilisation and pericyte recruitment, processes that are important in the growth and maturation of tumour blood vessels. However, the role of pericyte α6β1-integrin in angiogenesis is largely unknown. We developed mice where the α6-integrin subunit is deleted in pericytes and examined tumour angiogenesis and growth. These mice had: (1) reduced pericyte coverage of tumour blood vessels; (2) reduced tumour blood vessel stability; (3) increased blood vessel diameter; (4) enhanced blood vessel leakiness, and (5) abnormal blood vessel basement membrane architecture. Surprisingly, tumour growth, blood vessel density and metastasis were not altered. Analysis of retinas revealed that deletion of pericyte α6-integrin did not affect physiological angiogenesis. At the molecular level, we provide evidence that pericyte α6-integrin controls PDGFRβ expression and AKT-mTOR signalling. Taken together, we show that pericyte α6β1-integrin regulates tumour blood vessels by both controlling PDGFRβ and basement membrane architecture. These data establish a novel dual role for pericyte α6-integrin as modulating the blood vessel phenotype during pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Reynolds
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - A CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Gabriela D'Amico
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - A CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Tanguy Lechertier
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - A CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Alexandros Papachristodoulou
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Dept. of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - José M Muñoz-Félix
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - A CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Adèle De Arcangelis
- IGBMC, UMR 7104, INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, BP. 10142, 1, Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch Cedex 67404, France
| | - Marianne Baker
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - A CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Bryan Serrels
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Kairbaan M Hodivala-Dilke
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - A CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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120
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The Role of PI3K Isoforms in Regulating Bone Marrow Microenvironment Signaling Focusing on Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9040029. [PMID: 28350342 PMCID: PMC5406704 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of novel treatments in the past 15 years, many blood cancers still remain ultimately fatal and difficult to treat, particularly acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and multiple myeloma (MM). While significant progress has been made characterising small-scale genetic mutations and larger-scale chromosomal translocations that contribute to the development of various blood cancers, less is understood about the complex microenvironment of the bone marrow (BM), which is known to be a key player in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), AML and MM. This niche acts as a sanctuary for the cancerous cells, protecting them from chemotherapeutics and encouraging clonal cell survival. It does this by upregulating a plethora of signalling cascades within the malignant cell, with the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway taking a critical role. This review will focus on how the PI3K pathway influences disease progression and the individualised role of the PI3K subunits. We will also summarise the current clinical trials for PI3K inhibitors and how these trials impact the treatment of blood cancers.
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121
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Fairaq A, Shawky NM, Osman I, Pichavaram P, Segar L. AdipoRon, an adiponectin receptor agonist, attenuates PDGF-induced VSMC proliferation through inhibition of mTOR signaling independent of AMPK: Implications toward suppression of neointimal hyperplasia. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:289-302. [PMID: 28237515 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoadiponectinemia is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease. Although adiponectin replenishment mitigates neointimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis in mouse models, adiponectin therapy has been hampered in a clinical setting due to its large molecular size. Recent studies demonstrate that AdipoRon (a small-molecule adiponectin receptor agonist) improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetic mice and attenuates postischemic cardiac injury in adiponectin-deficient mice, in part, through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). To date, it remains unknown as to whether AdipoRon regulates vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, which plays a major role in neointima formation. In the present study, oral administration of AdipoRon (50mg/kg) in C57BL/6J mice significantly diminished arterial injury-induced neointima formation by ∼57%. Under in vitro conditions, AdipoRon treatment led to significant inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced VSMC proliferation, DNA synthesis, and cyclin D1 expression. While AdipoRon induced a rapid and sustained activation of AMPK, it also diminished basal and PDGF-induced phosphorylation of mTOR and its downstream targets, including p70S6K/S6 and 4E-BP1. However, siRNA-mediated AMPK downregulation showed persistent inhibition of p70S6K/S6 and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation, indicating AMPK-independent effects for AdipoRon inhibition of mTOR signaling. In addition, AdipoRon treatment resulted in a sustained and transient decrease in PDGF-induced phosphorylation of Akt and ERK, respectively. Furthermore, PDGF receptor-β tyrosine phosphorylation, which controls the phosphorylation state of Akt and ERK, was diminished upon AdipoRon treatment. Together, the present findings suggest that orally-administered AdipoRon has the potential to limit restenosis after angioplasty by targeting mTOR signaling independent of AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Fairaq
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Noha M Shawky
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Islam Osman
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Prahalathan Pichavaram
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lakshman Segar
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA; Vascular Biology Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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122
