101
|
Development of synthetic lethality in cancer: molecular and cellular classification. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:241. [PMID: 33077733 PMCID: PMC7573576 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, genetically targeted cancer therapies have been a topic of great interest. Synthetic lethality provides a new approach for the treatment of mutated genes that were previously considered unable to be targeted in traditional genotype-targeted treatments. The increasing researches and applications in the clinical setting made synthetic lethality a promising anticancer treatment option. However, the current understandings on different conditions of synthetic lethality have not been systematically assessed and the application of synthetic lethality in clinical practice still faces many challenges. Here, we propose a novel and systematic classification of synthetic lethality divided into gene level, pathway level, organelle level, and conditional synthetic lethality, according to the degree of specificity into its biological mechanism. Multiple preclinical findings of synthetic lethality in recent years will be reviewed and classified under these different categories. Moreover, synthetic lethality targeted drugs in clinical practice will be briefly discussed. Finally, we will explore the essential implications of this classification as well as its prospects in eliminating existing challenges and the future directions of synthetic lethality.
Collapse
|
102
|
Alhmoud JF, Mustafa AG, Malki MI. Targeting DNA Repair Pathways in Hematological Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197365. [PMID: 33036137 PMCID: PMC7582413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair plays an essential role in protecting cells that are repeatedly exposed to endogenous or exogenous insults that can induce varying degrees of DNA damage. Any defect in DNA repair mechanisms results in multiple genomic changes that ultimately may result in mutation, tumor growth, and/or cell apoptosis. Furthermore, impaired repair mechanisms can also lead to genomic instability, which can initiate tumorigenesis and development of hematological malignancy. This review discusses recent findings and highlights the importance of DNA repair components and the impact of their aberrations on hematological malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jehad F. Alhmoud
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan;
| | - Ayman G. Mustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar;
| | - Mohammed Imad Malki
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +97-44403-7847
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Dunlop CR, Wallez Y, Johnson TI, Bernaldo de Quirós Fernández S, Durant ST, Cadogan EB, Lau A, Richards FM, Jodrell DI. Complete loss of ATM function augments replication catastrophe induced by ATR inhibition and gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer models. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:1424-1436. [PMID: 32741974 PMCID: PMC7591912 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-1016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personalised medicine strategies may improve outcomes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but validation of predictive biomarkers is required. Having developed a clinical trial to assess the ATR inhibitor, AZD6738, in combination with gemcitabine (ATRi/gem), we investigated ATM loss as a predictive biomarker of response to ATRi/gem in PDAC. METHODS Through kinase inhibition, siRNA depletion and CRISPR knockout of ATM, we assessed how ATM targeting affected the sensitivity of PDAC cells to ATRi/gem. Using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting, we investigated how ATRi/gem synergise in ATM-proficient and ATM-deficient cells, before assessing the impact of ATM loss on ATRi/gem sensitivity in vivo. RESULTS Complete loss of ATM function (through pharmacological inhibition or CRISPR knockout), but not siRNA depletion, sensitised to ATRi/gem. In ATM-deficient cells, ATRi/gem-induced replication catastrophe was augmented, while phospho-Chk2-T68 and phospho-KAP1-S824 persisted via DNA-PK activity. ATRi/gem caused growth delay in ATM-WT xenografts in NSG mice and induced regression in ATM-KO xenografts. CONCLUSIONS ATM loss augments replication catastrophe-mediated cell death induced by ATRi/gem and may predict clinical responsiveness to this combination. ATM status should be carefully assessed in tumours from patients with PDAC, since distinction between ATM-low and ATM-null could be critical in maximising the success of clinical trials using ATM expression as a predictive biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Dunlop
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Yann Wallez
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Bioscience, Early Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Alan Lau
- Bioscience, Early Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frances M Richards
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Duncan I Jodrell
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Lodovichi S, Cervelli T, Pellicioli A, Galli A. Inhibition of DNA Repair in Cancer Therapy: Toward a Multi-Target Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6684. [PMID: 32932697 PMCID: PMC7554826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in DNA repair pathways are one of the main drivers of cancer insurgence. Nevertheless, cancer cells are more susceptible to DNA damage than normal cells and they rely on specific functional repair pathways to survive. Thanks to advances in genome sequencing, we now have a better idea of which genes are mutated in specific cancers and this prompted the development of inhibitors targeting DNA repair players involved in pathways essential for cancer cells survival. Currently, the pivotal concept is that combining the inhibition of mechanisms on which cancer cells viability depends is the most promising way to treat tumorigenesis. Numerous inhibitors have been developed and for many of them, efficacy has been demonstrated either alone or in combination with chemo or radiotherapy. In this review, we will analyze the principal pathways involved in cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair focusing on how their alterations could predispose to cancer, then we will explore the inhibitors developed or in development specifically targeting different proteins involved in each pathway, underscoring the rationale behind their usage and how their combination and/or exploitation as adjuvants to classic therapies could help in patients clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Lodovichi
- Bioscience Department, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20131 Milan, Italy;
| | - Tiziana Cervelli
- Yeast Genetics and Genomics Group, Laboratory of Functional Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56125 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Achille Pellicioli
- Bioscience Department, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20131 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alvaro Galli
- Yeast Genetics and Genomics Group, Laboratory of Functional Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56125 Pisa, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Topatana W, Juengpanich S, Li S, Cao J, Hu J, Lee J, Suliyanto K, Ma D, Zhang B, Chen M, Cai X. Advances in synthetic lethality for cancer therapy: cellular mechanism and clinical translation. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:118. [PMID: 32883316 PMCID: PMC7470446 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00956-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic lethality is a lethal phenomenon in which the occurrence of a single genetic event is tolerable for cell survival, whereas the co-occurrence of multiple genetic events results in cell death. The main obstacle for synthetic lethality lies in the tumor biology heterogeneity and complexity, the inadequate understanding of synthetic lethal interactions, drug resistance, and the challenges regarding screening and clinical translation. Recently, DNA damage response inhibitors are being tested in various trials with promising results. This review will describe the current challenges, development, and opportunities for synthetic lethality in cancer therapy. The characterization of potential synthetic lethal interactions and novel technologies to develop a more effective targeted drug for cancer patients will be explored. Furthermore, this review will discuss the clinical development and drug resistance mechanisms of synthetic lethality in cancer therapy. The ultimate goal of this review is to guide clinicians at selecting patients that will receive the maximum benefits of DNA damage response inhibitors for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Win Topatana
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sarun Juengpanich
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shijie Li
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jiasheng Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jiahao Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | | | - Diana Ma
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Mingyu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China. .,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China. .,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Key Laboratory of Endoscopic Technique Research of Zhejiang Province, No.3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Wang C, Chen Z, Su D, Tang M, Nie L, Zhang H, Feng X, Wang R, Shen X, Srivastava M, McLaughlin ME, Hart T, Li L, Chen J. C17orf53 is identified as a novel gene involved in inter-strand crosslink repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 95:102946. [PMID: 32853826 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-Related kinase (ATR) is a master regulator of genome maintenance, and participates in DNA replication and various DNA repair pathways. In a genome-wide screen for ATR-dependent fitness genes, we identified a previously uncharacterized gene, C17orf53, whose loss led to hypersensitivity to ATR inhibition. C17orf53 is conserved in vertebrates and is required for efficient cell proliferation. Loss of C17orf53 slowed down DNA replication and led to pronounced interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair defect. We showed that C17orf53 is a ssDNA- and RPA-binding protein and both characteristics are important for its functions in the cell. In addition, using multiple omics methods, we found that C17orf53 works with MCM8/9 to promote cell survival in response to ICL lesions. Taken together, our data suggest that C17orf53 is a novel component involved in ICL repair pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mengfan Tang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Litong Nie
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mrinal Srivastava
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Megan E McLaughlin
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Traver Hart
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Aleksandrov R, Hristova R, Stoynov S, Gospodinov A. The Chromatin Response to Double-Strand DNA Breaks and Their Repair. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081853. [PMID: 32784607 PMCID: PMC7464352 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular DNA is constantly being damaged by numerous internal and external mutagenic factors. Probably the most severe type of insults DNA could suffer are the double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs). They sever both DNA strands and compromise genomic stability, causing deleterious chromosomal aberrations that are implicated in numerous maladies, including cancer. Not surprisingly, cells have evolved several DSB repair pathways encompassing hundreds of different DNA repair proteins to cope with this challenge. In eukaryotic cells, DSB repair is fulfilled in the immensely complex environment of the chromatin. The chromatin is not just a passive background that accommodates the multitude of DNA repair proteins, but it is a highly dynamic and active participant in the repair process. Chromatin alterations, such as changing patterns of histone modifications shaped by numerous histone-modifying enzymes and chromatin remodeling, are pivotal for proficient DSB repair. Dynamic chromatin changes ensure accessibility to the damaged region, recruit DNA repair proteins, and regulate their association and activity, contributing to DSB repair pathway choice and coordination. Given the paramount importance of DSB repair in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, DSB repair has turned into an attractive target for the development of novel anticancer therapies, some of which have already entered the clinic.
