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Abstract
Cells dynamically assemble and organize into complex tissues during development, and the resulting three-dimensional (3D) arrangement of cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix in turn feeds back to regulate cell and tissue function. Recent advances in engineered cultures of cells to model 3D tissues or organoids have begun to capture this dynamic reciprocity between form and function. Here, we describe the underlying principles that have advanced the field, focusing in particular on recent progress in using mechanical constraints to recapitulate the structure and function of musculoskeletal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Eyckmans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA .,The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA .,The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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102
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Composite cell sheet for periodontal regeneration: crosstalk between different types of MSCs in cell sheet facilitates complex periodontal-like tissue regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:168. [PMID: 27842561 PMCID: PMC5109898 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tissue-engineering strategies based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cell sheets have been widely used for periodontal tissue regeneration. However, given the complexity in periodontal structure, the regeneration methods using a single species of MSC could not fulfill the requirement for periodontal regeneration. Methods We researched the interaction between the periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and jaw bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (JBMMSCs), and constructed a composite cell sheet comprising both of the above MSCs to regenerate complex periodontium-like structures in nude mice. Results Our results show that by co-culturing PDLSCs and JBMMSCs, the expressions of bone and extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes and proteins were significantly improved in both MSCs. Further investigations showed that, compared to the cell sheet using PDLSCs or JBMMSCs, the composite stem cell sheet (CSCS), which comprises these two MSCs, expressed higher levels of bone- and ECM-related genes and proteins, and generated a composite structure more similar to the native periodontal tissue physiologically in vivo. Conclusions In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the crosstalk between PDLSCs and JBMMSCs in cell sheets facilitate regeneration of complex periodontium-like structures, providing a promising new strategy for physiological and functional regeneration of periodontal tissue. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0417-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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103
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Antiproliferative activity of amino substituted benzo[b]thieno[2,3-b]pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles explored by 2D and 3D cell culture system. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:722-735. [PMID: 27721156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinolines and benzo[b]thieno[2,3-b]pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles with amino chains on the different positions have been evaluated by 2D and 3D assays on the human breast cancer cells. Pentacyclic derivatives were synthesized by microwave assisted amination to study the influence of the thiophene substructure on antitumor activity in comparison to tetracyclic analogues. The results obtained from 2D assay reveals that the antitumor activity is strongly dependent on the nature and position of amino chains. Tetracyclic derivatives displayed selective activity on SK-BR-3 with the 2-amino substituted derivatives as the most active ones while pentacyclic derivatives 6-16 and 21-25 showed more pronounced activity on T-47D. The evaluation of antitumor activity in the 3D assay pointed out that some of the tetracyclic and pentacyclic amino substituted derivatives showed selective activity on the MDA-MB-231 cell line. Influence of physico-chemical properties of the compounds on antiproliferative activity have been investigated by multivariate statistical methods. As a measure of lipophilicity, experimental Chrom LogD values have been determined and number of structural parameters have been calculated for investigated compounds. Main factors contributing to the antiproliferative effect for both 2D and 3D cell cultures are found to be basicity, lipophilicity, molecular weight and number of H-bond donors.
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104
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Abbott RD, Kimmerling EP, Cairns DM, Kaplan DL. Silk as a Biomaterial to Support Long-Term Three-Dimensional Tissue Cultures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:21861-21868. [PMID: 26849288 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering has broad and diverse impacts on a variety of different applications from tissue regeneration to drug screening. While two-dimensional (2-D) cell culture platforms are suitable for tissue interfaces where planar surfaces are relevant, three dimensional (3-D) tissue models have enhanced relevance and sustainability over 2-D devices. The improvements between 2-D and 3-D functions and sustainability are related to the limitations of 2-D systems to support proper cellular morphology and signaling over time, resulting in cell overgrowth or changes in viability. For sustainable (long-term) cultures, 3-D silk protein scaffolds provide biocompatibility, porous features for transport, robust yet tunable mechanical properties, retain size and open porous structures for extended time frames due to slow proteolytic biodegradation, avoid specific cell signaling, and require no chemical cross-linking. Silk degradation can be extended for months to years without premature collapse of structures (that would result in necrosis) to support cell interactions during slow remodeling toward native tissue. Silk can also be fabricated into different material formats, such as hydrogels, tubes, sponges, composites, fibers, microspheres, and thin films, providing versatile platforms and interfaces for a variety of different applications. For sustainable tissue engineering applications, many formats have been used, including silk ionmer hydrogels that have been cultured for up to 8 weeks and porous silk scaffolds that have been cultured for up to 6 months. In this review, we highlight some of our tissue engineering work related to long-term in vitro cultures. While each tissue engineered system (adipose tissue, cortical brain tissue, intestine, kidney tissue, bone) is unique, they all use silk biomaterials as a base scaffolding material to achieve sustainable cultivation. Sustainability is important for studies that extend past a few weeks to study acute and chronic impacts of treatments, disease models, and other related applications in the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn D Abbott
- Tufts University , 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Erica P Kimmerling
- Tufts University , 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Dana M Cairns
- Tufts University , 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - David L Kaplan
- Tufts University , 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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105
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Gromova A, Voronov DA, Yoshida M, Thotakura S, Meech R, Dartt DA, Makarenkova HP. Lacrimal Gland Repair Using Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:88-98. [PMID: 28170196 PMCID: PMC5442743 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the lacrimal gland (LG) is the primary contributor to the aqueous layer of the tear film. Production of tears in insufficient quantity or of inadequate quality may lead to aqueous‐deficiency dry eye (ADDE). Currently there is no cure for ADDE. The development of strategies to reliably isolate LG stem/progenitor cells from the LG tissue brings great promise for the design of cell replacement therapies for patients with ADDE. We analyzed the therapeutic potential of epithelial progenitor cells (EPCPs) isolated from adult wild‐type mouse LGs by transplanting them into the LGs of TSP‐1−/− mice, which represent a novel mouse model for ADDE. TSP‐1−/− mice are normal at birth but progressively develop a chronic form of ocular surface disease, characterized by deterioration, inflammation, and secretory dysfunction of the lacrimal gland. Our study shows that, among c‐kit‐positive epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM+) populations sorted from mouse LGs, the c‐kit+dim/EpCAM+/Sca1−/CD34−/CD45− cells have the hallmarks of an epithelial cell progenitor population. Isolated EPCPs express pluripotency factors and markers of the epithelial cell lineage Runx1 and EpCAM, and they form acini and ducts when grown in reaggregated three‐dimensional cultures. Moreover, when transplanted into injured or “diseased” LGs, they engraft into acinar and ductal compartments. EPCP‐injected TSP‐1−/− LGs showed reduction of cell infiltration, differentiation of the donor EPCPs within secretory acini, and substantial improvement in LG structural integrity and function. This study provides the first evidence for the effective use of adult EPCP cell transplantation to rescue LG dysfunction in a model system. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:88–98
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Gromova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dmitry A. Voronov
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences and A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico‐Chemical Biology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Miya Yoshida
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Suharika Thotakura
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robyn Meech
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Darlene A. Dartt
- Department of Ophthalmology Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helen P. Makarenkova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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106
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Morales M, Pérez D, Correa L, Restrepo L. Evaluation of fibrin-based dermal-epidermal organotypic cultures for in vitro skin corrosion and irritation testing of chemicals according to OECD TG 431 and 439. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 36:89-96. [PMID: 27448499 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) models have been used for in vitro testing of the potential harmful effects of exposure to chemical compounds on health. In the past, skin irritation and corrosion were evaluated in animal models; however, in recent years, due to the bioethics implications of the method and, to minimize the use of experimental animals, alternative procedures have been proposed. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in its test guidelines (TG) 431 and 439 indicates the requirements for validating new methods for the evaluation of skin corrosion and irritation, respectively. Here, we present an in-house human dermal-epidermal model, useful for the performance of these tests. Using the methods described in this work, it was possible to obtain human fibrin-based dermal-epidermal organotypic skin cultures (ORGs) displaying similar histological characteristics to native skin and expressing specific differentiation epithelial proteins. The end points to classify a substance as irritant or corrosive were cell viability evaluated by MTT assay, and cytokine release measured by BD CBA for human inflammatory cytokines. According to the MTT test, the ORGs correctly classified irritating and corrosive substances. Moreover, the cytokine release assay was difficult to interpret in the context of testing chemical hazard classification. Further experiments are needed to validate this new model for the evaluation of surfactants because the fibrin matrix was affected in the presence of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Morales
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group (GITTC), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - David Pérez
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group (GITTC), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Luis Correa
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group (GITTC), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia; Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Luz Restrepo
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group (GITTC), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia.