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Ji S, Lin W, Wang L, Ni Z, Jin F, Zha X, Fei G. Combined Targeting of mTOR and Akt Using Rapamycin and MK-2206 in The Treatment of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. J Cancer 2017; 8:555-562. [PMID: 28367235 PMCID: PMC5370499 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), caused by loss-of-function mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by benign tumor formation in multiple organs. Hyperactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is the primary alteration underlying TSC tumor. Thus, rapamycin, as an mTOR specific inhibitor, has been assumed as a potential drug for the treatment of TSC. However, its application in TSC patients has been limited due to side effects. By analyzing Tsc1- or Tsc2-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we found that loss of TSC1 or TSC2 led to a decreased sensitivity to MK-2206, a novel allosteric Akt inhibitor. Ectopic expression of a constitutively activated Akt (myristoylated Akt-1, myrAkt-1) sensitized Tsc2-null and Tsc1-null MEFs to MK-2206. Furthermore, MK-2206 increased the cytotoxicity of rapamycin in Tsc1-/- or Tsc2-/- MEFs. Moreover, the benefit of the combinatorial treatment was also demonstrated in a TSC xenograft mouse model. We conclude that the combination of rapamycin and MK-2206 may be utilized as a new therapeutic regimen for TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ji
- Pulmonary Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China;; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China;; Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhaofei Ni
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fuquan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaojun Zha
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guanghe Fei
- Pulmonary Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Brown RE, Hunter RL, Hwang SA. Morphoproteomic-Guided Host-Directed Therapy for Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:78. [PMID: 28210262 PMCID: PMC5288338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In an effort to develop more effective therapy for tuberculosis (TB), research efforts are looking toward host-directed therapy, reprograming the body's natural defenses to better control the infection. While significant progress is being made, the efforts are limited by lack of understanding of the pathology and pathogenesis of adult type TB disease. We have recently published evidence that the developing lesions in human lungs are focal endogenous lipid pneumonia that constitutes a region of local susceptibility in a person with strong systemic immunity. Since most such lesions regress spontaneously, the ability to study them directly with immunohistochemistry provides means to investigate why some progress to clinical disease while others asymptomatically regress. Furthermore, this should enable us to develop more effective host-directed therapies. Morphoproteomics has proven to be an effective means of characterizing protein expression that can be used to identify metabolic pathways, which can lead to more effective therapies. The purpose of this perspective will argue that using morphoproteomics on human TB lung tissue is a particularly promising method to direct selection of host-directed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Brown
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Robert L Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Shen-An Hwang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
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Park JK, Peng H, Yang W, Katsnelson J, Volpert O, Lavker RM. miR-184 exhibits angiostatic properties via regulation of Akt and VEGF signaling pathways. FASEB J 2017; 31:256-265. [PMID: 27825105 PMCID: PMC5161520 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600746r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Corneal avascularity is critical for achieving transparency necessary for proper transmission of light to the lens and visual acuity. Although much is known about angiogenesis and angiostasis, the precise regulation of these processes in the cornea is unclear. MicroRNA (miR)-184, the most abundant corneal epithelial miRNA, has been suggested to function in corneal angiostasis by altering VEGF signaling; however, the mechanism(s) underlying this regulation have not been addressed. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo assays to evaluate angiogenesis, we demonstrated that human limbal epithelial keratinocytes (HLEKs) engineered to overexpress miR-184 secreted lower amounts of angiogenic mitogens. Human dermal microvascular cells exposed to conditioned medium from miR-184-overexpressing HLEKs were less proliferative and failed to seal linear scratch wounds. The in vivo Matrigel plug assay showed that conditioned medium from miR-184-expressing HLEKs elicited a lesser degree of neovascularization compared with controls. We found that miR-184 directly targets and represses the proangiogenic factors, friend of Gata 2 (FOG2), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-β, and phosphatidic acid phosphatase 2b (PPAP2B). FOG2 regulates VEGF expression, whereas PDGF-β and PPAP2B regulate Akt activity. By attenuating both VEGF and Akt signaling, miR-184 acts as a broad-spectrum negative regulator of corneal angiogenesis.-Park, J. K., Peng, H., Yang, W., Katsnelson, J., Volpert, O., Lavker, R. M. miR-184 exhibits angiostatic properties via regulation of Akt and VEGF signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Kook Park
- Department of Dermatology Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Han Peng
- Department of Dermatology Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wending Yang
- Department of Dermatology Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Julia Katsnelson
- Department of Dermatology, New York Metropolitan Hospital, New York, New York, USA; and
| | - Olga Volpert
- Department of Urology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert M Lavker
- Department of Dermatology Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA;
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125
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Cao J, Tyburczy ME, Moss J, Darling TN, Widlund HR, Kwiatkowski DJ. Tuberous sclerosis complex inactivation disrupts melanogenesis via mTORC1 activation. J Clin Invest 2016; 127:349-364. [PMID: 27918305 DOI: 10.1172/jci84262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant tumor-suppressor gene syndrome caused by inactivating mutations in either TSC1 or TSC2, and the TSC protein complex is an essential regulator of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). Patients with TSC develop hypomelanotic macules (white spots), but the molecular mechanisms underlying their formation are not fully characterized. Using human primary melanocytes and a highly pigmented melanoma cell line, we demonstrate that reduced expression of either TSC1 or TSC2 causes reduced pigmentation through mTORC1 activation, which results in hyperactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), followed by phosphorylation of and loss of β-catenin from the nucleus, thereby reducing expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), and subsequent reductions in tyrosinase and other genes required for melanogenesis. Genetic suppression or pharmacological inhibition of this signaling cascade at multiple levels restored pigmentation. Importantly, primary melanocytes isolated from hypomelanotic macules from 6 patients with TSC all exhibited reduced TSC2 protein expression, and 1 culture showed biallelic mutation in TSC2, one of which was germline and the second acquired in the melanocytes of the hypomelanotic macule. These findings indicate that the TSC/mTORC1/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin/MITF axis plays a central role in regulating melanogenesis. Interventions that enhance or diminish mTORC1 activity or other nodes in this pathway in melanocytes could potentially modulate pigment production.