Collapse
|
108
|
Targeting the DNA Damage Response to Overcome Cancer Drug Resistance in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144910. [PMID: 32664581 PMCID: PMC7402284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a severe brain tumor whose ability to mutate and adapt to therapies is at the base for the extremely poor survival rate of patients. Despite multiple efforts to develop alternative forms of treatment, advances have been disappointing and GBM remains an arduous tumor to treat. One of the leading causes for its strong resistance is the innate upregulation of DNA repair mechanisms. Since standard therapy consists of a combinatory use of ionizing radiation and alkylating drugs, which both damage DNA, targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) is proving to be a beneficial strategy to sensitize tumor cells to treatment. In this review, we will discuss how recent progress in the availability of the DDR kinase inhibitors will be key for future therapy development. Further, we will examine the principal existing DDR inhibitors, with special focus on those currently in use for GBM clinical trials.
Collapse
|
109
|
Cleary JM, Aguirre AJ, Shapiro GI, D'Andrea AD. Biomarker-Guided Development of DNA Repair Inhibitors. Mol Cell 2020; 78:1070-1085. [PMID: 32459988 PMCID: PMC7316088 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anti-cancer drugs targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) exploit genetic or functional defects in this pathway through synthetic lethal mechanisms. For example, defects in homologous recombination (HR) repair arise in cancer cells through inherited or acquired mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, or other genes in the Fanconi anemia/BRCA pathway, and these tumors have been shown to be particularly sensitive to inhibitors of the base excision repair (BER) protein poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Recent work has identified additional genomic and functional assays of DNA repair that provide new predictive and pharmacodynamic biomarkers for these targeted therapies. Here, we examine the development of selective agents targeting DNA repair, including PARP inhibitors; inhibitors of the DNA damage kinases ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR), CHK1, WEE1, and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM); and inhibitors of classical non-homologous end joining (cNHEJ) and alternative end joining (Alt EJ). We also review the biomarkers that guide the use of these agents and current clinical trials with these therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Cleary
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andrew J Aguirre
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Geoffrey I Shapiro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alan D D'Andrea
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Lloyd RL, Wijnhoven PWG, Ramos-Montoya A, Wilson Z, Illuzzi G, Falenta K, Jones GN, James N, Chabbert CD, Stott J, Dean E, Lau A, Young LA. Combined PARP and ATR inhibition potentiates genome instability and cell death in ATM-deficient cancer cells. Oncogene 2020; 39:4869-4883. [PMID: 32444694 PMCID: PMC7299845 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib is FDA approved for the treatment of BRCA-mutated breast, ovarian and pancreatic cancers. Olaparib inhibits PARP1/2 enzymatic activity and traps PARP1 on DNA at single-strand breaks, leading to replication-induced DNA damage that requires BRCA1/2-dependent homologous recombination repair. Moreover, DNA damage response pathways mediated by the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) kinases are hypothesised to be important survival pathways in response to PARP-inhibitor treatment. Here, we show that olaparib combines synergistically with the ATR-inhibitor AZD6738 (ceralasertib), in vitro, leading to selective cell death in ATM-deficient cells. We observe that 24 h olaparib treatment causes cells to accumulate in G2-M of the cell cycle, however, co-administration with AZD6738 releases the olaparib-treated cells from G2 arrest. Selectively in ATM-knockout cells, we show that combined olaparib/AZD6738 treatment induces more chromosomal aberrations and achieves this at lower concentrations and earlier treatment time-points than either monotherapy. Furthermore, single-agent olaparib efficacy in vitro requires PARP inhibition throughout multiple rounds of replication. Here, we demonstrate in several ATM-deficient cell lines that the olaparib and AZD6738 combination induces cell death within 1-2 cell divisions, suggesting that combined treatment could circumvent the need for prolonged drug exposure. Finally, we demonstrate in vivo combination activity of olaparib and AZD6738 in xenograft and PDX mouse models with complete ATM loss. Collectively, these data provide a mechanistic understanding of combined PARP and ATR inhibition in ATM-deficient models, and support the clinical development of AZD6738 in combination with olaparib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Lloyd
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
- The Wellcome trust and CRUK Gurdon Institute, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Zena Wilson
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | | | | | - Gemma N Jones
- Translational Medicine, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Neil James
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Stott
- Quantitative Biology, Discovery Science, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma Dean
- Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alan Lau
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lucy A Young
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Rafiei S, Fitzpatrick K, Liu D, Cai MY, Elmarakeby HA, Park J, Ricker C, Kochupurakkal BS, Choudhury AD, Hahn WC, Balk SP, Hwang JH, Van Allen EM, Mouw KW. ATM Loss Confers Greater Sensitivity to ATR Inhibition Than PARP Inhibition in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2094-2100. [PMID: 32127357 PMCID: PMC7272301 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in DNA damage response (DDR) genes are common in advanced prostate tumors and are associated with unique genomic and clinical features. ATM is a DDR kinase that has a central role in coordinating DNA repair and cell-cycle response following DNA damage, and ATM alterations are present in approximately 5% of advanced prostate tumors. Recently, inhibitors of PARP have demonstrated activity in advanced prostate tumors harboring DDR gene alterations, particularly in tumors with BRCA1/2 alterations. However, the role of alterations in DDR genes beyond BRCA1/2 in mediating PARP inhibitor sensitivity is poorly understood. To define the role of ATM loss in prostate tumor DDR function and sensitivity to DDR-directed agents, we created a series of ATM-deficient preclinical prostate cancer models and tested the impact of ATM loss on DNA repair function and therapeutic sensitivities. ATM loss altered DDR signaling, but did not directly impact homologous recombination function. Furthermore, ATM loss did not significantly impact sensitivity to PARP inhibition but robustly sensitized to inhibitors of the related DDR kinase ATR. These results have important implications for planned and ongoing prostate cancer clinical trials and suggest that patients with tumor ATM alterations may be more likely to benefit from ATR inhibitor than PARP inhibitor therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: ATM loss occurs in a subset of prostate tumors. This study shows that deleting ATM in prostate cancer models does not significantly increase sensitivity to PARP inhibition but does sensitize to ATR inhibition.See related commentary by Setton and Powell, p. 2085.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Rafiei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenyon Fitzpatrick
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mu-Yan Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Haitham A Elmarakeby
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jihye Park
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cora Ricker
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bose S Kochupurakkal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Atish D Choudhury
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William C Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Steven P Balk
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justin H Hwang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kent W Mouw
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Nadeu F, Diaz-Navarro A, Delgado J, Puente XS, Campo E. Genomic and Epigenomic Alterations in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2020; 15:149-177. [PMID: 31977296 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a common disease in Western countries and has heterogeneous clinical behavior. The relevance of the genetic basis of the disease has come to the forefront recently, with genome-wide studies that have provided a comprehensive view of structural variants, somatic mutations, and different layers of epigenetic changes. The mutational landscape is characterized by relatively common copy number alterations, a few mutated genes occurring in 10-15% of cases, and a large number of genes mutated in a small number of cases. The epigenomic profile has revealed a marked reprogramming of regulatory regions in tumor cells compared with normal B cells. All of these alterations are differentially distributed in clinical and biological subsets of the disease, indicating that they may underlie the heterogeneous evolution of the disease. These global studies are revealing the molecular complexity of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and provide new perspectives that have helped to understand its pathogenic mechanisms and improve the clinical management of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Nadeu
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; , , .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; ,
| | - Ander Diaz-Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; , .,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Julio Delgado
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; , , .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; , .,Hematology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xose S Puente
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; , .,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Elías Campo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; , , .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; , .,Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
ATR-CHK1 pathway as a therapeutic target for acute and chronic leukemias. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 88:102026. [PMID: 32592909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progress in cancer therapy changed the outcome of many patients and moved therapy from chemotherapy agents to targeted drugs. Targeted drugs already changed the clinical practice in treatment of leukemias, such as imatinib (BCR/ABL inhibitor) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), ibrutinib (Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), venetoclax (BCL2 inhibitor) in CLL and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or midostaurin (FLT3 inhibitor) in AML. In this review, we focused on DNA damage response (DDR) inhibition, specifically on inhibition of ATR-CHK1 pathway. Cancer cells harbor often defects in different DDR pathways, which render them vulnerable to DDR inhibition. Some DDR inhibitors showed interesting single-agent activity even in the absence of cytotoxic drug especially in cancers with underlying defects in DDR or DNA replication. Almost no mutations were found in ATR and CHEK1 genes in leukemia patients. Together with the fact that ATR-CHK1 pathway is essential for cell development and survival of leukemia cells, it represents a promising therapeutic target for treatment of leukemia. ATR-CHK1 inhibition showed excellent results in preclinical testing in acute and chronic leukemias. However, results in clinical trials are so far insufficient. Therefore, the ongoing and future clinical trials will decide on the success of ATR/CHK1 inhibitors in clinical practice of leukemia treatment.
