101
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Crystal RG. Airway basal cells. The "smoking gun" of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 190:1355-62. [PMID: 25354273 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201408-1492pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest abnormality in the lung associated with smoking is hyperplasia of airway basal cells, the stem/progenitor cells of the ciliated and secretory cells that are central to pulmonary host defense. Using cell biology and 'omics technologies to assess basal cells isolated from bronchoscopic brushings of nonsmokers, smokers, and smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), compelling evidence has been provided in support of the concept that airway basal cells are central to the pathogenesis of smoking-associated lung diseases. When confronted by the chronic stress of smoking, airway basal cells become disorderly, regress to a more primitive state, behave as dictated by their inheritance, are susceptible to acquired changes in their genome, lose the capacity to regenerate the epithelium, are responsible for the major changes in the airway that characterize COPD, and, with persistent stress, can undergo malignant transformation. Together, these observations led to the conclusion that accelerated loss of lung function in susceptible individuals begins with disordered airway basal cell biology (i.e., that airway basal cells are the "smoking gun" of COPD, a potential target for the development of therapies to prevent smoking-related lung disorders).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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102
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The polymeric mucin Muc5ac is required for allergic airway hyperreactivity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6281. [PMID: 25687754 PMCID: PMC4333679 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In asthma, airflow obstruction is thought to result primarily from inflammation-triggered airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction. However, anti-inflammatory and smooth muscle-relaxing treatments are often temporary or ineffective. Overproduction of the mucin MUC5AC is an additional disease feature that, while strongly associated pathologically, is poorly understood functionally. Here we show that Muc5ac is a central effector of allergic inflammation that is required for airway hyperreactivity (AHR) to methacholine (MCh). In mice bred on two well-characterized strain backgrounds (C57BL/6 and BALB/c) and exposed to two separate allergic stimuli (ovalbumin and Aspergillus extract), genetic removal of Muc5ac abolishes AHR. Residual MCh responses are identical to unchallenged controls, and although inflammation remains intact, heterogeneous mucous occlusion decreases by 74%. Thus, whereas inflammatory effects on ASM alone are insufficient for AHR, Muc5ac-mediated plugging is an essential mechanism. Inhibiting MUC5AC may be effective for treating asthma and other lung diseases where it is also overproduced.
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103
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Kardos J, Kiss B, Micsonai A, Rovó P, Menyhárd DK, Kovács J, Váradi G, Tóth GK, Perczel A. Phosphorylation as conformational switch from the native to amyloid state: Trp-cage as a protein aggregation model. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:2946-55. [PMID: 25625571 DOI: 10.1021/jp5124234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The 20 residue long Trp-cage miniprotein is an excellent model for both computational and experimental studies of protein folding and stability. Recently, great attention emerged to study disease-related protein misfolding, aggregation, and amyloid formation, with the aim of revealing their structural and thermodynamic background. Trp-cage is sensitive to both environmental and structure-modifying effects. It aggregates with ease upon structure destabilization, and thus it is suitable for modeling aggregation and amyloid formation. Here, we characterize the amyloid formation of several sequence modified and side-chain phosphorylated Trp-cage variants. We applied NMR, circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in conjunction with thioflavin-T (ThT) fluorescence measurements to reveal the structural consequences of side-chain phosphorylation. We demonstrate that the native fold is destabilized upon serine phosphorylation, and the resultant highly dynamic structures form amyloid-like ordered aggregates with high intermolecular β-structure content. The only exception is the D9S(P) variant, which follows an alternative aggregation process by forming thin fibrils, presenting a CD spectrum of PPII helix, and showing low ThT binding capability. We propose a complex aggregation model for these Trp-cage miniproteins. This model assumes an additional aggregated state, a collagen triple helical form that can precede amyloid formation. The phosphorylation of a single serine residue serves as a conformational switch, triggering aggregation, otherwise mediated by kinases in cell. We show that Trp-cage miniprotein is indeed a realistic model of larger globular systems of composite folding and aggregation landscapes and helps us to understand the fundamentals of deleterious protein aggregation and amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Kardos
- Department of Biochemistry, ‡MTA-ELTE NAP B Neuroimmunology Research Group, and §Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology Eötvös Loránd University , Pázmány P. sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117 Hungary
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104
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Binger KJ, Linker RA, Muller DN, Kleinewietfeld M. Sodium chloride, SGK1, and Th17 activation. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:543-50. [PMID: 25471348 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1659-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmune diseases in Western civilizations is increasing rapidly, suggesting an influence of environmental factors, such as diet. The pathogenesis of several of these autoimmune diseases is characterized by aberrant activation of T helper 17 (Th17) cells. Recent reports have shown that the differentiation of Th17 cells is sensitive to changes in local microenvironments, in particular salt (NaCl) concentrations, in a molecular mechanism centered around the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1). In this review, we summarize the recently disclosed mechanisms by which salt has been shown to affect SGK1 and, subsequently, Th17 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina J Binger
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany
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105
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Swirski M, Miners JS, de Silva R, Lashley T, Ling H, Holton J, Revesz T, Love S. Evaluating the relationship between amyloid-β and α-synuclein phosphorylated at Ser129 in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2014; 6:77. [PMID: 25452767 PMCID: PMC4248436 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-014-0077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Lewy body and Alzheimer-type pathologies often co-exist.
Several studies suggest a synergistic relationship between amyloid-β (Aβ)
and α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation. We have explored the relationship
between Aβ accumulation and the phosphorylation of α-syn at serine-129
(pSer129 α-syn), in post-mortem human brain tissue and in SH-SY5Y
neuroblastoma cells transfected to overexpress human α-syn. Methods We measured levels of Aβ40, Aβ42, α-syn and pSer129 α-syn by
sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in soluble and insoluble
fractions of midfrontal, cingulate and parahippocampal cortex and
thalamus, from cases of Parkinson’s disease (PD) with (PDD; n = 12) and
without dementia (PDND; n = 23), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB; n = 10)
and age-matched controls (n = 17). We also examined the relationship of
these measurements to cognitive decline, as measured by time-to-dementia
and the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score in the PD patients,
and to Braak tangle stage. Results In most brain regions, the concentration of insoluble
pSer129 α-syn correlated positively, and soluble pSer129 α-syn
negatively, with the levels of soluble and insoluble Aβ. Insoluble
pSer129 α-syn also correlated positively with Braak stage. In most
regions, the levels of insoluble and soluble Aβ and the proportion of
insoluble α-syn that was phosphorylated at Ser129 were significantly
higher in the PD and DLB groups than the controls, and higher in the PDD
and DLB groups than the PDND brains. In PD, the MMSE score correlated
negatively with the level of insoluble pSer129 α-syn. Exposure of SH-SY5Y
cells to aggregated Aβ42 significantly increased the proportion of α-syn
that was phosphorylated at Ser129 (aggregated Aβ40 exposure had a
smaller, non-significant effect). Conclusions Together, these data show that the concentration of pSer129
α-syn in brain tissue homogenates is directly related to the level of Aβ
and Braak tangle stage, and predicts cognitive status in Lewy body
diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13195-014-0077-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to
authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Swirski
- Dementia Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J Scott Miners
- Dementia Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rohan de Silva
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helen Ling
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Janice Holton
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tamas Revesz
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Seth Love
- Dementia Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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106
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Chand HS, Montano G, Huang X, Randell SH, Mebratu Y, Petersen H, Tesfaigzi Y. A genetic variant of p53 restricts the mucous secretory phenotype by regulating SPDEF and Bcl-2 expression. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5567. [PMID: 25429397 PMCID: PMC4247165 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite implications for carcinogenesis and other chronic diseases, basic mechanisms of p53 and its variants in suppressing Bcl-2 levels are poorly understood. Bcl-2 sustains mucous cell metaplasia, whereas p53(-/-) mice display chronically increased mucous cells. Here we show that p53 decreases bcl-2 mRNA half-life by interacting with the 5' untranslated region (UTR). The p53-bcl-2 mRNA interaction is modified by the substitution of proline by arginine within the p53 proline-rich domain (PRD). Accordingly, more mucous cells are present in primary human airway cultures with p53(Arg) compared with p53(Pro). Also, the p53(Arg) compared with p53(Pro) displays higher affinity to and activates the promoter region of SAM-pointed domain-containing Ets-like factor (SPDEF), a driver of mucous differentiation. On two genetic backgrounds, mice with targeted replacement of prolines in p53 PRD show enhanced expression of SPDEF and Bcl-2 and mucous cell metaplasia. Together, these studies define the PRD of p53 as a determinant for chronic mucous hypersecretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitendra S. Chand
- COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Gilbert Montano
- COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Xuesong Huang
- COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Scott H. Randell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yohannes Mebratu
- COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Hans Petersen
- COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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107
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Abstract
A characteristic feature of the human airway epithelium is the presence of ciliated cells bearing motile cilia, specialized cell surface projections containing axonemes composed of microtubules and dynein arms, which provide ATP-driven motility. In the airways, cilia function in concert with airway mucus to mediate the critical function of mucociliary clearance, cleansing the airways of inhaled particles and pathogens. The prototypical disorder of respiratory cilia is primary ciliary dyskinesia, an inherited disorder that leads to impaired mucociliary clearance, to repeated chest infections, and to the progressive destruction of lung architecture. Numerous acquired lung diseases are also marked by abnormalities in both cilia structure and function. In this review we summarize current knowledge regarding airway ciliated cells and cilia, how they function to maintain a healthy epithelium, and how disorders of cilia structure and function contribute to inherited and acquired lung disease.