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107
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Kosheleva NV, Ilina IV, Zurina IM, Roskova AE, Gorkun AA, Ovchinnikov AV, Agranat MB, Saburina IN. Laser-based technique for controlled damage of mesenchymal cell spheroids: a first step in studying reparation in vitro. Biol Open 2016; 5:993-1000. [PMID: 27334698 PMCID: PMC4958270 DOI: 10.1242/bio.017145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern techniques of laser microsurgery of cell spheroids were used to develop a new simple reproducible model for studying repair and regeneration in vitro. Nanosecond laser pulses (wavelength 355 nm, frequency 100 Hz, pulse duration 2 ns) were applied to perform a microdissection of the outer and the inner zones of human bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (BM MMSC) spheroids. To achieve effective dissection and preservation of spheroid viability, the energy of laser pulses was optimized and adjusted in the range 7-9 μJ. After microdissection, the edges of the wound surface opened and the angular opening reached a value of more than 180°. The destruction of the initial spheroid structure was observed in the wound area, with surviving cells changing their shape into a round one. Partial restoration of a spheroid form took place in the first six hours. The complete structure restoration accompanying the reparative processes occurred gradually over seven days due to remodelling of surviving cells. Summary: The technique of precise nanosecond laser microsurgery of mesenchymal cell spheroids was used to develop a new simple reproducible model for studying repair and regeneration in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Kosheleva
- FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya St, Moscow 125315, Russian Federation Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 12-1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119234, Russian Federation
| | - I V Ilina
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Bld 2, Izhorskaya St., Moscow 125412, Russian Federation
| | - I M Zurina
- FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya St, Moscow 125315, Russian Federation
| | - A E Roskova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 12-1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119234, Russian Federation
| | - A A Gorkun
- FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya St, Moscow 125315, Russian Federation
| | - A V Ovchinnikov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Bld 2, Izhorskaya St., Moscow 125412, Russian Federation
| | - M B Agranat
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Bld 2, Izhorskaya St., Moscow 125412, Russian Federation
| | - I N Saburina
- FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya St, Moscow 125315, Russian Federation Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, 2/1 Barrikadnaya St., Moscow 123995, Russian Federation
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108
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Booij TH, Klop MJD, Yan K, Szántai-Kis C, Szokol B, Orfi L, van de Water B, Keri G, Price LS. Development of a 3D Tissue Culture-Based High-Content Screening Platform That Uses Phenotypic Profiling to Discriminate Selective Inhibitors of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:912-22. [PMID: 27412535 PMCID: PMC5030728 DOI: 10.1177/1087057116657269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
3D tissue cultures provide a more physiologically relevant context for the screening of compounds, compared with 2D cell cultures. Cells cultured in 3D hydrogels also show complex phenotypes, increasing the scope for phenotypic profiling. Here we describe a high-content screening platform that uses invasive human prostate cancer cells cultured in 3D in standard 384-well assay plates to study the activity of potential therapeutic small molecules and antibody biologics. Image analysis tools were developed to process 3D image data to measure over 800 phenotypic parameters. Multiparametric analysis was used to evaluate the effect of compounds on tissue morphology. We applied this screening platform to measure the activity and selectivity of inhibitors of the c-Met and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinases in 3D cultured prostate carcinoma cells. c-Met and EGFR activity was quantified based on the phenotypic profiles induced by their respective ligands, hepatocyte growth factor and EGF. The screening method was applied to a novel collection of 80 putative inhibitors of c-Met and EGFR. Compounds were identified that induced phenotypic profiles indicative of selective inhibition of c-Met, EGFR, or bispecific inhibition of both targets. In conclusion, we describe a fully scalable high-content screening platform that uses phenotypic profiling to discriminate selective and nonselective (off-target) inhibitors in a physiologically relevant 3D cell culture setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijmen H Booij
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kuan Yan
- OcellO B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Laszlo Orfi
- Vichem Chemie Research Ltd., Budapest, Hungary Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gyorgy Keri
- Vichem Chemie Research Ltd., Budapest, Hungary MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Leo S Price
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands OcellO B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
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109
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Jasnin M, Ecke M, Baumeister W, Gerisch G. Actin Organization in Cells Responding to a Perforated Surface, Revealed by Live Imaging and Cryo-Electron Tomography. Structure 2016; 24:1031-43. [PMID: 27320835 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In a 3D environment, motile cells accommodate their protruding and retracting activities to geometrical cues. Dictyostelium cells migrating on a perforated film explored its holes by forming actin rings around their border and extending protrusions through the free space. The response was initiated when an actin wave passed a hole, and the rings persisted only in the PIP3-rich territories surrounded by a wave. To reconstruct actin structures from cryo-electron tomograms, actin rings were identified by cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy, and thin wedges of relevant regions were obtained by cryo-focused ion-beam milling. Retracting stages were distinguished from protruding ones by the accumulation of myosin-II. Early actin rings consisted of filaments pointing upright from the membrane, entangled with a meshwork of filaments close to the membrane. Branches identified at later stages suggested that formin-based nucleation of filaments was followed by Arp2/3-mediated network stabilization, which prevented buckling of the force-generating filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Jasnin
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mary Ecke
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Günther Gerisch
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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110
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Bhardwaj G, Webster TJ. XanoMatrix surfaces as scaffolds for mesenchymal stem cell culture and growth. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:2655-61. [PMID: 27354795 PMCID: PMC4907714 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s101838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are being widely investigated for a wide variety of applications in tissue engineering due to their ability to differentiate into a number of cells such as neurons, osteoblasts, and fibroblasts. This ability of stem cells to differentiate into different types of cells is greatly based on mechanical and chemical cues received from their three-dimensional environments. All organs are formed by a number of cells linked together via an extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is a complex network of proteins and carbohydrates, which occupies intercellular spaces and regulates cellular activity by controlling cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. The ECM is composed of two main types of macromolecules, namely, polysaccharide glycosaminoglycans, which are covalently attached to proteins in the form of proteoglycans and fibrous proteins belonging to two functional groups, structural (collagen and elastin) and adhesive (fibronectin, laminin, vitronectin, etc). Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field that aims to develop biomimetic scaffolds that emulate properties of the ECM to help repair or regenerate diseased or damaged tissue. This study introduces one of these matrices, XanoMatrix, as an optimal scaffold for tissue engineering applications, in particular, for stem cell research, based on its composition, nanofibrous structure, and porosity. Results of this study suggest that XanoMatrix scaffolds are promising for stem cell tissue engineering applications and as improved cell culture inserts for studying stem cell functions (compared to traditional Corning and Falcon cell culture plates) and, thus, should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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111
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Cao Y, Lee BH, Peled HB, Venkatraman SS. Synthesis of stiffness-tunable and cell-responsive Gelatin-poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel for three-dimensional cell encapsulation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:2401-11. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore Singapore
- The Inter-Departmental Program for Biotechnology; Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa Israel
| | - Bae Hoon Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore Singapore
| | - Havazelet Bianco Peled
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Technion- Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa Israel
| | - Subbu S. Venkatraman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore Singapore
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112
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Jonczyk R, Kurth T, Lavrentieva A, Walter JG, Scheper T, Stahl F. Living Cell Microarrays: An Overview of Concepts. MICROARRAYS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 5:E11. [PMID: 27600077 PMCID: PMC5003487 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays5020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Living cell microarrays are a highly efficient cellular screening system. Due to the low number of cells required per spot, cell microarrays enable the use of primary and stem cells and provide resolution close to the single-cell level. Apart from a variety of conventional static designs, microfluidic microarray systems have also been established. An alternative format is a microarray consisting of three-dimensional cell constructs ranging from cell spheroids to cells encapsulated in hydrogel. These systems provide an in vivo-like microenvironment and are preferably used for the investigation of cellular physiology, cytotoxicity, and drug screening. Thus, many different high-tech microarray platforms are currently available. Disadvantages of many systems include their high cost, the requirement of specialized equipment for their manufacture, and the poor comparability of results between different platforms. In this article, we provide an overview of static, microfluidic, and 3D cell microarrays. In addition, we describe a simple method for the printing of living cell microarrays on modified microscope glass slides using standard DNA microarray equipment available in most laboratories. Applications in research and diagnostics are discussed, e.g., the selective and sensitive detection of biomarkers. Finally, we highlight current limitations and the future prospects of living cell microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Jonczyk
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, Hannover 30167, Germany.
| | - Tracy Kurth
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, Hannover 30167, Germany.
| | - Antonina Lavrentieva
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, Hannover 30167, Germany.
| | - Johanna-Gabriela Walter
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, Hannover 30167, Germany.
