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Schroeder MA, Ashami K, Staser K. Modeling Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease in Mice Using Allogeneic Bone Marrow and Splenocyte Transfer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 83:e47. [PMID: 30204297 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This unit describes a method for allogeneic bone marrow and splenocyte transfer for the modeling of chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) in mice. Preclinical models provide clinically relevant platforms for mechanistic and therapeutic studies that may inform the treatment of patients suffering from cGVHD, a common and potentially severe complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT). Most murine models of cGVHD depend on the transfer of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched bone marrow and whole splenocytes (or purified T cells) into an irradiated recipient. The bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells necessary to reconstitute the irradiated host hematopoietic system, while splenocytes contain T cells that mediate cGVHD. Of note, specific mouse strains, splenocyte dose, bone marrow quantity, and irradiation doses vary widely across different cGVHD models. Here we describe donor bone marrow and splenocyte preparation, recipient irradiation and intravenous injection of donor cells, and clinical monitoring for disease emergence and progression. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Schroeder
- Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kidist Ashami
- Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Karl Staser
- Division of Dermatology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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102
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Chambers DM, Moretti L, Zhang JJ, Cooper SW, Chambers DM, Santangelo PJ, Barker TH. LEM domain-containing protein 3 antagonizes TGFβ-SMAD2/3 signaling in a stiffness-dependent manner in both the nucleus and cytosol. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15867-15886. [PMID: 30108174 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling through SMAD2/3 is an important driver of pathological fibrosis in multiple organ systems. TGFβ signaling and extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness form an unvirtuous pathological circuit in which matrix stiffness drives activation of latent TGFβ, and TGFβ signaling then drives cellular stress and ECM synthesis. Moreover, ECM stiffness also appears to sensitize cells to exogenously activated TGFβ through unknown mechanisms. Here, using human fibroblasts, we explored the effect of ECM stiffness on a putative inner nuclear membrane protein, LEM domain-containing protein 3 (LEMD3), which is physically connected to the cell's actin cytoskeleton and inhibits TGFβ signaling. We showed that LEMD3-SMAD2/3 interactions are inversely correlated with ECM stiffness and TGFβ-driven luciferase activity and that LEMD3 expression is correlated with the mechanical response of the TGFβ-driven luciferase reporter. We found that actin polymerization but not cellular stress or LEMD3-nuclear-cytoplasmic couplings were necessary for LEMD3-SMAD2/3 interactions. Intriguingly, LEMD3 and SMAD2/3 frequently interacted in the cytosol, and we discovered LEMD3 was proteolytically cleaved into protein fragments. We confirmed that a consensus C-terminal LEMD3 fragment binds SMAD2/3 in a stiffness-dependent manner throughout the cell and is sufficient for antagonizing SMAD2/3 signaling. Using human lung biopsies, we observed that these nuclear and cytosolic interactions are also present in tissue and found that fibrotic tissues exhibit locally diminished and cytoplasmically shifted LEMD3-SMAD2/3 interactions, as noted in vitro Our work reveals novel LEMD3 biology and stiffness-dependent regulation of TGFβ by LEMD3, providing a novel target to antagonize pathological TGFβ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight M Chambers
- From the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Leandro Moretti
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and
| | - Jennifer J Zhang
- From the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Spencer W Cooper
- From the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Davis M Chambers
- the College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Philip J Santangelo
- From the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Thomas H Barker
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and
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103
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Kean LS. Defining success with cellular therapeutics: the current landscape for clinical end point and toxicity analysis. Blood 2018; 131:2630-2639. [PMID: 29728399 PMCID: PMC6032897 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-02-785881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular therapies play a major and expanding role in the treatment of hematologic diseases. For each of these therapies, a narrow therapeutic window exists, where efficacy is maximized and toxicities minimized. This review focuses on one of the most established cellular therapies, hematopoietic stem cell transplant, and one of the newest cellular therapies, chimeric antigen receptor-T cells. In this review, I will discuss the current state of the field for clinical end point analysis with each of these therapeutics, including their critical toxicities, and focus on the major elements of success for each of these complex treatments for hematologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S Kean
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA; Clinical Research Division, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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104
