101
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Jung H, Isogai S, Kamei M, Castranova D, Gore A, Weinstein B. Imaging blood vessels and lymphatic vessels in the zebrafish. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 133:69-103. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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102
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Koltowska K, Lagendijk A, Pichol-Thievend C, Fischer J, Francois M, Ober E, Yap A, Hogan B. Vegfc Regulates Bipotential Precursor Division and Prox1 Expression to Promote Lymphatic Identity in Zebrafish. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1828-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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103
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Fish JE, Wythe JD. The molecular regulation of arteriovenous specification and maintenance. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:391-409. [PMID: 25641373 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of a hierarchical vascular network, composed of arteries, veins, and capillaries, is essential for embryogenesis and is required for the production of new functional vasculature in the adult. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate the differentiation of vascular endothelial cells into arterial and venous cell fates is requisite for regenerative medicine, as the directed formation of perfused vessels is desirable in a myriad of pathological settings, such as in diabetes and following myocardial infarction. Additionally, this knowledge will enhance our understanding and treatment of vascular anomalies, such as arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). From studies in vertebrate model organisms, such as mouse, zebrafish, and chick, a number of key signaling pathways have been elucidated that are required for the establishment and maintenance of arterial and venous fates. These include the Hedgehog, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β), Wnt, and Notch signaling pathways. In addition, a variety of transcription factor families acting downstream of, or in concert with, these signaling networks play vital roles in arteriovenous (AV) specification. These include Notch and Notch-regulated transcription factors (e.g., HEY and HES), SOX factors, Forkhead factors, β-Catenin, ETS factors, and COUP-TFII. It is becoming apparent that AV specification is a highly coordinated process that involves the intersection and carefully orchestrated activity of multiple signaling cascades and transcriptional networks. This review will summarize the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the acquisition and maintenance of AV fate, and will highlight some of the limitations in our current knowledge of the molecular machinery that directs AV morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Fish
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Canada
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104
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Koltowska K, Paterson S, Bower NI, Baillie GJ, Lagendijk AK, Astin JW, Chen H, Francois M, Crosier PS, Taft RJ, Simons C, Smith KA, Hogan BM. mafba is a downstream transcriptional effector of Vegfc signaling essential for embryonic lymphangiogenesis in zebrafish. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1618-30. [PMID: 26253536 PMCID: PMC4536310 DOI: 10.1101/gad.263210.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Koltowska et al. used a forward genetic screen in zebrafish to identify the transcription factor mafba as essential for lymphatic vessel development. Vegfc signaling increases mafba expression to control downstream transcription, and this relationship is SoxF transcription factor-dependent. The lymphatic vasculature plays roles in tissue fluid balance, immune cell trafficking, fatty acid absorption, cancer metastasis, and cardiovascular disease. Lymphatic vessels form by lymphangiogenesis, the sprouting of new lymphatics from pre-existing vessels, in both development and disease contexts. The apical signaling pathway in lymphangiogenesis is the VEGFC/VEGFR3 pathway, yet how signaling controls cellular transcriptional output remains unknown. We used a forward genetic screen in zebrafish to identify the transcription factor mafba as essential for lymphatic vessel development. We found that mafba is required for the migration of lymphatic precursors after their initial sprouting from the posterior cardinal vein. mafba expression is enriched in sprouts emerging from veins, and we show that mafba functions cell-autonomously during lymphatic vessel development. Mechanistically, Vegfc signaling increases mafba expression to control downstream transcription, and this regulatory relationship is dependent on the activity of SoxF transcription factors, which are essential for mafba expression in venous endothelium. Here we identify an indispensable Vegfc–SoxF–Mafba pathway in lymphatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Koltowska
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Scott Paterson
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Neil I Bower
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Gregory J Baillie
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Anne K Lagendijk
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan W Astin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Huijun Chen
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mathias Francois
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Philip S Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Ryan J Taft
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Cas Simons
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kelly A Smith
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin M Hogan
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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105
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Abstract
The formation of the face and skull involves a complex series of developmental events mediated by cells derived from the neural crest, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Although vertebrates boast an enormous diversity of adult facial morphologies, the fundamental signaling pathways and cellular events that sculpt the nascent craniofacial skeleton in the embryo have proven to be highly conserved from fish to man. The zebrafish Danio rerio, a small freshwater cyprinid fish from eastern India, has served as a popular model of craniofacial development since the 1990s. Unique strengths of the zebrafish model include a simplified skeleton during larval stages, access to rapidly developing embryos for live imaging, and amenability to transgenesis and complex genetics. In this chapter, we describe the anatomy of the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton; its applications as models for the mammalian jaw, middle ear, palate, and cranial sutures; the superior imaging technology available in fish that has provided unprecedented insights into the dynamics of facial morphogenesis; the use of the zebrafish to decipher the genetic underpinnings of craniofacial biology; and finally a glimpse into the most promising future applications of zebrafish craniofacial research.