Collapse
|
114
|
Sarkozy C, Ribrag V. Novel agents for mantle cell lymphoma: molecular rational and clinical data. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:555-566. [PMID: 32321318 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1760245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that is characterized by the translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) and a poor response to rituximab-anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Intensive regimens offer durable response, but a subgroup of MCL patients will not be eligible for those regimens and hence are candidates for less toxic, novel therapies based on a more tailored personalized approach. AREAS COVERED This article examines the molecular landscape of MCL, drug resistance mechanisms, and the data on emerging targeted therapies. EXPERT OPINION DNA damage pathway, ATM mutation, TP53, and epigenetic abnormalities are key drivers of MCL. sBCL2, PARP, ATR, CDK inhibitors or epigenetic modifiers are among the most promising drugs under investigation in clinical trials. The genomic landscape of MCL suggests two types of disease based on the presence of ATM or TP53 alterations which should be the framework of future molecular driven strategies. Among novel drugs, those interacting with the DNA damage response pathway offer the most effective rational for their use in MCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Sarkozy
- Centre National de la Recherche UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de lyon, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-S1052 , Lyon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
ATR Inhibition Potentiates PARP Inhibitor Cytotoxicity in High Risk Neuroblastoma Cell Lines by Multiple Mechanisms. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051095. [PMID: 32354033 PMCID: PMC7281288 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB) is one the most difficult childhood cancers to cure. These tumours frequently present with DNA damage response (DDR) defects including loss or mutation of key DDR genes, oncogene-induced replication stress (RS) and cell cycle checkpoint dysfunction. Aim: To identify biomarkers of sensitivity to inhibition of Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR), a DNA damage sensor, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which is required for single strand break repair. We also hypothesise that combining ATR and PARP inhibition is synergistic. Methods: Single agent sensitivity to VE-821 (ATR inhibitor) and olaparib (PARP inhibitor), and the combination, was determined using cell proliferation and clonogenic assays, in HR-NB cell lines. Basal expression of DDR proteins, including ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATR, was assessed using Western blotting. CHK1S345 and H2AXS129 phosphorylation was assessed using Western blotting to determine ATR activity and RS, respectively. RS and homologous recombination repair (HRR) activity was also measured by γH2AX and Rad51 foci formation using immunofluorescence. Results: MYCN amplification and/or low ATM protein expression were associated with sensitivity to VE-821 (p < 0.05). VE-821 was synergistic with olaparib (CI value 0.04-0.89) independent of MYCN or ATM status. Olaparib increased H2AXS129 phosphorylation which was further increased by VE-821. Olaparib-induced Rad51 foci formation was reduced by VE-821 suggesting inhibition of HRR. Conclusion: RS associated with MYCN amplification, ATR loss or PARP inhibition increases sensitivity to the ATR inhibitor VE-821. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HR-NB.
Collapse
|
116
|
Berei J, Eckburg A, Miliavski E, Anderson AD, Miller RJ, Dein J, Giuffre AM, Tang D, Deb S, Racherla KS, Patel M, Vela MS, Puri N. Potential Telomere-Related Pharmacological Targets. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:458-484. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200109114339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres function as protective caps at the terminal portion of chromosomes, containing
non-coding nucleotide sequence repeats. As part of their protective function, telomeres preserve genomic
integrity and minimize chromosomal exposure, thus limiting DNA damage responses. With
continued mitotic divisions in normal cells, telomeres progressively shorten until they reach a threshold
at a point where they activate senescence or cell death pathways. However, the presence of the enzyme
telomerase can provide functional immortality to the cells that have reached or progressed past
senescence. In senescent cells that amass several oncogenic mutations, cancer formation can occur due
to genomic instability and the induction of telomerase activity. Telomerase has been found to be expressed
in over 85% of human tumors and is labeled as a near-universal marker for cancer. Due to this
feature being present in a majority of tumors but absent in most somatic cells, telomerase and telomeres
have become promising targets for the development of new and effective anticancer therapeutics.
