101
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Cherian J, Nacro K, Poh ZY, Guo S, Jeyaraj DA, Wong YX, Ho M, Yang HY, Joy JK, Kwek ZP, Liu B, Wee JLK, Ong EHQ, Choong ML, Poulsen A, Lee MA, Pendharkar V, Ding LJ, Manoharan V, Chew YS, Sangthongpitag K, Lim S, Ong ST, Hill J, Keller TH. Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Interacting Kinase (MNK) 1 and 2 and BCR-ABL1 Inhibitors Targeting Chronic Myeloid Leukemic Cells. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3063-78. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cherian
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Kassoum Nacro
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Zhi Ying Poh
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Samantha Guo
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | | | - Yun Xuan Wong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Melvyn Ho
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Hai Yan Yang
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Joma Kanikadu Joy
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Zekui Perlyn Kwek
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Boping Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | | | - Esther HQ Ong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Meng Ling Choong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - May Ann Lee
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Vishal Pendharkar
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Li Jun Ding
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Vithya Manoharan
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Yun Shan Chew
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | | | - Sharon Lim
- Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, Singapore 169857
| | - S. Tiong Ong
- Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, Singapore 169857
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Thomas H. Keller
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 13 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669
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102
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Cytokines in cancer drug resistance: Cues to new therapeutic strategies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1865:255-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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103
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Zhang B, Li L, Ho Y, Li M, Marcucci G, Tong W, Bhatia R. Heterogeneity of leukemia-initiating capacity of chronic myelogenous leukemia stem cells. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:975-91. [PMID: 26878174 DOI: 10.1172/jci79196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) results from transformation of a long-term hematopoietic stem cell (LTHSC) by expression of the BCR-ABL fusion gene. However, BCR-ABL-expressing LTHSCs are heterogeneous in their capacity as leukemic stem cells (LSCs). Although discrepancies in proliferative, self-renewal, and differentiation properties of normal LTHSCs are being increasingly recognized, the mechanisms underlying heterogeneity of leukemic LTHSCs are poorly understood. Using a CML mouse model, we identified gene expression differences between leukemic and nonleukemic LTHSCs. Expression of the thrombopoietin (THPO) receptor MPL was elevated in leukemic LTHSC populations. Compared with LTHSCs with low MPL expression, LTHSCs with high MPL expression showed enhanced JAK/STAT signaling and proliferation in response to THPO in vitro and increased leukemogenic capacity in vivo. Although both G0 and S phase subpopulations were increased in LTHSCs with high MPL expression, LSC capacity was restricted to quiescent cells. Inhibition of MPL expression in CML LTHSCs reduced THPO-induced JAK/STAT signaling and leukemogenic potential. These same phenotypes were also present in LTHSCs from patients with CML, and patient LTHSCs with high MPL expression had reduced sensitivity to BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment but increased sensitivity to JAK inhibitors. Together, our studies identify MPL expression levels as a key determinant of heterogeneous leukemia-initiating capacity and drug sensitivity of CML LTHSCs and suggest that high MPL-expressing CML stem cells are potential targets for therapy.