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126
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Restelli M, Magni M, Ruscica V, Pinciroli P, De Cecco L, Buscemi G, Delia D, Zannini L. A novel crosstalk between CCAR2 and AKT pathway in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2453. [PMID: 27809307 PMCID: PMC5260903 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human CCAR2 has recently emerged as having a pivotal role in the DNA damage response, promoting apoptosis and repair of heterochromatic DNA breaks. However, less is known about the function of CCAR2 in tumor formation and cancer progression. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that CCAR2 loss inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells, but preserves the growth of normal cells. Investigating the mechanisms responsible for this differential effect, we found that CCAR2 depletion specifically impairs the activation of AKT pathway in cancer cells, but not in normal cells, by reducing AKT phosphorylation on Ser473. This effect is achieved through the transcriptional upregulation of TRB3 gene and accumulation of TRB3 protein, which then binds to and inhibits the phosphorylation and activation of AKT. The defective activation of AKT finally results in reduced GSK3β phosphorylation, prevention of G1/S transition and inhibition of cancer cell growth. These results establish an important role for CCAR2 in cancer cells proliferation and could shed new light on novel therapeutic strategies against cancer, devoid of detrimental side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Restelli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Martina Magni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ruscica
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Patrizia Pinciroli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Loris De Cecco
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Giacomo Buscemi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Domenico Delia
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Laura Zannini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
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127
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Wu H, Dai X, Wang E. Plumbagin inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt-mTOR pathway. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3614-3618. [PMID: 27900044 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plumbagin is the primary component of the traditional Chinese medicine Baihua Dan, and possesses anti-infection and anticancer effects with the ability to enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiation therapy. The present study aimed to investigate the potential anticancer effect and mechanism of plumbagin on multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Human MM OPM1 cells were treated with plumbagin, and its impact on cell viability, cytotoxicity, apoptosis and caspase-3 activity was examined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, lactate dehydrogenase leakage, flow cytometry and colorimetric assays. In addition, the protein expression levels of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, phosphorylated (p)-Akt and p-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in OPM1 cells were analyzed by western blotting. The results demonstrated that plumbagin treatment inhibited cell viability, increased cell cytotoxicity, activated cell apoptosis and promoted caspase-3 activity in the OPM1 cells. Furthermore, pretreatment of plumbagin significantly suppressed PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR protein expression levels in the OPM1 cells. In conclusion, the present study indicates that plumbagin inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in MM cells through inhibition of PI3K/Akt-mTOR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhen Dai
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Enren Wang
- Department of Neuromedicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
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128
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mTOR promotes pituitary tumor development through activation of PTTG1. Oncogene 2016; 36:979-988. [PMID: 27524416 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most common intracranial tumors, pituitary tumor is associated with high morbidity. Effective therapy is currently not available for some pituitary tumors due to the largely undefined pathological processes of pituitary tumorigenesis. In this study, hyperactivation of mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling was observed in estrogen-induced rat pituitary tumor and mTOR inhibitor rapamycin blocked the tumor development. Pituitary knockout of either mTOR signaling pathway negative regulator Tsc1 or Pten caused mouse pituitary prolactinoma, which was abolished by rapamycin treatment. Mechanistically, the expression of pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG1) was upregulated in an mTOR complex 1-dependent manner. Overexpressed PTTG1 was crucial in hyperactive mTOR-mediated tumorigenesis. mTOR-PTTG1 signaling axis may be targeted for the treatment of tumors with mTOR hyperactivation.
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129
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Yang A, Fan H, Zhao Y, Zha X, Zhang H, Hu Z, Tu P. Huaier aqueous extract inhibits proliferation and metastasis of tuberous sclerosis complex cell models through downregulation of JAK2/STAT3 and MAPK signaling pathways. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1491-8. [PMID: 27461043 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder with formation of benign tumors in many different organs. It has attracted increasing attention from researchers to search for therapeutic drugs for TSC patients. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has become an important source for finding antitumor drugs. Trametes robiniophila Μurr. (Huaier) is a kind of officinal fungi in China and has been applied in TCM for approximately 1,600 years. A large number of clinical applications have revealed that Huaier has good antitumor effect. In this study, we have investigated the effects of Huaier aqueous extract on two TSC cell models, including inhibition of proliferation, induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and anti-metastasis. We demonstrated that Huaier aqueous extract inhibited JAK2/STAT3 and MAPK signaling pathways in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, based on the low toxicity and the multi-targets of Huaier treatment, Huaier may be a promising therapeutic drug for TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Yang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Fan
- College of Bioengineering, Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yunfang Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Zha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Zhongdong Hu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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130
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Hiraoka D, Aono R, Hanada SI, Okumura E, Kishimoto T. Two new competing pathways establish the threshold for cyclin-B-Cdk1 activation at the meiotic G2/M transition. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3153-66. [PMID: 27390173 PMCID: PMC5004895 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.182170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ligands control biological phenomena. Cells distinguish physiological stimuli from weak noise stimuli by establishing a ligand-concentration threshold. Hormonal control of the meiotic G2/M transition in oocytes is essential for reproduction. However, the mechanism for threshold establishment is unclear. In starfish oocytes, maturation-inducing hormones activate the PI3K–Akt pathway through the Gβγ complex of heterotrimeric G-proteins. Akt directly phosphorylates both Cdc25 phosphatase and Myt1 kinase, resulting in activation of cyclin-B–Cdk1, which then induces meiotic G2/M transition. Here, we show that cyclin-B–Cdk1 is partially activated after subthreshold hormonal stimuli, but this triggers negative feedback, resulting in dephosphorylation of Akt sites on Cdc25 and Myt1, thereby canceling the signal. We also identified phosphatase activity towards Akt substrates that exists independent of stimuli. In contrast to these negative regulatory activities, an atypical Gβγ-dependent pathway enhances PI3K–Akt-dependent phosphorylation. Based on these findings, we propose a model for threshold establishment in which hormonal dose-dependent competition between these new pathways establishes a threshold; the atypical Gβγ-pathway becomes predominant over Cdk-dependent negative feedback when the stimulus exceeds this threshold. Our findings provide a regulatory connection between cell cycle and signal transduction machineries. Summary: Ligand–dose thresholds control ligand-dependent responses. To establish the hormonal threshold for driving meiosis, a stimulus-dependent positive regulatory pathway competes against negative feedback from cell cycle machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisaku Hiraoka
- Science and Education Center, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Ryota Aono
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hanada
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Eiichi Okumura
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takeo Kishimoto
- Science and Education Center, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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131