In this review, we evaluate novel anticancer targets in development which aim to alter telomerase
or telomere function. Additionally, we analyze the progress that has been made, including preclinical
studies and clinical trials, with therapeutics directed at telomere-related targets. Furthermore, we review
the potential telomere-related therapeutics that are used in combination therapy with more traditional
cancer treatments. Throughout the review, topics related to medicinal chemistry are discussed,
including drug bioavailability and delivery, chemical structure-activity relationships of select therapies,
and the development of a unique telomere assay to analyze compounds affecting telomere elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Berei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Adam Eckburg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Edward Miliavski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Austin D. Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Rachel J. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Joshua Dein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Allison M. Giuffre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Diana Tang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Shreya Deb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Kavya Sri Racherla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Meet Patel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Monica Saravana Vela
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Neelu Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Targeting ATR as Cancer Therapy: A new era for synthetic lethality and synergistic combinations? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 207:107450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
118
|
Tang L, Chen R, Xu X. Synthetic lethality: A promising therapeutic strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2020; 476:120-128. [PMID: 32070778 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the main cause of liver cancer-related death, is one of the main cancers in terms of incidence and mortality. However, HCC is difficult to target and develops strong drug resistance. Therefore, a new treatment strategy is urgently needed. The clinical application of the concept of synthetic lethality in recent years provides a new therapeutic direction for the accurate treatment of HCC. Here, we introduce the concept of synthetic lethality, the screening used to study synthetic lethality, and the identified and potential genetic interactions that induce synthetic lethality in HCC. In addition, we propose opportunities and challenges for translating synthetic lethal interactions to the clinical treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linsong Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHFPC Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Ronggao Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHFPC Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHFPC Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Klinakis A, Karagiannis D, Rampias T. Targeting DNA repair in cancer: current state and novel approaches. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:677-703. [PMID: 31612241 PMCID: PMC11105035 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response, DNA repair and genomic instability have been under study for their role in tumor initiation and progression for many years now. More recently, next-generation sequencing on cancer tissue from various patient cohorts have revealed mutations and epigenetic silencing of various genes encoding proteins with roles in these processes. These findings, together with the unequivocal role of DNA repair in therapeutic response, have fueled efforts toward the clinical exploitation of research findings. The successful example of PARP1/2 inhibitors has also supported these efforts and led to numerous preclinical and clinical trials with a large number of small molecules targeting various components involved in DNA repair singularly or in combination with other therapies. In this review, we focus on recent considerations related to DNA damage response and new DNA repair inhibition agents. We then discuss how immunotherapy can collaborate with these new drugs and how epigenetic drugs can rewire the activity of repair pathways and sensitize cancer cells to DNA repair inhibition therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Klinakis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitris Karagiannis
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Theodoros Rampias
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Jariyal H, Weinberg F, Achreja A, Nagarath D, Srivastava A. Synthetic lethality: a step forward for personalized medicine in cancer. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:305-320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
121
|
Warren NJH, Eastman A. Comparison of the different mechanisms of cytotoxicity induced by checkpoint kinase I inhibitors when used as single agents or in combination with DNA damage. Oncogene 2020; 39:1389-1401. [PMID: 31659257 PMCID: PMC7023985 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the DNA damage response is an emerging strategy to treat cancer. Understanding how DNA damage response inhibitors cause cytotoxicity in cancer cells is crucial to their further clinical development. This review focuses on three different mechanisms of cell killing by checkpoint kinase I inhibitors (CHK1i). DNA damage induced by chemotherapy drugs, such as topoisomerase I inhibitors, results in S and G2 phase arrest. Addition of CHK1i promotes cell cycle progression before repair is completed resulting in mitotic catastrophe. Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors such as gemcitabine also arrest cells in S phase by preventing dNTP synthesis. Addition of CHK1i re-activates the DNA helicase to unwind DNA, but in the absence of dNTPs, this leads to excessive single-strand DNA that exceeds the protective capacity of the single-strand-binding protein RPA. Unprotected DNA is subjected to nuclease cleavage, resulting in replication catastrophe. CHK1i alone also kills a subset of cell lines through MRE11 and MUS81-mediated DNA cleavage in S phase cells. The choice of mechanism depends on the activation state of CDK2. Low level activation of CDK2 mediates helicase activation, cell cycle progression, and both replication and mitotic catastrophe. In contrast, high CDK2 activity is required for sensitivity to CHK1i as monotherapy. This high CDK2 activity threshold usually occurs late in the cell cycle to prepare for mitosis, but in CHK1i-sensitive cells, high activity can be attained in early S phase, resulting in DNA cleavage and cell death. This sensitivity to CHK1i has previously been associated with endogenous replication stress, but the dependence on high CDK2 activity, as well as MRE11, contradicts this hypothesis. The major unresolved question is why some cell lines fail to restrain their high CDK2 activity and hence succumb to CHK1i in S phase. Resolving this question will facilitate stratification of patients for treatment with CHK1i as monotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J H Warren
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Alan Eastman
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Menolfi D, Zha S. ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs kinases-the lessons from the mouse models: inhibition ≠ deletion. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:8. [PMID: 32015826 PMCID: PMC6990542 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-0376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage, especially DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and replication stress, activates a complex post-translational network termed DNA damage response (DDR). Our review focuses on three PI3-kinase related protein kinases-ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs, which situate at the apex of the mammalian DDR. They are recruited to and activated at the DNA damage sites by their respective sensor protein complexes-MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 for ATM, RPA/ATRIP for ATR and KU70-KU80/86 (XRCC6/XRCC5) for DNA-PKcs. Upon activation, ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs phosphorylate a large number of partially overlapping substrates to promote efficient and accurate DNA repair and to coordinate DNA repair with other DNA metabolic events (e.g., transcription, replication and mitosis). At the organism level, robust DDR is critical for normal development, aging, stem cell maintenance and regeneration, and physiological genomic rearrangements in lymphocytes and germ cells. In addition to endogenous damage, oncogene-induced replication stresses and genotoxic chemotherapies also activate DDR. On one hand, DDR factors suppress genomic instability to prevent malignant transformation. On the other hand, targeting DDR enhances the therapeutic effects of anti-cancer chemotherapy, which led to the development of specific kinase inhibitors for ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs. Using mouse models expressing kinase dead ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs, an unexpected structural function of these kinases was revealed, where the expression of catalytically inactive kinases causes more genomic instability than the loss of the proteins themselves. The spectrum of genomic instabilities and physiological consequences are unique for each kinase and depends on their activating complexes, suggesting a model in which the catalysis is coupled with DNA/chromatin release and catalytic inhibition leads to the persistence of the kinases at the DNA lesion, which in turn affects repair pathway choice and outcomes. Here we discuss the experimental evidences supporting this mode of action and their implications in the design and use of specific kinase inhibitors for ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Demis Menolfi
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Shan Zha
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
CRISPR/Cas9-generated models uncover therapeutic vulnerabilities of del(11q) CLL cells to dual BCR and PARP inhibition. Leukemia 2020; 34:1599-1612. [PMID: 31974435 PMCID: PMC7266745 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The deletion of 11q (del(11q)) invariably comprises ATM gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Concomitant mutations in this gene in the remaining allele have been identified in 1/3 of CLL cases harboring del(11q), being the biallelic loss of ATM associated with adverse prognosis. Although the introduction of targeted BCR inhibition has significantly favored the outcomes of del(11q) patients, responses of patients harboring ATM functional loss through biallelic inactivation are unexplored, and the development of resistances to targeted therapies have been increasingly reported, urging the need to explore novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we generated isogenic CLL cell lines harboring del(11q) and ATM mutations through CRISPR/Cas9-based gene-editing. With these models, we uncovered a novel therapeutic vulnerability of del(11q)/ATM-mutated cells to dual BCR and PARP inhibition. Ex vivo studies in the presence of stromal stimulation on 38 CLL primary samples confirmed a synergistic action of the combination of olaparib and ibrutinib in del(11q)/ATM-mutated CLL patients. In addition, we showed that ibrutinib produced a homologous recombination repair impairment through RAD51 dysregulation, finding a synergistic link of both drugs in the DNA damage repair pathway. Our data provide a preclinical rationale for the use of this combination in CLL patients with this high-risk cytogenetic abnormality.
Collapse
|
124
|
Targeting the DNA Damage Response for Radiosensitization. CANCER DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49701-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
125
|
Combination of a novel microtubule inhibitor MBRI-001 and gemcitabine synergistically induces cell apoptosis by increasing DNA damage in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Invest New Drugs 2019; 38:1207-1217. [PMID: 31802375 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00874-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly malignant cancer with poor prognosis. Although gemcitabine (GEM; 2',2'-difluoro-deoxycytidine) has been used as the first-line chemotherapeutic agent in PC treatment for decades, its limited efficacy remains a significant clinical issue, which may be resolved by GEM combination therapy. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-tumor effects of MBRI-001 in combination with GEM in BxPC-3 and MIA PaCa-2 human PC cell lines. In vitro and in vivo results indicate that MBRI-001 showed synergistic activity with GEM. GEM induced apoptosis by increasing DNA damage (phosphorylated core histone protein H2AX (γ-H2AX)), MBRI-001 activated mitochondrial-apoptotic pathway (cleaved poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP)). Thus, the combination of the two intensified both apoptosis and DNA damage and showed significantly superior anti-tumor activity compared to each agent alone. The adoption of combination of MBRI-001 with GEM may be beneficial as they act synergistically and thus, can be a potential therapeutic choice for improving the prognosis of PC patients in the future.