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108
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Sato H, Kato T, Arawaka S. Potential of Cellular and Animal Models Based on a Prion-Like Propagation of α-Synuclein for Assessing Antiparkinson Agents. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:226-35. [PMID: 25143237 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs). LBs are intracellular inclusions typically found in these neurons and in noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus in patients with PD. However, LBs can be found more widely in neurons of the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, and spinal cord. Additionally, LBs appear in neurons of the cardiac, cutaneous, and intestinal autonomic nervous systems. LBs are composed of fibrillar aggregates of α-synuclein (α-syn). The widespread distribution of LBs indicates that α-syn aggregation occurs in neurons in various areas, supporting the concept that PD is not only a simple movement disorder but also a complex one with nonmotor impairments. However, it is unclear how α-syn pathology spreads in the nervous system. Postmortem analyses of patients with PD who received transplants of fetal mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons revealed LB formation in surviving grafts, providing a crucial clue regarding the host-to-graft disease propagation. Recent experiments demonstrated that fibrillar α-syn is transferred from neurons to neurons in cellular and animal models, suggesting that fibrillar α-syn is repeatedly generated in cells by triggering the continuous conversion of normal soluble species into fibrillar ones. These findings suggest a "prion-like" mechanism for α-syn propagation in the pathogenesis of PD. This review summarizes the experimental findings on the prion-like propagation of α-syn and discusses the potential of cellular and animal models for testing the protective effects of chemical agents against neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Sato
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
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109
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Kwon OJ, Valdez J, Zhang L, Zhang B, Wei X, Su Q, Ittmann MM, Creighton CJ, Xin L. Increased Notch signalling inhibits anoikis and stimulates proliferation of prostate luminal epithelial cells. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4416. [PMID: 25048699 PMCID: PMC4167399 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prostate epithelial lineage hierarchy remains inadequately defined. Recent lineage-tracing studies have implied the existence of prostate luminal epithelial progenitors with extensive regenerative capacity. However, this capacity has not been demonstrated in prostate stem cell activity assays, probably owing to the strong susceptibility of luminal progenitors to anoikis. Here we show that constitutive expression of Notch1 intracellular domain impairs secretory function of mouse prostate luminal cells, suppresses anoikis of luminal epithelial cells by augmenting NF-κB activity independent of Hes1, stimulates luminal cell proliferation by potentiating PI3K-AKT signalling, and rescues the capacities of the putative prostate luminal progenitors for unipotent differentiation in vivo and short-term self-renewal in vitro. Epithelial cell autonomous AR signalling is dispensable for the Notch-mediated effects. As Notch activity is increased in prostate cancers, and anoikis resistance is a hallmark for metastatic cancer cells, this study suggests a pro-metastatic function of Notch signalling during prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Joon Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Joseph Valdez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Qingtai Su
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Michael M Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | | | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine
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110
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Theillet FX, Binolfi A, Frembgen-Kesner T, Hingorani K, Sarkar M, Kyne C, Li C, Crowley PB, Gierasch L, Pielak GJ, Elcock AH, Gershenson A, Selenko P. Physicochemical properties of cells and their effects on intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). Chem Rev 2014; 114:6661-714. [PMID: 24901537 PMCID: PMC4095937 DOI: 10.1021/cr400695p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Xavier Theillet
- Department
of NMR-supported Structural Biology, In-cell NMR Laboratory, Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP Berlin), Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andres Binolfi
- Department
of NMR-supported Structural Biology, In-cell NMR Laboratory, Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP Berlin), Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamara Frembgen-Kesner
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Bowen Science Building, 51 Newton
Road, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Karan Hingorani
- Departments
of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Program in
Molecular & Cellular Biology, University
of Massachusetts, Amherst, 240 Thatcher Way, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Mohona Sarkar
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Lineberger
Comprehensive Cancer Center, University
of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Ciara Kyne
- School
of Chemistry, National University of Ireland,
Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Conggang Li
- Key Laboratory
of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory
of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center
for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Peter B. Crowley
- School
of Chemistry, National University of Ireland,
Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Lila Gierasch
- Departments
of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Program in
Molecular & Cellular Biology, University
of Massachusetts, Amherst, 240 Thatcher Way, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Gary J. Pielak
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Lineberger
Comprehensive Cancer Center, University
of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Adrian H. Elcock
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Bowen Science Building, 51 Newton
Road, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Anne Gershenson
- Departments
of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Program in
Molecular & Cellular Biology, University
of Massachusetts, Amherst, 240 Thatcher Way, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Philipp Selenko
- Department
of NMR-supported Structural Biology, In-cell NMR Laboratory, Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP Berlin), Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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111
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Martin C, Frija-Masson J, Burgel PR. Targeting Mucus Hypersecretion: New Therapeutic Opportunities for COPD? Drugs 2014; 74:1073-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s40265-014-0235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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112
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Volckaert T, De Langhe S. Lung epithelial stem cells and their niches: Fgf10 takes center stage. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2014; 7:8. [PMID: 24891877 PMCID: PMC4041638 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-7-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Throughout life adult animals crucially depend on stem cell populations to maintain and repair their tissues to ensure life-long organ function. Stem cells are characterized by their capacity to extensively self-renew and give rise to one or more differentiated cell types. These powerful stem cell properties are key to meet the changing demand for tissue replacement during normal lung homeostasis and regeneration after lung injury. Great strides have been made over the last few years to identify and characterize lung epithelial stem cells as well as their lineage relationships. Unfortunately, knowledge on what regulates the behavior and fate specification of lung epithelial stem cells is still limited, but involves communication with their microenvironment or niche, a local tissue environment that hosts and influences the behaviors or characteristics of stem cells and that comprises other cell types and extracellular matrix. As such, an intimate and dynamic epithelial-mesenchymal cross-talk, which is also essential during lung development, is required for normal homeostasis and to mount an appropriate regenerative response after lung injury. Fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) signaling in particular seems to be a well-conserved signaling pathway governing epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during lung development as well as between different adult lung epithelial stem cells and their niches. On the other hand, disruption of these reciprocal interactions leads to a dysfunctional epithelial stem cell-niche unit, which may culminate in chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic asthma and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Volckaert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, CO 80206, USA ; The Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium ; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn De Langhe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, CO 80206, USA ; Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, 12605 E 16th Avenue, Aurora CO 80045, USA
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113
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Chen G, Korfhagen TR, Karp CL, Impey S, Xu Y, Randell SH, Kitzmiller J, Maeda Y, Haitchi HM, Sridharan A, Senft AP, Whitsett JA. Foxa3 induces goblet cell metaplasia and inhibits innate antiviral immunity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:301-13. [PMID: 24392884 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201306-1181oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Goblet cell metaplasia accompanies common pulmonary disorders that are prone to recurrent viral infections. Mechanisms regulating both goblet cell metaplasia and susceptibility to viral infection associated with chronic lung diseases are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVES We sought to identify the role of the transcription factor FOXA3 in regulation of goblet cell metaplasia and pulmonary innate immunity. METHODS FOXA3 was identified in airways from patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We produced transgenic mice conditionally expressing Foxa3 in airway epithelial cells and developed human bronchial epithelial cells expressing Foxa3. Foxa3-regulated genes were identified by immunostaining, Western blotting, and RNA analysis. Direct binding of FOXA3 to target genes was identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing correlated with RNA sequencing. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS FOXA3 was highly expressed in airway goblet cells from patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. FOXA3 was induced by either IL-13 or rhinovirus. Foxa3 induced goblet cell metaplasia and enhanced expression of a network of genes mediating mucus production. Paradoxically, FOXA3 inhibited rhinovirus-induced IFN production, IRF-3 phosphorylation, and IKKε expression and inhibited viral clearance and expression of genes required for antiviral defenses, including MDA5, RIG-I, TLR3, IRF7/9, and nuclear factor-κB. CONCLUSIONS FOXA3 induces goblet cell metaplasia in response to infection or Th2 stimulation. Suppression of IFN signaling by FOXA3 provides a plausible mechanism that may serve to limit ongoing Th1 inflammation during the resolution of acute viral infection; however, inhibition of innate immunity by FOXA3 may contribute to susceptibility to viral infections associated with chronic lung disorders accompanied by chronic goblet cell metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- 1 Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, and
