101
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Ferguson SW, Nguyen J. Exosomes as therapeutics: The implications of molecular composition and exosomal heterogeneity. J Control Release 2016; 228:179-190. [PMID: 26941033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing exosomes as therapeutic drug delivery vehicles requires a better understanding of exosomal composition and their mode of action. A full appreciation of all the exosomal components (proteins, lipids, and RNA content) will be important for the design of effective exosome-based or exosome-mimicking drug carriers. In this review we describe the presence of rarely studied, non-coding RNAs that exist in high numbers in exosomes. We discuss the implications of the molecular composition and heterogeneity of exosomes on their biological and therapeutic effects. Finally, we highlight outstanding questions with regard to RNA loading into exosomes, analytical methods to sort exosomes and their sub-populations, and the effects of exosomal proteins and lipids on recipient cells. Investigations into these facets of exosome biology will further advance the field, could lead to the clinical translation of exosome-based therapeutics, and aid in the reverse-engineering of synthetic exosomes. Although synthetic exosomes are still an underexplored area, they could offer researchers a way to manufacture exosomes with highly defined structure, composition, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Ferguson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The State University of New York at Buffalo, United States
| | - Juliane Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The State University of New York at Buffalo, United States.
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102
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A serum-circulating long noncoding RNA signature can discriminate between patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma and healthy controls. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e192. [PMID: 26878386 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum biomarkers have not been fully incorporated into clinical use for the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The recent discovery of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which have been reported in a variety of cancer types, suggested a promising new class of biomarkers for tumour diagnosis. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether the levels of circulating lncRNAs could be used as a tumour marker to discriminate between clear cell RCC (ccRCC) patients and healthy controls. Serum samples were collected from 71 ccRCC patients including 62 age- and sex-matched healthy controls and 8 patients with benign renal tumours. Eighty-two cancer-associated lncRNAs were assessed by reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction in paired tissues and serum. A 5-lncRNA signature, including lncRNA-LET, PVT1, PANDAR, PTENP1 and linc00963, were identified and validated in the training set and testing set, respectively. The receiver operating characteristic curves for this serum 5-lncRNA signature were 0.900 and 0.823 for the two sets of serum samples. Moreover, five-minus-one lncRNA signatures demonstrated that none of the lncRNAs had a higher area under the curve than the others in either set. A risk model for the serum 5-lncRNA signature also determined that benign renal tumours can be distinguished from ccRCC samples. This work may facilitate the detection of ccRCC and serve as the basis for further studies of the clinical value of serum lncRNAs in maintaining surveillance and forecasting prognosis.
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103
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Iraci N, Leonardi T, Gessler F, Vega B, Pluchino S. Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Physiological Role and Signalling Properties of Extracellular Membrane Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:171. [PMID: 26861302 PMCID: PMC4783905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of secreted membrane vesicles, with distinct biogenesis routes, biophysical properties and different functions both in physiological conditions and in disease. The release of EVs is a widespread biological process, which is conserved across species. In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated that several bioactive molecules are trafficked with(in) EVs, such as microRNAs, mRNAs, proteins and lipids. The understanding of their final impact on the biology of specific target cells remains matter of intense debate in the field. Also, EVs have attracted great interest as potential novel cell-free therapeutics. Here we describe the proposed physiological and pathological functions of EVs, with a particular focus on their molecular content. Also, we discuss the advances in the knowledge of the mechanisms regulating the secretion of EV-associated molecules and the specific pathways activated upon interaction with the target cell, highlighting the role of EVs in the context of the immune system and as mediators of the intercellular signalling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Iraci
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK.
| | - Tommaso Leonardi
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK.
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK.
| | - Florian Gessler
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK.
| | - Beatriz Vega
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK.
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK.
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104
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Application of regenerative medicine strategies for repair of organs/tissue impacted by chronic disease is an active subject for product development. Such methodologies emphasize the role of stem cells as the active biological ingredient. However, recent developments in elucidating mechanisms of action of these therapies have focused on the role of paracrine, 'action-at-a-distance' modus operandi in mediating the ability to catalyze regenerative outcomes without significant site-specific engraftment. A salient component of this secreted regenerative milieu are exosomes: 40-100 nm intraluminal vesicles that mediate transfer of proteins and nucleic acids across cellular boundaries. AREAS COVERED Here, we synthesize recent studies from PubMed and Google Scholar highlighting how cell-based therapeutics and cosmeceutics are transitioning towards the secretome generally and exosomes specifically as a principal modulator of regenerative outcomes. EXPERT OPINION Exosomes contribute to organ development and mediate regenerative outcomes in injury and disease that recapitulate observed bioactivity of stem cell populations. Encapsulation of the active biological ingredients of regeneration within non-living exosome carriers may offer process, manufacturing and regulatory advantages over stem cell-based therapies.