Collapse
|
126
|
Dharanipragada P, Parekh N. Genome-wide characterization of copy number variations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with implications in targeted therapy. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2019; 2:246-258. [PMID: 35693879 PMCID: PMC8985800 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the aggressive form of haematological malignancies with relapse/refractory in ~ 40% of cases. It mostly develops due to accumulation of various genetic and epigenetic variations that contribute to its aggressiveness. Though large-scale structural alterations have been reported in DLBCL, their functional role in pathogenesis and as potential targets for therapy is not yet well understood. In this study we performed detection and analysis of copy number variations (CNVs) in 11 human DLBCL cell lines (4 activated B-cell–like [ABC] and 7 germinal-centre B-cell–like [GCB]), that serve as model systems for DLBCL cancer cell biology. Significant heterogeneity observed in CNV profiles of these cell lines and poor prognosis associated with ABC subtype indicates the importance of individualized screening for diagnostic and prognostic targets. Functional analysis of key cancer genes exhibiting copy alterations across the cell lines revealed activation/disruption of ten potentially targetable immuno-oncogenic pathways. Genome guided in silico therapy that putatively target these pathways is elucidated. Based on our analysis, five CNV-genes associated with worst survival prognosis are proposed as potential prognostic markers of DLBCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashanthi Dharanipragada
- Centre for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 032, India
| | - Nita Parekh
- Centre for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 032, India
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
The DNA-damage response and nuclear events as regulators of nonapoptotic forms of cell death. Oncogene 2019; 39:1-16. [PMID: 31462710 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of genome stability is essential for the cell as the integrity of genomic information guaranties reproduction of a whole organism. DNA damage occurring in response to different natural and nonnatural stimuli (errors in DNA replication, UV radiation, chemical agents, etc.) is normally detected by special cellular machinery that induces DNA repair. However, further accumulation of genetic lesions drives the activation of cell death to eliminate cells with defective genome. This particular feature is used for targeting fast-proliferating tumor cells during chemo-, radio-, and immunotherapy. Among different cell death modalities induced by DNA damage, apoptosis is the best studied. Nevertheless, nonapoptotic cell death and adaptive stress responses are also activated following genotoxic stress and play a crucial role in the outcome of anticancer therapy. Here, we provide an overview of nonapoptotic cell death pathways induced by DNA damage and discuss their interplay with cellular senescence, mitotic catastrophe, and autophagy.
Collapse
|
128
|
Inhibition of MEK and ATR is effective in a B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia model driven by Mll-Af4 and activated Ras. Blood Adv 2019; 2:2478-2490. [PMID: 30266823 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018021592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infant B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALLs) that harbor MLL-AF4 rearrangements are associated with a poor prognosis. One important obstacle to progress for this patient population is the lack of immunocompetent models that faithfully recapitulate the short latency and aggressiveness of this disease. Recent whole-genome sequencing of MLL-AF4 B-ALL samples revealed a high frequency of activating RAS mutations; however, single-agent targeting of downstream effectors of the RAS pathway in these mutated MLL-r B-ALLs has demonstrated limited and nondurable antileukemic effects. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of activating mutant N-Ras G12D cooperates with Mll-Af4 to generate a highly aggressive serially transplantable B-ALL in mice. We used our novel mouse model to test the sensitivity of Mll-Af4/N-Ras G12D leukemia to small molecule inhibitors and found potent and synergistic preclinical efficacy of dual targeting of the Mek and Atr pathways in mouse- and patient-derived xenografts with both mutations in vivo, suggesting this combination as an attractive therapeutic opportunity that might be used to treat patients with these mutations. Our studies indicate that this mouse model of Mll-Af4/N-Ras B-ALL is a powerful tool to explore the molecular and genetic pathogenesis of this disease subtype, as well as a preclinical discovery platform for novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
129
|
Leonard BC, Lee ED, Bhola NE, Li H, Sogaard KK, Bakkenist CJ, Grandis JR, Johnson DE. ATR inhibition sensitizes HPV - and HPV + head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to cisplatin. Oral Oncol 2019; 95:35-42. [PMID: 31345392 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cisplatin is commonly used in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and the repair of cisplatin-induced DNA damage involves activation of the DNA damage response protein ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR). Resistance to cisplatin therapy exacerbates adverse toxicities and is associated with poor outcomes. Since repair of cisplatin-induced DNA damage contributes to resistance, we hypothesized that inhibition of ATR using AZD6738, a well-tolerated and orally-bioavailable inhibitor, would enhance the sensitivity of HNSCC cells and tumors to cisplatin. MATERIALS AND METHODS A panel of human papilloma virus-negative (HPV-) and HPV+ HNSCC cell lines were treated with cisplatin in the absence or presence of AZD6738, and effects on cell viability, colony formation, apoptosis signaling, and DNA damage were assessed. The impact of co-treatment with cisplatin plus AZD6738 on the growth of HPV- and HPV+ cell line- and patient-derived xenograft tumors was also examined. RESULTS Inhibition of ATR with AZD6738 enhanced cisplatin-induced growth inhibition of HNSCC cell lines and tumors, in association with increased apoptosis signaling and DNA damage. Both HPV- and HPV+ models were sensitized to cisplatin by ATR inhibition. CONCLUSION Inhibition of ATR promotes sensitization to cisplatin in preclinical in vitro and in vivo models of HPV- and HVP+ HNSCC, supporting clinical evaluation of this strategy in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Leonard
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eliot D Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Neil E Bhola
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristian K Sogaard
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Bakkenist
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel E Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Young LA, O'Connor LO, de Renty C, Veldman-Jones MH, Dorval T, Wilson Z, Jones DR, Lawson D, Odedra R, Maya-Mendoza A, Reimer C, Bartek J, Lau A, O'Connor MJ. Differential Activity of ATR and WEE1 Inhibitors in a Highly Sensitive Subpopulation of DLBCL Linked to Replication Stress. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3762-3775. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
131
|
ATM, DNA-PKcs and ATR: shaping development through the regulation of the DNA damage responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42764-019-00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
132
|
Restelli V, Lupi M, Chilà R, Vagni M, Tarantelli C, Spriano F, Gaudio E, Bertoni F, Damia G, Carrassa L. DNA Damage Response Inhibitor Combinations Exert Synergistic Antitumor Activity in Aggressive B-Cell Lymphomas. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1255-1264. [PMID: 31064869 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) kinases ATR, Chk1, and Wee1 play vital roles in the response to replication stress and in maintaining cancer genomic stability. Inhibitors of these kinases are currently under clinical investigation. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are aggressive lymphomas whose clinical outcome is still largely unsatisfactory. These cell lymphoma subtypes are highly dependent on both Chk1 and Wee1 for survival. We investigated the activity of the ATR inhibitor AZD6738 as single agent and in combination with either Chk1 (AZD6738) or Wee1 (AZD1775) inhibitors in several preclinical models of MCL and DLBCL. This study included preclinical in vitro activity screening on a large panel of cell lines, both as single agent and in combination, and validation experiments on in vivo models. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the observed synergistic effect as well as pharmacodynamic analysis of in vivo samples were studied. AZD6738 exerted a strong synergistic cytotoxic effect in combination with both AZD7762 and AZD1775 in the 2 lymphoma subtypes regardless of their TP53, MYC, and ATM mutational status. These DDR inhibitor combinations, similarly to the Chk1/Wee1 inhibitor combination, caused a marked S-phase delay, with an increase in cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) activity, increased DNA damage, and decreases in Wee1, MYC, and RRM2 protein levels. The synergistic in vitro activity translated to striking in vivo antitumor activity. DDR-DDR inhibitor combinations could potentially offer promising novel therapeutic strategies for patients with B-cell lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Restelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Lupi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosaria Chilà
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Micaela Vagni
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Tarantelli
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Spriano
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Damia
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Carrassa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Savva C, De Souza K, Ali R, Rakha EA, Green AR, Madhusudan S. Clinicopathological significance of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase and ataxia telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase in MYC overexpressed breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 175:105-115. [PMID: 30746633 PMCID: PMC6491658 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-05113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE MYC transcription factor has critical roles in cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, differentiation, transformation and angiogenesis. MYC overexpression is seen in about 15% of breast cancers and linked to aggressive phenotypes. MYC overexpression also induces oxidative stress and replication stress in cells. ATM signalling and ATR-mediated signalling are critical for MYC-induced DNA damage response. Whether ATM and ATR expressions influence clinical outcomes in MYC overexpressed breast cancers is unknown. METHODS We investigated ATM, ATR and MYC at the transcriptional level [Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium cohort (n = 1950)] and at the protein level in the Nottingham series comprising 1650 breast tumours. We correlated ATM, ATR and MYC expressions to clinicopathological features and survival outcomes. RESULTS In MYC over expressed tumours, high ATR or low ATM levels were associated with aggressive breast cancer features such as higher tumour grade, de-differentiation, pleomorphism, high mitotic index, high-risk Nottingham Prognostic Index, triple negative and basal-like breast cancers (all adjusted p values < 0.05). Tumours with low ATM or high ATR levels in conjunction with MYC overexpression also have worse overall breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) (p value < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that ATR/ATM-directed stratification and personalisation of therapy may be feasible in MYC overexpressed breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Savva