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, Hannover 30167, Germany.
| | - Frank Stahl
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, Hannover 30167, Germany.
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113
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Urdy S, Goudemand N, Pantalacci S. Looking Beyond the Genes: The Interplay Between Signaling Pathways and Mechanics in the Shaping and Diversification of Epithelial Tissues. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 119:227-90. [PMID: 27282028 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The core of Evo-Devo lies in the intuition that the way tissues grow during embryonic development, the way they sustain their structure and function throughout lifetime, and the way they evolve are closely linked. Epithelial tissues are ubiquitous in metazoans, covering the gut and internal branched organs, as well as the skin and its derivatives (ie, teeth). Here, we discuss in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies on epithelial tissues to illustrate the conserved, dynamical, and complex aspects of their development. We then explore the implications of the dynamical and nonlinear nature of development on the evolution of their size and shape at the phenotypic and genetic levels. In rare cases, when the interplay between signaling and mechanics is well understood at the cell level, it is becoming clear that the structure of development leads to covariation of characters, an integration which in turn provides some predictable structure to evolutionary changes. We suggest that such nonlinear systems are prone to genetic drift, cryptic genetic variation, and context-dependent mutational effects. We argue that experimental and theoretical studies at the cell level are critical to our understanding of the phenotypic and genetic evolution of epithelial tissues, including carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Urdy
- University of Zürich, Institute of Physics, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - N Goudemand
- Univ Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, UMR 5242, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - S Pantalacci
- Univ Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Lyon Cedex 07, France
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114
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Rijal G, Li W. 3D scaffolds in breast cancer research. Biomaterials 2016; 81:135-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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115
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Relier S, Yazdani L, Ayad O, Choquet A, Bourgaux JF, Prudhomme M, Pannequin J, Macari F, David A. Antibiotics inhibit sphere-forming ability in suspension culture. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:6. [PMID: 26877710 PMCID: PMC4751670 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This last decade, a lot of emphasis has been placed on developing new cancer cell culture models, closer to in vivo condition, in order to test new drugs and therapies. In the case of colorectal cancer, the use of patient biopsies to seed 3D primary cultures and mimic tumor initiation necessitates the use of antibiotics to prevent microbial intestinal contamination. However, not only long term use of antibiotics may mask the presence of low levels of microbial contamination, it may also impact cancer cell phenotype. Methods In this study we tested the impact of penicillin-streptomycin cocktail addition in both monolayer and suspension culture. To ensure the reliability of our observations we used six different cell lines and each experiment was performed in triplicate. Results were analyzed with Student’s t test. Results We show that penicillin–streptomycin cocktail inhibits the sphere-forming ability of six cancer cell lines in suspension culture though it has no impact in monolayer culture. We correlate this effect with a significant decrease of cancer stem cells pool which holds self-renewal potential. Conclusions Overall, this study warns against systematic addition of antibiotics in growth medium and raises the interesting possibility of using antibiotics to target cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Relier
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 34094 Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1191, 34094 Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Yazdani
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 34094 Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1191, 34094 Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Oualid Ayad
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 34094 Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1191, 34094 Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Armelle Choquet
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 34094 Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1191, 34094 Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Julie Pannequin
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 34094 Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1191, 34094 Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Françoise Macari
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 34094 Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1191, 34094 Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre David
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 34094 Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1191, 34094 Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier, France
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116
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Cell-cell communication enhances the capacity of cell ensembles to sense shallow gradients during morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E679-88. [PMID: 26792522 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516503113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell responses to exogenous cues depend on cell-cell interactions. In principle, these can result in enhanced sensitivity to weak and noisy stimuli. However, this has not yet been shown experimentally, and little is known about how multicellular signal processing modulates single-cell sensitivity to extracellular signaling inputs, including those guiding complex changes in the tissue form and function. Here we explored whether cell-cell communication can enhance the ability of cell ensembles to sense and respond to weak gradients of chemotactic cues. Using a combination of experiments with mammary epithelial cells and mathematical modeling, we find that multicellular sensing enables detection of and response to shallow epidermal growth factor (EGF) gradients that are undetectable by single cells. However, the advantage of this type of gradient sensing is limited by the noisiness of the signaling relay, necessary to integrate spatially distributed ligand concentration information. We calculate the fundamental sensory limits imposed by this communication noise and combine them with the experimental data to estimate the effective size of multicellular sensory groups involved in gradient sensing. Functional experiments strongly implicated intercellular communication through gap junctions and calcium release from intracellular stores as mediators of collective gradient sensing. The resulting integrative analysis provides a framework for understanding the advantages and limitations of sensory information processing by relays of chemically coupled cells.
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117
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Abstract
This report aims to facilitate the implementation of the Three Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) in the use of animal models or procedures involving sepsis and septic shock, an area where there is the potential of high levels of suffering for animals. The emphasis is on refinement because this has the greatest potential for immediate implementation. Specific welfare issues are identified and discussed, and practical measures are proposed to reduce animal use and suffering as well as reducing experimental variability and increasing translatability. The report is based on discussions and submissions from a nonregulatory expert working group consisting of veterinarians, animal technologists, and scientists with expert knowledge relevant to the field.
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118
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Abstract
The microenvironment is increasingly recognized to have key roles in cancer, and biomaterials provide a means to engineer microenvironments both in vitro and in vivo to study and manipulate cancer. In vitro cancer models using 3D matrices recapitulate key elements of the tumour microenvironment and have revealed new aspects of cancer biology. Cancer vaccines based on some of the same biomaterials have, in parallel, allowed for the engineering of durable prophylactic and therapeutic anticancer activity in preclinical studies, and some of these vaccines have moved to clinical trials. The impact of biomaterials engineering on cancer treatment is expected to further increase in importance in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo Gu
- Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David J Mooney
- Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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119
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Berens EB, Holy JM, Riegel AT, Wellstein A. A Cancer Cell Spheroid Assay to Assess Invasion in a 3D Setting. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 26649463 DOI: 10.3791/53409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasive nature of cancer cell lines is thought to correlate with their metastatic potential. Most traditional assays, however, do not examine these invasive features in a three-dimensional environment and the resulting data suffer from reduced biological applicability. Here an approach is presented to visualize the invasive ability of cell lines in a physiologically relevant setting. The cancer cell spheroid invasion assay first utilizes gravity to generate spheroids within drops of media that hang from the lid of a cell culture dish. Next, these spheroids are embedded in a 3D matrix consisting of a mixture of basement membrane materials and type I collagen. Cancer cell egression from the spheroids into the surrounding matrix is then monitored over time. The method described here can be modified to examine invasion after coculture of different cell types, inclusion of drugs/inhibitors, or alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Berens
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University
| | - Jon M Holy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota
| | - Anna T Riegel
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University
| | - Anton Wellstein
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University;
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120
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Ramalho SD, Sharma R, White JK, Aggarwal N, Chalasani A, Sameni M, Moin K, Vieira PC, Turro C, Kodanko JJ, Sloane BF. Imaging Sites of Inhibition of Proteolysis in Pathomimetic Human Breast Cancer Cultures by Light-Activated Ruthenium Compound. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142527. [PMID: 26562785 PMCID: PMC4643019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine protease cathepsin B has been causally linked to progression and metastasis of breast cancers. We demonstrate inhibition by a dipeptidyl nitrile inhibitor (compound 1) of cathepsin B activity and also of pericellular degradation of dye-quenched collagen IV by living breast cancer cells. To image, localize and quantify collagen IV degradation in real-time we used 3D pathomimetic breast cancer models designed to mimic the in vivo microenvironment of breast cancers. We further report the synthesis and characterization of a caged version of compound 1, [Ru(bpy)2(1)2](BF4)2 (compound 2), which can be photoactivated with visible light. Upon light activation, compound 2, like compound 1, inhibited cathepsin B activity and pericellular collagen IV degradation by the 3D pathomimetic models of living breast cancer cells, without causing toxicity. We suggest that caged inhibitor 2 is a prototype for cathepsin B inhibitors that can control both the site and timing of inhibition in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelem D. Ramalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rajgopal Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jessica K. White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Neha Aggarwal
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anita Chalasani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mansoureh Sameni
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kamiar Moin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Paulo C. Vieira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeremy J. Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BFS); (JJK)
| | - Bonnie F. Sloane