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104
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Mu C, Wu X, Ma H, Tao W, Zhang G, Xia X, Shen J, Mai J, Sun T, Sun X, Arlinghaus RB, Shen H. Effective Concentration of a Multikinase Inhibitor within Bone Marrow Correlates with In Vitro Cell Killing in Therapy-Resistant Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:899-910. [PMID: 26846820 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0577-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia cells escape BCR-ABL-targeted therapy by developing mutations, such as T315I, in the p210(BCR-ABL) fusion protein in Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Although most effort has been focused on development of new tyrosine kinase inhibitors, enrichment of these small-molecule inhibitors in the tumor tissue can also have a profound impact on treatment outcomes. Here, we report that a 2-hour exposure of the T315I-mutant CML cells to 10 μmol/L of the multikinase inhibitor TG101209 suppressed BCR-ABL-independent signaling and caused cell-cycle arrest at G2-M. Further increase in drug concentration to 17.5 μmol/L blocked phosphorylation of the mutant BCR-ABL kinase and its downstream JAK2 and STAT5. The effective dosage to overcome therapy resistance identified in an in vitro setting serves as a guidance to develop the proper drug formulation for in vivo efficacy. A targeted formulation was developed to achieve sustained bone marrow TG101209 concentration at or above 17.5 μmol/L for effective killing of CML cells in vivo Potent inhibition of leukemia cell growth and extended survival were observed in two murine models of CML treated with 40 mg/kg intravenously administered targeted TG101209, but not with the untargeted drug at the same dosage. Our finding provides a unique approach to develop treatments for therapy-resistant CML. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 899-910. ©2016 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Aurora Kinase B/antagonists & inhibitors
- Bone Marrow/drug effects
- Bone Marrow/metabolism
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- Mutation
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Mu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Helen Ma
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wenjing Tao
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaojun Xia
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Jianliang Shen
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Junhua Mai
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Tong Sun
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaoping Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ralph B Arlinghaus
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Haifa Shen
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
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105
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Chen TC, Yu MC, Chien CC, Wu MS, Lee YC, Chen YC. Nilotinib reduced the viability of human ovarian cancer cells via mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, independent of JNK activation. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 31:1-11. [PMID: 26549707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nilotinib (AMN) induces apoptosis in various cancer cells; however the effect of AMN on human ovarian cancer cells is still unclear. A reduction in cell viability associated with the occurrence of apoptotic characteristics was observed in human SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells under AMN but not sorafenib (SORA) or imatinib (STI) stimulation. Activation of apoptotic pathway including increased caspase (Casp)-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) protein cleavage by AMN was detected with disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) accompanied by decreased Bcl-2 protein and increased cytosolic cytochrome (Cyt) c/cleaved Casp-9 protein expressions was found, and AMN-induced cell death was inhibited by peptidyl Casp inhibitors, VAD, DEVD and LEHD. Increased phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) protein expression was detected in AMN- but not SORA- or STI-treated SKOV-3 cells, and the JNK inhibitors, SP600125 and JNKI, showed slight but significant enhancement of AMN-induced cell death in SKOV-3 cells. The intracellular peroxide level was elevated by AMN and H2O2, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) prevented H2O2- but not AMN-induced peroxide production and apoptosis in SKOV-3 cells. AMN induction of apoptosis with increased intracellular peroxide production and JNK protein phosphorylation was also identified in human A2780 ovarian cancer cells, cisplatin-resistant A2780CP cells, and clear ES-2 cells. The evidence supporting AMN effectively reducing the viability of human ovarian cancer cells via mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze-Chien Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Yu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chien
- Department of Nephrology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Food Nutrition, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shun Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Cancer Research Center and Orthopedics Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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106
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Pediatric chronic myeloid leukemia is a unique disease that requires a different approach. Blood 2015; 127:392-9. [PMID: 26511135 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-06-648667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in children is relatively rare. Because of a lack of robust clinical study evidence, management of CML in children is not standardized and often follows guidelines developed for adults. Children and young adults tend to have a more aggressive clinical presentation than older adults, and prognostic scores for adult CML do not apply to children. CML in children has been considered to have the same biology as in adults, but recent data indicate that some genetic differences exist in pediatric and adult CML. Because children with CML may receive tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy for many decades, and are exposed to TKIs during a period of active growth, morbidities in children with CML may be distinct from those in adults and require careful monitoring. Aggressive strategies, such as eradication of CML stem cells with limited duration and intensive regimens of chemotherapy and TKIs, may be more advantageous in children as a way to avoid lifelong exposure to TKIs and their associated adverse effects. Blood and marrow transplantation in pediatric CML is currently indicated only for recurrent progressive disease, and the acute and long-term toxicities of this option should be carefully evaluated against the complications associated with lifelong use of TKIs.