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105
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Berrondo C, Flax J, Kucherov V, Siebert A, Osinski T, Rosenberg A, Fucile C, Richheimer S, Beckham CJ. Expression of the Long Non-Coding RNA HOTAIR Correlates with Disease Progression in Bladder Cancer and Is Contained in Bladder Cancer Patient Urinary Exosomes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147236. [PMID: 26800519 PMCID: PMC4723257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are 30-150nM membrane-bound secreted vesicles that are readily isolated from biological fluids such as urine (UEs). Exosomes contain proteins, micro RNA (miRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) from their cells of origin. Although miRNA, protein and lncRNA have been isolated from serum as potential biomarkers for benign and malignant disease, it is unknown if lncRNAs in UEs from urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) patients can serve as biomarkers. lncRNAs are > 200 nucleotide long transcripts that do not encode protein and play critical roles in tumor biology. As the number of recognized tumor-associated lncRNAs continues to increase, there is a parallel need to include lncRNAs into biomarker discovery and therapeutic target algorithms. The lncRNA HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) has been shown to facilitate tumor initiation and progression and is associated with poor prognosis in several cancers. The importance of HOTAIR in cancer biology has sparked interest in using HOTAIR as a biomarker and potential therapeutic target. Here we show HOTAIR and several tumor-associated lncRNAs are enriched in UEs from UBC patients with high-grade muscle-invasive disease (HGMI pT2-pT4). Knockdown of HOTAIR in UBC cell lines reduces in vitro migration and invasion. Importantly, loss of HOTAIR expression in UBC cell lines alters expression of epithelial-to-mesenchyme transition (EMT) genes including SNAI1, TWIST1, ZEB1, ZO1, MMP1 LAMB3, and LAMC2. Finally, we used RNA-sequencing to identify four additional lncRNAs enriched in UBC patient UEs. These data, suggest that UE-derived lncRNA may potentially serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Berrondo
- University of Rochester Department of Urology, Strong Memorial Hospital Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Flax
- University of Rochester Department of Urology, Strong Memorial Hospital Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Victor Kucherov
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Aisha Siebert
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas Osinski
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Alex Rosenberg
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester, Strong Memorial Hospital Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher Fucile
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester, Strong Memorial Hospital Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Samuel Richheimer
- University of Rochester Department of Urology, Strong Memorial Hospital Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Carla J. Beckham
- University of Rochester Department of Urology, Strong Memorial Hospital Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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106
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Berrondo C, Flax J, Kucherov V, Siebert A, Osinski T, Rosenberg A, Fucile C, Richheimer S, Beckham CJ. Expression of the Long Non-Coding RNA HOTAIR Correlates with Disease Progression in Bladder Cancer and Is Contained in Bladder Cancer Patient Urinary Exosomes. PLoS One 2016. [PMID: 26800519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147236.ecollection2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are 30-150nM membrane-bound secreted vesicles that are readily isolated from biological fluids such as urine (UEs). Exosomes contain proteins, micro RNA (miRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) from their cells of origin. Although miRNA, protein and lncRNA have been isolated from serum as potential biomarkers for benign and malignant disease, it is unknown if lncRNAs in UEs from urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) patients can serve as biomarkers. lncRNAs are > 200 nucleotide long transcripts that do not encode protein and play critical roles in tumor biology. As the number of recognized tumor-associated lncRNAs continues to increase, there is a parallel need to include lncRNAs into biomarker discovery and therapeutic target algorithms. The lncRNA HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) has been shown to facilitate tumor initiation and progression and is associated with poor prognosis in several cancers. The importance of HOTAIR in cancer biology has sparked interest in using HOTAIR as a biomarker and potential therapeutic target. Here we show HOTAIR and several tumor-associated lncRNAs are enriched in UEs from UBC patients with high-grade muscle-invasive disease (HGMI pT2-pT4). Knockdown of HOTAIR in UBC cell lines reduces in vitro migration and invasion. Importantly, loss of HOTAIR expression in UBC cell lines alters expression of epithelial-to-mesenchyme transition (EMT) genes including SNAI1, TWIST1, ZEB1, ZO1, MMP1 LAMB3, and LAMC2. Finally, we used RNA-sequencing to identify four additional lncRNAs enriched in UBC patient UEs. These data, suggest that UE-derived lncRNA may potentially serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Berrondo
- University of Rochester Department of Urology, Strong Memorial Hospital Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Flax
- University of Rochester Department of Urology, Strong Memorial Hospital Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Victor Kucherov
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Aisha Siebert
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas Osinski
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Alex Rosenberg
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester, Strong Memorial Hospital Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher Fucile
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester, Strong Memorial Hospital Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Samuel Richheimer
- University of Rochester Department of Urology, Strong Memorial Hospital Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Carla J Beckham
- University of Rochester Department of Urology, Strong Memorial Hospital Rochester, New York, United States of America
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107
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Lakhter AJ, Sims EK. Minireview: Emerging Roles for Extracellular Vesicles in Diabetes and Related Metabolic Disorders. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1535-48. [PMID: 26393296 PMCID: PMC4627606 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane-contained vesicles released by most cell types, have attracted a large amount of research interest over the past decade. Because of their ability to transfer cargo via regulated processes, causing functional impacts on recipient cells, these structures may play important roles in cell-cell communication and have implications in the physiology of numerous organ systems. In addition, EVs have been described in most human biofluids and have wide potential as relatively noninvasive biomarkers of various pathologic conditions. Specifically, EVs produced by the pancreatic β-cell have been demonstrated to regulate physiologic and pathologic responses to β-cell stress, including β-cell proliferation and apoptosis. β-Cell EVs are also capable of interacting with immune cells and may contribute to the activation of autoimmune processes that trigger or propagate β-cell inflammation and destruction during the development of diabetes. EVs from adipose tissue have been shown to contribute to the development of the chronic inflammation and insulin resistance associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome via interactions with other adipose, liver, and muscle cells. Circulating EVs may also serve as biomarkers for metabolic derangements and complications associated with diabetes. This minireview describes the properties of EVs in general, followed by a more focused review of the literature describing EVs affecting the β-cell, β-cell autoimmunity, and the development of insulin resistance, which all have the potential to affect development of type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Lakhter
- Department of Pediatrics (A.J.L., E.K.S.), Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, and Section of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (E.K.S.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Emily K Sims