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BFS); (JJK)
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Brajša K, Vujasinović I, Jelić D, Trzun M, Zlatar I, Karminski-Zamola G, Hranjec M. Antitumor activity of amidino-substituted benzimidazole and benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinoline derivatives tested in 2D and 3D cell culture systems. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:1139-45. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Grace Karminski-Zamola
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijana Hranjec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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122
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Fujii K, Zhang H, Usuda K, Watanabe G, Nagaoka K. Lactogenic hormone stimulation and epigenetic control of L-amino acid oxidase expression in lactating mammary glands. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2755-62. [PMID: 25820447 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidase (LAO), a classic flavoprotein, shows antibacterial activity by producing hydrogen peroxide. LAO exists in many tissues such as salivary gland, thymus, spleen, small intestine and testis. In particular, LAO was highly expressed in mice milk and plays an important factor in innate immunity of mammary glands. However, the mechanism which LAO expression is regulated spatially and temporally in lactating mammary glands has been unclear. In this study, we showed the contribution of lactogenic hormone and epigenetic control on LAO gene expression. In monolayer of mammary epithelial cells, treatment of lactogenic hormone mixture, dexamethasone, insulin and prolactin, did not induce LAO mRNA expression and its promoter activity, even though one of milk protein β-casein expression was stimulated. However, increase of LAO expression was observed when the cells were treated with lactogenic hormones in a 3-dimensional culture. The results of chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that histone H3K18 acetylation increased and histone H3K27 tri-methylation decreased with lactation, which is associated with a period of high LAO expression. Moreover, the treatment of histone methylation inhibitor (DZNep) as well as histone deacetylation inhibitor (Trichostatine A) induced LAO expression in monolayer of mammary cells. Taken together, this is the first demonstration showing that LAO expression is induced in cell culture, and stimulation of lactogenic hormone and change of histone modification are promising signals to show highly expression of LAO in lactating mammary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Fujii
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haolin Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kento Usuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nagaoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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123
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Cox MC, Reese LM, Bickford LR, Verbridge SS. Toward the Broad Adoption of 3D Tumor Models in the Cancer Drug Pipeline. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:877-894. [PMID: 33429520 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite a cost of approximately $1 billion to develop a new cancer drug, about 90% of drugs that enter clinical trials fail. A tremendous opportunity exists to streamline the drug selection and testing process, and innovative approaches promise to reduce the burdensome cost of health care for those suffering from cancer. There is great potential for 3D models of human tumors to complement more traditional testing methods; however, the shift from 2D to 3D assays at early stages of the drug discovery and development process is far from widely accepted. 3D platforms range from simple tumor spheroids to more complex microfluidic hydrogels that better mimic the tumor microenvironment. While several companies have developed and patented advanced high-throughput 3D platforms for drug screening, their cost and complexity have limited their adoption as an industry standard. In this review, we will highlight the various tumor platforms that have been developed, emphasizing the approaches that have successfully led to commercial products. We will then consider potential directions toward more relevant tumor models, advantages of the adoption of such platforms within the drug development and screening process, and new opportunities in personalized medicine that such platforms will uniquely enable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Cox
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Laura M Reese
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Lissett R Bickford
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Scott S Verbridge
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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124
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Ji K, Heyza J, Cavallo-Medved D, Sloane BF. Pathomimetic cancer avatars for live-cell imaging of protease activity. Biochimie 2015; 122:68-76. [PMID: 26375517 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are essential for normal physiology as well as multiple diseases, e.g., playing a causative role in cancer progression, including in tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Identification of dynamic alterations in protease activity may allow us to detect early stage cancers and to assess the efficacy of anti-cancer therapies. Despite the clinical importance of proteases in cancer progression, their functional roles individually and within the context of complex protease networks have not yet been well defined. These gaps in our understanding might be addressed with: 1) accurate and sensitive tools and methods to directly identify changes in protease activities in live cells, and 2) pathomimetic avatars for cancer that recapitulate in vitro the tumor in the context of its cellular and non-cellular microenvironment. Such avatars should be designed to facilitate mechanistic studies that can be translated to animal models and ultimately the clinic. Here, we will describe basic principles and recent applications of live-cell imaging for identification of active proteases. The avatars optimized by our laboratory are three-dimensional (3D) human breast cancer models in a matrix of reconstituted basement membrane (rBM). They are designated mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering (MAME) models as they have been designed to mimic the structural and functional interactions among cell types in the normal and cancerous human breast. We have demonstrated the usefulness of these pathomimetic avatars for following dynamic and temporal changes in cell:cell interactions and quantifying changes in protease activity associated with these interactions in real-time (4D). We also briefly describe adaptation of the avatars to custom-designed and fabricated tissue architecture and microenvironment engineering (TAME) chambers that enhance our ability to analyze concomitant changes in the malignant phenotype and the associated tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Joshua Heyza
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Dora Cavallo-Medved
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada.
| | - Bonnie F Sloane
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada.
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125
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Bhardwaj G, Webster TJ. Increased NIH 3T3 fibroblast functions on cell culture dishes which mimic the nanometer fibers of natural tissues. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5293-9. [PMID: 26345155 PMCID: PMC4554417 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s83007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional flat tissue cell culture dishes have consisted of polystyrene treated with plasma gases for growing, subculturing, and studying cell behavior in vitro. However, increasingly it has been observed that mimicking natural tissue properties (such as chemistry, three-dimensional structure, mechanical properties, etc) in vitro can lead to a better correlation of in vitro to in vivo cellular functions. The following studies compared traditional NIH 3T3 fibroblasts’ functions on XanoMatrix scaffolds to standard tissue culture polystyrene. Results found significantly greater fibroblast adhesion and proliferation on XanoMatrix cell culture dishes which mimic the nanoscale geometry of natural tissue fibers with true, tortuous fiber beds creating a robust, consistent, and versatile growth platform. In this manner, this study supports that cell culture dishes which mimic features of natural tissues should be continually studied for a wide range of applications in which mimicking natural cellular functions are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA ; Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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126
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Todhunter ME, Jee NY, Hughes AJ, Coyle MC, Cerchiari A, Farlow J, Garbe JC, LaBarge MA, Desai TA, Gartner ZJ. Programmed synthesis of three-dimensional tissues. Nat Methods 2015; 12:975-81. [PMID: 26322836 PMCID: PMC4589502 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reconstituting tissues from their cellular building blocks facilitates the modeling of morphogenesis, homeostasis and disease in vitro. Here we describe DNA-programmed assembly of cells (DPAC), a method to reconstitute the multicellular organization of organoid-like tissues having programmed size, shape, composition and spatial heterogeneity. DPAC uses dissociated cells that are chemically functionalized with degradable oligonucleotide 'Velcro', allowing rapid, specific and reversible cell adhesion to other surfaces coated with complementary DNA sequences. DNA-patterned substrates function as removable and adhesive templates, and layer-by-layer DNA-programmed assembly builds arrays of tissues into the third dimension above the template. DNase releases completed arrays of organoid-like microtissues from the template concomitant with full embedding in a variety of extracellular matrix (ECM) gels. DPAC positions subpopulations of cells with single-cell spatial resolution and generates cultures several centimeters long. We used DPAC to explore the impact of ECM composition, heterotypic cell-cell interactions and patterns of signaling heterogeneity on collective cell behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Todhunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Noel Y Jee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Chemistry &Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alex J Hughes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maxwell C Coyle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alec Cerchiari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, and University of California, San Francisco, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Justin Farlow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James C Garbe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mark A LaBarge
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Tejal A Desai
- Chemistry &Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, and University of California, San Francisco, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Chemistry &Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, and University of California, San Francisco, Berkeley, California, USA.,Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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127
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Gledhill K, Guo Z, Umegaki-Arao N, Higgins CA, Itoh M, Christiano AM. Melanin Transfer in Human 3D Skin Equivalents Generated Exclusively from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136713. [PMID: 26308443 PMCID: PMC4550351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The current utility of 3D skin equivalents is limited by the fact that existing models fail to recapitulate the cellular complexity of human skin. They often contain few cell types and no appendages, in part because many cells found in the skin are difficult to isolate from intact tissue and cannot be expanded in culture. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) present an avenue by which we can overcome this issue due to their ability to be differentiated into multiple cell types in the body and their unlimited growth potential. We previously reported generation of the first human 3D skin equivalents from iPSC-derived fibroblasts and iPSC-derived keratinocytes, demonstrating that iPSCs can provide a foundation for modeling a complex human organ such as skin. Here, we have increased the complexity of this model by including additional iPSC-derived melanocytes. Epidermal melanocytes, which are largely responsible for skin pigmentation, represent the second most numerous cell type found in normal human epidermis and as such represent a logical next addition. We report efficient melanin production from iPSC-derived melanocytes and transfer within an entirely iPSC-derived epidermal-melanin unit and generation of the first functional human 3D skin equivalents made from iPSC-derived fibroblasts, keratinocytes and melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Gledhill