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Karen De Souza
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Reem Ali
- Translational Oncology, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Academic Unit of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG51 PB, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Department of Pathology, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Department of Pathology, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
- Translational Oncology, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Academic Unit of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG51 PB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Mei L, Zhang J, He K, Zhang J. Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related inhibitors and cancer therapy: where we stand. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:43. [PMID: 31018854 PMCID: PMC6482552 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) pathway plays an essential role in suppressing replication stress from DNA damage and oncogene activation. Main body Preclinical studies have shown that cancer cells with defective DNA repair mechanisms or cell cycle checkpoints may be particularly sensitive to ATR inhibitors. Preclinical and clinical data from early-phase trials on three ATR inhibitors (M6620, AZD6738, and BAY1895344), either as monotherapy or in combination, were reviewed. Conclusion Data from ATR inhibitor-based combinational trials might lead to future expansion of this therapy to homologous recombination repair pathway-proficient cancers and potentially serve as a rescue therapy for patients who have progressed through poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Mei
- Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1250 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, 460 west 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kai He
- The James Thoracic Oncology Center, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 494 Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Boudny M, Zemanova J, Khirsariya P, Borsky M, Verner J, Cerna J, Oltova A, Seda V, Mraz M, Jaros J, Jaskova Z, Spunarova M, Brychtova Y, Soucek K, Drapela S, Kasparkova M, Mayer J, Paruch K, Trbusek M. Novel CHK1 inhibitor MU380 exhibits significant single-agent activity in TP53-mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Haematologica 2019; 104:2443-2455. [PMID: 30975914 PMCID: PMC6959166 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.203430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction of small-molecule inhibitors of B-cell receptor signaling and BCL2 protein significantly improves therapeutic options in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. However, some patients suffer from adverse effects mandating treatment discontinuation, and cases with TP53 defects more frequently experience early progression of the disease. Development of alternative therapeutic approaches is, therefore, of critical importance. Here we report details of the anti-chronic lymphocytic leukemia single-agent activity of MU380, our recently identified potent, selective, and metabolically robust inhibitor of checkpoint kinase 1. We also describe a newly developed enantioselective synthesis of MU380, which allows preparation of gram quantities of the substance. Checkpoint kinase 1 is a master regulator of replication operating primarily in intra-S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints. Initially tested in leukemia and lymphoma cell lines, MU380 significantly potentiated efficacy of gemcitabine, a clinically used inducer of replication stress. Moreover, MU380 manifested substantial single-agent activity in both TP53-wild type and TP53-mutated leukemia and lymphoma cell lines. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia-derived cell lines MEC-1, MEC-2 (both TP53-mut), and OSU-CLL (TP53-wt) the inhibitor impaired cell cycle progression and induced apoptosis. In primary clinical samples, MU380 used as a single-agent noticeably reduced the viability of unstimulated chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells as well as those induced to proliferate by anti-CD40/IL-4 stimuli. In both cases, effects were comparable in samples harboring p53 pathway dysfunction (TP53 mutations or ATM mutations) and TP53-wt/ATM-wt cells. Lastly, MU380 also exhibited significant in vivo activity in a xenotransplant mouse model (immunodeficient strain NOD-scid IL2Rγnull) where it efficiently suppressed growth of subcutaneous tumors generated from MEC-1 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Boudny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Jana Zemanova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Prashant Khirsariya
- Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University.,Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital
| | - Marek Borsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Jan Verner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Jana Cerna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Alexandra Oltova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Vaclav Seda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University.,Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University
| | - Marek Mraz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University.,Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University
| | - Josef Jaros
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Zuzana Jaskova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Michaela Spunarova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Yvona Brychtova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Karel Soucek
- Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital.,Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics CAS, v.v.i.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Drapela
- Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital.,Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics CAS, v.v.i.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Kasparkova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Jiri Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Kamil Paruch
- Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University .,Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital
| | - Martin Trbusek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Ubhi T, Brown GW. Exploiting DNA Replication Stress for Cancer Treatment. Cancer Res 2019; 79:1730-1739. [PMID: 30967400 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Complete and accurate DNA replication is fundamental to cellular proliferation and genome stability. Obstacles that delay, prevent, or terminate DNA replication cause the phenomena termed DNA replication stress. Cancer cells exhibit chronic replication stress due to the loss of proteins that protect or repair stressed replication forks and due to the continuous proliferative signaling, providing an exploitable therapeutic vulnerability in tumors. Here, we outline current and pending therapeutic approaches leveraging tumor-specific replication stress as a target, in addition to the challenges associated with such therapies. We discuss how replication stress modulates the cell-intrinsic innate immune response and highlight the integration of replication stress with immunotherapies. Together, exploiting replication stress for cancer treatment seems to be a promising strategy as it provides a selective means of eliminating tumors, and with continuous advances in our knowledge of the replication stress response and lessons learned from current therapies in use, we are moving toward honing the potential of targeting replication stress in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tajinder Ubhi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grant W Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Wang C, Wang G, Feng X, Shepherd P, Zhang J, Tang M, Chen Z, Srivastava M, McLaughlin ME, Navone NM, Hart GT, Chen J. Genome-wide CRISPR screens reveal synthetic lethality of RNASEH2 deficiency and ATR inhibition. Oncogene 2019; 38:2451-2463. [PMID: 30532030 PMCID: PMC6450769 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated and RAD3 related (ATR) protein kinase plays critical roles in ensuring DNA replication, DNA repair, and cell cycle control in response to replication stress, making ATR inhibition a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. To identify genes whose loss makes tumor cells hypersensitive to ATR inhibition, we performed CRISPR/Cas9-based whole-genome screens in 3 independent cell lines treated with a highly selective ATR inhibitor, AZD6738. These screens uncovered a comprehensive genome-wide profile of ATR inhibitor sensitivity. From the candidate genes, we demonstrated that RNASEH2 deficiency is synthetic lethal with ATR inhibition both in vitro and in vivo. RNASEH2-deficient cells exhibited elevated levels of DNA damage and, when treated with AZD6738, underwent apoptosis (short-time treated) or senescence (long-time treated). Notably, RNASEH2 deficiency is frequently found in prostate adenocarcinoma; we found decreased RNASEH2B protein levels in prostate adenocarcinoma patient-derived xenograft (PDX) samples. Our findings suggest that ATR inhibition may be beneficial for cancer patients with reduced levels of RNASEH2 and that RNASEH2 merits further exploration as a potential biomarker for ATR inhibitor-based therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Peter Shepherd
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mengfan Tang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mrinal Srivastava
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Megan E McLaughlin
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nora M Navone
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Glen Traver Hart