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114
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Fauvet B, Butterfield SM, Fuks J, Brik A, Lashuel HA. One-pot total chemical synthesis of human α-synuclein. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:9254-6. [PMID: 23995579 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45353g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate key aspects of the physiological and pathogenic properties of Parkinson's disease-associated presynaptic protein α-synuclein. We herein describe a one-pot total chemical synthesis that should enable site-specific introduction of single or multiple PTMs or small molecule probes essentially at any site within the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fauvet
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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115
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Viengchareun S, Lema I, Lamribet K, Keo V, Blanchard A, Cherradi N, Lombès M. Hypertonicity compromises renal mineralocorticoid receptor signaling through Tis11b-mediated post-transcriptional control. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2213-21. [PMID: 24700863 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013091023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) mediates the Na(+)-retaining action of aldosterone. MR is highly expressed in the distal nephron, which is submitted to intense variations in extracellular fluid tonicity generated by the corticopapillary gradient. We previously showed that post-transcriptional events control renal MR abundance. Here, we report that hypertonicity increases expression of the mRNA-destabilizing protein Tis11b, a member of the tristetraprolin/ZFP36 family, and thereby, decreases MR expression in renal KC3AC1 cells. The 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of human and mouse MR mRNA, containing several highly conserved adenylate/uridylate-rich elements (AREs), were cloned downstream of a reporter gene. Luciferase activities of full-length or truncated MR Luc-3'-UTR mutants decreased drastically when cotransfected with Tis11b plasmid, correlating with an approximately 50% shorter half-life of ARE-containing transcripts. Using site-directed mutagenesis and RNA immunoprecipitation, we identified a crucial ARE motif within the MR 3'-UTR, to which Tis11b must bind for destabilizing activity. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments suggested that endogenous Tis11b physically interacts with MR mRNA in KC3AC1 cells, and Tis11b knockdown prevented hypertonicity-elicited repression of MR. Moreover, hypertonicity blunted aldosterone-stimulated expression of glucocorticoid-induced leucine-zipper protein and the α-subunit of the epithelial Na(+) channel, supporting impaired MR signaling. Challenging the renal osmotic gradient by submitting mice to water deprivation, diuretic administration, or high-Na(+) diet increased renal Tis11b and decreased MR expression, particularly in the cortex, thus establishing a mechanistic pathway for osmotic regulation of MR expression in vivo. Altogether, we uncovered a mechanism by which renal MR expression is regulated through mRNA turnover, a post-transcriptional control that seems physiologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Say Viengchareun
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; University of Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Ingrid Lema
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; University of Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Khadija Lamribet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; University of Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, Grenoble, France
| | - Vixra Keo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; University of Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Anne Blanchard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques 9201, Paris, France; and
| | - Nadia Cherradi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; University of Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, Grenoble, France;
| | - Marc Lombès
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; University of Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Luo Y, Liu Y, Liu M, Wei J, Zhang Y, Hou J, Huang W, Wang T, Li X, He Y, Ding F, Yuan L, Cai J, Zheng F, Yang JY. Sfmbt2 10th intron-hosted miR-466(a/e)-3p are important epigenetic regulators of Nfat5 signaling, osmoregulation and urine concentration in mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:97-106. [PMID: 24389345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sfmbt2-hosted miR-466a-3p and its close relatives are often among the most significantly up-regulated or down-regulated miRNAs in responses to numerous deleterious environmental stimuli. The exact roles of these miRNAs in cellular stress responses, however, are not clear. Here we showed that many Sfmbt2-hosted miRNAs were highly hypertonic stress responsive in vitro and in vivo. In renal medulla, water deprivation induced alterations in the expression of miR-466(a/b/c/e/p)-3p in a pattern similar to that of miR-200b-3p, a known regulator of osmoresponsive transcription factor Nfat5. Remarkably, exposure of mIMCD3 cells to an arginine vasopressin analog time-dependently down-regulated the expression of miR-466(a/b/c/e/p)-3p and miR-200b-3p, which provides a novel regulatory mechanism for these osmoresponsive miRNAs. In cultured mIMCD3 cells we further demonstrated that miR-466a-3p and miR-466g were capable of targeting Nfat5 by interacting with its 3'UTR. In transgenic mice overexpressing miR-466a-3p, significant down-regulation of Nfat5 and many other osmoregulation-related genes was observed in both the renal cortex and medulla. Moreover, sustained transgenic over-expression of miR-466a-3p was found to be associated with polydipsia, polyuria and disturbed ion homeostasis and kidney morphology. Since the mature sequence of miR-466a-3p is completely equivalent to that of miR-466e-3p and that the seed sequence of miR-466a-3p is completely equivalent to that of miR-297(a/b/c)-3p, miR-466d-3p, miR-467g and miR-669d-3p, and that miR-466a-3p differs from miR-466(b/c/p)-3p only in a 5' nucleotide, we propose that miR-466a-3p and many of its close relatives are important epigenetic regulators of renal Nfat5 signaling, osmoregulation and urine concentration in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- School of Nursing, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jinpao Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Weifeng Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xun Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ying He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Transgenic Core, Xiamen University Laboratory Animal Center, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Feng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Transgenic Core, Xiamen University Laboratory Animal Center, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jianchun Cai
- Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Nephrology and Basic Science Laboratory, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - James Y Yang
- School of Nursing, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Fujian Provincial Transgenic Core, Xiamen University Laboratory Animal Center, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China.
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LeSimple P, Goepp J, Palmer ML, Fahrenkrug SC, O’Grady SM, Ferraro P, Robert R, Hanrahan JW. Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Is Expressed in Mucin Granules from Calu-3 and Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:511-6. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0419rc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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118
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Kumar Y, Bhatia A. Immunopathogenesis of allergic disorders: current concepts. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 9:211-26. [PMID: 23445196 DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Allergic disorders are a group of immune-mediated disorders that are associated with considerable morbidity and ill health. There has been significant rise in the prevalence of allergy in the last few years. This has heightened interest in uncovering the novel mechanisms involved in etiopathogenesis of allergic disorders. Understanding the pathways underlying allergy will help in developing effective modalities for its prevention and treatment. This review focuses primarily on common IgE-mediated allergic conditions and recent developments in their immunopathogenesis, especially those involving respiratory mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashwant Kumar
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
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119
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Westra JW, Schlage WK, Hengstermann A, Gebel S, Mathis C, Thomson T, Wong B, Hoang V, Veljkovic E, Peck M, Lichtner RB, Weisensee D, Talikka M, Deehan R, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. A modular cell-type focused inflammatory process network model for non-diseased pulmonary tissue. Bioinform Biol Insights 2013; 7:167-92. [PMID: 23843693 PMCID: PMC3700945 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s11509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental stressors such as cigarette smoke (CS) elicits a variety of biological responses in humans, including the induction of inflammatory responses. These responses are especially pronounced in the lung, where pulmonary cells sit at the interface between the body’s internal and external environments. We combined a literature survey with a computational analysis of multiple transcriptomic data sets to construct a computable causal network model (the Inflammatory Process Network (IPN)) of the main pulmonary inflammatory processes. The IPN model predicted decreased epithelial cell barrier defenses and increased mucus hypersecretion in human bronchial epithelial cells, and an attenuated pro-inflammatory (M1) profile in alveolar macrophages following exposure to CS, consistent with prior results. The IPN provides a comprehensive framework of experimentally supported pathways related to CS-induced pulmonary inflammation. The IPN is freely available to the scientific community as a resource with broad applicability to study the pathogenesis of pulmonary disease.