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Hu Z, Yang A, Fan H, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Zha X, Zhang H, Tu P. Huaier aqueous extract sensitizes cells to rapamycin and cisplatin through activating mTOR signaling. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 186:143-150. [PMID: 27045863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been increasingly used to treat cancers. Trametes robiniophila Murr. (Huaier) is a medicinal fungus for treatment of inflammation and cancer. Huaier Granule has great clinical effect in various types of cancers, including liver cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, and breast cancer. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was performed to determine the therapeutical effect of Huaier on cancers caused by aberrant mTOR signaling in vitro and in vivo, investigate the combination effect of Huaier and rapamycin or cisplatin on cell viability, and explore its underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The therapeutical effect of Huaier on cancers caused by aberrant mTOR signaling and the underlying mechanism of combination effect of Huaier and rapamycin or cisplatin on cell viability were investigated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, rat uterine leiomyoma cells, human hepatoma cells, human lung carcinoma cells, and xenograft tumor model by cell viability assay and immunoblotting. RESULTS Activation of mTOR sensitizes cells to Huaier treatment. Huaier inhibits tumorigenic capacity of cells with activated mTOR in vivo. Moreover, activation of mTOR signaling induced by Huaier contributes to the increased sensitivity of cells to rapamycin or cisplatin in response to Huaier treatment. CONCLUSIONS Huaier may be a potential drug for the treatment of cancers caused by aberrant mTOR signaling. The combination of Huaier and rapamycin may be a candidate regimen in the treatment of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongdong Hu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ailin Yang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Haitao Fan
- College of Bioengineering, Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Molecular Orthopaedics, Beijing Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Yunfang Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaojun Zha
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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132
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Gerhardt C, Leu T, Lier JM, Rüther U. The cilia-regulated proteasome and its role in the development of ciliopathies and cancer. Cilia 2016; 5:14. [PMID: 27293550 PMCID: PMC4901515 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-016-0035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is an essential structure for the mediation of numerous signaling pathways involved in the coordination and regulation of cellular processes essential for the development and maintenance of health. Consequently, ciliary dysfunction results in severe human diseases called ciliopathies. Since many of the cilia-mediated signaling pathways are oncogenic pathways, cilia are linked to cancer. Recent studies demonstrate the existence of a cilia-regulated proteasome and that this proteasome is involved in cancer development via the progression of oncogenic, cilia-mediated signaling. This review article investigates the association between primary cilia and cancer with particular emphasis on the role of the cilia-regulated proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gerhardt
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tristan Leu
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johanna Maria Lier
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rüther
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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133
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Hakim S, Dyson JM, Feeney SJ, Davies EM, Sriratana A, Koenig MN, Plotnikova OV, Smyth IM, Ricardo SD, Hobbs RM, Mitchell CA. Inpp5e suppresses polycystic kidney disease via inhibition of PI3K/Akt-dependent mTORC1 signaling. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2295-2313. [PMID: 27056978 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a common cause of renal failure with few effective treatments. INPP5E is an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase that dephosphorylates phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-generated PI(3,4,5)P3 and is mutated in ciliopathy syndromes. Germline Inpp5e deletion is embryonically lethal, attributed to cilia stability defects, and is associated with polycystic kidneys. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for PKD development upon Inpp5e loss remain unknown. Here, we show conditional inactivation of Inpp5e in mouse kidney epithelium results in severe PKD and renal failure, associated with a partial reduction in cilia number and hyperactivation of PI3K/Akt and downstream mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. Treatment with an mTORC1 inhibitor improved kidney morphology and function, but did not affect cilia number or length. Therefore, we identify Inpp5e as an essential inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 signaling axis in renal epithelial cells, and demonstrate a critical role for Inpp5e-dependent mTORC1 regulation in PKD suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hakim
- Cancer Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Dyson
- Cancer Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sandra J Feeney
- Cancer Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M Davies
- Cancer Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Absorn Sriratana
- Cancer Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Monica N Koenig
- Cancer Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Olga V Plotnikova
- Cancer Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ian M Smyth
- Cancer Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia Development and Stem Cell program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sharon D Ricardo
- Development and Stem Cell program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Robin M Hobbs
- Development and Stem Cell program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Christina A Mitchell
- Cancer Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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134
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Wang H, Jia XH, Chen JR, Wang JY, Li YJ. Osthole shows the potential to overcome P-glycoprotein‑mediated multidrug resistance in human myelogenous leukemia K562/ADM cells by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3659-68. [PMID: 27109742 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) has been reported to play a pivotal role in tumor chemotherapy failure. Study after study has illustrated that the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling cascade is involved in the MDR phenotype and is correlated with P-gp expression in many human malignancies. In the present study, osthole, an O-methylated coumarin, exhibited potent reversal capability of MDR in myelogenous leukemia K562/ADM cells. Simultaneously, the uptake and efflux of Rhodamine-123 (Rh-123) and the accumulation of doxorubicin assays combined with flow cytometric analysis suggested that osthole could increase intracellular drug accumulation. Furthermore, osthole decreased the expression of multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1) at both the mRNA and protein levels. Further experiments elucidated that osthole could suppress P-gp expression by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway which might be the main mechanism accounting for the reversal potential of osthole in the MDR in K562/ADM cells. In conclusion, osthole combats MDR and could be a promising candidate for the development of novel MDR reversal modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Hong Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Ru Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Yong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - You-Jie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Tumour Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
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FoxM1 promotes breast tumorigenesis by activating PDGF-A and forming a positive feedback loop with the PDGF/AKT signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 6:11281-94. [PMID: 25869208 PMCID: PMC4484456 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The autocrine platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/PDGF receptor (PDGFR) signaling pathway promotes breast cancer tumorigenesis, but the mechanisms for its dysregulation in breast cancer are largely unknown. In the study, we identified PDGF-A as a novel transcriptional target of FoxM1. FoxM1 directly binds to two sites in the promoter of PDGF-A and activates its transcription. Mutation of these FoxM1-binding sites diminished PDGF-A promoter activity. Increased FoxM1 resulted in the upregulation of PDGF-A, which led to activation of the AKT pathway and increased breast cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, whereas knockdown of FoxM1 does the opposite. Blocking AKT activation with a phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT inhibitor decreased FoxM1-induced cell proliferation. Moreover, PDGF/AKT pathway upregulates the expression of FoxM1 in breast cancer cells. Knockdown of PDGF-A or blockade of AKT activation inhibited the expression of FoxM1 in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, expression of FoxM1 significantly correlated with the expression of PDGF-A and the activated AKT signaling pathway in human breast cancer specimens. Our study demonstrates a novel positive regulatory feedback loop between FoxM1 and the PDGF/AKT signaling pathway; this loop contributes to breast cancer cell growth and tumorigenesis.