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Zongyou Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Noriko Umegaki-Arao
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Claire A. Higgins
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Munenari Itoh
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Christiano
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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128
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Choi Y, Hyun E, Seo J, Blundell C, Kim HC, Lee E, Lee S, Moon A, Moon WK, Huh D. A microengineered pathophysiological model of early-stage breast cancer. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3350-7. [PMID: 26158500 PMCID: PMC4524879 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00514k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A mounting body of evidence in cancer research suggests that the local microenvironment of tumor cells has a profound influence on cancer progression and metastasis. In vitro studies on the tumor microenvironment and its pharmacological modulation, however, are often hampered by the technical challenges associated with creating physiological cell culture environments that integrate cancer cells with the key components of their native niche such as neighboring cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) to mimic complex microarchitecture of cancerous tissue. Using early-stage breast cancer as a model disease, here we describe a biomimetic microengineering strategy to reconstitute three-dimensional (3D) structural organization and microenvironment of breast tumors in human cell-based in vitro models. Specifically, we developed a microsystem that enabled co-culture of breast tumor spheroids with human mammary ductal epithelial cells and mammary fibroblasts in a compartmentalized 3D microfluidic device to replicate microarchitecture of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). We also explored the potential of this breast cancer-on-a-chip system as a drug screening platform by evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of an anticancer drug (paclitaxel). Our microengineered disease model represents the first critical step towards recapitulating pathophysiological complexity of breast cancer, and may serve as an enabling tool to systematically examine the contribution of the breast cancer microenvironment to the progression of DCIS to an invasive form of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonseok Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjeh Hyun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyun Seo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cassidy Blundell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hee Chan Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program, Bioengineering Major, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Aree Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 132-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Moon
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. (D. Huh), Tel: 1-215-898-5208. (W.K. Moon), Tel: +82-2-2072-3928
| | - Dongeun Huh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. (D. Huh), Tel: 1-215-898-5208. (W.K. Moon), Tel: +82-2-2072-3928
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Brennan MÁ, Renaud A, Gamblin AL, D'Arros C, Nedellec S, Trichet V, Layrolle P. 3D cell culture and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells plated onto jet-sprayed or electrospun micro-fiber scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:045019. [PMID: 26238732 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/4/045019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A major limitation of the 2D culture systems is that they fail to recapitulate the in vivo 3D cellular microenvironment whereby cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions occur. In this paper, a biomaterial scaffold that mimics the structure of collagen fibers was produced by jet-spraying. This micro-fiber polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold was evaluated for 3D culture of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in comparison with a commercially available electrospun scaffold. The jet-sprayed scaffolds had larger pore diameters, greater porosity, smaller diameter fibers, and more heterogeneous fiber diameter size distribution compared to the electrospun scaffolds. Cells on jet-sprayed constructs exhibited spread morphology with abundant cytoskeleton staining, whereas MSCs on electrospun scaffolds appeared less extended with fewer actin filaments. MSC proliferation and cell infiltration occurred at a faster rate on jet-sprayed compared to electrospun scaffolds. Osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and ECM production as measured by ALP, collagen and calcium deposition was superior on jet-sprayed compared to electrospun scaffolds. The jet-sprayed scaffold which mimics the native ECM and permits homogeneous cell infiltration is important for 3D in vitro applications such as bone cellular interaction studies or drug testing, as well as bone tissue engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meadhbh Á Brennan
- INSERM UMR 957, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Primary Bone Tumour Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nantes, France
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130
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Gong X, Lin C, Cheng J, Su J, Zhao H, Liu T, Wen X, Zhao P. Generation of Multicellular Tumor Spheroids with Microwell-Based Agarose Scaffolds for Drug Testing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130348. [PMID: 26090664 PMCID: PMC4474551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Three dimensional multicellular aggregate, also referred to as cell spheroid or microtissue, is an indispensable tool for in vitro evaluating antitumor activity and drug efficacy. Compared with classical cellular monolayer, multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) offers a more rational platform to predict in vivo drug efficacy and toxicity. Nevertheless, traditional processing methods such as plastic dish culture with nonadhesive surfaces are regularly time-consuming, laborious and difficult to provide uniform-sized spheroids, thus causing poor reproducibility of experimental data and impeding high-throughput drug screening. In order to provide a robust and effective platform for in vitro drug evaluation, we present an agarose scaffold prepared with the template containing uniform-sized micro-wells in commercially available cell culture plates. The agarose scaffold allows for good adjustment of MCTS size and large-scale production of MCTS. Transparent agarose scaffold also allows for monitoring of spheroid formation under an optical microscopy. The formation of MCTS from MCF-7 cells was prepared using different-size-well templates and systematically investigated in terms of spheroid growth curve, circularity, and cell viability. The doxorubicin cytotoxicity against MCF-7 spheroid and MCF-7 monolayer cells was compared. The drug penetration behavior, cell cycle distribution, cell apoptosis, and gene expression were also evaluated in MCF-7 spheroid. The findings of this study indicate that, compared with cellular monolayer, MCTS provides a valuable platform for the assessment of therapeutic candidates in an in vivo-mimic microenvironment, and thus has great potential for use in drug discovery and tumor biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gong
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chao Lin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jiansheng Su
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (JS); (PZ)
| | - Hang Zhao
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Tianlin Liu
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Institute for Engineering and Medicine, Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Peng Zhao
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (JS); (PZ)
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131
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Lee DH, Bae CY, Kwon S, Park JK. User-friendly 3D bioassays with cell-containing hydrogel modules: narrowing the gap between microfluidic bioassays and clinical end-users' needs. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2379-2387. [PMID: 25857752 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00239g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell-containing hydrogel modules as cell-hydrogel microunits for creating a physiologically relevant 3D in vivo-like microenvironment with multiple cell types and unique extracellular matrix (ECM) compositions facilitate long-term cell maintenance and bioassays. To date, there have been many important advances in microfluidic bioassays, which incorporate hydrogel scaffolds into surface-accessible microchambers, driven by the strong demand for the application of spatiotemporally defined biochemical stimuli to construct in vivo-like conditions and perform real-time imaging of cell-matrix interactions. In keeping with the trend of fostering collaborations among biologists, clinicians, and microfluidic engineers, it is essential to create a simpler approach for coupling cell-containing hydrogel modules and an automated bioassay platform in a user-friendly format. In this article, we review recent progress in hydrogel-incorporated microfluidics for long-term cell maintenance and discuss some of the simpler and user-friendly 3D bioassay techniques combined with cell-containing hydrogel modules that can be applied to mutually beneficial collaborations with non-engineers. We anticipate that this modular and user-friendly format interfaced with existing laboratory infrastructure will help address several clinical questions in ways that extend well beyond the current 2D cell-culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyun Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Abbott RD, Kaplan DL. Strategies for improving the physiological relevance of human engineered tissues. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:401-7. [PMID: 25937289 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This review examines important robust methods for sustained, steady-state, in vitro culture. To achieve 'physiologically relevant' tissues in vitro additional complexity must be introduced to provide suitable transport, cell signaling, and matrix support for cells in 3D environments to achieve stable readouts of tissue function. Most tissue engineering systems draw conclusions on tissue functions such as responses to toxins, nutrition, or drugs based on short-term outcomes with in vitro cultures (2-14 days). However, short-term cultures limit insight with physiological relevance because the cells and tissues have not reached a steady-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn D Abbott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Jenkins J, Dmitriev RI, Morten K, McDermott KW, Papkovsky DB. Oxygen-sensing scaffolds for 3-dimensional cell and tissue culture. Acta Biomater 2015; 16:126-35. [PMID: 25653216 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Porous membrane scaffolds are widely used materials for three-dimensional cell cultures and tissue models. Additional functional modification of such scaffolds can significantly extend their use and operational performance. Here we describe hybrid microporous polystyrene-based scaffolds impregnated with a phosphorescent O2-sensitive dye PtTFPP, optimized for live cell fluorescence microscopy and imaging of O2 distribution in cultured cells. Modified scaffolds possess high brightness, convenient spectral characteristics (534 nm excitation, 650 nm emission), stable and robust response to pO2 in phosphorescence intensity and lifetime imaging modes (>twofold response over 21/0% O2), such as confocal PLIM. They are suitable for prolonged use under standard culturing conditions without affecting cell viability, and for multi-parametric imaging analysis of cultured cells and tissue samples. We tested the O2 scaffolds with cultured cancer cells (HCT116), multicellular aggregates (PC12) and rat brain slices and showed that they can inform on tissue oxygenation at different depths and cell densities, changes in respiration activity, viability and responses to drug treatment. Using this method multiplexed with staining of dead cells (CellTox Green) and active mitochondria (TMRM), we demonstrated that decreased O2 (20-24 μM) in scaffold corresponds to highest expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in PC12 cells. Such hypoxia is also beneficial for action of hypoxia-specific anti-cancer drug tirapazamine (TPZ). Thus, O2 scaffolds allow for better control of conditions in 3D tissue cultures, and are useful for a broad range of biomaterials and physiological studies.