- Department of Pediatrics (A.J.L., E.K.S.), Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, and Section of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (E.K.S.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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108
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Patton JG, Franklin JL, Weaver AM, Vickers K, Zhang B, Coffey RJ, Ansel KM, Blelloch R, Goga A, Huang B, L'Etoille N, Raffai RL, Lai CP, Krichevsky AM, Mateescu B, Greiner VJ, Hunter C, Voinnet O, McManus MT. Biogenesis, delivery, and function of extracellular RNA. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:27494. [PMID: 26320939 PMCID: PMC4553266 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.27494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Extracellular RNA (exRNA) Communication Consortium was launched by the National Institutes of Health to focus on the extent to which RNA might function in a non-cell-autonomous manner. With the availability of increasingly sensitive tools, small amounts of RNA can be detected in serum, plasma, and other bodily fluids. The exact mechanism(s) by which RNA can be secreted from cells and the mechanisms for the delivery and uptake by recipient cells remain to be determined. This review will summarize current knowledge about the biogenesis and delivery of exRNA and outline projects seeking to understand the functional impact of exRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Patton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA;
| | - Jeffrey L Franklin
- VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alissa M Weaver
- VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kasey Vickers
- Department of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - K Mark Ansel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Blelloch
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrei Goga
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Noelle L'Etoille
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert L Raffai
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles P Lai
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Anna M Krichevsky
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bogdan Mateescu
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vanille J Greiner
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Olivier Voinnet
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael T McManus
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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109
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Cha DJ, Franklin JL, Dou Y, Liu Q, Higginbotham JN, Demory Beckler M, Weaver AM, Vickers K, Prasad N, Levy S, Zhang B, Coffey RJ, Patton JG. KRAS-dependent sorting of miRNA to exosomes. eLife 2015; 4:e07197. [PMID: 26132860 PMCID: PMC4510696 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant KRAS colorectal cancer (CRC) cells release protein-laden exosomes that can alter the tumor microenvironment. To test whether exosomal RNAs also contribute to changes in gene expression in recipient cells, and whether mutant KRAS might regulate the composition of secreted microRNAs (miRNAs), we compared small RNAs of cells and matched exosomes from isogenic CRC cell lines differing only in KRAS status. We show that exosomal profiles are distinct from cellular profiles, and mutant exosomes cluster separately from wild-type KRAS exosomes. miR-10b was selectively increased in wild-type exosomes, while miR-100 was increased in mutant exosomes. Neutral sphingomyelinase inhibition caused accumulation of miR-100 only in mutant cells, suggesting KRAS-dependent miRNA export. In Transwell co-culture experiments, mutant donor cells conferred miR-100-mediated target repression in wild-type-recipient cells. These findings suggest that extracellular miRNAs can function in target cells and uncover a potential new mode of action for mutant KRAS in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana J Cha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Franklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
- Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Yongchao Dou
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - James N Higginbotham
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | | | - Alissa M Weaver
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Kasey Vickers
- Department of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Nirpesh Prasad
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, United States
| | - Shawn Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, United States
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
- Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - James G Patton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
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110
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Cha DJ, Franklin JL, Dou Y, Liu Q, Higginbotham JN, Demory Beckler M, Weaver AM, Vickers K, Prasad N, Levy S, Zhang B, Coffey RJ, Patton JG. KRAS-dependent sorting of miRNA to exosomes. eLife 2015. [PMID: 26132860 DOI: 10.7554/elife07197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant KRAS colorectal cancer (CRC) cells release protein-laden exosomes that can alter the tumor microenvironment. To test whether exosomal RNAs also contribute to changes in gene expression in recipient cells, and whether mutant KRAS might regulate the composition of secreted microRNAs (miRNAs), we compared small RNAs of cells and matched exosomes from isogenic CRC cell lines differing only in KRAS status. We show that exosomal profiles are distinct from cellular profiles, and mutant exosomes cluster separately from wild-type KRAS exosomes. miR-10b was selectively increased in wild-type exosomes, while miR-100 was increased in mutant exosomes. Neutral sphingomyelinase inhibition caused accumulation of miR-100 only in mutant cells, suggesting KRAS-dependent miRNA export. In Transwell co-culture experiments, mutant donor cells conferred miR-100-mediated target repression in wild-type-recipient cells. These findings suggest that extracellular miRNAs can function in target cells and uncover a potential new mode of action for mutant KRAS in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana J Cha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Franklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Yongchao Dou
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - James N Higginbotham
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | | | - Alissa M Weaver
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Kasey Vickers
- Department of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Nirpesh Prasad
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, United States
| | - Shawn Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, United States
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - James G Patton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
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111
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Janas T, Janas MM, Sapoń K, Janas T. Mechanisms of RNA loading into exosomes. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1391-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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112
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Yarmishyn AA, Kurochkin IV. Long noncoding RNAs: a potential novel class of cancer biomarkers. Front Genet 2015; 6:145. [PMID: 25954300 PMCID: PMC4407501 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a novel class of RNA molecules defined as transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that lack protein coding potential. They constitute a major, but still poorly characterized part of human transcriptome, however, evidence is growing that they are important regulatory molecules involved in various cellular processes. It is becoming increasingly clear that many lncRNAs are deregulated in cancer and some of them can be important drivers of malignant transformation. On the one hand, some lncRNAs can have highly specific expression in particular types of cancer making them a promising tool for diagnosis. The expression of other lncRNAs can correlate with different pathophysiological features of tumor growth and with patient survival, thus making them convenient biomarkers for prognosis. In this review we outline the current state of knowledge about the fast growing field of application of lncRNAs as tumor biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksandr A Yarmishyn
- Department of Genome and Gene Expression Data Analysis, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore Singapore
| | - Igor V Kurochkin
- Department of Genome and Gene Expression Data Analysis, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore Singapore
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113