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120
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Ganesan S, Sajjan US. Repair and Remodeling of airway epithelium after injury in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2. [PMID: 24187653 DOI: 10.1007/s13665-013-0052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
COPD is thought to develop as a result of chronic exposure to cigarette smoke, occupational or other environmental hazards and it comprises both airways and parenchyma. Acute infections or chronic colonization of airways with bacteria may also contribute to development and/or progression of COPD lung disease. Airway epithelium is the primary target for the inhaled environmental factors and pathogens. The repetitive injury as a result of chronic exposure to environmental factors may result in persistent activation of pathways involved in airway epithelial repair, such as epithelial to mesenchymal transition, altered migration and proliferation of progenitor cells, and abnormal redifferentiation leading to airway remodeling. Development of model systems which mimics chronic airways disease as observed in COPD is required to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the abnormal airway epithelial repair that are specific to COPD and to also develop novel therapies focused on airway epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Ganesan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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121
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Ganesan S, Comstock AT, Sajjan US. Barrier function of airway tract epithelium. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e24997. [PMID: 24665407 PMCID: PMC3783221 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.24997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelium contributes significantly to the barrier function of airway tract. Mucociliary escalator, intercellular apical junctional complexes which regulate paracellular permeability and antimicrobial peptides secreted by the airway epithelial cells are the three primary components of barrier function of airway tract. These three components act cooperatively to clear inhaled pathogens, allergens and particulate matter without inducing inflammation and maintain tissue homeostasis. Therefore impairment of one or more of these essential components of barrier function may increase susceptibility to infection and promote exaggerated and prolonged innate immune responses to environmental factors including allergens and pathogens resulting in chronic inflammation. Here we review the regulation of components of barrier function with respect to chronic airways diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Ganesan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Adam T Comstock
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Uma S Sajjan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI USA
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122
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Boucherat O, Boczkowski J, Jeannotte L, Delacourt C. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of goblet cell metaplasia in the respiratory airways. Exp Lung Res 2013; 39:207-16. [DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2013.791733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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123
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Kiely AP, Asi YT, Kara E, Limousin P, Ling H, Lewis P, Proukakis C, Quinn N, Lees AJ, Hardy J, Revesz T, Houlden H, Holton JL. α-Synucleinopathy associated with G51D SNCA mutation: a link between Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy? Acta Neuropathol 2013; 125:753-69. [PMID: 23404372 PMCID: PMC3681325 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report a British family with young-onset Parkinson's disease (PD) and a G51D SNCA mutation that segregates with the disease. Family history was consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance as both the father and sister of the proband developed levodopa-responsive parkinsonism with onset in their late thirties. Clinical features show similarity to those seen in families with SNCA triplication and to cases of A53T SNCA mutation. Post-mortem brain examination of the proband revealed atrophy affecting frontal and temporal lobes in addition to the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus and amygdala. There was severe loss of pigmentation in the substantia nigra and pallor of the locus coeruleus. Neuronal loss was most marked in frontal and temporal cortices, hippocampal CA2/3 subregions, substantia nigra, locus coeruleus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The cellular pathology included widespread and frequent neuronal α-synuclein immunoreactive inclusions of variable morphology and oligodendroglial inclusions similar to the glial cytoplasmic inclusions of multiple system atrophy (MSA). Both inclusion types were ubiquitin and p62 positive and were labelled with phosphorylation-dependent anti-α-synuclein antibodies In addition, TDP-43 immunoreactive inclusions were observed in limbic regions and in the striatum. Together the data show clinical and neuropathological similarities to both the A53T SNCA mutation and multiplication cases. The cellular neuropathological features of this case share some characteristics of both PD and MSA with additional unique striatal and neocortical pathology. Greater understanding of the disease mechanism underlying the G51D mutation could aid in understanding of α-synuclein biology and its impact on disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife P. Kiely
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Yasmine T. Asi
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Eleanna Kara
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Patricia Limousin
- Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helen Ling
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Patrick Lewis
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
| | - Christos Proukakis
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Niall Quinn
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Andrew J. Lees
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tamas Revesz
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Janice L. Holton
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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124
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Abstract
Inflammation of human bronchial epithelia (HBE) activates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress transducer inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)α, resulting in IRE1α-mediated cytokine production. Previous studies demonstrated ubiquitous expression of IRE1α and gut-restricted expression of IRE1β. We found that IRE1β is also expressed in HBE, is absent in human alveolar cells, and is upregulated in cystic fibrosis and asthmatic HBE. Studies with Ire1β(-/-) mice and Calu-3 airway epithelia exhibiting IRE1β knockdown or overexpression revealed that IRE1β is expressed in airway mucous cells, is functionally required for airway mucin production, and this function is specific for IRE1β vs. IRE1α. IRE1β-dependent mucin production is mediated, at least in part, by activation of the transcription factor X-box binding protein-1 (XBP-1) and the resulting XBP-1-dependent transcription of anterior gradient homolog 2, a gene implicated in airway and intestinal epithelial mucin production. These novel findings suggest that IRE1β is a potential mucous cell-specific therapeutic target for airway diseases characterized by mucin overproduction.
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125
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Cheung CY, Ko BC. NFAT5 in cellular adaptation to hypertonic stress - regulations and functional significance. J Mol Signal 2013; 8:5. [PMID: 23618372 PMCID: PMC3655004 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-8-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells-5 (NFAT5), also known as OREBP or TonEBP, is a member of the nuclear factors of the activated T cells family of transcription factors. It is also the only known tonicity-regulated transcription factor in mammals. NFAT5 was initially known for its role in the hypertonic kidney inner medulla for orchestrating a genetic program to restore the cellular homeostasis. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that NFAT5 might play a more diverse functional role, including a pivotal role in blood pressure regulation and the development of autoimmune diseases. Despite the growing significance of NFAT5 in physiology and diseases, our understanding of how its activity is regulated remains very limited. Furthermore, how changes in tonicities are converted into functional outputs via NFAT5 remains elusive. Therefore, this review aims to summarize our current knowledge on the functional roles of NFAT5 in osmotic stress adaptation and the signaling pathways that regulate its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Yk Cheung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, and The State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Rm 38019, Clinical Sciences Building, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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126
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Hara S, Arawaka S, Sato H, Machiya Y, Cui C, Sasaki A, Koyama S, Kato T. Serine 129 phosphorylation of membrane-associated α-synuclein modulates dopamine transporter function in a G protein-coupled receptor kinase-dependent manner. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1649-60, S1-3. [PMID: 23576548 PMCID: PMC3667719 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-12-0903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
GRK-mediated Ser-129 phosphorylation of membrane-associated α-synuclein enhances dopamine uptake without altering cell surface expression of dopamine transporter. The data suggest a role of Ser-129–phosphorylated α-synuclein in modulating intracellular dopamine levels and damaging dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson disease. Most α-synuclein (α-syn) deposited in Lewy bodies, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson disease (PD), is phosphorylated at Ser-129. However, the physiological and pathological roles of this modification are unclear. Here we investigate the effects of Ser-129 phosphorylation on dopamine (DA) uptake in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells expressing α-syn. Subcellular fractionation of small interfering RNA (siRNA)–treated cells shows that G protein–coupled receptor kinase 3 (GRK3), GRK5, GRK6, and casein kinase 2 (CK2) contribute to Ser-129 phosphorylation of membrane-associated α-syn, whereas cytosolic α-syn is phosphorylated exclusively by CK2. Expression of wild-type α-syn increases DA uptake, and this effect is diminished by introducing the S129A mutation into α-syn. However, wild-type and S129A α-syn equally increase the cell surface expression of dopamine transporter (DAT) in SH-SY5Y cells and nonneuronal HEK293 cells. In addition, siRNA-mediated knockdown of GRK5 or GRK6 significantly attenuates DA uptake without altering DAT cell surface expression, whereas knockdown of CK2 has no effect on uptake. Taken together, our results demonstrate that membrane-associated α-syn enhances DA uptake capacity of DAT by GRKs-mediated Ser-129 phosphorylation, suggesting that α-syn modulates intracellular DA levels with no functional redundancy in Ser-129 phosphorylation between GRKs and CK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Hara