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106
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Pauli A, Montague TG, Lennox KA, Behlke MA, Schier AF. Antisense Oligonucleotide-Mediated Transcript Knockdown in Zebrafish. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139504. [PMID: 26436892 PMCID: PMC4593562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are synthetic, single-strand RNA-DNA hybrids that induce catalytic degradation of complementary cellular RNAs via RNase H. ASOs are widely used as gene knockdown reagents in tissue culture and in Xenopus and mouse model systems. To test their effectiveness in zebrafish, we targeted 20 developmental genes and compared the morphological changes with mutant and morpholino (MO)-induced phenotypes. ASO-mediated transcript knockdown reproduced the published loss-of-function phenotypes for oep, chordin, dnd, ctnnb2, bmp7a, alk8, smad2 and smad5 in a dosage-sensitive manner. ASOs knocked down both maternal and zygotic transcripts, as well as the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) MALAT1. ASOs were only effective within a narrow concentration range and were toxic at higher concentrations. Despite this drawback, quantitation of knockdown efficiency and the ability to degrade lncRNAs make ASOs a useful knockdown reagent in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pauli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Masschusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AP); (AFS)
| | - Tessa G. Montague
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Masschusetts, United States of America
| | - Kim A. Lennox
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Behlke
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Alexander F. Schier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Masschusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AP); (AFS)
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107
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Okuda KS, Misa JP, Oehlers SH, Hall CJ, Ellett F, Alasmari S, Lieschke GJ, Crosier KE, Crosier PS, Astin JW. A zebrafish model of inflammatory lymphangiogenesis. Biol Open 2015; 4:1270-80. [PMID: 26369931 PMCID: PMC4610225 DOI: 10.1242/bio.013540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a disabling chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. IBD patients have increased intestinal lymphatic vessel density and recent studies have shown that this may contribute to the resolution of IBD. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in IBD-associated lymphangiogenesis are still unclear. In this study, we established a novel inflammatory lymphangiogenesis model in zebrafish larvae involving colitogenic challenge stimulated by exposure to 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) or dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). Treatment with either TNBS or DSS resulted in vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (Vegfr)-dependent lymphangiogenesis in the zebrafish intestine. Reduction of intestinal inflammation by the administration of the IBD therapeutic, 5-aminosalicylic acid, reduced intestinal lymphatic expansion. Zebrafish macrophages express vascular growth factors vegfaa, vegfc and vegfd and chemical ablation of these cells inhibits intestinal lymphatic expansion, suggesting that the recruitment of macrophages to the intestine upon colitogenic challenge is required for intestinal inflammatory lymphangiogenesis. Importantly, this study highlights the potential of zebrafish as an inflammatory lymphangiogenesis model that can be used to investigate the role and mechanism of lymphangiogenesis in inflammatory diseases such as IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide S Okuda
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - June Pauline Misa
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stefan H Oehlers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham 27710, USA
| | - Christopher J Hall
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Felix Ellett
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sultan Alasmari
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Graham J Lieschke
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Philip S Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan W Astin
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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108
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Kazenwadel J, Harvey NL. Morphogenesis of the lymphatic vasculature: A focus on new progenitors and cellular mechanisms important for constructing lymphatic vessels. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:209-19. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kazenwadel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology; Adelaide Australia
| | - Natasha L. Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology; Adelaide Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
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109
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Chemokine-guided angiogenesis directs coronary vasculature formation in zebrafish. Dev Cell 2015; 33:442-54. [PMID: 26017769 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Interruption of the coronary blood supply severely impairs heart function with often fatal consequences for patients. However, the formation and maturation of these coronary vessels is not fully understood. Here we provide a detailed analysis of coronary vessel development in zebrafish. We observe that coronary vessels form in zebrafish by angiogenic sprouting of arterial cells derived from the endocardium at the atrioventricular canal. Endothelial cells express the CXC-motif chemokine receptor Cxcr4a and migrate to vascularize the ventricle under the guidance of the myocardium-expressed ligand Cxcl12b. cxcr4a mutant zebrafish fail to form a vascular network, whereas ectopic expression of Cxcl12b ligand induces coronary vessel formation. Importantly, cxcr4a mutant zebrafish fail to undergo heart regeneration following injury. Our results suggest that chemokine signaling has an essential role in coronary vessel formation by directing migration of endocardium-derived endothelial cells. Poorly developed vasculature in cxcr4a mutants likely underlies decreased regenerative potential in adults.