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134
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Khorsandi L, Khodadadi A, Nejad-Dehbashi F, Saremy S. Three-dimensional differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells into insulin-producing cells. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:745-53. [PMID: 25795142 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the collagen/hyaluronic acid (Col/HA) scaffold effect on the differentiation of insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs). In this experimental study, ASCs were cultured and seeded in a Col/HA scaffold (3D culture) and then treated with induction media. After induction, the presence of IPCs was evaluated using gene expression (PDX-1, GLUT-2 and insulin) analysis and immunocytochemistry, while functional maturity was determined by measuring insulin release in response to low- and high-glucose media. The induced IPCs were morphologically similar to pancreatic islet-like cells. Expression of the islet-associated genes PDX-1, GLUT-2 and insulin genes in 3D-cultured cells was markedly higher than the 2D-cultured cells exposure differentiation media. Compared to the 2D culture of ASCs-derived IPCs, the insulin release from 3D ASCs-derived IPCs showed a nearly 4-fold (p < 0.05) increase when exposed to a high glucose (25 mmol) medium. The percentage of insulin-positive cells in the 3D experimental group showed an approximately 4-fold increase compared to the 2D experimental culture cells. The results of this study demonstrated that the COL/HA scaffold can enhance the differentiation of IPCs from rat ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layasadat Khorsandi
- Cell & Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, P.O. Box: 61335,
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135
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Visk D. Will Advances in Preclinical In Vitro Models Lower the Costs of Drug Development? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2015.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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136
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Morales M, Arenas EJ, Urosevic J, Guiu M, Fernández E, Planet E, Fenwick RB, Fernández-Ruiz S, Salvatella X, Reverter D, Carracedo A, Massagué J, Gomis RR. RARRES3 suppresses breast cancer lung metastasis by regulating adhesion and differentiation. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:865-81. [PMID: 24867881 PMCID: PMC4119352 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201303675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer patients, metastatic relapse usually occurs in the lung and is responsible for the fatal outcome of the disease. Thus, a better understanding of the biology of metastasis is needed. In particular, biomarkers to identify patients that are at risk of lung metastasis could open the avenue for new therapeutic opportunities. Here we characterize the biological activity of RARRES3, a new metastasis suppressor gene whose reduced expression in the primary breast tumors identifies a subgroup of patients more likely to develop lung metastasis. We show that RARRES3 downregulation engages metastasis-initiating capabilities by facilitating adhesion of the tumor cells to the lung parenchyma. In addition, impaired tumor cell differentiation due to the loss of RARRES3 phospholipase A1/A2 activity also contributes to lung metastasis. Our results establish RARRES3 downregulation as a potential biomarker to identify patients at high risk of lung metastasis who might benefit from a differentiation treatment in the adjuvant programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Morales
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique J Arenas
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jelena Urosevic
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Guiu
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Fernández
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Evarist Planet
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Bryn Fenwick
- Joint BSC-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Salvatella
- Joint BSC-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Reverter
- Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Arkaitz Carracedo
- CIC bioGUNE Bizkaia Tecnology park, Derio, Spain Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Roger R Gomis
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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137
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Bouet G, Marchat D, Cruel M, Malaval L, Vico L. In VitroThree-Dimensional Bone Tissue Models: From Cells to Controlled and Dynamic Environment. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:133-56. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guenaelle Bouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Tissu Osseux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale—U1059, Université de Lyon—Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - David Marchat
- Center for Biomedical and Healthcare Engineering, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, CNRS:UMR 5307, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Magali Cruel
- University of Lyon, LTDS, UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecully, France
| | - Luc Malaval
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Tissu Osseux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale—U1059, Université de Lyon—Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Laurence Vico
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Tissu Osseux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale—U1059, Université de Lyon—Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
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138
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Berenzi A, Steimberg N, Boniotti J, Mazzoleni G. MRT letter: 3D culture of isolated cells: a fast and efficient method for optimizing their histochemical and immunocytochemical analyses. Microsc Res Tech 2015; 78:249-54. [PMID: 25639567 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of three-dimensional (3D) culture systems and engineered cell-based tissue models gave rise to an increasing need of new techniques, allowing the microscopic observation of cell behavior/morphology in tissue-like structures, as clearly signalled by several authors during the last decennium. With samples consisting of small aggregates of isolated cells grown in suspension, it is often difficult to produce an optimal embedded preparation that can be further successfully processed for classical histochemical investigations. In this work, we describe a new, easy to use, efficient method that enables to embed an enriched "preparation" of isolated cells/small 3D cell aggregates, without any cell stress or damage. As for after tissue-embedding procedures, the cellular blocks can be further suitably processed for efficient histochemical as well as immunohistochemical analyses, rendering more informative-and attractive-studies onto 3D cell-based culture of neo-tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angiola Berenzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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139
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Moscato S, Ronca F, Campani D, Danti S. Poly(vinyl alcohol)/gelatin Hydrogels Cultured with HepG2 Cells as a 3D Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Morphological Study. J Funct Biomater 2015; 6:16-32. [PMID: 25590431 PMCID: PMC4384098 DOI: 10.3390/jfb6010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models represent fundamental tools for the comprehension of cellular phenomena both for normal and cancerous tissues. Indeed, the microenvironment affects the cellular behavior as well as the response to drugs. In this study, we performed a morphological analysis on a hepatocarcinoma cell line, HepG2, grown for 24 days inside a bioartificial hydrogel composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and gelatin (G) to model a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in 3D. Morphological features of PVA/G hydrogels were investigated, resulting to mimic the trabecular structure of liver parenchyma. A histologic analysis comparing the 3D models with HepG2 cell monolayers and tumor specimens was performed. In the 3D setting, HepG2 cells were viable and formed large cellular aggregates showing different morphotypes with zonal distribution. Furthermore, β-actin and α5β1 integrin revealed a morphotype-related expression; in particular, the frontline cells were characterized by a strong immunopositivity on a side border of their membrane, thus suggesting the formation of lamellipodia-like structures apt for migration. Based on these results, we propose PVA/G hydrogels as valuable substrates to develop a long term 3D HCC model that can be used to investigate important aspects of tumor biology related to migration phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Moscato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Ronca
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Emergency Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Daniela Campani
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Emergency Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Serena Danti
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Emergency Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Burleigh A, McKinney S, Brimhall J, Yap D, Eirew P, Poon S, Ng V, Wan A, Prentice L, Annab L, Barrett JC, Caldas C, Eaves C, Aparicio S. A co-culture genome-wide RNAi screen with mammary epithelial cells reveals transmembrane signals required for growth and differentiation. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:4. [PMID: 25572802 PMCID: PMC4322558 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0510-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The extracellular signals regulating mammary epithelial cell growth are of relevance to understanding the pathophysiology of mammary epithelia, yet they remain poorly characterized. In this study, we applied an unbiased approach to understanding the functional role of signalling molecules in several models of normal physiological growth and translated these results to the biological understanding of breast cancer subtypes. METHODS We developed and utilized a cytogenetically normal clonal line of hTERT immortalized human mammary epithelial cells in a fibroblast-enhanced co-culture assay to conduct a genome-wide small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen for evaluation of the functional effect of silencing each gene. Our selected endpoint was inhibition of growth. In rigorous postscreen validation processes, including quantitative RT-PCR, to ensure on-target silencing, deconvolution of pooled siRNAs and independent confirmation of effects with lentiviral short-hairpin RNA constructs, we identified a subset of genes required for mammary epithelial cell growth. Using three-dimensional Matrigel growth and differentiation assays and primary human mammary epithelial cell colony assays, we confirmed that these growth effects were not limited to the 184-hTERT cell line. We utilized the METABRIC dataset of 1,998 breast cancer patients to evaluate both the differential expression of these genes across breast cancer subtypes and their prognostic significance. RESULTS We identified 47 genes that are critically important for fibroblast-enhanced mammary epithelial cell growth. This group was enriched for several axonal guidance molecules and G protein-coupled receptors, as well as for the endothelin receptor PROCR. The majority of genes (43 of 47) identified in two dimensions were also required for three-dimensional growth, with HSD17B2, SNN and PROCR showing greater than tenfold reductions in acinar formation. Several genes, including PROCR and the neuronal pathfinding molecules EFNA4 and NTN1, were also required for proper differentiation and polarization in three-dimensional cultures. The 47 genes identified showed a significant nonrandom enrichment for differential expression among 10 molecular subtypes of breast cancer sampled from 1,998 patients. CD79A, SERPINH1, KCNJ5 and TMEM14C exhibited breast cancer subtype-independent overall survival differences. CONCLUSION Diverse transmembrane signals are required for mammary epithelial cell growth in two-dimensional and three-dimensional conditions. Strikingly, we define novel roles for axonal pathfinding receptors and ligands and the endothelin receptor in both growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Burleigh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Steven McKinney
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Jazmine Brimhall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Damian Yap
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Peter Eirew
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Steven Poon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Viola Ng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Adrian Wan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Leah Prentice
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, BC Cancer Agency, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada.