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Divya T, Velavan B, Sudhandiran G. Regulation of Transforming Growth Factor-β/Smad-mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition by Celastrol Provides Protection against Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123:122-129. [PMID: 29394529 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory disease pulmonary fibrosis (PF), which is characterized by scar formation throughout the lung, imposes a serious health burden. No effective drug without side effects has been proven to prevent this fatal lung disease. In this context, this study was undertaken to elucidate the protective effect of celastrol, a quinine methide pentacyclic triterpenoid from a Chinese medicinal plant 'thunder god vine' against bleomycin (BLM)-induced PF. We also attempted to study how the cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) stimulates fibrosis through the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the role of celastrol in regulating EMT. TGF-β (5 ng/ml) was administered to human alveolar epithelial adenocarcinoma A549 cells to induce fibrotic response in cells. Induction of EMT was analysed in cells through morphological analysis and expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers by Western blotting. Bleomycin at a concentration of 3 U/Kg b.w was used to induce fibrosis in adult male rat lungs. Celastrol (5 mg/kg b.w) was given to rats twice a week after BLM administration for a period of 28 days. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses were performed with lung tissue sample to find out the potential of celastrol in regulating EMT during the progression of fibrosis. TGF-β induces EMT in A549 cells as demonstrated by changes in epithelial cell morphology and expression of epithelial and mesenchymal marker proteins. The expressions of epithelial marker proteins E-cadherin and claudin were found to be reduced in the BLM-induced group of rats. Expression of mesenchymal markers, such as N-cadherin, snail, slug, vimentin and β-catenin, was enhanced in BLM-induced rat lungs. Celastrol reverts these cellular changes in rat lungs, and it was found that celastrol regulates EMT through the inhibition of heat shock protein 90 (HSP 90). Together, the results indicate that EMT is a crucial phenomenon for the progression of fibrosis, and celastrol provides protection against PF through the regulation of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Divya
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | | | - Ganapasam Sudhandiran
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Chennai, India
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105
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Li Y, Li H, Liu S, Pan P, Su X, Tan H, Wu D, Zhang L, Song C, Dai M, Li Q, Mao Z, Long Y, Hu Y, Hu C. Pirfenidone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis by blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Mol Immunol 2018; 99:134-144. [PMID: 29783158 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)is a severe clinical disorder characterized by its acute onset, diffuse alveolar damage, intractable hypoxemia, and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Acute lung injury(ALI) can trigger persistent lung inflammation and fibrosis through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and subsequent secretion of mature IL-1β, suggesting that the NLRP3 inflammasome is a potential therapeutic target for ALI, for which new therapeutic approaches are needed. Our present study aims to assess whether pirfenidone,with anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties, can improve LPS-induced inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Male C57BL/6 J mice were intratracheally injected with LPS to induce ALI. Mice were administered pirfenidone by oral gavage throughout the entire experimental course. The mouse macrophage cell line (J774 A.1) was incubated with LPS and ATP, with or without PFD pre-treatment. We demonstrated that PFD remarkably ameliorated LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis and reduced IL-1β and TGF-β1 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF). Pirfenidone substantially reduced NLRP3 and ASC expression and inhibited caspase-1 activation and IL-1β maturation in lung tissues. In vitro, the experiments revealed that PFD significantly suppressed LPS/ATP-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased caspase-1 activation and the level of IL-1β in J774 A.1 cells. Taken together, the administration of PFD reduced LPS-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis by blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequent IL-1β secretion. These findings indicated that PFD can down-regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation and that it may offer a promising therapeutic approach for ARDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Haitao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Pinhua Pan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Xiaoli Su
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Hongyi Tan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Lemeng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Afliated to Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Chao Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Minhui Dai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhi Mao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yuan Long
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yongbin Hu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Chengping Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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106