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110
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Nicenboim J, Malkinson G, Lupo T, Asaf L, Sela Y, Mayseless O, Gibbs-Bar L, Senderovich N, Hashimshony T, Shin M, Jerafi-Vider A, Avraham-Davidi I, Krupalnik V, Hofi R, Almog G, Astin JW, Golani O, Ben-Dor S, Crosier PS, Herzog W, Lawson ND, Hanna JH, Yanai I, Yaniv K. Lymphatic vessels arise from specialized angioblasts within a venous niche. Nature 2015; 522:56-61. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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111
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Simons M, Alitalo K, Annex BH, Augustin HG, Beam C, Berk BC, Byzova T, Carmeliet P, Chilian W, Cooke JP, Davis GE, Eichmann A, Iruela-Arispe ML, Keshet E, Sinusas AJ, Ruhrberg C, Woo YJ, Dimmeler S. State-of-the-Art Methods for Evaluation of Angiogenesis and Tissue Vascularization: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circ Res 2015; 116:e99-132. [PMID: 25931450 DOI: 10.1161/res.0000000000000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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112
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Hermkens DMA, van Impel A, Urasaki A, Bussmann J, Duckers HJ, Schulte-Merker S. Sox7 controls arterial specification in conjunction with hey2 and efnb2 function. Development 2015; 142:1695-704. [PMID: 25834021 DOI: 10.1242/dev.117275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SoxF family members have been linked to arterio-venous specification events and human pathological conditions, but in contrast to Sox17 and Sox18, a detailed in vivo analysis of a Sox7 mutant model is still lacking. In this study we generated zebrafish sox7 mutants to understand the role of Sox7 during vascular development. By in vivo imaging of transgenic zebrafish lines we show that sox7 mutants display a short circulatory loop around the heart as a result of aberrant connections between the lateral dorsal aorta (LDA) and either the venous primary head sinus (PHS) or the common cardinal vein (CCV). In situ hybridization and live observations in flt4:mCitrine transgenic embryos revealed increased expression levels of flt4 in arterial endothelial cells at the exact location of the aberrant vascular connections in sox7 mutants. An identical circulatory short loop could also be observed in newly generated mutants for hey2 and efnb2. By genetically modulating levels of sox7, hey2 and efnb2 we demonstrate a genetic interaction of sox7 with hey2 and efnb2. The specific spatially confined effect of loss of Sox7 function can be rescued by overexpressing the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) in arterial cells of sox7 mutants, placing Sox7 upstream of Notch in this aspect of arterial development. Hence, sox7 levels are crucial in arterial specification in conjunction with hey2 and efnb2 function, with mutants in all three genes displaying shunt formation and an arterial block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien M A Hermkens
- Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas van Impel
- Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Akihiro Urasaki
- Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Bussmann
- Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henricus J Duckers
- Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany Institute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), Mendelstrasse 7, 48149 Münster, Germany
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113
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Whole-mount single molecule FISH method for zebrafish embryo. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8571. [PMID: 25711926 PMCID: PMC4339797 DOI: 10.1038/srep08571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Noise in gene expression renders cells more adaptable to changing environment by imposing phenotypic and functional heterogeneity on genetically identical individual cells. Hence, quantitative measurement of noise in gene expression is essential for the study of biological processes in cells. Currently, there are two complementary methods for quantitatively measuring noise in gene expression at the single cell level: single molecule FISH (smFISH) and single cell qRT-PCR (or single cell RNA-seq). While smFISH has been developed for culture cells, tissue sections and whole-mount invertebrate organisms, the method has not been reported for whole-mount vertebrate organisms. Here, we report an smFISH method that is suitable for whole-mount zebrafish embryo, a popular vertebrate model organism for the studies of development, physiology and disease. We show the detection of individual transcripts for several cell-type specific and ubiquitously expressed genes at the single cell level in whole-mount zebrafish embryo. We also demonstrate that the method can be adapted to detect two different genes in individual cells simultaneously. The whole-mount smFISH method described in this report is expected to facilitate the study of noise in gene expression and its role in zebrafish, a vertebrate animal model relevant to human biology.