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Vincelette ND, Ding H, Huehls AM, Flatten KS, Kelly RL, Kohorst MA, Webster J, Hess AD, Pratz KW, Karnitz LM, Kaufmann SH. Effect of CHK1 Inhibition on CPX-351 Cytotoxicity in vitro and ex vivo. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3617. [PMID: 30837643 PMCID: PMC6400938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CPX-351 is a liposomally encapsulated 5:1 molar ratio of cytarabine and daunorubicin that recently received regulatory approval for the treatment of therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or AML with myelodysplasia-related changes based on improved overall survival compared to standard cytarabine/daunorubicin therapy. Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), which is activated by DNA damage and replication stress, diminishes sensitivity to cytarabine and anthracyclines as single agents, suggesting that CHK1 inhibitors might increase the effectiveness of CPX-351. The present studies show that CPX-351 activates CHK1 as well as the S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints. Conversely, CHK1 inhibition diminishes the cell cycle effects of CPX-351. Moreover, CHK1 knockdown or addition of a CHK1 inhibitor such as MK-8776, rabusertib or prexasertib enhances CPX-351-induced apoptosis in multiple TP53-null and TP53-wildtype AML cell lines. Likewise, CHK1 inhibition increases the antiproliferative effect of CPX-351 on primary AML specimens ex vivo, offering the possibility that CPX-351 may be well suited to combine with CHK1-targeted agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Husheng Ding
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amelia M Huehls
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karen S Flatten
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca L Kelly
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mira A Kohorst
- Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jonathan Webster
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Allan D Hess
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Larry M Karnitz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Aning OA, Cheok CF. Drugging in the absence of p53. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 11:255-264. [PMID: 30865230 PMCID: PMC6478123 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the p53 gene is a key driver of tumorigenesis in various cancer cohorts and types. The quest for a successful p53-based therapy that holds the promise of treating more than half of the cancer population has culminated in extensive knowledge about the role and function of p53 and led to new proposed innovative strategies against p53-defective cancers. We will discuss some of these latest studies with a focus on metabolic regulation and DNA damage response and also highlight novel functions of p53 in these pathways that may provide a contemporary rationale for targeting p53 loss in tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chit Fang Cheok
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Mareckova A, Malcikova J, Tom N, Pal K, Radova L, Salek D, Janikova A, Moulis M, Smardova J, Kren L, Mayer J, Trbusek M. ATM and TP53 mutations show mutual exclusivity but distinct clinical impact in mantle cell lymphoma patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 60:1420-1428. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1542144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mareckova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Malcikova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Tom
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karol Pal
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Radova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Salek
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Janikova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mojmir Moulis
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Smardova
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Leos Kren
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Trbusek
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Su NW, Wu SH, Chi CW, Tsai TH, Chen YJ. Cordycepin, isolated from medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis, enhances radiosensitivity of oral cancer associated with modulation of DNA damage repair. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 124:400-410. [PMID: 30576710 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) is important for controlling oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which is often accompanied by significant acute and late toxicities. We investigated whether cordycepin, a small molecule extracted from Cordyceps sinensis, could enhance the radiosensitivity of oral cancer cells. Using colony formation assay, we demonstrated that cordycepin induces radiosensitizing effects on two OSCC cells. DNA histogram analysis showed that cordycepin combined with RT prolonged the RT-induced G2/M phase arrest. It protracted the duration of DNA double strand breaks, which was detected by immunofluorescent staining of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX). The underlying molecular mechanism might involve the downregulation of protein expression related to DNA damage repair, including phosphorylated ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (p-ATM) and phosphorylated checkpoint kinase 2. Reciprocal upregulation of phosphorylated checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) expression was noted, and the radiosensitizing effect of cordycepin could be further augmented by Chk1 mRNA knockdown, indicating a compensatory DNA repair machinery involving phosphorylation of Chk1. In vivo, the combination of cordycepin and RT exhibited greater growth inhibition on xenografts and stronger apoptosis induction than RT alone, without exacerbating major toxicities. In conclusion, cordycepin increased the radiosensitivity of OSCC cells, which is associated with the modulation of RT-induced DNA damage repair machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Wen Su
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 11094, Taiwan; Institute of Tradition Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hua Wu
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 25160, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Chi
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 25160, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Tradition Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, 36063, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Institute of Tradition Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 25160, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 25160, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Foote KM, Nissink JWM, McGuire T, Turner P, Guichard S, Yates JWT, Lau A, Blades K, Heathcote D, Odedra R, Wilkinson G, Wilson Z, Wood CM, Jewsbury PJ. Discovery and Characterization of AZD6738, a Potent Inhibitor of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated and Rad3 Related (ATR) Kinase with Application as an Anticancer Agent. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9889-9907. [PMID: 30346772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated and rad3 related (ATR) is a key regulator of the DNA-damage response and the apical kinase which orchestrates the cellular processes that repair stalled replication forks (replication stress) and associated DNA double-strand breaks. Inhibition of repair pathways mediated by ATR in a context where alternative pathways are less active is expected to aid clinical response by increasing replication stress. Here we describe the development of the clinical candidate 2 (AZD6738), a potent and selective sulfoximine morpholinopyrimidine ATR inhibitor with excellent preclinical physicochemical and pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics. Compound 2 was developed improving aqueous solubility and eliminating CYP3A4 time-dependent inhibition starting from the earlier described inhibitor 1 (AZ20). The clinical candidate 2 has favorable human PK suitable for once or twice daily dosing and achieves biologically effective exposure at moderate doses. Compound 2 is currently being tested in multiple phase I/II trials as an anticancer agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Foote
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Road , Milton, Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - J Willem M Nissink
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Road , Milton, Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - Thomas McGuire
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Road , Milton, Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - Paul Turner
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Road , Milton, Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - Sylvie Guichard
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Chesterford Research Park , Little Chesterford, Cambridge CB10 1XL , U.K
| | - James W T Yates
- DMPK, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Chesterford Research Park , Little Chesterford, Cambridge CB10 1XL , U.K
| | - Alan Lau
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Chesterford Research Park , Little Chesterford, Cambridge CB10 1XL , U.K
| | - Kevin Blades
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Road , Milton, Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - Dan Heathcote
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Road , Milton, Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - Rajesh Odedra
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Chesterford Research Park , Little Chesterford, Cambridge CB10 1XL , U.K
| | - Gary Wilkinson
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Road , Milton, Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - Zena Wilson
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Chesterford Research Park , Little Chesterford, Cambridge CB10 1XL , U.K
| | - Christine M Wood
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Road , Milton, Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - Philip J Jewsbury
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Road , Milton, Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Gao C, Zhou C, Zhuang J, Liu L, Wei J, Liu C, Li H, Sun C. Identification of key candidate genes and miRNA‑mRNA target pairs in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by integrated bioinformatics analysis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:362-374. [PMID: 30431072 PMCID: PMC6297738 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a malignant clonal proliferative disorder of B cells. Inhibition of cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest are the main pathological causes of this disease, but its molecular mechanism requires further investigation. The purpose of the present study was to identify biomarkers for the early diagnosis and treatment of CLL, and to explore the molecular mechanisms of CLL progression. A total of 488 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 32 differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs; DEMs) for CLL were identified by analyzing the gene chips GSE22529, GSE39411 and GSE62137. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs demonstrated that DEGs were mainly involved in transcriptional dysregulation and multiple signaling pathways, such as the nuclear factor‑κB and mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling pathways. In addition, Cytoscape software was used to visualize the protein‑protein interactions of these DEGs in order to identify hub genes, which could be used as biomarkers for the early diagnosis and treatment of CLL. Cytoscape software was also used to analyze the association between the predicted target mRNAs of DEMs and DEGs and increase knowledge about the miRNA‑mRNA regulatory network associated with the progression of CLL. Taken together, the present study provided a bioinformatics basis for advancing our understanding of the pathogenesis of CLL by identifying differentially expressed hub genes, miRNA‑mRNA target pairs and molecular pathways. In addition, hub genes may be used as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of CLL and to guide the selection of CLL drug combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chundi Gao