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Konuma T, Kohara C, Watanabe E, Mizukami M, Nagai E, Oiwa-Monna M, Tanoue S, Isobe M, Jimbo K, Kato S, Takahashi S, Tojo A. Circulating monocyte subsets in human chronic graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 2018; 53:1532-1540. [DOI: 10.1038/s41409-018-0187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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107
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Santos e Sousa P, Bennett CL, Chakraverty R. Unraveling the Mechanisms of Cutaneous Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:963. [PMID: 29770141 PMCID: PMC5940745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the most common target organ affected by graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), with severity and response to therapy representing important predictors of patient survival. Although many of the initiating events in GVHD pathogenesis have been defined, less is known about why treatment resistance occurs or why there is often a permanent failure to restore tissue homeostasis. Emerging data suggest that the unique immune microenvironment in the skin is responsible for defining location- and context-specific mechanisms of injury that are distinct from those involved in other target organs. In this review, we address recent advances in our understanding of GVHD biology in the skin and outline the new research themes that will ultimately enable design of precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Santos e Sousa
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare L. Bennett
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronjon Chakraverty
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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108
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Brownback KR, Pitts LR, Abhyankar S. Safety of nintedanib for treatment of fibrotic lung disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2018; 53:1218-1220. [PMID: 29700478 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-018-0182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Brownback
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Lucas R Pitts
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Sunil Abhyankar
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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109
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Du J, Flynn R, Paz K, Ren HG, Ogata Y, Zhang Q, Gafken PR, Storer BE, Roy NH, Burkhardt JK, Mathews W, Tolar J, Lee SJ, Blazar BR, Paczesny S. Murine chronic graft-versus-host disease proteome profiling discovers CCL15 as a novel biomarker in patients. Blood 2018; 131:1743-1754. [PMID: 29348127 PMCID: PMC5897867 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-08-800623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved diagnostic and treatment methods are needed for chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), the leading cause of late nonrelapse mortality (NRM) in long-term survivors of allogenic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Validated biomarkers that facilitate disease diagnosis and classification generally are lacking in cGVHD. Here, we conducted whole serum proteomics analysis of a well-established murine multiorgan system cGVHD model. We discovered 4 upregulated proteins during cGVHD that are targetable by genetic ablation or blocking antibodies, including the RAS and JUN kinase activator, CRKL, and CXCL7, CCL8, and CCL9 chemokines. Donor T cells lacking CRK/CRKL prevented the generation of cGVHD, germinal center reactions, and macrophage infiltration seen with wild-type T cells. Whereas antibody blockade of CCL8 or CXCL7 was ineffective in treating cGVHD, CCL9 blockade reversed cGVHD clinical manifestations, histopathological changes, and immunopathological hallmarks. Mechanistically, elevated CCL9 expression was present predominantly in vascular smooth muscle cells and uniquely seen in cGVHD mice. Plasma concentrations of CCL15, the human homolog of mouse CCL9, were elevated in a previously published cohort of 211 cGVHD patients compared with controls and associated with NRM. In a cohort of 792 patients, CCL15 measured at day +100 could not predict cGVHD occurring within the next 3 months with clinically relevant sensitivity/specificity. Our findings demonstrate for the first time the utility of preclinical proteomics screening to identify potential new targets for cGVHD and specifically CCL15 as a diagnosis marker for cGVHD. These data warrant prospective biomarker validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ryan Flynn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Katelyn Paz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Hong-Gang Ren
- Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | | | - Barry E Storer
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; and
| | - Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia-Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia-Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Wendy Mathews
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Stephanie J Lee
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; and
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sophie Paczesny
- Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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110
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Vitamin A–coupled liposomes containing siRNA against HSP47 ameliorate skin fibrosis in chronic graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2018; 131:1476-1485. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-04-779934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Points
HSP47+ myofibroblasts are accumulated in the fibrotic lesions of chronic GVHD and promote fibrosis in a CSF-1R+ macrophage-dependent manner. Vitamin A–coupled liposomes containing HSP47 siRNA abrogate HSP47 expression in myofibroblasts and ameliorate fibrosis in chronic GVHD.