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine. 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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127
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Kleinewietfeld M, Manzel A, Titze J, Kvakan H, Yosef N, Linker RA, Muller DN, Hafler DA. Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic TH17 cells. Nature 2013; 496:518-22. [PMID: 23467095 DOI: 10.1038/nature11868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 974] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There has been a marked increase in the incidence of autoimmune diseases in the past half-century. Although the underlying genetic basis of this class of diseases has recently been elucidated, implicating predominantly immune-response genes, changes in environmental factors must ultimately be driving this increase. The newly identified population of interleukin (IL)-17-producing CD4(+) helper T cells (TH17 cells) has a pivotal role in autoimmune diseases. Pathogenic IL-23-dependent TH17 cells have been shown to be critical for the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis, and genetic risk factors associated with multiple sclerosis are related to the IL-23-TH17 pathway. However, little is known about the environmental factors that directly influence TH17 cells. Here we show that increased salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) concentrations found locally under physiological conditions in vivo markedly boost the induction of murine and human TH17 cells. High-salt conditions activate the p38/MAPK pathway involving nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5; also called TONEBP) and serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) during cytokine-induced TH17 polarization. Gene silencing or chemical inhibition of p38/MAPK, NFAT5 or SGK1 abrogates the high-salt-induced TH17 cell development. The TH17 cells generated under high-salt conditions display a highly pathogenic and stable phenotype characterized by the upregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines GM-CSF, TNF-α and IL-2. Moreover, mice fed with a high-salt diet develop a more severe form of EAE, in line with augmented central nervous system infiltrating and peripherally induced antigen-specific TH17 cells. Thus, increased dietary salt intake might represent an environmental risk factor for the development of autoimmune diseases through the induction of pathogenic TH17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kleinewietfeld
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, 15 York Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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128
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Blandini F. Neural and immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:189-201. [PMID: 23378275 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although almost 50 years have passed since impaired dopaminergic transmission was identified as the main neurochemical defect in Parkinson's disease (PD), the cause of the disease remains unknown. A restricted number of biological mechanisms are likely to contribute to the process of cell death in the nigrostriatal pathway. These mechanisms include mitochondrial defects and enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species--leading to oxidative damage--and abnormal protein aggregation. In addition to or, possibly, intermingled with these mechanisms of neuronal damage there is another crucial factor: neuroinflammation. The inflammatory response associated with cell loss in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal tract and, more in general, the role of immune mechanisms are increasingly recognized in PD pathogenesis. Neuroinflammatory changes have been repeatedly demonstrated, in both neurotoxic and transgenic animal models of PD, as well as in PD patients. Transgenic models based on α-synuclein overexpression, in particular, have provided crucial insights into the correlation between this protein and the dichotomous response that microglia can activate, with the polarization toward a cytotoxic (M1) or cytoprotective (M2) phenotype. Full understanding of such mechanisms may set the ground for a fine tuning of the neuroinflammatory process that accompanies and sustains neurodegeneration, thereby opening new therapeutic perspectives for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Blandini
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, IRCCS National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Via Mondino, 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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129
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Finkbeiner SR, Spence JR. A gutsy task: generating intestinal tissue from human pluripotent stem cells. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:1176-84. [PMID: 23532718 PMCID: PMC3661082 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many significant advances in our understanding of intestine development, intestinal stem cell homeostasis and differentiation have been made in recent years. These advances include novel techniques to culture primary human and mouse intestinal epithelium in three-dimensional matrices, and de novo generation of human intestinal tissue from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. This short review will focus on the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into intestinal tissue, highlight novel uses of this tissue, and compare and contrast this system to primary intestinal epithelial cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy R. Finkbeiner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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130
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Pardo-Saganta A, Law BM, Gonzalez-Celeiro M, Vinarsky V, Rajagopal J. Ciliated cells of pseudostratified airway epithelium do not become mucous cells after ovalbumin challenge. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 48:364-73. [PMID: 23239495 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0146oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucous cell metaplasia is a hallmark of airway diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The majority of human airway epithelium is pseudostratified, but the cell of origin of mucous cells has not been definitively established in this type of airway epithelium. There is evidence that ciliated, club cell (Clara), and basal cells can all give rise to mucus-producing cells in different contexts. Because pseudostratified airway epithelium contains distinct progenitor cells from simple columnar airway epithelium, the lineage relationships of progenitor cells to mucous cells may be different in these two epithelial types. We therefore performed lineage tracing of the ciliated cells of the murine basal cell-containing airway epithelium in conjunction with the ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine model of allergic lung disease. We genetically labeled ciliated cells with enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein (eYFP) before the allergen challenge, and followed the fate of these cells to determine whether they gave rise to newly formed mucous cells. Although ciliated cells increased in number after the OVA challenge, the newly formed mucous cells were not labeled with the eYFP lineage tag. Even small numbers of labeled mucous cells could not be detected, implying that ciliated cells make virtually no contribution to the new goblet cell pool. This demonstrates that, after OVA challenge, new mucous cells do not originate from ciliated cells in a pseudostratified basal cell-containing airway epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pardo-Saganta
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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131
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Thanawala VJ, Forkuo GS, Al-Sawalha N, Azzegagh Z, Nguyen LP, Eriksen JL, Tuvim MJ, Lowder TW, Dickey BF, Knoll BJ, Walker JKL, Bond RA. β2-Adrenoceptor agonists are required for development of the asthma phenotype in a murine model. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012. [PMID: 23204390 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0364oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
β(2)-Adrenoceptor (β2AR) agonists are the most effective class of bronchodilators and a mainstay of asthma management. The first potent β2AR agonist discovered and widely used in reversing the airway constriction associated with asthma exacerbation was the endogenous activator of the β2AR, epinephrine. In this study, we demonstrate that activation of the β2AR by epinephrine is paradoxically required for development of the asthma phenotype. In an antigen-driven model, mice sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin showed marked elevations in three cardinal features of the asthma phenotype: inflammatory cells in their bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, mucin over production, and airway hyperresponsiveness. However, genetic depletion of epinephrine using mice lacking the enzyme to synthesize epinephrine, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, or mice that had undergone pharmacological sympathectomy with reserpine to deplete epinephrine, had complete attenuation of these three cardinal features of the asthma phenotype. Furthermore, administration of the long-acting β2AR agonist, formoterol, a drug currently used in asthma treatment, to phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-null mice restored the asthma phenotype. We conclude that β2AR agonist-induced activation is needed for pathogenesis of the asthma phenotype. These findings also rule out constitutive signaling by the β2AR as sufficient to drive the asthma phenotype, and may help explain why chronic administration of β2AR agonists, such as formoterol, have been associated with adverse outcomes in asthma. These data further support the hypothesis that chronic asthma management may be better served by treatment with certain "β-blockers."