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114
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Mahadevan A, Welsh IC, Sivakumar A, Gludish DW, Shilvock AR, Noden DM, Huss D, Lansford R, Kurpios NA. The left-right Pitx2 pathway drives organ-specific arterial and lymphatic development in the intestine. Dev Cell 2014; 31:690-706. [PMID: 25482882 PMCID: PMC4326534 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The dorsal mesentery (DM) is the major conduit for blood and lymphatic vessels in the gut. The mechanisms underlying their morphogenesis are challenging to study and remain unknown. Here we show that arteriogenesis in the DM begins during gut rotation and proceeds strictly on the left side, dependent on the Pitx2 target gene Cxcl12. Although competent Cxcr4-positive angioblasts are present on the right, they fail to form vessels and progressively emigrate. Surprisingly, gut lymphatics also initiate in the left DM and arise only after-and dependent on-arteriogenesis, implicating arteries as drivers of gut lymphangiogenesis. Our data begin to unravel the origin of two distinct vascular systems and demonstrate how early left-right molecular asymmetries are translated into organ-specific vascular patterns. We propose a dual origin of gut lymphangiogenesis in which prior arterial growth is required to initiate local lymphatics that only subsequently connect to the vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Mahadevan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ian C Welsh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Aravind Sivakumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David W Gludish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Abigail R Shilvock
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Drew M Noden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David Huss
- Developmental Neuroscience Program and Department of Radiology, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 4661 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Rusty Lansford
- Developmental Neuroscience Program and Department of Radiology, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 4661 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Natasza A Kurpios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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115
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Reverse genetic screening reveals poor correlation between morpholino-induced and mutant phenotypes in zebrafish. Dev Cell 2014; 32:97-108. [PMID: 25533206 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The widespread availability of programmable site-specific nucleases now enables targeted gene disruption in the zebrafish. In this study, we applied site-specific nucleases to generate zebrafish lines bearing individual mutations in more than 20 genes. We found that mutations in only a small proportion of genes caused defects in embryogenesis. Moreover, mutants for ten different genes failed to recapitulate published Morpholino-induced phenotypes (morphants). The absence of phenotypes in mutant embryos was not likely due to maternal effects or failure to eliminate gene function. Consistently, a comparison of published morphant defects with the Sanger Zebrafish Mutation Project revealed that approximately 80% of morphant phenotypes were not observed in mutant embryos, similar to our mutant collection. Based on these results, we suggest that mutant phenotypes become the standard metric to define gene function in zebrafish, after which Morpholinos that recapitulate respective phenotypes could be reliably applied for ancillary analyses.
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116
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Schulte-Merker S, Stainier DYR. Out with the old, in with the new: reassessing morpholino knockdowns in light of genome editing technology. Development 2014; 141:3103-4. [PMID: 25100652 DOI: 10.1242/dev.112003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Morpholino oligomers have been used widely and for many years in the zebrafish community to transiently knock down the function of target genes. It has often been difficult, however, to reliably discriminate between specific and non-specific effects, and thus generally accepted guidelines to control for morpholino side effects do not exist. In light of recent methodologies to generate mutant lines in virtually any zebrafish gene, we discuss these different approaches with a specific focus on how the first description of a loss-of-function phenotype in zebrafish should be accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & UMC Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CT, The Netherlands
- WWU Münster, Institute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Didier Y. R. Stainier
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
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117
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Kim JD, Jin SW. A tale of two models: mouse and zebrafish as complementary models for lymphatic studies. Mol Cells 2014; 37:503-10. [PMID: 24854860 PMCID: PMC4132301 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels provide essential roles in maintaining fluid homeostasis and lipid absorption. Dysfunctions of the lymphatic vessels lead to debilitating pathological conditions, collectively known as lymphedema. In addition, lymphatic vessels are a critical moderator for the onset and progression of diverse human diseases including metastatic cancer and obesity. Despite their clinical importance, there is no currently effective pharmacological therapy to regulate functions of lymphatic vessels. Recent efforts to manipulate the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C (VEGFC) pathway, which is arguably the most important signaling pathway regulating lymphatic endothelial cells, to alleviate lymphedema yielded largely mixed results, necessitating identification of new targetable signaling pathways for therapeutic intervention for lymphedema. Zebrafish, a relatively new model system to investigate lymphatic biology, appears to be an ideal model to identify novel therapeutic targets for lymphatic biology. In this review, we will provide an overview of our current understanding of the lymphatic vessels in vertebrates, and discuss zebrafish as a promising in vivo model to study lymphatic vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Dae Kim