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Cancer Center, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Cancer Center, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Cancer Center, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Junyu Wei
- Cancer Center, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Cun Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Huayao Li
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Changgang Sun
- Cancer Center, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Popp HD, Flach J, Brendel S, Ruppenthal S, Kleiner H, Seifarth W, Schneider S, Schulze TJ, Weiss C, Wenz F, Hofmann WK, Fabarius A. Accumulation of DNA damage and alteration of the DNA damage response in monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2018; 60:795-804. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1498494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henning D. Popp
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johanna Flach
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Susanne Brendel
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ruppenthal
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Helga Kleiner
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Seifarth
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Torsten J. Schulze
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Heidelberg University, German Red-Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg – Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christel Weiss
- Department of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frederik Wenz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Alice Fabarius
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Kantidze OL, Velichko AK, Luzhin AV, Petrova NV, Razin SV. Synthetically Lethal Interactions of ATM, ATR, and DNA-PKcs. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:755-768. [PMID: 30352678 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic lethality occurs when simultaneous perturbations of two genes or molecular processes result in a loss of cell viability. The number of known synthetically lethal interactions is growing steadily. We review here synthetically lethal interactions of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ATM- and Rad3-related (ATR), and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs). These kinases are appropriate for synthetic lethal therapies because their genes are frequently mutated in cancer, and specific inhibitors are currently in clinical trials. Understanding synthetically lethal interactions of a particular gene or gene family can facilitate predicting new synthetically lethal interactions, therapy toxicity, and mechanisms of resistance, as well as defining the spectrum of tumors amenable to these therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar L Kantidze
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; LFR2O, Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
| | - Artem K Velichko
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem V Luzhin
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sergey V Razin
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; LFR2O, Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Bakkenist CJ, Lee JJ, Schmitz JC. ATM Is Required for the Repair of Oxaliplatin-Induced DNA Damage in Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2018; 17:255-257. [PMID: 30316683 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John C Schmitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Abstract
The chemical treatment of cancer started with the realization that DNA damaging agents such as mustard gas present notable antitumoural properties. Consequently, early drug development focused on genotoxic chemicals, some of which are still widely used in the clinic. However, the efficacy of such therapies is often limited by the side effects of these drugs on healthy cells. A refinement to this approach is to use compounds that can exploit the presence of DNA damage in cancer cells. Given that replication stress (RS) is a major source of genomic instability in cancer, targeting the RS-response kinase ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) has emerged as a promising alternative. With ATR inhibitors now entering clinical trials, we here revisit the biology behind this strategy and discuss potential biomarkers that could be used for a better selection of patients who respond to therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Lecona
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Fernandez-Capetillo
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Tu X, Kahila MM, Zhou Q, Yu J, Kalari KR, Wang L, Harmsen WS, Yuan J, Boughey JC, Goetz MP, Sarkaria JN, Lou Z, Mutter RW. ATR Inhibition Is a Promising Radiosensitizing Strategy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:2462-2472. [PMID: 30166399 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by elevated locoregional recurrence risk despite aggressive local therapies. New tumor-specific radiosensitizers are needed. We hypothesized that the ATR inhibitor, VX-970 (now known as M6620), would preferentially radiosensitize TNBC. Noncancerous breast epithelial and TNBC cell lines were investigated in clonogenic survival, cell cycle, and DNA damage signaling and repair assays. In addition, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models generated prospectively as part of a neoadjuvant chemotherapy study from either baseline tumor biopsies or surgical specimens with chemoresistant residual disease were assessed for sensitivity to fractionated radiotherapy, VX-970, or the combination. To explore potential response biomarkers, exome sequencing was assessed for germline and/or somatic alterations in homologous recombination (HR) genes and other alterations associated with ATR inhibitor sensitivity. VX-970 preferentially inhibited ATR-Chk1-CDC25a signaling, abrogated the radiotherapy-induced G2-M checkpoint, delayed resolution of DNA double-strand breaks, and reduced colony formation after radiotherapy in TNBC cells relative to normal-like breast epithelial cells. In vivo, VX-970 did not exhibit significant single-agent activity at the dose administered even in the context of genomic alterations predictive of ATR inhibitor responsiveness, but significantly sensitized TNBC PDXs to radiotherapy. Exome sequencing and functional testing demonstrated that combination therapy was effective in both HR-proficient and -deficient models. PDXs established from patients with chemoresistant TNBC were also highly radiosensitized. In conclusion, VX-970 is a tumor-specific radiosensitizer for TNBC. Patients with residual TNBC after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, a subset at particularly high risk of relapse, may be ideally suited for this treatment intensification strategy. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(11); 2462-72. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Tu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mohamed M Kahila
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Krishna R Kalari
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - William S Harmsen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jian Yuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Judy C Boughey
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew P Goetz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zhenkun Lou
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert W Mutter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
The Impact of p53 Dysfunction in ATR Inhibitor Cytotoxicity and Chemo- and Radiosensitisation. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10080275. [PMID: 30127241 PMCID: PMC6116113 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10080275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3 related kinase (ATR) signals replication stress and DNA damage to S and G2 arrest and promotes DNA repair. Mutations in p53, critical for G1 checkpoint control, are common in cancer and predicted to confer vulnerability to ATR inhibitors. Reported data on the impact of p53 status are variable possibly because of the use of unmatched cells and surrogate endpoints of survival. The cytotoxicity of VE-821 alone and its ability to potentiate radiation and gemcitabine cytotoxicity was determined in isogenic and unmatched p53 wild-type (wt) and null/mutant cells, as well as immortalised nonmalignant MCF10 (immortalised non-neoplastic) cells, by colony-forming assay. The effect on cell cycle checkpoints was determined by flow cytometry. The isogenic p53 defective cells were not more sensitive to VE-821 alone. Defective p53 consistently conferred greater chemo- and radiosensitisation, particularly at high dose levels in isogenic cells but not unmatched cells. VE-821 did not sensitise MCF10 cells. We conclude that p53 status is just one factor contributing to chemo- and radiosensitisation by ATR inhibition, the lack of chemo- or radiosensitisation in the noncancerous cells suggests an element of tumour-specificity that warrants further investigation. The greater sensitisation at high-dose irradiation suggests that ATR inhibitors may be most effective with hypofractionated radiotherapy.
Collapse
|
150
|
The therapeutic significance of mutational signatures from DNA repair deficiency in cancer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3292. [PMID: 30120226 PMCID: PMC6098043 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is fundamentally a disease of the genome and inherited deficiencies in DNA repair pathways are well established to increase lifetime cancer risk. Computational analysis of pan-cancer data has identified signatures of mutational processes thought to be responsible for the pattern of mutations in any given cancer. These analyses identified altered DNA repair pathways in a much broader spectrum of cancers than previously appreciated with significant therapeutic implications. The development of DNA repair deficiency biomarkers is critical to the implementation of therapeutic targeting of repair-deficient tumors, using either DNA damaging agents or immunotherapy for the personalization of cancer therapy. Targeting DNA repair-deficient tumors is one of the most promising therapeutic strategies in cancer research; however, accurately predicting which tumors will respond can be a challenge. Here the authors present a review of the current state of knowledge in DNA repair deficiency across human cancers.
Collapse
|