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107
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Cytokine Regulation of Microenvironmental Cells in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:869242. [PMID: 26543328 PMCID: PMC4620237 DOI: 10.1155/2015/869242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The term myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) refers to a heterogeneous group of diseases including not only polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), but also chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and systemic mastocytosis (SM). Despite the clinical and biological differences between these diseases, common pathophysiological mechanisms have been identified in MPN. First, aberrant tyrosine kinase signaling due to somatic mutations in certain driver genes is common to these MPN. Second, alterations of the bone marrow microenvironment are found in all MPN types and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the diseases. Finally, elevated levels of proinflammatory and microenvironment-regulating cytokines are commonly found in all MPN-variants. In this paper, we review the effects of MPN-related oncogenes on cytokine expression and release and describe common as well as distinct pathogenetic mechanisms underlying microenvironmental changes in various MPN. Furthermore, targeting of the microenvironment in MPN is discussed. Such novel therapies may enhance the efficacy and may overcome resistance to established tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment in these patients. Nevertheless, additional basic studies on the complex interplay of neoplastic and stromal cells are required in order to optimize targeting strategies and to translate these concepts into clinical application.
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108
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Giotopoulos G, van der Weyden L, Osaki H, Rust AG, Gallipoli P, Meduri E, Horton SJ, Chan WI, Foster D, Prinjha RK, Pimanda JE, Tenen DG, Vassiliou GS, Koschmieder S, Adams DJ, Huntly BJP. A novel mouse model identifies cooperating mutations and therapeutic targets critical for chronic myeloid leukemia progression. J Exp Med 2015; 212:1551-69. [PMID: 26304963 PMCID: PMC4577832 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of highly selective ABL-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has revolutionized therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, TKIs are only efficacious in the chronic phase of the disease and effective therapies for TKI-refractory CML, or after progression to blast crisis (BC), are lacking. Whereas the chronic phase of CML is dependent on BCR-ABL, additional mutations are required for progression to BC. However, the identity of these mutations and the pathways they affect are poorly understood, hampering our ability to identify therapeutic targets and improve outcomes. Here, we describe a novel mouse model that allows identification of mechanisms of BC progression in an unbiased and tractable manner, using transposon-based insertional mutagenesis on the background of chronic phase CML. Our BC model is the first to faithfully recapitulate the phenotype, cellular and molecular biology of human CML progression. We report a heterogeneous and unique pattern of insertions identifying known and novel candidate genes and demonstrate that these pathways drive disease progression and provide potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies. Our model greatly informs the biology of CML progression and provides a potent resource for the development of candidate therapies to improve the dismal outcomes in this highly aggressive disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- DNA Transposable Elements
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Genes, myb
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Experimental/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Experimental/genetics
- Leukemia, Experimental/mortality
- Leukemia, Experimental/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/mortality
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Mutation
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- George Giotopoulos
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England, UK
| | - Louise van der Weyden
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Hikari Osaki
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England, UK
| | - Alistair G Rust
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK Tumour Profiling Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London SW3 6JB, England, UK
| | - Paolo Gallipoli
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England, UK
| | - Eshwar Meduri
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England, UK
| | - Sarah J Horton
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England, UK
| | - Wai-In Chan
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England, UK
| | - Donna Foster
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England, UK
| | - Rab K Prinjha
- Epinova DPU, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England, UK
| | - John E Pimanda
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre and the Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Daniel G Tenen
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077 Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - George S Vassiliou
- Haematological Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Brian J P Huntly
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England, UK
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109
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Arock M, Mahon FX, Valent P. Characterization and targeting of neoplastic stem cells in Ph + chronic myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/ijh.15.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the presence of an oncogenic fusion gene, BCR–ABL1. This fusion gene produces a cytoplasmic protein with tyrosine kinase activity that acts as a main driver of oncogenesis and abnormal proliferation of myeloid cells in CML. Targeted therapy with BCR–ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as imatinib is followed by long-term responses in most patients. However, despite continuous treatment, relapses occur, suggesting the presence of TKI-resistant neoplastic stem cells in these patients. Here, we discuss potential mechanisms and signaling molecules involved in the prosurvival and self-renewal capacity of CML neoplastic stem cells as well as antigens expressed by these cells. Several of these signaling molecules and cell surface antigens may serve as potential targets of therapy and their use may overcome TKI resistance in CML in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Arock
- Molecular & Cellular Oncology, LBPA CNRS UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
- Laboratory of Hematology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - François-Xavier Mahon
- Laboratory of Hematology, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire Hématopoïèse Leucémique et Cible Thérapeutique INSERM U1035, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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110
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Multiple Mechanisms of Anti-Cancer Effects Exerted by Astaxanthin. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:4310-30. [PMID: 26184238 PMCID: PMC4515619 DOI: 10.3390/md13074310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (ATX) is a xanthophyll carotenoid which has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) as food colorant in animal and fish feed. It is widely found in algae and aquatic animals and has powerful anti-oxidative activity. Previous studies have revealed that ATX, with its anti-oxidative property, is beneficial as a therapeutic agent for various diseases without any side effects or toxicity. In addition, ATX also shows preclinical anti-tumor efficacy both in vivo and in vitro in various cancer models. Several researches have deciphered that ATX exerts its anti-proliferative, anti-apoptosis and anti-invasion influence via different molecules and pathways including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Hence, ATX shows great promise as chemotherapeutic agents in cancer. Here, we review the rapidly advancing field of ATX in cancer therapy as well as some molecular targets of ATX.