| | - Lois Annab
- Chromatin and Gene Expression Section, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - J Carl Barrett
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute and Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shin Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
| | - Connie Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Samuel Aparicio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
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141
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Ravi M, Paramesh V, Kaviya SR, Anuradha E, Solomon FDP. 3D cell culture systems: advantages and applications. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:16-26. [PMID: 24912145 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell cultures are important material of study for the variety of advantages that they offer. Both established continuous cell lines and primary cell cultures continue to be invaluable for basic research and for direct applications. Technological advancements are necessary to address emerging complex challenges and the way cells are cultured in vitro is an area of intense activity. One important advancement in cell culture techniques has been the introduction of three dimensional culture systems. This area is one of the fastest growing experimental approaches in life sciences. Augmented with advancements in cell imaging and analytical systems, as well as the applications of new scaffolds and matrices, cells have been increasingly grown as three dimensional models. Such cultures have proven to be closer to in vivo natural systems, thus proving to be useful material for many applications. Here, we review the three dimensional way of culturing cells, their advantages, the scaffolds and matrices currently available, and the applications of such cultures in major areas of life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddaly Ravi
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
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Unger C, Kramer N, Walzl A, Scherzer M, Hengstschläger M, Dolznig H. Modeling human carcinomas: physiologically relevant 3D models to improve anti-cancer drug development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 79-80:50-67. [PMID: 25453261 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anti-cancer drug development is inefficient, mostly due to lack of efficacy in human patients. The high fail rate is partly due to the lack of predictive models or the inadequate use of existing preclinical test systems. However, progress has been made and preclinical models were improved or newly developed, which all account for basic features of solid cancers, three-dimensionality and heterotypic cell interaction. Here we give an overview of available in vivo and in vitro models of cancer, which meet the criteria of being 3D and mirroring human tumor-stroma interactions. We only focus on drug response models without touching models for pharmacokinetic and dynamic, toxicity or delivery aspects.
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143
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White EA, Kenny HA, Lengyel E. Three-dimensional modeling of ovarian cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 79-80:184-92. [PMID: 25034878 PMCID: PMC4426864 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
New models for epithelial ovarian cancer initiation and metastasis are required to obtain a mechanistic understanding of the disease and to develop new therapeutics. Modeling ovarian cancer however is challenging as a result of the genetic heterogeneity of the malignancy, the diverse pathology, the limited availability of human tissue for research, the atypical mechanisms of metastasis, and because the origin is unclear. Insights into the origin of high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas and mechanisms of metastasis have resulted in the generation of novel three-dimensional (3D) culture models that better approximate the behavior of the tumor cells in vivo than prior two-dimensional models. The 3D models aim to recapitulate the tumor microenvironment, which has a critical role in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. Ultimately, findings using models that accurately reflect human ovarian cancer biology are likely to translate into improved clinical outcomes. In this review we discuss the design of new 3D culture models of ovarian cancer primarily using human cells, key studies in which these models have been applied, current limitations, and future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A White
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Center for Integrative Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hilary A Kenny
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Center for Integrative Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ernst Lengyel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Center for Integrative Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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144
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Lim S, Yoo BK, Kim HS, Gilmore HL, Lee Y, Lee HP, Kim SJ, Letterio J, Lee HG. Amyloid-β precursor protein promotes cell proliferation and motility of advanced breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:928. [PMID: 25491510 PMCID: PMC4295427 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) is a highly conserved single transmembrane protein that has been linked to Alzheimer disease. Recently, the increased expression of APP in multiple types of cancers has been reported where it has significant correlation with the cancer cell proliferation. However, the function of APP in the pathogenesis of breast cancer has not previously been determined. In this study, we studied the pathological role of APP in breast cancer and revealed its potential mechanism. Methods The expression level of APP in multiple breast cancer cell lines was measured by Western blot analysis and the breast cancer tissue microarray was utilized to analyze the expression pattern of APP in human patient specimens. To interrogate the functional role of APP in cell growth and apoptosis, the effect of APP knockdown in MDA-MB-231 cells were analyzed. Specifically, multiple signal transduction pathways and functional alterations linked to cell survival and motility were examined in in vivo animal model as well as in vitro cell culture with the manipulation of APP expression. Results We found that the expression of APP is increased in mouse and human breast cancer cell lines, especially in the cell line possessing higher metastatic potential. Moreover, the analysis of human breast cancer tissues revealed a significant correlation between the level of APP and tumor development. Knockdown of APP (APP-kd) in breast cancer cells caused the retardation of cell growth in vitro and in vivo, with both the induction of p27kip1 and caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. APP-kd cells also had higher sensitivity to treatment of chemotherapeutic agents, TRAIL and 5-FU. Such anti-tumorigenic effects shown in the APP-kd cells partially came from reduced pro-survival AKT activation in response to IGF-1, leading to activation of key signaling regulators for cell growth, survival, and pro-apoptotic events such as GSK3-β and FOXO1. Notably, knock-down of APP in metastatic breast cancer cells limited cell migration and invasion ability upon stimulation of IGF-1. Conclusion The present data strongly suggest that the increase of APP expression is causally linked to tumorigenicity as well as invasion of aggressive breast cancer and, therefore, the targeting of APP may be an effective therapy for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwan Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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145
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Khorsandi L, Nejad-Dehbashi F, Ahangarpour A, Hashemitabar M. Three-dimensional differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into insulin-producing cells. Tissue Cell 2014; 47:66-72. [PMID: 25554603 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibrin glue (FG) is used in a variety of clinical applications and in the laboratory for localized and sustained release of factors potentially important for tissue engineering. The aim of this study was to evaluate FG scaffold effect on differentiation of insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). In this experimental study BM-MSCs were cultured and the cells characterized by analysis of cell surface markers using flow cytometry. BM-MSCs were seeded in FG scaffold (3D culture) and then treated with induction media. After induction, the presence of IPCs was demonstrated using gene expression profiles for pancreatic cell differentiation markers (PDX-1, GLUT-2 and insulin) and insulin detection in cytoplasm. Release of insulin by these cells was confirmed by radioimmunoassay. Expression of the islet-associated genes PDX-1, GLUT-2 and Insulin genes in 3D cultured cells was markedly higher than the 2D cultured cells exposure differentiation media. Compared to 2D culture of BM-MSCs-derived IPCs, the insulin release from 3D BM-MSCs-derived IPCs showed a nearly 3 fold (p<0.05) increase when exposed to a high glucose (25 mM) medium. Percentage of insulin positive cells in 3D experimental group showed an approximately 3.5-fold increase in compared to 2D experimental culture cells. The results of this study demonstrated that FG scaffold can enhance the differentiation of IPCs from rats BM-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layasadat Khorsandi
- Cell & Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Fereshteh Nejad-Dehbashi
- Cell & Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Akram Ahangarpour
- Diabetes Research Center, Health research institute and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61335-189, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hashemitabar
- Cell & Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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146
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Prediction of individual response to anticancer therapy: historical and future perspectives. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:729-57. [PMID: 25387856 PMCID: PMC4309902 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the introduction of chemotherapy for cancer treatment in the early 20th century considerable efforts have been made to maximize drug efficiency and at the same time minimize side effects. As there is a great interpatient variability in response to chemotherapy, the development of predictive biomarkers is an ambitious aim for the rapidly growing research area of personalized molecular medicine. The individual prediction of response will improve treatment and thus increase survival and life quality of patients. In the past, cell cultures were used as in vitro models to predict in vivo response to chemotherapy. Several in vitro chemosensitivity assays served as tools to measure miscellaneous endpoints such as DNA damage, apoptosis and cytotoxicity or growth inhibition. Twenty years ago, the development of high-throughput technologies, e.g. cDNA microarrays enabled a more detailed analysis of drug responses. Thousands of genes were screened and expression levels were correlated to drug responses. In addition, mutation analysis became more and more important for the prediction of therapeutic success. Today, as research enters the area of -omics technologies, identification of signaling pathways is a tool to understand molecular mechanism underlying drug resistance. Combining new tissue models, e.g. 3D organoid cultures with modern technologies for biomarker discovery will offer new opportunities to identify new drug targets and in parallel predict individual responses to anticancer therapy. In this review, we present different currently used chemosensitivity assays including 2D and 3D cell culture models and several -omics approaches for the discovery of predictive biomarkers. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of these assays and biomarkers to predict the clinical outcome of individual patients and future perspectives.