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111
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MacDonald KPA, Betts BC, Couriel D. Reprint of: Emerging Therapeutics for the Control of Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2018; 24:S7-S14. [PMID: 29425517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.12.788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelli P A MacDonald
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Brian C Betts
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffit Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Daniel Couriel
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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112
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B-cell targeting in chronic graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2018; 131:1399-1405. [PMID: 29437591 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-11-784017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, our understanding of the pathophysiology of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) has improved considerably. In this spotlight, we discuss emerging insights into the pathophysiology of cGVHD with a focus on B cells. First, we summarize supporting evidence derived from mouse and human studies. Next, novel cGVHD therapy approaches that target B cells will be covered to provide treating physicians with an overview of the rationale behind the emerging armamentarium against cGVHD.
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113
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114
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zeiser
- From the Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany (R.Z.); and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (B.R.B.)
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- From the Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany (R.Z.); and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (B.R.B.)
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115
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Ahamed J, Laurence J. Role of Platelet-Derived Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Reactive Oxygen Species in Radiation-Induced Organ Fibrosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:977-988. [PMID: 28562065 PMCID: PMC5649128 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE This review evaluates the role of platelet-derived transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in oxidative stress-linked pathologic fibrosis, with an emphasis on the heart and kidney, by using ionizing radiation as a clinically relevant stimulus. Current radiation-induced organ fibrosis interventions focus on pan-neutralization of TGF-β or the use of anti-oxidants and anti-proliferative agents, with limited clinical efficacy. Recent Advances: Pathologic fibrosis represents excessive accumulation of collagen and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components after dysregulation of a balance between ECM synthesis and degradation. Targets based on endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) pathways and the use of redox modulators such as N-acetylcysteine present promising alternatives to current therapeutic regimens. CRITICAL ISSUES Ionizing radiation leads to direct DNA damage and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), with TGF-β1 activation via ROS, thrombin generation, platelet activation, and pro-inflammatory signaling promoting myofibroblast accumulation and ECM production. Feed-forward loops, as TGF-β1 promotes ROS, amplify these profibrotic signals, and persistent low-grade inflammation insures their perpetuation. We highlight differential roles for platelet- versus monocyte-derived TGF-β1, establishing links between canonical and noncanonical TGF-β1 signaling pathways in relationship to macrophage polarization and autophagy, and define points where pharmacologic agents can intervene. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Additional studies are needed to understand mechanisms underlying the anti-fibrotic effects of current and proposed therapeutics, based on limiting platelet TGF-β1 activity, promotion of macrophage polarization, and facilitation of collagen autophagy. Models incorporating endogenous CO and selective TGF-β1 pathways that impact the initiation and progression of pathologic fibrosis, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and redox, are of particular interest. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 977-988.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasimuddin Ahamed
- 1 Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jeffrey Laurence
- 2 Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
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116
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Emerging Therapeutics for the Control of Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017; 24:19-26. [PMID: 29032060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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117
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Kast RE, Skuli N, Cos S, Karpel-Massler G, Shiozawa Y, Goshen R, Halatsch ME. The ABC7 regimen: a new approach to metastatic breast cancer using seven common drugs to inhibit epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and augment capecitabine efficacy. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2017; 9:495-514. [PMID: 28744157 PMCID: PMC5513700 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s139963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer metastatic to bone has a poor prognosis despite recent advances in our understanding of the biology of both bone and breast cancer. This article presents a new approach, the ABC7 regimen (Adjuvant for Breast Cancer treatment using seven repurposed drugs), to metastatic breast cancer. ABC7 aims to defeat aspects of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that lead to dissemination of breast cancer to bone. As add-on to current standard treatment with capecitabine, ABC7 uses ancillary attributes of seven already-marketed noncancer treatment drugs to stop both the natural EMT process inherent to breast cancer and the added EMT occurring as a response to current treatment modalities. Chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery provoke EMT in cancer generally and in breast cancer specifically. ABC7 uses standard doses of capecitabine as used in treating breast cancer today. In addition, ABC7 uses 1) an older psychiatric drug, quetiapine, to block RANK signaling; 2) pirfenidone, an anti-fibrosis drug to block TGF-beta signaling; 3) rifabutin, an antibiotic to block beta-catenin signaling; 4) metformin, a first-line antidiabetic drug to stimulate AMPK and inhibit mammalian target of rapamycin, (mTOR); 5) propranolol, a beta-blocker to block beta-adrenergic signaling; 6) agomelatine, a melatonergic antidepressant to stimulate M1 and M2 melatonergic receptors; and 7) ribavirin, an antiviral drug to prevent eIF4E phosphorylation. All these block the signaling pathways - RANK, TGF-beta, mTOR, beta-adrenergic receptors, and phosphorylated eIF4E - that have been shown to trigger EMT and enhance breast cancer growth and so are worthwhile targets to inhibit. Agonism at MT1 and MT2 melatonergic receptors has been shown to inhibit both breast cancer EMT and growth. This ensemble was designed to be safe and augment capecitabine efficacy. Given the expected outcome of metastatic breast cancer as it stands today, ABC7 warrants a cautious trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Skuli
- INSERM, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse - CRCT, UMR1037 Inserm/Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Samuel Cos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria and Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | | | - Yusuke Shiozawa
- Department of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ran Goshen
- Eliaso Consulting Ltd., Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
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118
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Abstract
Proteases target many substrates, triggering changes in distinct biological processes correlated with cell migration, EMT/EndMT and fibrosis. Extracellular protease activity, demonstrated by secreted and membrane-bound protease forms, leads to ECM degradation, activation of other proteases (i.e., proteolysis of nonactive zymogens), decomposition of cell-cell junctions, release of sequestered growth factors (TGF-β and VEGF), activation of signal proteins and receptors, degradation of inflammatory inhibitors or inflammation-related proteins, and changes in cell mechanosensing and motility. Intracellular proteases, mainly caspases and cathepsins, modulate lysosome activity and signal transduction pathways. Herein, we discuss the current knowledge on the multidimensional impact of proteases on the development of fibrosis.
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Amarnath S, Laurence A, Zhu N, Cunha R, Eckhaus MA, Taylor S, Foley JE, Ghosh M, Felizardo TC, Fowler DH. Tbet is a critical modulator of FoxP3 expression in autoimmune graft- versus-host disease. Haematologica 2017; 102:1446-1456. [PMID: 28473623 PMCID: PMC5541878 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.155879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-helper subsets drive autoimmune chronic graft-versus-host disease, a major complication after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. However, it remains unclear how specific T-helper subsets contribute to chronic graft-versus-host disease. T-helper type 1 cells are one of the major disease-mediating T-cell subsets and require interferon-γ signaling and Tbet expression for their function. Regulatory T cells on the other hand can inhibit T-helper type 1 cell-mediated responses. Using an established murine model that isolates the autoimmune component of graft-versus-host disease, we hypothesized that T-helper type 1 cells would restrict FoxP3-driven regulatory T cells. Upon transfer into immune-deficient syngeneic hosts, alloreactive Tbx21−/−CD4+ T cells led to marked increases in FoxP3+ cells and reduced clinical evidence of autoimmunity. To evaluate whether peripheral induction contributed to regulatory T-cell predominance, we adoptively transferred Tbx21−/− T cells that consisted of fate mapping for FoxP3: recipients of flow-purified effector cells that were Foxp3− and Tbx21−/− had enhanced T-regulatory-cell predominance during autoimmune graft-versus-host disease. These data directly demonstrated that peripheral T-regulatory-cell induction was inhibited by Tbet. Finally, Tbx21−/− T-regulatory cells cross-regulated autoimmune wild-type T-effector-cell cytokine production in vivo. The Tbet pathway therefore directly impairs T-regulatory-cell reconstitution and is consequently a feasible target in efforts to prevent autoimmune graft-versus-host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoba Amarnath
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK, USA
| | - Arian Laurence
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK, USA
| | - Nathaniel Zhu
- Experimental Transplantation Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Renato Cunha
- Experimental Transplantation Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael A Eckhaus
- Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of Research Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samuel Taylor
- Experimental Transplantation Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason E Foley
- Experimental Transplantation Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Monalisa Ghosh
- Experimental Transplantation Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tania C Felizardo
- Experimental Transplantation Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel H Fowler
- Experimental Transplantation Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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