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Smith JA, Leonardi T, Huang B, Iraci N, Vega B, Pluchino S. Extracellular vesicles and their synthetic analogues in aging and age-associated brain diseases. Biogerontology 2015; 16:147-85. [PMID: 24973266 PMCID: PMC4578234 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-014-9510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms rely upon diverse and complex intercellular communications networks for a myriad of physiological processes. Disruption of these processes is implicated in the onset and propagation of disease and disorder, including the mechanisms of senescence at both cellular and organismal levels. In recent years, secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as a particularly novel vector by which cell-to-cell communications are enacted. EVs actively and specifically traffic bioactive proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites between cells at local and systemic levels, modulating cellular responses in a bidirectional manner under both homeostatic and pathological conditions. EVs are being implicated not only in the generic aging process, but also as vehicles of pathology in a number of age-related diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative and disease. Thus, circulating EVs-or specific EV cargoes-are being utilised as putative biomarkers of disease. On the other hand, EVs, as targeted intercellular shuttles of multipotent bioactive payloads, have demonstrated promising therapeutic properties, which can potentially be modulated and enhanced through cellular engineering. Furthermore, there is considerable interest in employing nanomedicinal approaches to mimic the putative therapeutic properties of EVs by employing synthetic analogues for targeted drug delivery. Herein we describe what is known about the origin and nature of EVs and subsequently review their putative roles in biology and medicine (including the use of synthetic EV analogues), with a particular focus on their role in aging and age-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Smith
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
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114
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Dong L, Qi P, Xu MD, Ni SJ, Huang D, Xu QH, Weng WW, Tan C, Sheng WQ, Zhou XY, Du X. Circulating CUDR, LSINCT-5 and PTENP1 long noncoding RNAs in sera distinguish patients with gastric cancer from healthy controls. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1128-35. [PMID: 25694351 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The examination of circulating nucleic acids (CNAs) is an emerging noninvasive diagnostic technique. However, it is unclear if serum long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent a novel marker to detect gastric cancer (GC). In this study, we measured 39 candidate cancer-associated lncRNAs by reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in sera from 110 patients with GC, 106 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects and 15 patients with gastric peptic ulcer, markers were validated and assessed by RT-qPCR. The correlation of the expression levels of the candidate serum lncRNAs with clinical parameters of GC patients was performed. A three-lncRNA signature, including CUDR, LSINCT-5 and PTENP1, was identified that may be potential diagnostic marker for GC. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for this serum three-lncRNA signature were 0.920 and 0.829 for the two sets of serum samples. Moreover, a risk model for the serum three-lncRNA signature demonstrated that healthy samples can be distinguished from early GC samples. Three-lncRNA signature in serum was identified as diagnostic marker for GC. This work may facilitate the detection of GC and serve as the basis for further studies of the clinical value of serum lncRNAs in maintaining surveillance and forecasting prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dong
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Qi
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi-Die Xu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Juan Ni
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Hua Xu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center-Institut MéRieux Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Wei Weng
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Tan
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Qi Sheng
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Du
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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115
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Gu H, Overstreet AMC, Yang Y. Exosomes Biogenesis and Potentials in Disease Diagnosis and Drug Delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793984414410177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes were discovered more than 30 years ago. Only recently has their importance been recognized for intercellular communication. Exosomes, with their size ranging from 30 nm to 100 nm, are lipid bilayer nanoparticles and secreted by many different types of cells with versatile functions. Exosomes contain macromolecules and exist in various body fluids, including blood, urine, milk and ascites fluid. Due to their specific property, exosomes are very promising in the fields of disease diagnosis and therapy. Nanotechnology is a great tool that will be helpful in basic research and the application of exosomes. Here, we briefly review the function and potential use of exosomes in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Gu
- Department of Pharmacology & Cell Biophysics University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Anne-Marie C. Overstreet
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yongguang Yang
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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116
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van der Grein SG, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM. "Small Talk" in the Innate Immune System via RNA-Containing Extracellular Vesicles. Front Immunol 2014; 5:542. [PMID: 25400635 PMCID: PMC4212677 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A newly uncovered means of communication between cells involves intercellular transfer of nano-sized extracellular vesicles (EV), composed of lipids, proteins, and genetic material. EV released by cells of the immune system can play a regulatory role in the induction and suppression of immune responses. These functions may be mediated not only by the bioactive lipids and proteins present in EV but also by EV-associated RNAs. The RNA in EV mainly consists of microRNAs and a large range of other small non-coding RNA species. Since many of these small RNAs have the potential to regulate gene expression, intercellular transfer of these RNAs via EV may cause long-term changes in the function of EV-targeted cells. Several types of innate immune cells release EV that affect innate immune responses and other (patho)physiological processes. Additionally, the innate immune system is influenced by EV released by non-immune cells and EV found in body fluids. In this review, we focus on how EV-associated RNAs contribute to these immune regulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne G van der Grein
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Esther N M Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
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117
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Colombo M, Raposo G, Théry C. Biogenesis, Secretion, and Intercellular Interactions of Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2014; 30:255-89. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3537] [Impact Index Per Article: 353.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Colombo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248 France; ,
- Structure and Membrane Compartments CNRS, UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
- INSERM U932, Paris F-75248, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248 France; ,
- Structure and Membrane Compartments CNRS, UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248 France; ,
- INSERM U932, Paris F-75248, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris F-75005, France
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118