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Ding M, Bruick RK, Yu Y. Secreted IGFBP5 mediates mTORC1-dependent feedback inhibition of IGF-1 signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:319-27. [PMID: 26854565 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The PI(3)K-Akt-mTORC1 pathway is a highly dynamic network that is balanced and stabilized by a number of feedback inhibition loops. Specifically, activation of mTORC1 has been shown to lead to the inhibition of its upstream growth factor signalling. Activation of the growth factor receptors is triggered by the binding of their cognate ligands in the extracellular space. However, whether secreted proteins contribute to the mTORC1-dependent feedback loops remains unclear. We found that cells with hyperactive mTORC1 secrete a protein that potently inhibits the function of IGF-1. Using a large-scale, unbiased quantitative proteomic platform, we comprehensively characterized the rapamycin-sensitive secretome in TSC2(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and identified IGFBP5 as a secreted, mTORC1 downstream effector protein. IGFBP5 is a direct transcriptional target of HIF1, which itself is a known mTORC1 target. IGFBP5 is a potent inhibitor of both the signalling and functional outputs of IGF-1. Once secreted, IGFBP5 cooperates with intracellular branches of the feedback mechanisms to block the activation of IGF-1 signalling. Finally, IGFBP5 is a potential tumour suppressor, and the proliferation of IGFBP5-mutated cancer cells is selectively blocked by IGF-1R inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ding
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
| | - Richard K Bruick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
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Wang Y, Gan Y, Tan Z, Zhou J, Kitazawa R, Jiang X, Tang Y, Yang J. TDRG1 functions in testicular seminoma are dependent on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:409-20. [PMID: 26855590 PMCID: PMC4725695 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s97294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human testis development-related gene 1 (TDRG1) is a recently identified gene that is expressed exclusively in the testes and promotes the development of testicular germ cell tumors. In this study, the role of TDRG1 in the development of testicular seminoma, which is the most common testicular germ cell tumor, was further investigated. Based on polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry tests, both gene and protein expression levels of TDRG1 were significantly upregulated in testicular seminoma tissues compared with normal testicular tissues. Additionally, the levels of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/p110 and Akt phosphorylation were dramatically upregulated in testicular seminoma tissues. Accordingly, in our cell experiment, seminoma TCam-2 cells were subjected to different treatments: the TDRG1 knockout, TDRG1 overexpression, PI3K inhibition (LY294002 administration), or PI3K activation (insulin-like growth factor-1 administration). Cell proliferation, the proliferation index, apoptosis rate, cell adhesive capacity, and cell invasion capability were assessed. Cells with both TDRG1 knockout and PI3K inhibition exhibited decreased cell proliferation, proliferation indexes, cell adhesion capacity, and cell invasion capability and increased apoptosis rates. Most of these effects were reversed by TDRG1 overexpression or PI3K activation, indicating that both TDRG1- and PI3K-mediated signaling promote proliferation and invasion of testicular seminoma cells. The knockout of TDRG1 significantly decreased the phosphorylation levels of PI3K/p85, PI3K/p110, Akt, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR; Ser2448). Except for PI3K/p110, TDRG1 overexpression had the opposite effects on phosphorylation levels. Phosphorylated mTOR at Ser2481 and Thr2446 was not affected by TDRG1 or PI3K in our tests. Thus, these results indicate that TDRG1 promotes the development and migration of seminoma cells via the regulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway; this contributes to an understanding of the precise mechanisms underlying the development and migration of seminomas and lays a theoretical foundation for the development of appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Gan
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyu Tan
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Riko Kitazawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Tōon, Ehime Perfecture, Japan
| | - Xianzhen Jiang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Tang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfu Yang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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Harari S, Torre O, Cassandro R, Moss J. The changing face of a rare disease: lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Eur Respir J 2015; 46:1471-85. [PMID: 26405290 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00412-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a rare disease characterised by cystic destruction of the lung, lymphatic abnormalities and abdominal tumours. It affects almost exclusively females and can occur sporadically or in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. In the past decade remarkable progress has been made in understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease leading to a new therapeutic approach. This review summarises recent advances regarding pathogenic mechanisms and clinical manifestations, and highlights the current and the most promising future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Harari
- Unità Operativa di Pneumologia e Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria ed Emodinamica Polmonare, Ospedale San Giuseppe, MultiMedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy Both authors contributed equally
| | - Olga Torre
- Unità Operativa di Pneumologia e Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria ed Emodinamica Polmonare, Ospedale San Giuseppe, MultiMedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy Both authors contributed equally
| | - Roberto Cassandro
- Unità Operativa di Pneumologia e Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria ed Emodinamica Polmonare, Ospedale San Giuseppe, MultiMedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Joel Moss
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA, USA
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139