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi J Thanawala
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA
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132
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Jia Z, Liu G, Sun Y, Kakizoe Y, Guan G, Zhang A, Zhou SF, Yang T. mPGES-1-derived PGE2 mediates dehydration natriuresis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 304:F214-21. [PMID: 23171554 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00588.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PGE(2) is a natriuretic factor whose production is elevated after water deprivation (WD) but its role in dehydration natriuresis is not well-defined. The goal of the present study was to investigate the role of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) in dehydration natriuresis. After 24-h WD, wild-type (WT) mice exhibited a significant increase in 24-h urinary Na(+) excretion accompanied with normal plasma Na(+) concentration and osmolality. In contrast, WD-induced elevation of urinary Na(+) excretion was completely abolished in mPGES-1 knockout (KO) mice in parallel with increased plasma Na(+) concentration and a trend increase in plasma osmolality. WD induced a 1.8-fold increase in urinary PGE(2) output and a 1.6-fold increase in PGE(2) content in the renal medulla of WT mice, both of which were completely abolished by mPGES-1 deletion. Similar patterns of changes were observed for urinary nitrate/nitrite and cGMP. The natriuresis in dehydrated WT mice was associated with a significant downregulation of renal medullary epithelial Na channel-α mRNA and protein, contrasting to unaltered expressions in dehydrated KO mice. By quantitative RT-PCR, WD increased the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible NOS, and neuronal NOS expressions in the renal medulla of WT mice by 3.9-, 1.48-, and 2.6-fold, respectively, all of which were significantly blocked in mPGES-1 KO mice. The regulation of eNOS expression was further confirmed by immunoblotting. Taken together, our results suggest that mPGES-1-derived PGE(2) contributes to dehydration natriuresis likely via NO/cGMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjun Jia
- Univ. of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Div. of Nephrology and Hypertension, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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133
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Amlal H, Xu J, Barone S, Zahedi K, Soleimani M. The chloride channel/transporter Slc26a9 regulates the systemic arterial pressure and renal chloride excretion. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 91:561-72. [PMID: 23149824 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Apical chloride secretory pathways in the kidney medullary collecting duct are thought to play an important role in the modulation of final urine composition and regulation of systemic vascular volume and/or blood pressure. However, the molecular identity of these molecules has largely remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Slc26a9, an electrogenic chloride channel/transporter, is localized on the apical membrane of principal cells in the kidney medullary collecting duct and mediates chloride secretion. Mice with the genetic deletion of Slc26a9 show significant reduction in renal chloride excretion when fed a diet high in salt or subjected to water deprivation. Arterial pressure measurements indicated that Slc26a9 knockout (Slc26a9(-/-)) mice are hypertensive under baseline conditions and increase their blood pressure further within 48 h of switching to a high-salt diet. These results suggest that Slc26a9 plays an important role in renal chloride/fluid excretion and arterial pressure regulation. We propose that impaired SLC26A9 activity in humans may interfere with the excretion of excess salt and result in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Amlal
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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134
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Maeda Y, Tsuchiya T, Hao H, Tompkins DH, Xu Y, Mucenski ML, Du L, Keiser AR, Fukazawa T, Naomoto Y, Nagayasu T, Whitsett JA. Kras(G12D) and Nkx2-1 haploinsufficiency induce mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:4388-400. [PMID: 23143308 DOI: 10.1172/jci64048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung is a subtype of highly invasive pulmonary tumors and is associated with decreased or absent expression of the transcription factor NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2-1; also known as TTF-1). Here, we show that haploinsufficiency of Nkx2-1 in combination with oncogenic Kras(G12D), but not with oncogenic EGFR(L858R), caused pulmonary tumors in transgenic mice that were phenotypically similar to human mucinous adenocarcinomas. Gene expression patterns distinguished tumor goblet (mucous) cells from nontumorigenic airway and intestinal goblet cells. Expression of NKX2-1 inhibited urethane and oncogenic Kras(G12D)-induced tumorigenesis in vivo. Haploinsufficiency of Nkx2-1 enhanced Kras(G12D)-mediated tumor progression, but reduced EGFR(L858R)-mediated progression. Genome-wide analysis of gene expression demonstrated that a set of genes induced in mucinous tumors was shared with genes induced in a nontumorigenic chronic lung disease, while a distinct subset of genes was specific to mucinous tumors. ChIP with massively parallel DNA sequencing identified a direct association of NKX2-1 with the genes induced in mucinous tumors. NKX2-1 associated with the AP-1 binding element as well as the canonical NKX2-1 binding element. NKX2-1 inhibited both AP-1 activity and tumor colony formation in vitro. These data demonstrate that NKX2-1 functions in a context-dependent manner in lung tumorigenesis and inhibits Kras(G12D)-driven mucinous pulmonary adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Maeda
- Perinatal Institute, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA
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135
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Marotta NP, Cherwien CA, Abeywardana T, Pratt MR. O-GlcNAc Modification Prevents Peptide-Dependent Acceleration of α-Synuclein Aggregation. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2665-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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136
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Rock J, Königshoff M. Endogenous lung regeneration: potential and limitations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 186:1213-9. [PMID: 22997206 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201207-1151pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploration of the endogenous regenerative potential of the diseased adult human lung represents an innovative and exciting task. In this pulmonary perspective, we discuss three major components essential for endogenous lung repair and regeneration: epithelial progenitor populations, developmental signaling pathways that regulate their reparative and regenerative potential, and the surrounding extracellular matrix in the human diseased lung. Over the past years, several distinct epithelial progenitor populations have been discovered within the lung, all of which most likely respond to different injuries by varying degrees. It has become evident that several progenitor populations are mutually involved in maintenance and repair, which is highly regulated by developmental pathways, such as Wnt or Notch signaling. Third, endogenous progenitor cells and developmental signaling pathways act in close spatiotemporal synergy with the extracellular matrix. These three components define and refine the highly dynamic microenvironment of the lung, which is altered in a disease-specific fashion in several chronic lung diseases. The search for the right mixture to induce efficient and controlled repair and regeneration of the diseased lung is ongoing and will open completely novel avenues for the treatment of patients with chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Rock
- Department of Anatomy and 2Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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137
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Hernández-Ochoa EO, Robison P, Contreras M, Shen T, Zhao Z, Schneider MF. Elevated extracellular glucose and uncontrolled type 1 diabetes enhance NFAT5 signaling and disrupt the transverse tubular network in mouse skeletal muscle. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:1068-83. [PMID: 22966145 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5) is a key protector from hypertonic stress in the kidney, but its role in skeletal muscle is unexamined. Here, we evaluate the effects of glucose hypertonicity and hyperglycemia on endogenous NFAT5 activity, transverse tubular system morphology and Ca(2+) signaling in adult murine skeletal muscle fibers. We found that exposure to elevated glucose (25-50 mmol/L) increased NFAT5 expression and nuclear translocation, and NFAT-driven transcriptional activity. These effects were insensitive to the inhibition of calcineurin A, but sensitive to both p38α mitogen-activated protein kinases and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related kinase inhibition. Fibers exposed to elevated glucose exhibited disrupted transverse tubular morphology, characterized by swollen transverse tubules and an increase in longitudinal connections between adjacent transverse tubules. Ca(2+) transients elicited by a single, brief electric field stimuli were increased in amplitude in fibers challenged by elevated glucose. Muscle fibers from type 1 diabetic mice exhibited increased NFAT5 expression and transverse tubule disruptions, but no differences in electrically evoked Ca(2+) transients. Our results suggest the hypothesis that these changes in skeletal muscle could play a role in the pathophysiology of acute and severe hyperglycemic episodes commonly observed in uncontrolled diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick O Hernández-Ochoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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138
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Chakraborty S, Susmitha AL, Hosur RV. Selective lighting up of segments around Gly, Ala and Ser/Thr in proteins. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2012; 50:587-91. [PMID: 22806716 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.3843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Direct detection of (13) C nucleus can be used as a valuable alternative where (1) H detection poses a challenge due to relaxation effects, chemical exchange and poor chemical shift dispersion. In this context, we have designed a suite of 2D (13) C(α) -detected hNCA experiments that provide sequential correlations of (13) C(α) with (15) N on one hand and efficient spectroscopic labeling of certain groups of residues, namely, Gly, Ala, Ser and Thr, on the other. These residues act as checkpoints in the sequential walk, which in turn offer new possibilities of backbone assignment of small proteins from a set of 2D experiments, thereby providing great economy in terms of spectrometer time. The direct identification of peptide segments around Gly, Ala, Ser and Thr residues along a protein chain will be highly valuable for deriving important information on sites of ligand binding, phosphorylation, inhibitor/substrate binding, understanding protein folding pathways, comprehending local conformational dynamics etc. without having to obtain complete sequence-specific assignments, which can be time consuming and at times formidable, especially in large proteins. We have illustratively demonstrated the multifaceted applications of these variants of 2D experiments on ubiquitin and M-crystallin. We foresee that these 2D hNCA experiments will provide economic and efficient strategies for studying the structure and function of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai, 400 005, India