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Ung TH, Madsen HJ, Hellwinkel JE, Lencioni AM, Graner MW. Exosome proteomics reveals transcriptional regulator proteins with potential to mediate downstream pathways. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1384-92. [PMID: 25220623 PMCID: PMC4454399 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are virus-sized, membrane-enclosed vesicles with origins in the cellular endosomal system, but are released extracellularly. As a population, these tiny vesicles carry relatively enormous amounts of information in their protein, lipid and nucleic acid content, and the vesicles can have profound impacts on recipient cells. This review employs publically-available data combined with gene ontology applications to propose a novel concept, that exosomes transport transcriptional and translational machinery that may have direct impacts on gene expression in recipient cells. Here, we examine the previously published proteomic contents of medulloblastoma-derived exosomes, focusing on transcriptional regulators; we found that there are numerous proteins that may have potential roles in transcriptional and translational regulation with putative influence on downstream, cancer-related pathways. We expanded this search to all of the proteins in the Vesiclepedia database; using gene ontology approaches, we see that these regulatory factors are implicated in many of the processes involved in cancer initiation and progression. This information suggests that some of the effects of exosomes on recipient cells may be due to the delivery of protein factors that can directly and fundamentally change the transcriptional landscape of the cells. Within a tumor environment, this has potential to tilt the advantage towards the cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Ung
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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119
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Szostak N, Royo F, Rybarczyk A, Szachniuk M, Blazewicz J, del Sol A, Falcon-Perez JM. Sorting signal targeting mRNA into hepatic extracellular vesicles. RNA Biol 2014; 11:836-44. [PMID: 24921245 DOI: 10.4161/rna.29305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication mediated by extracellular vesicles has proved to play an important role in normal and pathological scenarios. However not too much information about the sorting mechanisms involved in loading the vesicles is available. Recently, our group has characterized the mRNA content of vesicles released by hepatic cellular systems, showing that a set of transcripts was particularly enriched in the vesicles in comparison with their intracellular abundance. In the current work, based on in silico bioinformatics tools, we have mapped a novel sequence of 12 nucleotides C[TA]G[GC][AGT]G[CT]C[AT]GG[GA], which is significantly enriched in the set of mRNAs that accumulate in extracellular vesicles. By including a 3'-UTR containing this sequence in a luciferase mRNA reporter, we have shown that in a hepatic cellular system this reporter mRNA was incorporated into extracellular vesicles. This study identifies a sorting signal in mRNAs that is involved in their enrichment in EVs, within a hepatic non-tumoral cellular model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Szostak
- Institute of Computing Science; Poznan University of Technology; Poznan, Poland
| | - Felix Royo
- Metabolomics Unit; CIC bioGUNE; CIBERehd; Bizkaia Technology Park; Derio, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Agnieszka Rybarczyk
- Institute of Computing Science; Poznan University of Technology; Poznan, Poland; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Szachniuk
- Institute of Computing Science; Poznan University of Technology; Poznan, Poland; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Blazewicz
- Institute of Computing Science; Poznan University of Technology; Poznan, Poland; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Poznan, Poland
| | - Antonio del Sol
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB); University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg
| | - Juan M Falcon-Perez
- Metabolomics Unit; CIC bioGUNE; CIBERehd; Bizkaia Technology Park; Derio, Bizkaia Spain; IKERBASQUE; Basque Foundation for Science; Bilbao, Spain
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120
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Villarroya-Beltri C, Baixauli F, Gutiérrez-Vázquez C, Sánchez-Madrid F, Mittelbrunn M. Sorting it out: regulation of exosome loading. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 28:3-13. [PMID: 24769058 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a term that includes both exosomes of endocytic origin and vesicles derived from plasma membranes, are continuously secreted by cells to the extracellular environment, and represent a novel vehicle for cell-cell communication. Exosomes contain specific repertoires of proteins and RNAs, indicating the existence of mechanisms that control the sorting of molecules into them. Although the molecular mechanisms that regulate the loading of proteins into exosomes have been studied for years, the sorting of RNA has been elusive until recently. Here we review the molecular mechanisms that control the sorting of molecules into exosomes, with special attention to the sorting of RNA. We also discuss how the cellular context affects the composition of exosomes, and thus the outcome of the communication between the exosome-producer and recipient cells, with particular focus on the communication between tumor cells and with cells of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Villarroya-Beltri
- Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Baixauli
- Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Gutiérrez-Vázquez
- Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Mittelbrunn
- Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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121
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Takahashi K, Yan IK, Haga H, Patel T. Modulation of hypoxia-signaling pathways by extracellular linc-RoR. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:1585-94. [PMID: 24463816 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.141069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to adverse environmental conditions, such as hypoxia, contributes to the reduced efficacy of anticancer therapies and tumor progression. Although deregulated expression of many long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) occurs in human cancers, the contribution of such RNA to tumor responses to hypoxia are unknown. RNA expression profiling identified several hypoxia-responsive lncRNAs, including the long intergenic noncoding RNA, regulator of reprogramming (linc-RoR), which is also increased in expression in malignant liver cancer cells. Linc-RoR expression was increased in hypoxic regions within tumor cell xenografts in vivo. Tumor cell viability during hypoxia was reduced by small interfering RNA (siRNA) to linc-RoR. Compared with controls, siRNA to linc-RoR decreased phosphorylation of p70S6K1 (RPS6KB1), PDK1 and HIF-1α protein expression and increased expression of the linc-RoR target microRNA-145 (miR-145). Linc-RoR was highly expressed in extracellular RNA released by hepatocellular cancer (HCC) cells during hypoxia. Incubation with extracellular vesicle preparations containing extracellular RNA increased linc-RoR, HIF-1α expression and cell survival in recipient cells. These studies show that linc-RoR is a hypoxia-responsive lncRNA that is functionally linked to hypoxia signaling in HCC through a miR-145-HIF-1α signaling module. Furthermore, this work identifies a mechanistic role for the extracellular transfer of linc-RoR in intercellular signaling to promote cell survival during hypoxic stress.
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122
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Liu R, Liu J, Ji X, Liu Y. Synthetic nucleic acids delivered by exosomes: a potential therapeutic for generelated metabolic brain diseases. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28:551-62. [PMID: 24022398 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many brain diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, are associated with genetic abnormalities. The search for more effective therapeutic approaches involving nucleic acids like interfering RNA, antisense oligonucleotides and mRNA has drawn much attention in the development of alternatives to virus-based gene therapy. Potentially, nucleic acids could not only specifically down-regulate and degrade misfolded proteins, but also relieve protein deficiencies by directing the translation of functional proteins. However, clinical applications have been stalled by the lack of proper delivery systems. Exosomes are nano-scale extracellular vesicles secreted by nearly all somatic cells. Recent work has revealed that exosomes play special roles in intercellular communication via the horizontal transfer of various RNAs among cells. Recently, the use of exosomes for the delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids to targeted cells has been demonstrated to be a practical approach. Here, we briefly review the general properties of exosomes and introduce three therapeutic nucleic acids. Based upon comparison with other delivery methods, exosomes are proposed as an ideal nucleic acid delivery system for metabolic brain disease therapy.