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111
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The role of JAK/STAT signalling in the pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment of solid tumours. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:365-71. [PMID: 26151455 PMCID: PMC4522639 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of intracellular signalling pathways confers malignant properties on cancer cells. Targeting intracellular signalling pathways has been a productive strategy for drug development, with several drugs acting on signalling pathways already in use and more continually being developed. The JAK/STAT signalling pathway provides an example of this paradigm in haematological malignancies, with the identification of JAK2 mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms leading to the development of specific clinically effective JAK2 inhibitors, such as ruxolitinib. It is now clear that many solid tumours also show activation of JAK/STAT signalling. In this review, we focus on the role of JAK/STAT signalling in solid tumours, examining the molecular mechanisms that cause inappropriate pathway activation and their cellular consequences. We also discuss the degree to which activated JAK/STAT signalling contributes to oncogenesis. Studies showing the effect of activation of JAK/STAT signalling upon prognosis in several tumour types are summarised. Finally, we discuss the prospects for treating solid tumours using strategies targeting JAK/STAT signalling, including what can be learned from haematological malignancies and the extent to which results in solid tumours might be expected to differ.
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112
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Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Appelmann et al provide evidence for prolonged survival and prevention of resistance in a mouse model of Philadelphia chromosome–positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by combined targeting of the BCR-ABL kinase and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) with dasatinib and ruxolitinib, respectively.
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113
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114
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Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder characterized by a chromosome translocation that generates the Bcr-Abl oncogene encoding a constitutive kinase activity. Despite remarkable success in controlling CML at chronic phase by Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), a significant proportion of CML patients treated with TKIs develop drug resistance due to the inability of TKIs to kill leukemia stem cells (LSCs) that are responsible for initiation, drug resistance, and relapse of CML. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more potent and safer therapies against leukemia stem cells for curing CML. A number of LSC-associated targets and corresponding signaling pathways, including CaMKII-γ, a critical molecular switch for co-activating multiple LSC-associated signaling pathways, have been identified over the past decades and various small inhibitors targeting LSC are also under development. Increasing evidence shows that leukemia stem cells are the root of CML and targeting LSC may offer a curable treatment option for CML patients. This review summarizes the molecular biology of LSC and its-associated targets, and the potential clinical application in chronic myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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115
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Zhou H, Xu R. Leukemia stem cells: the root of chronic myeloid leukemia. Protein Cell 2015; 6:403-12. [PMID: 25749979 PMCID: PMC4444810 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder characterized by a chromosome translocation that generates the Bcr-Abl oncogene encoding a constitutive kinase activity. Despite remarkable success in controlling CML at chronic phase by Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), a significant proportion of CML patients treated with TKIs develop drug resistance due to the inability of TKIs to kill leukemia stem cells (LSCs) that are responsible for initiation, drug resistance, and relapse of CML. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more potent and safer therapies against leukemia stem cells for curing CML. A number of LSC-associated targets and corresponding signaling pathways, including CaMKII-γ, a critical molecular switch for co-activating multiple LSC-associated signaling pathways, have been identified over the past decades and various small inhibitors targeting LSC are also under development. Increasing evidence shows that leukemia stem cells are the root of CML and targeting LSC may offer a curable treatment option for CML patients. This review summarizes the molecular biology of LSC and its-associated targets, and the potential clinical application in chronic myeloid leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 China
- Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 China
| | - Rongzhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 China
- Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 China
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116
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Tyrosine kinase inhibitors induce mesenchymal stem cell-mediated resistance in BCR-ABL+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2015; 125:2968-73. [PMID: 25712988 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-05-576421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are used as a frontline therapy for BCR-ABL(+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, resistance to TKI therapy arises rapidly, and its underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we identified a novel cascade of events initiated by TKIs and traversing through mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to leukemic cells, leading to resistance. MSCs exposed to TKIs acquired a new functional status with the expression of genes encoding for chemo-attractants, adhesion molecules, and prosurvival growth factors, and this priming enabled leukemic cells to form clusters underneath the MSCs. This cluster formation was associated with the protection of ALL cells from therapy as leukemic cells switched from BCR-ABL signaling to IL-7R/Janus kinase signaling to survive in the MSC milieu. Our findings illustrate a novel perspective in the evolution of TKI resistance and provide insights for advancing the treatment of BCR-ABL(+) ALL.
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117
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Janus kinase inhibition by ruxolitinib extends dasatinib- and dexamethasone-induced remissions in a mouse model of Ph+ ALL. Blood 2014; 125:1444-51. [PMID: 25499760 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-09-601062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) is initiated and driven by the oncogenic fusion protein BCR-ABL, a constitutively active tyrosine kinase. Despite major advances in the treatment of this highly aggressive disease with potent inhibitors of the BCR-ABL kinase such as dasatinib, patients in remission frequently relapse due to persistent minimal residual disease possibly supported, at least in part, by salutary cytokine-driven signaling within the hematopoietic microenvironment. Using a mouse model of Ph+ ALL that accurately mimics the genetics, clinical behavior, and therapeutic response of the human disease, we show that a combination of 2 agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (dasatinib and ruxolitinib, which inhibit BCR-ABL and Janus kinases, respectively), significantly extends survival by targeting parallel signaling pathways. Although the BCR-ABL kinase cancels the cytokine requirement of immature leukemic B cells, dasatinib therapy restores cytokine dependency and sensitizes leukemic cells to ruxolitinib. As predicted, ruxolitinib alone had no significant antileukemic effect in this model, but it prevented relapse when administered with dasatinib. The combination of dasatinib, ruxolitinib, and the corticosteroid dexamethasone yielded more durable remissions, in some cases after completion of therapy, avoiding the potential toxicity of other cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents.
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118
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Berger A, Sexl V, Valent P, Moriggl R. Inhibition of STAT5: a therapeutic option in BCR-ABL1-driven leukemia. Oncotarget 2014; 5:9564-76. [PMID: 25333255 PMCID: PMC4259420 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The two transcription factors STAT5A and STAT5B are central signaling molecules in leukemias driven by Abelson fusion tyrosine kinases and they fulfill all criteria of drug targets. STAT5A and STAT5B display unique nuclear shuttling mechanisms and they have a key role in resistance of leukemic cells against treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Moreover, STAT5A and STAT5B promote survival of leukemic stem cells. We here discuss the possibility of targeting up-stream kinases with TKI, direct STAT5 inhibition via SH2 domain obstruction and blocking nuclear translocation of STAT5. All discussed options will result in a stop of STAT5 transport to the nucleus to block STAT5-mediated transcriptional activity. In summary, recently described shuttling functions of STAT5 are discussed as potentially druggable pathways in leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Berger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Ludwig-Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig-Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Austria
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119
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Combination therapy with nilotinib for drug-sensitive and drug-resistant BCR-ABL-positive leukemia and other malignancies. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:2233-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1385-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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