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Faes S, Dormond O. PI3K and AKT: Unfaithful Partners in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:21138-52. [PMID: 26404259 PMCID: PMC4613246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160921138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway regulates multiple cellular processes. An overactivation of the pathway is frequently present in human malignancies and plays a key role in cancer progression. Hence, its inhibition has become a promising approach in cancer therapy. However, the development of resistances, such as the abrogation of negative feedback mechanisms or the activation of other proliferative signaling pathways, has considerably limited the anticancer efficacy of PI3K/AKT inhibitors. In addition, emerging evidence points out that although AKT is acknowledged as the major downstream effector of PI3K, both PI3K and AKT can operate independently of each other in cancer, revealing another level of complexity in this pathway. Here, we highlight the complex relationship between PI3K and AKT in cancer and further discuss the consequences of this relationship for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraina Faes
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Pavillon 4, Av. de Beaumont, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Olivier Dormond
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Pavillon 4, Av. de Beaumont, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
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Abstract
mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) functions as the central regulator for cell proliferation, growth and survival. Up-regulation of proteins regulating mTOR, as well as its downstream targets, has been reported in various cancers. This has promoted the development of anti-cancer therapies targeting mTOR, namely fungal macrolide rapamycin, a naturally occurring mTOR inhibitor, and its analogues (rapalogues). One such rapalogue, everolimus, has been approved in the clinical treatment of renal and breast cancers. Although results have demonstrated that these mTOR inhibitors are effective in attenuating cell growth of cancer cells under in vitro and in vivo conditions, subsequent sporadic response to rapalogues therapy in clinical trials has promoted researchers to look further into the complex understanding of the dynamics of mTOR regulation in the tumour environment. Limitations of these rapalogues include the sensitivity of tumour subsets to mTOR inhibition. Additionally, it is well known that rapamycin and its rapalogues mediate their effects by inhibiting mTORC (mTOR complex) 1, with limited or no effect on mTORC2 activity. The present review summarizes the pre-clinical, clinical and recent discoveries, with emphasis on the cellular and molecular effects of everolimus in cancer therapy.
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141
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Chen X, Wang Y, Tao J, Shi Y, Gai X, Huang F, Ma Q, Zhou Z, Chen H, Zhang H, Liu Z, Sun Q, Peng H, Chen R, Jing Y, Yang H, Mao Y, Zhang H. mTORC1 Up-Regulates GP73 to Promote Proliferation and Migration of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells and Growth of Xenograft Tumors in Mice. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:741-52.e14. [PMID: 25980751 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Levels of the Golgi protein 73 (GP73) increase during development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); GP73 is a serum marker for HCC. However, little is known about the mechanisms or effects of GP73 during hepatic carcinogenesis. METHODS GP73 was overexpressed from a retroviral vector in HepG2 cells, which were analyzed in proliferation and migration assays. Xenograft tumors were grown from these cells in nude mice. The effects of monoclonal antibodies against GP73 were studied in mice and cell lines. GP73(-/-), GP73(+/-), and GP73(+/+) mice were given injections of diethylnitrosamine to induce liver injury. Levels of GP73 were reduced in MHCC97H, HCCLM3, and HepG2.215 cell lines using small hairpin RNAs; xenograft tumors were grown in mice from MHCC97H-small hairpin GP73 or MHCC97H-vector cells. We used microarray analysis to compare expression patterns between GP73-knockdown and control MHCC97H cells. We studied the effects of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin on GP73 expression in different cancer cell lines and on growth of tumors in mice. Levels of GP73 and activated mTOR were quantified in human HCC tissues. RESULTS Xenograft tumors grown from HepG2 cells that expressed GP73 formed more rapidly and more metastases than control HepG2 cells in mice. A monoclonal antibody against GP73 reduced proliferation of HepG2 cells and growth of xenograft tumors in mice. GP73(-/-) mice had less liver damage after administration of diethylnitrosamine than GP73(+/-) or GP73(+/+) mice. In phosphatase and tensin homolog-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts with constitutively activated mTOR, GP73 was up-regulated compared with control mouse embryonic fibroblasts; this increase was reversed after incubation with rapamycin. Expression of GP73 also was reduced in HCC and other cancer cell lines incubated with rapamycin. mTORC1 appeared to regulate expression of GP73 in cell lines. Activated mTOR correlated with the level of GP73 in human HCC tissues. Injection of rapamycin slowed the growth of xenograft tumors from MHCC97H-vector cells, compared with MHCC97H-short hairpin GP73 cells. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of GP73 promotes proliferation and migration of HCC cell lines and growth of xenograft tumors in mice. mTORC1 regulates the expression of GP73, so GP73 up-regulation can be blocked with rapamycin. mTOR inhibitors or other reagents that reduce the level or activity of GP73 might be developed for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhuo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochen Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huayu Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yilei Mao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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Hu Z, Wang Y, Huang F, Chen R, Li C, Wang F, Goto J, Kwiatkowski DJ, Wdzieczak-Bakala J, Tu P, Liu J, Zha X, Zhang H. Brain-expressed X-linked 2 Is Pivotal for Hyperactive Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated Tumorigenesis. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25756-65. [PMID: 26296882 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.665208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent alteration of upstream proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes activates mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and causes cancer. However, the downstream effectors of mTOR remain largely elusive. Here we report that brain-expressed X-linked 2 (BEX2) is a novel downstream effector of mTOR. Elevated BEX2 in Tsc2(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts, Pten(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts, Tsc2-deficient rat uterine leiomyoma cells, and brains of neuronal specific Tsc1 knock-out mice were abolished by mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Furthermore, BEX2 was also increased in the liver of a hepatic specific Pten knock-out mouse and the kidneys of Tsc2 heterozygous deletion mice, and a patient with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). mTOR up-regulation of BEX2 was mediated in parallel by both STAT3 and NF-κB. BEX2 was involved in mTOR up-regulation of VEGF production and angiogenesis. Depletion of BEX2 blunted the tumorigenesis of cells with activated mTOR. Therefore, enhanced STAT3/NF-κB-BEX2-VEGF signaling pathway contributes to hyperactive mTOR-induced tumorigenesis. BEX2 may be targeted for the treatment of the cancers with aberrantly activated mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongdong Hu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China, the Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ying Wang
- the Department of Molecular Orthopaedics, Beijing Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Fuqiang Huang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Chunjia Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Fang Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - June Goto
- the Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - David J Kwiatkowski
- the Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Joanna Wdzieczak-Bakala
- the Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR2301, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Pengfei Tu
- the Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianmiao Liu
- the Sino-France Laboratory for Drug Screening, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaojun Zha
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China, and the State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China,
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143
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Ng HY, Oliver BGG, Burgess JK, Krymskaya VP, Black JL, Moir LM. Doxycycline reduces the migration of tuberous sclerosis complex-2 null cells - effects on RhoA-GTPase and focal adhesion kinase. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2633-46. [PMID: 26282580 PMCID: PMC4627568 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is associated with dysfunction of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) leading to enhanced cell proliferation and migration. This study aims to examine whether doxycycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, can inhibit the enhanced migration of TSC2-deficient cells, identify signalling pathways through which doxycycline works and to assess the effectiveness of combining doxycycline with rapamycin (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 inhibitor) in controlling cell migration, proliferation and wound closure. TSC2-positive and TSC2-negative mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF), 323-TSC2-positive and 323-TSC2-null MEF and Eker rat uterine leiomyoma (ELT3) cells were treated with doxycycline or rapamycin alone, or in combination. Migration, wound closure and proliferation were assessed using a transwell migration assay, time-lapse microscopy and manual cell counts respectively. RhoA-GTPase activity, phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in TSC2-negative MEF treated with doxycycline were examined using ELISA and immunoblotting techniques. The enhanced migration of TSC2-null cells was reduced by doxycycline at concentrations as low as 20 pM, while the rate of wound closure was reduced at 2–59 μM. Doxycycline decreased RhoA-GTPase activity and phosphorylation of FAK in these cells but had no effect on the phosphorylation of p70S6K, ERK1/2 or AKT. Combining doxycycline with rapamycin significantly reduced the rate of wound closure at lower concentrations than achieved with either drug alone. This study shows that doxycycline inhibits TSC2-null cell migration. Thus doxycycline has potential as an anti-migratory agent in the treatment of diseases with TSC2 dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yin Ng
- Sydney Medical School, Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cell Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian Gregory George Oliver
- Sydney Medical School, Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cell Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Janette Kay Burgess
- Sydney Medical School, Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cell Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vera P Krymskaya
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Judith Lee Black
- Sydney Medical School, Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cell Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lyn M Moir
- Sydney Medical School, Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cell Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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144
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Yamamoto-Ibusuki M, Arnedos M, André F. Targeted therapies for ER+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer. BMC Med 2015; 13:137. [PMID: 26059247 PMCID: PMC4462184 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of breast cancers present with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)-negative features and might benefit from endocrine therapy. Although endocrine therapy has notably evolved during the last decades, the invariable appearance of endocrine resistance, either primary or secondary, remains an important issue in this type of tumor. The improvement of our understanding of the cancer genome has identified some promising targets that might be responsible or linked to endocrine resistance, including alterations affecting main signaling pathways like PI3K/Akt/mTOR and CCND1/CDK4-6 as well as the identification of new ESR1 somatic mutations, leading to an array of new targeted therapies that might circumvent or prevent endocrine resistance. In this review, we have summarized the main targeted therapies that are currently being tested in ER+ breast cancer, the rationale behind them, and the new agents and combinational treatments to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuko Yamamoto-Ibusuki
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Monica Arnedos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.
- INSERM Unit U981, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.
| | - Fabrice André
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.
- INSERM Unit U981, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.
- Department of Medical Oncology and INSERM Unit U981, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif, 94800, France.