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123
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Jenjaroenpun P, Kremenska Y, Nair VM, Kremenskoy M, Joseph B, Kurochkin IV. Characterization of RNA in exosomes secreted by human breast cancer cell lines using next-generation sequencing. PeerJ 2013; 1:e201. [PMID: 24255815 PMCID: PMC3828613 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized (30–100 nm) membrane vesicles secreted by most cell types. Exosomes have been found to contain various RNA species including miRNA, mRNA and long non-protein coding RNAs. A number of cancer cells produce elevated levels of exosomes. Because exosomes have been isolated from most body fluids they may provide a source for non-invasive cancer diagnostics. Transcriptome profiling that uses deep-sequencing technologies (RNA-Seq) offers enormous amount of data that can be used for biomarkers discovery, however, in case of exosomes this approach was applied only for the analysis of small RNAs. In this study, we utilized RNA-Seq technology to analyze RNAs present in microvesicles secreted by human breast cancer cell lines. Exosomes were isolated from the media conditioned by two human breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436. Exosomal RNA was profiled using the Ion Torrent semiconductor chip-based technology. Exosomes were found to contain various classes of RNA with the major class represented by fragmented ribosomal RNA (rRNA), in particular 28S and 18S rRNA subunits. Analysis of exosomal RNA content revealed that it reflects RNA content of the donor cells. Although exosomes produced by the two cancer cell lines shared most of the RNA species, there was a number of non-coding transcripts unique to MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436 cells. This suggests that RNA analysis might distinguish exosomes produced by low metastatic breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-436) from that produced by highly metastatic breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). The analysis of gene ontologies (GOs) associated with the most abundant transcripts present in exosomes revealed significant enrichment in genes encoding proteins involved in translation and rRNA and ncRNA processing. These GO terms indicate most expressed genes for both, cellular and exosomal RNA. For the first time, using RNA-seq, we examined the transcriptomes of exosomes secreted by human breast cancer cells. We found that most abundant exosomal RNA species are the fragments of 28S and 18S rRNA subunits. This limits the number of reads from other RNAs. To increase the number of detectable transcripts and improve the accuracy of their expression level the protocols allowing depletion of fragmented rRNA should be utilized in the future RNA-seq analyses on exosomes. Present data revealed that exosomal transcripts are representative of their cells of origin and thus could form basis for detection of tumor specific markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piroon Jenjaroenpun
- Department of Genome and Gene Expression Data Analysis, Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore
| | - Yuliya Kremenska
- Department of Genome and Gene Expression Data Analysis, Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore
| | - Vrundha M Nair
- Department of Genome and Gene Expression Data Analysis, Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre, Malankara Catholic College, Mariagiri, Kaliakkavilai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Maksym Kremenskoy
- Department of Genome and Gene Expression Data Analysis, Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore
| | - Baby Joseph
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre, Malankara Catholic College, Mariagiri, Kaliakkavilai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Igor V Kurochkin
- Department of Genome and Gene Expression Data Analysis, Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore
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124
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Nikitina IG, Sabirova EY, Karpov VL, Lisitsyn NA, Beresten’ SF. Role of exosomes and microvesicles in carcinogenesis. Mol Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893313050166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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125
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Kooijmans SAA, Stremersch S, Braeckmans K, de Smedt SC, Hendrix A, Wood MJA, Schiffelers RM, Raemdonck K, Vader P. Electroporation-induced siRNA precipitation obscures the efficiency of siRNA loading into extracellular vesicles. J Control Release 2013; 172:229-238. [PMID: 23994516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are specialised endogenous carriers of proteins and nucleic acids and are involved in intercellular communication. EVs are therefore proposed as candidate drug delivery systems for the delivery of nucleic acids and other macromolecules. However, the preparation of EV-based drug delivery systems is hampered by the lack of techniques to load the vesicles with nucleic acids. In this work we have now characterised in detail the use of an electroporation method for this purpose. When EVs were electroporated with fluorescently labelled siRNA, siRNA retention was comparable with previously published results (20-25% based on fluorescence spectroscopy and fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy), and electroporation with unlabelled siRNA resulted in significant siRNA retention in the EV pellet as measured by RT-PCR. Remarkably, when siRNA was electroporated in the absence of EVs, a similar or even greater siRNA retention was measured. Nanoparticle tracking analysis and confocal microscopy showed extensive formation of insoluble siRNA aggregates after electroporation, which could be dramatically reduced by addition of EDTA. Other strategies to reduce aggregate formation, including the use of cuvettes with conductive polymer electrodes and the use of an acidic citrate electroporation buffer, resulted in a more efficient reduction of siRNA precipitation than EDTA. However, under these conditions, siRNA retention was below 0.05% and no significant differences in siRNA retention could be measured between samples electroporated in the presence or absence of EVs. Our results show that electroporation of EVs with siRNA is accompanied by extensive siRNA aggregate formation, which may cause overestimation of the amount of siRNA actually loaded into EVs. Moreover, our data clearly illustrate that electroporation is far less efficient than previously described, and highlight the necessity for alternative methods to prepare siRNA-loaded EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander A A Kooijmans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Stremersch
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C de Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Hendrix
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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126
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Sitikov AS. Antisense RNAs as envoys in intercellular communication: 20 years later. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:1478-86. [PMID: 23379523 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912130068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
More than 20 years ago we showed that some types of cells are capable of secreting RNAs. It was suggested that these secreted RNAs could serve as molecular envoys in intercellular communication, for example, these RNAs being complementary to specific sites of the gene in another cell (e.g. to the variable region of immunoglobulin gene) could regulate the expression of genes that contain sites in coding regions complementary to antisense RNA. It has since been proven that eukaryotic cells contain antisense RNAs (particularly microRNAs and small interfering RNAs), which can regulate the expression of genes at the posttranscriptional level (the so-called regulatory pathway of RNA interference). Here I provide a short review of advances in the field of intracellular regulation of gene expression by different types of RNAs. In addition, an overview of recent data on the secretion of RNA molecules by different cell types and possible involvement of these secreted antisense RNAs in intercellular regulation of gene expression in target cells is given.