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139
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Beyer K, Ariza A. Alpha-Synuclein Posttranslational Modification and Alternative Splicing as a Trigger for Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:509-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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140
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Brocker C, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. The role of hyperosmotic stress in inflammation and disease. Biomol Concepts 2012; 3:345-364. [PMID: 22977648 PMCID: PMC3438915 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2012-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperosmotic stress is an often overlooked process that potentially contributes to a number of human diseases. Whereas renal hyperosmolarity is a well-studied phenomenon, recent research provides evidence that many non-renal tissues routinely experience hyperosmotic stress that may contribute significantly to disease initiation and progression. Moreover, a growing body of evidence implicates hyperosmotic stress as a potent inflammatory stimulus by triggering proinflammatory cytokine release and inflammation. Under physiological conditions, the urine concentrating mechanism within the inner medullary region of the mammalian kidney exposes cells to high extracellular osmolarity. As such, renal cells have developed many adaptive strategies to compensate for increased osmolarity. Hyperosmotic stress is linked to many maladies, including acute and chronic, as well as local and systemic, inflammatory disorders. Hyperosmolarity triggers cell shrinkage, oxidative stress, protein carbonylation, mitochondrial depolarization, DNA damage, and cell cycle arrest, thus rendering cells susceptible to apoptosis. However, many adaptive mechanisms exist to counter the deleterious effects of hyperosmotic stress, including cytoskeletal rearrangement and up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, transporters, and heat shock proteins. Osmolyte synthesis is also up-regulated and many of these compounds have been shown to reduce inflammation. The cytoprotective mechanisms and associated regulatory pathways that accompany the renal response to hyperosmolarity are found in many non-renal tissues, suggesting cells are commonly confronted with hyperosmotic conditions. Osmoadaptation allows cells to survive and function under potentially cytotoxic conditions. This review covers the pathological consequences of hyperosmotic stress in relation to disease and emphasizes the importance of considering hyperosmolarity in inflammation and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Brocker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David C. Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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141
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Schroeder BW, Verhaeghe C, Park SW, Nguyenvu LT, Huang X, Zhen G, Erle DJ. AGR2 is induced in asthma and promotes allergen-induced mucin overproduction. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:178-85. [PMID: 22403803 PMCID: PMC3423459 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0421oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucins are gel-forming proteins that are responsible for the characteristic viscoelastic properties of mucus. Mucin overproduction is a hallmark of asthma, but the cellular requirements for airway mucin production are poorly understood. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein anterior gradient homolog 2 (AGR2) is required for production of the intestinal mucin MUC2, but its role in the production of the airway mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B is not established. Microarray data were analyzed to examine the relationship between AGR2 and MUC5AC expression in asthma. Immunofluorescence was used to localize AGR2 in airway cells. Coimmunoprecipitation was used to identify AGR2-immature MUC5AC complexes. Agr2(-/-) mice were used to determine the role of AGR2 in allergic airway disease. AGR2 localized to the ER of MUC5AC- and MUC5B-producing airway cells and formed a complex with immature MUC5AC. AGR2 expression increased together with MUC5AC expression in airway epithelium from "Th2-high" asthmatics. Allergen-challenged Agr2(-/-) mice had greater than 50% reductions in MUC5AC and MUC5B proteins compared with allergen-challenged wild-type mice. Impaired mucin production in Agr2(-/-) mice was accompanied by an increase in the proportion of mucins contained within the ER and by evidence of ER stress in airway epithelium. This study shows that AGR2 increases with mucin overproduction in individuals with asthma and in mouse models of allergic airway disease. AGR2 interacts with immature mucin in the ER and loss of AGR2 impairs allergen-induced MUC5AC and MUC5B overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W. Schroeder
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Catherine Verhaeghe
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sung-Woo Park
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea; and
| | - Louis T. Nguyenvu
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Xiaozhu Huang
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Guohua Zhen
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - David J. Erle
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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142
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Rackley CR, Stripp BR. Building and maintaining the epithelium of the lung. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2724-30. [PMID: 22850882 DOI: 10.1172/jci60519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Airspaces of the lung are lined by an epithelium whose cellular composition changes along the proximal-to-distal axis to meet local functional needs for mucociliary clearance, hydration, host defense, and gas exchange. Advances in cell isolation, in vitro culture techniques, and genetic manipulation of animal models have increased our understanding of the development and maintenance of the pulmonary epithelium. This review discusses basic cellular mechanisms that regulate establishment of the conducting airway and gas exchange systems as well as the functional maintenance of the epithelium during postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Rackley
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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143
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Wang G, Xu Z, Wang R, Al-Hijji M, Salit J, Strulovici-Barel Y, Tilley AE, Mezey JG, Crystal RG. Genes associated with MUC5AC expression in small airway epithelium of human smokers and non-smokers. BMC Med Genomics 2012; 5:21. [PMID: 22676183 PMCID: PMC3443416 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-5-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mucus hypersecretion contributes to the morbidity and mortality of smoking-related lung diseases, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which starts in the small airways. Despite progress in animal studies, the genes and their expression pattern involved in mucus production and secretion in human airway epithelium are not well understood. We hypothesized that comparison of the transcriptomes of the small airway epithelium of individuals that express high vs low levels of MUC5AC, the major macromolecular component of airway mucus, could be used as a probe to identify the genes related to human small airway mucus production/secretion. Methods Flexible bronchoscopy and brushing were used to obtain small airway epithelium (10th to 12th order bronchi) from healthy nonsmokers (n=60) and healthy smokers (n=72). Affymetrix HG-U133 plus 2.0 microarrays were used to assess gene expression. Massive parallel sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to verify gene expression of small airway epithelium from 5 nonsmokers and 6 smokers. Results MUC5AC expression varied 31-fold among the healthy nonsmokers. Genome-wide comparison between healthy nonsmokers (n = 60) grouped as “high MUC5AC expressors” vs “low MUC5AC expressors” identified 528 genes significantly up-regulated and 15 genes significantly down-regulated in the high vs low expressors. This strategy identified both mucus production and secretion related genes under control of a network composed of multiple transcription factors. Based on the literature, genes in the up-regulated list were used to identify a 73 “MUC5AC-associated core gene” list with 9 categories: mucus component; mucus-producing cell differentiation-related transcription factor; mucus-producing cell differentiation-related pathway or mediator; post-translational modification of mucin; vesicle transport; endoplasmic reticulum stress-related; secretory granule-associated; mucus secretion-related regulator and mucus hypersecretory-related ion channel. As a validation cohort, we assessed the MUC5AC-associated core gene list in the small airway epithelium of an independent set of healthy smokers (n = 72). There was up-regulation of MUC5AC in the small airway epithelium of smokers (2.3-fold, p < 10-8) associated with a coordinated up-regulation of MUC5AC-associated core gene expression pattern in the small airway epithelium of smokers (p < 0.01). Deep sequencing confirmed these observations. Conclusion The identification of the genes associated with increased airway mucin production in humans should be useful in understanding the pathogenesis of airway mucus hypersecretion and identifying therapeutic targets. Author summary Mucus hypersecretion contributes to the morbidity and mortality of smoking-related lung diseases, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which starts in the small airways. Little is known about the gene networks associated with the synthesis and secretion of mucins in the human small airway epithelium. Taking advantage of the knowledge that MUC5AC is a major mucin secreted by the small airway epithelium, the expression of MUC5AC in small airway epithelium is highly regulated at the transcriptional level and our observation that healthy nonsmokers have variable numbers of MUC5AC+ secretory cells in the human small airway epithelium, we compared genome-wide gene expression of the small airway epithelium of high vs low MUC5AC expressors from 60 nonsmokers to identify the genes associated with MUC5AC expression. This novel strategy enabled identification of a 73 “MUC5AC-associated core gene” list with 9 categories, which control a series of processes from mucin biosynthesis to mucus secretion. The coordinated gene expression pattern of MUC5AC-associated core genes were corroborated in an independent cohort of 72 healthy smokers. Deep sequencing of small airway epithelium RNA confirmed these observations. This finding will be useful in identifying therapeutic targets to treat small airway mucus hypersecretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Wang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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144