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145
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Heuser M, Araujo Cruz MM, Goparaju R, Chaturvedi A. Enigmas of IDH mutations in hematology/oncology. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:685-97. [PMID: 26032956 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of oncogenic mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes has highlighted the delicate interplay of metabolism, cellular signaling, and transcriptional regulation that was off-focus for some time in the genomic era. Although IDH inhibitors are being evaluated for clinical efficacy, an in-depth understanding of disease pathogenesis linked to IDH mutations is required to develop rational combination treatments and to be evaluated in the clinic. To gain such an understanding, several questions need to be addressed: Why do IDH mutations occur selectively in subsets of a disease entity although they are found to be present in a very heterogeneous set of unrelated tumors? Why are 2-hydroxyglutarate-producing tumors specifically selected for the R-enantiomer and not for the S-enantiomer? Are the changes in 2-hydroxyglutarate-induced DNA methylation primary or secondary alterations in tumorigenesis? What are the roles of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and its prolyl 4-hydroxylases in IDH-mutant tumors? Here, we address these questions and discuss the consequences for basic and clinical research related to IDH-mutant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heuser
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Michelle Maria Araujo Cruz
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ramya Goparaju
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anuhar Chaturvedi
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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146
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Mathew LK, Huangyang P, Mucaj V, Lee SS, Skuli N, Eisinger-Mathason TSK, Biju K, Li B, Venneti S, Lal P, Lathia JD, Rich JN, Keith B, Simon MC. Feedback circuitry between miR-218 repression and RTK activation in glioblastoma. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra42. [PMID: 25943352 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling promotes the growth and progression of glioblastoma (GBM), a highly aggressive type of brain tumor. We previously reported that decreased miR-218 expression in GBM directly promotes RTK activity by increasing the expression of key RTKs and their signaling mediators, including the RTK epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phospholipase C-γ1 (PLCγ1), and the kinases PIK3CA and ARAF. However, increased RTK signaling usually activates negative feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. We found that decreased miR-218 expression in GBM cells also increased the expression of genes encoding additional upstream and downstream components of RTK signaling pathways, including the RTK platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) and the kinases ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) and S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), that collectively overrode the negative feedback mechanism. Furthermore, increased RTK signaling itself suppressed miR-218 expression. Mass spectrometry and DNA pull-down identified binding of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) along with the transcriptional repressor BCL2-associated transcription factor 1 (BCLAF1) directly to the miR-218 locus. These data identify previously unknown feedback loops by which miR-218 repression promotes increased RTK signaling in high-grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijoy K Mathew
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peiwei Huangyang
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vera Mucaj
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Samuel S Lee
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicolas Skuli
- INSERM U1037, Institut Claudius Regaud, 20-24 Rue du Pont Saint-Pierre, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Kevin Biju
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sriram Venneti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institut Claudius Regaud, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Priti Lal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institut Claudius Regaud, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Brian Keith
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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147
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Ilkhanizadeh S, Lau J, Huang M, Foster DJ, Wong R, Frantz A, Wang S, Weiss WA, Persson AI. Glial progenitors as targets for transformation in glioma. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:1-65. [PMID: 24889528 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor and arises throughout the central nervous system. Recent focus on stem-like glioma cells has implicated neural stem cells (NSCs), a minor precursor population restricted to germinal zones, as a potential source of gliomas. In this review, we focus on the relationship between oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), the largest population of cycling glial progenitors in the postnatal brain, and gliomagenesis. OPCs can give rise to gliomas, with signaling pathways associated with NSCs also playing key roles during OPC lineage development. Gliomas can also undergo a switch from progenitor- to stem-like phenotype after therapy, consistent with an OPC-origin even for stem-like gliomas. Future in-depth studies of OPC biology may shed light on the etiology of OPC-derived gliomas and reveal new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Ilkhanizadeh
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jasmine Lau
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miller Huang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel J Foster
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robyn Wong
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Aaron Frantz
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anders I Persson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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148
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Moschetta M, Reale A, Marasco C, Vacca A, Carratù MR. Therapeutic targeting of the mTOR-signalling pathway in cancer: benefits and limitations. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3801-13. [PMID: 24780124 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays an important role in the regulation of protein translation, cell growth and metabolism. The mTOR protein forms two distinct multi-subunit complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2. The mTORC1 complex is activated by diverse stimuli, such as growth factors, nutrients, energy and stress signals; and essential signalling pathways, such as PI3K and MAPK, in order to control cell growth, proliferation and survival. mTORC1 also activates S6K1 and 4EBP1, which are involved in mRNA translation. The mTORC2 complex is resistant to rapamycin inhibitory activity and is generally insensitive to nutrient- and energy-dependent signals. It activates PKC-α and Akt and regulates the actin cytoskeleton. Deregulation of the mTOR-signalling pathway (PI3K amplification/mutation, PTEN loss of function, Akt overexpression, and S6K1, 4EBP1 and eIF4E overexpression) is common in cancer, and alterations in components of the mTOR pathway have a major role in tumour progression. Therefore, mTOR is an appealing therapeutic target in many tumours. Here we summarize the upstream regulators and downstream effectors of the mTORC1 and mTORC2 pathways, the role of mTOR in cancer, and the potential therapeutic values and issues related to the novel agents targeting the mTOR-signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moschetta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
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149
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Jiang J, Sun X, Zhu J, Ma J, Luan J, Liu S. [Genetic characteristics and research progress of targeted therapy in squamous cell carcinoma]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2015; 18:172-8. [PMID: 25800575 PMCID: PMC6000005 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2015.03.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital , Harbin 150000, China
| | - Xiuwei Sun
- Department of Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital , Harbin 150000, China
| | - Jinhong Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital , Harbin 150000, China
| | - Jianqun Ma
- Department of Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital , Harbin 150000, China
| | - Jinwei Luan
- Department of Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital , Harbin 150000, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital , Harbin 150000, China
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150
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Noskovičová N, Petřek M, Eickelberg O, Heinzelmann K. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Signaling in the Lung. From Lung Development and Disease to Clinical Studies. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:263-84. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0294tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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