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127
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Batagov AO, Kurochkin IV. Exosomes secreted by human cells transport largely mRNA fragments that are enriched in the 3'-untranslated regions. Biol Direct 2013; 8:12. [PMID: 23758897 PMCID: PMC3732077 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-8-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Small secreted membrane vesicles called exosomes have recently attracted a great interest after the discovery that they transfer mRNA that can be translated into protein in recipient cells. Surprisingly, we found that for the majority of exosomal mRNAs only a fraction of their corresponding probes is detectable on the expression microarrays. Exosomal mRNA fragmentation is characterized with a specific structural pattern. The closer to the 3'-end of the transcript the fragments are localized, the larger fraction among the secreted RNAs they constitute. Since the 3'-ends of transcripts contain elements conferring subcellular localization of mRNA and are rich in miRNA-binding sites, exosomal RNA may act as competing RNA to regulate stability, localization and translation activity of mRNAs in recipient cells. REVIEWERS This article was reviewed by Neil Smalheiser and Sandor Pongor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsen O Batagov
- Department of Genome and Gene Expression Data Analysis, Bioinformatics Institute, 30 Biopolis str #07-01, Singapore
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128
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Abstract
Cells release into the extracellular environment diverse types of membrane vesicles of endosomal and plasma membrane origin called exosomes and microvesicles, respectively. These extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an important mode of intercellular communication by serving as vehicles for transfer between cells of membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, and RNA. Deficiencies in our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms for EV formation and lack of methods to interfere with the packaging of cargo or with vesicle release, however, still hamper identification of their physiological relevance in vivo. In this review, we focus on the characterization of EVs and on currently proposed mechanisms for their formation, targeting, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, F-75248 Paris, Cedex 05, France.
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129
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Kuznetsov V, Lee HK, Maurer-Stroh S, Molnár MJ, Pongor S, Eisenhaber B, Eisenhaber F. How bioinformatics influences health informatics: usage of biomolecular sequences, expression profiles and automated microscopic image analyses for clinical needs and public health. Health Inf Sci Syst 2013; 1:2. [PMID: 25825654 PMCID: PMC4336111 DOI: 10.1186/2047-2501-1-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The currently hyped expectation of personalized medicine is often associated with just achieving the information technology led integration of biomolecular sequencing, expression and histopathological bioimaging data with clinical records at the individual patients' level as if the significant biomedical conclusions would be its more or less mandatory result. It remains a sad fact that many, if not most biomolecular mechanisms that translate the human genomic information into phenotypes are not known and, thus, most of the molecular and cellular data cannot be interpreted in terms of biomedically relevant conclusions. Whereas the historical trend will certainly be into the general direction of personalized diagnostics and cures, the temperate view suggests that biomedical applications that rely either on the comparison of biomolecular sequences and/or on the already known biomolecular mechanisms have much greater chances to enter clinical practice soon. In addition to considering the general trends, we exemplarily review advances in the area of cancer biomarker discovery, in the clinically relevant characterization of patient-specific viral and bacterial pathogens (with emphasis on drug selection for influenza and enterohemorrhagic E. coli) as well as progress in the automated assessment of histopathological images. As molecular and cellular data analysis will become instrumental for achieving desirable clinical outcomes, the role of bioinformatics and computational biology approaches will dramatically grow. AUTHOR SUMMARY With DNA sequencing and computers becoming increasingly cheap and accessible to the layman, the idea of integrating biomolecular and clinical patient data seems to become a realistic, short-term option that will lead to patient-specific diagnostics and treatment design for many diseases such as cancer, metabolic disorders, inherited conditions, etc. These hyped expectations will fail since many, if not most biomolecular mechanisms that translate the human genomic information into phenotypes are not known yet and, thus, most of the molecular and cellular data collected will not lead to biomedically relevant conclusions. At the same time, less spectacular biomedical applications based on biomolecular sequence comparison and/or known biomolecular mechanisms have the potential to unfold enormous potential for healthcare and public health. Since the analysis of heterogeneous biomolecular data in context with clinical data will be increasingly critical, the role of bioinformatics and computational biology will grow correspondingly in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kuznetsov
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01, Matrix, 138671 Singapore
- School of Computer Engineering (SCE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553 Singapore
| | - Hwee Kuan Lee
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01, Matrix, 138671 Singapore
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01, Matrix, 138671 Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
| | - Maria Judit Molnár
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Tömö Street 25-29, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sandor Pongor
- Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary (PPKE), Práter u. 50/a, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Birgit Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01, Matrix, 138671 Singapore
| | - Frank Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01, Matrix, 138671 Singapore
- School of Computer Engineering (SCE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553 Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences (DBS), National University of Singapore (NUS), 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597 Singapore
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130
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Lai RC, Yeo RWY, Tan KH, Lim SK. Exosomes for drug delivery - a novel application for the mesenchymal stem cell. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 31:543-51. [PMID: 22959595 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are the most extensively characterized class of secreted membrane vesicles that carry proteins and RNAs for intercellular communication. They are increasingly seen as possible alternatives to liposomes as drug delivery vehicles. Like liposomes, they could deliver their cargo across the plasma membrane and provide a barrier against premature transformation and elimination. In addition, these naturally-occurring secreted membrane vesicles are less toxic and better tolerated in the body as evidenced by their ubiquitous presence in biological fluids, and have an intrinsic homing ability. They are also amenable to in vivo and in vitro loading of therapeutic agents, and membrane modifications to enhance tissue-specific homing. Here we propose human mesenchymal stem cells as the ideal cell source of exosomes for drug delivery. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for various disease indications has been extensively tested and shown to be safe in numerous clinical trials. These cells are also prolific producers of immunologically inert exosomes. Immortalization of these cells does not compromise the quantity or quality of exosome production, thus enabling infinite and reproducible exosome production from a single cell clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruenn Chai Lai
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, 138648 Singapore
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131