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Suk-Won Jin
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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118
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Chen H, Griffin C, Xia L, Srinivasan RS. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of lymphatic vascular maturation. Microvasc Res 2014; 96:16-22. [PMID: 24928499 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vasculature is necessary for maintaining fluid homeostasis in vertebrates. During embryogenesis lymphatic endothelial cells originate from the veins as a homogeneous population. These cells undergo a series of changes at the morphological and molecular levels to become mature lymphatic vasculature that consists of lymphatic capillaries, collecting lymphatic vessels and valves. In this article we summarize our current knowledge about these steps and highlight some black boxes that require further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Courtney Griffin
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Lijun Xia
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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119
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Mulligan TS, Weinstein BM. Emerging from the PAC: studying zebrafish lymphatic development. Microvasc Res 2014; 96:23-30. [PMID: 24928500 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently the zebrafish has emerged as a promising vertebrate model of lymphatic vasculature development. The establishment of numerous transgenic lines that label the lymphatic endothelium in the zebrafish has allowed the fine examination of the developmental timing and the anatomy of their lymphatic vasculature. Although many questions remain, studying lymphatic development in the zebrafish has resulted in the identification and characterization of novel and established mediators of lymphatic development and lymphangiogenesis. Here, we review the main stages involved in the development of the lymphatic vasculature in the zebrafish from its origins in the embryonic veins to the formation of the primary lymphatic vessels and highlight some of the key molecules necessary for these stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Mulligan
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 6B, Room 309, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Brant M Weinstein
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 6B, Room 309, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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120
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Blei F. Update June 2014. Lymphat Res Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2014.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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121
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Abstract
Abstract
Lymphatic vasculature is increasingly recognized as an important factor both in the regulation of normal tissue homeostasis and immune response and in many diseases, such as inflammation, cancer, obesity, and hypertension. In the last few years, in addition to the central role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C/VEGF receptor-3 signaling in lymphangiogenesis, significant new insights were obtained about Notch, transforming growth factor β/bone morphogenetic protein, Ras, mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, and Ca2+/calcineurin signaling pathways in the control of growth and remodeling of lymphatic vessels. An emerging picture of lymphangiogenic signaling is complex and in many ways distinct from the regulation of angiogenesis. This complexity provides new challenges, but also new opportunities for selective therapeutic targeting of lymphatic vasculature.
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122
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Le Guen L, Karpanen T, Schulte D, Harris NC, Koltowska K, Roukens G, Bower NI, van Impel A, Stacker SA, Achen MG, Schulte-Merker S, Hogan BM. Ccbe1 regulates Vegfc-mediated induction of Vegfr3 signaling during embryonic lymphangiogenesis. Development 2014; 141:1239-49. [PMID: 24523457 DOI: 10.1242/dev.100495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The VEGFC/VEGFR3 signaling pathway is essential for lymphangiogenesis (the formation of lymphatic vessels from pre-existing vasculature) during embryonic development, tissue regeneration and tumor progression. The recently identified secreted protein CCBE1 is indispensible for lymphangiogenesis during development. The role of CCBE1 orthologs is highly conserved in zebrafish, mice and humans with mutations in CCBE1 causing generalized lymphatic dysplasia and lymphedema (Hennekam syndrome). To date, the mechanism by which CCBE1 acts remains unknown. Here, we find that ccbe1 genetically interacts with both vegfc and vegfr3 in zebrafish. In the embryo, phenotypes driven by increased Vegfc are suppressed in the absence of Ccbe1, and Vegfc-driven sprouting is enhanced by local Ccbe1 overexpression. Moreover, Vegfc- and Vegfr3-dependent Erk signaling is impaired in the absence of Ccbe1. Finally, CCBE1 is capable of upregulating the levels of fully processed, mature VEGFC in vitro and the overexpression of mature VEGFC rescues ccbe1 loss-of-function phenotypes in zebrafish. Taken together, these data identify Ccbe1 as a crucial component of the Vegfc/Vegfr3 pathway in the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Le Guen
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4073, Australia
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