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Royce SG, Lim C, Muljadi RC, Samuel CS, Ververis K, Karagiannis TC, Giraud AS, Tang MLK. Trefoil factor-2 reverses airway remodeling changes in allergic airways disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 48:135-44. [PMID: 22652198 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0320oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) is a small peptide with an important role in mucosal repair. TFF2 is up-regulated in asthma, suggesting a role in asthma pathogenesis. Given its known biological role in promoting epithelial repair, TFF2 might be expected to exert a protective function in limiting the progression of airway remodeling in asthma. The contribution of TFF2 to airway remodeling in asthma was investigated by examining the expression of TFF2 in the airway and lung, and evaluating the effects of recombinant TFF2 treatment on established airway remodeling in a murine model of chronic allergic airways disease (AAD). BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) or saline for 9 weeks, whereas mice with established OVA-induced AAD were treated with TFF2 or vehicle control (intranasally for 14 d). Effects on airway remodeling, airway inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness were then assessed, whereas TFF2 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. TFF2 expression was significantly increased in the airways of mice with AAD, compared with expression levels in control mice. TFF2 treatment resulted in reduced epithelial thickening, subepithelial collagen deposition, goblet-cell metaplasia, bronchial epithelium apoptosis, and airway hyperresponsiveness (all P < 0.05, versus vehicle control), but TFF2 treatment did not influence airway inflammation. The increased expression of endogenous TFF2 in response to chronic allergic inflammation is insufficient to prevent the progression of airway inflammation and remodeling in a murine model of chronic AAD. However, exogenous TFF2 treatment is effective in reversing aspects of established airway remodeling. TFF2 has potential as a novel treatment for airway remodeling in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Royce
- Department of Allergy and Immune Disorders, Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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145
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Lee SM, Lee YJ, Yoon JJ, Kang DG, Lee HS. Effect of Poria cocos on hypertonic stress-induced water channel expression and apoptosis in renal collecting duct cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 141:368-376. [PMID: 22414475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A major physiological role of the kidney is to regulate body water and urine concentration. Aquaporin-2 (AQP2), a family of water channels, plays an important role in the urinary concentrating process and regulation of water balance in the kidney. The dried sclerotia of Poria cocos Wolf has been known to have a diuretic effect and used for the treatment of chronic edema and nephrosis. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the sclerotia of Poria cocos (WPC) on hypertonic stress-induced AQP2 expression and apoptosis in inner medullary collecting duct cell lines (IMCD-3). MATERIALS AND METHODS Hypertonic stress was induced by 175mM NaCl. Inhibitory effect of WPC on hypertonic stress-induced AQP2 expression and apoptosis were determined by western blot, RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Hypertonic stress (175mM NaCl) increased in the levels of AQP2 expression by hypertonicity in IMCD-3 cells. WPC attenuated the hypertonicity-induced increase in protein and mRNA levels of AQP2 in a concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment with WPC attenuated hypertonicity-induced cell death. Hypertonicity increased serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible protein kinase (Sgk1) phosphorylation, however, WPC attenuated the hypertonicity-induced Sgk1 activation. Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) mRNA was also recovered by WPC under hypertonic stress. Pretreatment with WPC presented the similar effect of PKA inhibitor which decreased hypertonic stress-induced AQP2 expression. Hypertonicity increased cAMP levels and the changes were blocked by WPC. On the other hand, hypertonic stress-induced Bax or caspase-3 expression was decreased by WPC, resulting in anti-apoptotic effect. CONCLUSIONS These results provided evidence that the beneficial effect of WPC in water balance against in vitro hypertonic stress of renal collecting ducts. In addition, WPC exhibits anti-apoptotic property response to hypertonic stress. Thus, these data suggests that WPC has benefit for the therapeutic approach to the inhibition of renal disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Min Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Republic of Korea; Hanbang Body-fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Republic of Korea
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146
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Abstract
Asthma is a T lymphocyte-controlled disease of the airway wall caused by inflammation, overproduction of mucus and airway wall remodeling leading to bronchial hyperreactivity and airway obstruction. The airway epithelium is considered an essential controller of inflammatory, immune and regenerative responses to allergens, viruses and environmental pollutants that contribute to asthma pathogenesis. Epithelial cells express pattern recognition receptors that detect environmental stimuli and secrete endogenous danger signals, thereby activating dendritic cells and bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Improved understanding of the epithelium's function in maintaining the integrity of the airways and its dysfunction in asthma has provided important mechanistic insight into how asthma is initiated and perpetuated and could provide a framework by which to select new therapeutic strategies that prevent exacerbations and alter the natural course of the disease.
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147
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Vekrellis K, Stefanis L. Targeting intracellular and extracellular alpha-synuclein as a therapeutic strategy in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:421-32. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.674111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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148
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Manzo ND, Foster WM, Stripp BR. Amphiregulin-dependent mucous cell metaplasia in a model of nonallergic lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:349-57. [PMID: 22493011 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0257oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation and differentiation of the pulmonary epithelium after injury is a critical process in the defense against the external environment. Defects in this response can result in airway remodeling, such as mucus cell metaplasia (MCM), commonly seen in patients with chronic lung disease. We have previously shown that amphiregulin (AREG), a ligand to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), is induced during the repair/differentiation process elicited by naphthalene-induced lung injury. Thus, we hypothesized that AREG signaling plays an important role in epithelial proliferation and differentiation of the repairing airway. Mice deficient in AREG and lung epithelial EGFR were used to define roles for AREG-dependent EGFR signaling in airway repair and remodeling. We show that AREG and epithelial EGFR expression is dispensable to pulmonary epithelial repair after naphthalene-induced lung injury, but regulates secretory cell differentiation to a mucus-producing phenotype. We show that the pulmonary epithelium is the source of AREG, suggesting that naphthalene-induced MCM is mediated through an autocrine signaling mechanism. However, induction of MCM resulting from allergen exposure was independent of AREG. Our data demonstrate that AREG-dependent EGFR signaling in airway epithelial cells contributes to MCM in naphthalene-induced lung injury. We conclude that AREG may represent a determinant of nonallergic chronic lung diseases complicated by MCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Manzo
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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149
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Hejjaoui M, Butterfield S, Fauvet B, Vercruysse F, Cui J, Dikiy I, Prudent M, Olschewski D, Zhang Y, Eliezer D, Lashuel HA. Elucidating the role of C-terminal post-translational modifications using protein semisynthesis strategies: α-synuclein phosphorylation at tyrosine 125. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:5196-210. [PMID: 22339654 PMCID: PMC3592575 DOI: 10.1021/ja210866j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite increasing evidence that supports the role of different post-translational modifications (PTMs) in modulating α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation and toxicity, relatively little is known about the functional consequences of each modification and whether or not these modifications are regulated by each other. This lack of knowledge arises primarily from the current lack of tools and methodologies for the site-specific introduction of PTMs in α-syn. More specifically, the kinases that mediate selective and efficient phosphorylation of C-terminal tyrosine residues of α-syn remain to be identified. Unlike phospho-serine and phospho-threonine residues, which in some cases can be mimicked by serine/threonine → glutamate or aspartate substitutions, there are no natural amino acids that can mimic phospho-tyrosine. To address these challenges, we developed a general and efficient semisynthetic strategy that enables the site-specific introduction of single or multiple PTMs and the preparation of homogeneously C-terminal modified forms of α-syn in milligram quantities. These advances have allowed us to investigate, for the first time, the effects of selective phosphorylation at Y125 on the structure, aggregation, membrane binding, and subcellular localization of α-syn. The development of semisynthetic methods for the site-specific introduction of single or PTMs represents an important advance toward determining the roles of such modifications in α-syn structure, aggregation, and functions in heath and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirva Hejjaoui
- Laboratory of molecular and chemical biology of neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Butterfield
- Laboratory of molecular and chemical biology of neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Fauvet
- Laboratory of molecular and chemical biology of neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Filip Vercruysse
- Laboratory of molecular and chemical biology of neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jia Cui
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Igor Dikiy
- Department of Biochemistry and Program in Structural Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Michel Prudent
- Laboratory of molecular and chemical biology of neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diana Olschewski
- Laboratory of molecular and chemical biology of neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - David Eliezer
- Department of Biochemistry and Program in Structural Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Hilal A. Lashuel
- Laboratory of molecular and chemical biology of neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Meier F, Abeywardana T, Dhall A, Marotta NP, Varkey J, Langen R, Chatterjee C, Pratt MR. Semisynthetic, site-specific ubiquitin modification of α-synuclein reveals differential effects on aggregation. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:5468-71. [PMID: 22404520 DOI: 10.1021/ja300094r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The process of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease is intimately associated with the aggregation of the protein α-synuclein into toxic oligomers and fibrils. Interestingly, many of these protein aggregates are found to be post-translationally modified by ubiquitin at several different lysine residues. However, the inability to generate homogeneously ubiquitin modified α-synuclein at each site has prevented the understanding of the specific biochemical consequences. We have used protein semisynthesis to generate nine site-specifically ubiquitin modified α-synuclein derivatives and have demonstrated that different ubiquitination sites have differential effects on α-synuclein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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