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Lee Y, El Andaloussi S, Wood MJA. Exosomes and microvesicles: extracellular vesicles for genetic information transfer and gene therapy. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:R125-34. [PMID: 22872698 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 686] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes and microvesicles are extracellular nanovesicles released by most but not all cells. They are specifically equipped to mediate intercellular communication via the transfer of genetic information, including the transfer of both coding and non-coding RNAs, to recipient cells. As a result, both exosomes and microvesicles play a fundamental biological role in the regulation of normal physiological as well as aberrant pathological processes, via altered gene regulatory networks and/or via epigenetic programming. For example, microvesicle-mediated genetic transfer can regulate the maintenance of stem cell plasticity and induce beneficial cell phenotype modulation. Alternatively, such vesicles play a role in tumor pathogenesis and the spread of neurodegenerative diseases via the transfer of specific microRNAs and pathogenic proteins. Given this natural property for genetic information transfer, the possibility of exploiting these vesicles for therapeutic purposes is now being investigated. Stem cell-derived microvesicles appear to be naturally equipped to mediate tissue regeneration under certain conditions, while recent evidence suggests that exosomes might be harnessed for the targeted delivery of human genetic therapies via the introduction of exogenous genetic cargoes such as siRNA. Thus, extracellular vesicles are emerging as potent genetic information transfer agents underpinning a range of biological processes and with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lee
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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Palma J, Yaddanapudi SC, Pigati L, Havens MA, Jeong S, Weiner GA, Weimer KME, Stern B, Hastings ML, Duelli DM. MicroRNAs are exported from malignant cells in customized particles. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:9125-38. [PMID: 22772984 PMCID: PMC3467054 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are released from cells in association with proteins or microvesicles. We previously reported that malignant transformation changes the assortment of released miRNAs by affecting whether a particular miRNA species is released or retained by the cell. How this selectivity occurs is unclear. Here we report that selectively exported miRNAs, whose release is increased in malignant cells, are packaged in structures that are different from those that carry neutrally released miRNAs (n-miRNAs), whose release is not affected by malignancy. By separating breast cancer cell microvesicles, we find that selectively released miRNAs associate with exosomes and nucleosomes. However, n-miRNAs of breast cancer cells associate with unconventional exosomes, which are larger than conventional exosomes and enriched in CD44, a protein relevant to breast cancer metastasis. Based on their large size, we call these vesicles L-exosomes. Contrary to the distribution of miRNAs among different microvesicles of breast cancer cells, normal cells release all measured miRNAs in a single type of vesicle. Our results suggest that malignant transformation alters the pathways through which specific miRNAs are exported from cells. These changes in the particles and their miRNA cargo could be used to detect the presence of malignant cells in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Palma
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
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Lai CPK, Breakefield XO. Role of exosomes/microvesicles in the nervous system and use in emerging therapies. Front Physiol 2012; 3:228. [PMID: 22754538 PMCID: PMC3384085 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) are nanometer sized vesicles, including exosomes and microvesicles capable of transferring DNAs, mRNAs, microRNAs, non-coding RNAs, proteins, and lipids among cells without direct cell-to-cell contact, thereby representing a novel form of intercellular communication. Many cells in the nervous system have been shown to release EMVs, implicating their active roles in development, function, and pathologies of this system. While substantial progress has been made in understanding the biogenesis, biophysical properties, and involvement of EMVs in diseases, relatively less information is known about their biological function in the normal nervous system. In addition, since EMVs are endogenous vehicles with low immunogenicity, they have also been actively investigated for the delivery of therapeutic genes/molecules in treatment of cancer and neurological diseases. The present review summarizes current knowledge about EMV functions in the nervous system under both physiological and pathological conditions, as well as emerging EMV-based therapies that could be applied to the nervous system in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Pin-Kuang Lai
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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Ekström K, Valadi H, Sjöstrand M, Malmhäll C, Bossios A, Eldh M, Lötvall J. Characterization of mRNA and microRNA in human mast cell-derived exosomes and their transfer to other mast cells and blood CD34 progenitor cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2012; 1:18389. [PMID: 24009880 PMCID: PMC3760639 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v1i0.18389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes are nanosized vesicles of endocytic origin that are released into the extracellular environment by many different cells. It has been shown that exosomes from various cellular origins contain a substantial amount of RNA (mainly mRNA and microRNA). More importantly, exosomes are capable of delivering their RNA content to target cells, which is a novel way of cell-to-cell communication. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether exosomal shuttle RNA could play a role in the communication between human mast cells and between human mast cells and human CD34+ progenitor cells. Methods The mRNA and microRNA content of exosomes from a human mast cell line, HMC-1, was analysed by using microarray technology. Co-culture experiments followed by flow cytometry analysis and confocal microscopy as well as radioactive labeling experiments were performed to examine the uptake of these exosomes and the shuttle of the RNA to other mast cells and CD34+ progenitor cells. Results In this study, we show that human mast cells release RNA-containing exosomes, with the capacity to shuttle RNA between cells. Interestingly, by using microRNA microarray analysis, 116 microRNAs could be identified in the exosomes and 134 microRNAs in the donor mast cells. Furthermore, DNA microarray experiments revealed the presence of approximately 1800 mRNAs in the exosomes, which represent 15% of the donor cell mRNA content. In addition, transfer experiments revealed that exosomes can shuttle RNA between human mast cells and to CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. Conclusion These findings suggest that exosomal shuttle RNA (esRNA) can play a role in the communication between cells, including mast cells and CD34+ progenitor cells, implying a role in cells maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Ekström
- Krefting Research Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ; Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ; BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Schönbach C, Tan TW, Kelso J, Rost B, Nathan S, Ranganathan S. InCoB celebrates its tenth anniversary as first joint conference with ISCB-Asia. BMC Genomics 2011; 12 Suppl 3:S1. [PMID: 22369160 PMCID: PMC3333168 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-s3-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2009 the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) started to roll out regional bioinformatics conferences in Africa, Latin America and Asia. The open and competitive bid for the first meeting in Asia (ISCB-Asia) was awarded to Asia-Pacific Bioinformatics Network (APBioNet) which has been running the International Conference on Bioinformatics (InCoB) in the Asia-Pacific region since 2002. InCoB/ISCB-Asia 2011 is held from November 30 to December 2, 2011 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Of 104 manuscripts submitted to BMC Genomics and BMC Bioinformatics conference supplements, 49 (47.1%) were accepted. The strong showing of Asia among submissions (82.7%) and acceptances (81.6%) signals the success of this tenth InCoB anniversary meeting, and bodes well for the future of ISCB-Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schönbach
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan.
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