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147
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Pettersen EO, Ebbesen P, Gieling RG, Williams KJ, Dubois L, Lambin P, Ward C, Meehan J, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP, Ree AH, Flatmark K, Lyng H, Calzada MJ, Peso LD, Landazuri MO, Görlach A, Flamm H, Kieninger J, Urban G, Weltin A, Singleton DC, Haider S, Buffa FM, Harris AL, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT, Moser I, Jobst G, Busk M, Toustrup K, Overgaard J, Alsner J, Pouyssegur J, Chiche J, Mazure N, Marchiq I, Parks S, Ahmed A, Ashcroft M, Pastorekova S, Cao Y, Rouschop KM, Wouters BG, Koritzinsky M, Mujcic H, Cojocari D. Targeting tumour hypoxia to prevent cancer metastasis. From biology, biosensing and technology to drug development: the METOXIA consortium. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:689-721. [PMID: 25347767 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.966704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic areas of solid cancers represent a negative prognostic factor irrespective of which treatment modality is chosen for the patient. Still, after almost 80 years of focus on the problems created by hypoxia in solid tumours, we still largely lack methods to deal efficiently with these treatment-resistant cells. The consequences of this lack may be serious for many patients: Not only is there a negative correlation between the hypoxic fraction in tumours and the outcome of radiotherapy as well as many types of chemotherapy, a correlation has been shown between the hypoxic fraction in tumours and cancer metastasis. Thus, on a fundamental basis the great variety of problems related to hypoxia in cancer treatment has to do with the broad range of functions oxygen (and lack of oxygen) have in cells and tissues. Therefore, activation-deactivation of oxygen-regulated cascades related to metabolism or external signalling are important areas for the identification of mechanisms as potential targets for hypoxia-specific treatment. Also the chemistry related to reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) and the biological handling of ROS are part of the problem complex. The problem is further complicated by the great variety in oxygen concentrations found in tissues. For tumour hypoxia to be used as a marker for individualisation of treatment there is a need for non-invasive methods to measure oxygen routinely in patient tumours. A large-scale collaborative EU-financed project 2009-2014 denoted METOXIA has studied all the mentioned aspects of hypoxia with the aim of selecting potential targets for new hypoxia-specific therapy and develop the first stage of tests for this therapy. A new non-invasive PET-imaging method based on the 2-nitroimidazole [(18)F]-HX4 was found to be promising in a clinical trial on NSCLC patients. New preclinical models for testing of the metastatic potential of cells were developed, both in vitro (2D as well as 3D models) and in mice (orthotopic grafting). Low density quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based assays were developed measuring multiple hypoxia-responsive markers in parallel to identify tumour hypoxia-related patterns of gene expression. As possible targets for new therapy two main regulatory cascades were prioritised: The hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF)-regulated cascades operating at moderate to weak hypoxia (<1% O(2)), and the unfolded protein response (UPR) activated by endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress and operating at more severe hypoxia (<0.2%). The prioritised targets were the HIF-regulated proteins carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), the lactate transporter MCT4 and the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4-arm of the UPR. The METOXIA project has developed patented compounds targeting CAIX with a preclinical documented effect. Since hypoxia-specific treatments alone are not curative they will have to be combined with traditional anti-cancer therapy to eradicate the aerobic cancer cell population as well.
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148
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Shimomura K, Kanamoto T, Kita K, Akamine Y, Nakamura N, Mae T, Yoshikawa H, Nakata K. Cyclic compressive loading on 3D tissue of human synovial fibroblasts upregulates prostaglandin E2 via COX-2 production without IL-1β and TNF-α. Bone Joint Res 2014; 3:280-8. [PMID: 25237168 PMCID: PMC4178306 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.39.2000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Excessive mechanical stress on synovial joints causes osteoarthritis
(OA) and results in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a
key molecule in arthritis, by synovial fibroblasts. However, the
relationship between arthritis-related molecules and mechanical
stress is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine
the synovial fibroblast response to cyclic mechanical stress using
an in vitro osteoarthritis model. Method Human synovial fibroblasts were cultured on collagen scaffolds
to produce three-dimensional constructs. A cyclic compressive loading
of 40 kPa at 0.5 Hz was applied to the constructs, with or without
the administration of a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective inhibitor
or dexamethasone, and then the concentrations of PGE2, interleukin-1β (IL-1β),
tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-8 and COX-2 were measured. Results The concentrations of PGE2, IL-6 and IL-8 in the loaded samples
were significantly higher than those of unloaded samples; however,
the concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α were the same as the unloaded
samples. After the administration of a COX-2 selective inhibitor,
the increased concentration of PGE2 by cyclic compressive loading
was impeded, but the concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 remained high.
With dexamethasone, upregulation of PGE2, IL-6 and IL-8 was suppressed. Conclusion These results could be useful in revealing the molecular mechanism
of mechanical stress in vivo for a better understanding
of the pathology and therapy of OA. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:280–8.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shimomura
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - T Kanamoto
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - K Kita
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Y Akamine
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - N Nakamura
- Osaka Health Science University, Department of Rehabilitation Science, 1-9-27 Tenma, Kita-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 530-0043, Japan
| | - T Mae
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - H Yoshikawa
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - K Nakata
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, 1-17 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Kim SH, Chi M, Yi B, Kim SH, Oh S, Kim Y, Park S, Sung JH. Three-dimensional intestinal villi epithelium enhances protection of human intestinal cells from bacterial infection by inducing mucin expression. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:1122-31. [PMID: 25200891 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00157e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Current in vitro cell culture models do not reflect human physiology, and various efforts have been made to enhance existing models. Reconstitution of three-dimensional (3D) tissue structure has been one of the strategies, since 3D tissue structure provides essential cellular environmental cues for cell functions. Previously, we developed a novel hydrogel microfabrication technique for constructing an accurate 3D replica of human intestinal villi epithelium. In this study, genetic and physiological properties of the 3D villi model were examined to gain a better insight into the barrier function of gut epithelium and its interaction with microbes. Gene expression study of Caco-2 on the 3D villi scaffold revealed that expression of MUC17, which is one of the transmembrane mucins, was highly enhanced in the 3D villi model, compared to a monolayer culture. Cells on the scaffold were almost immune to bacterial infection, while MUC17 knockdown in Caco-2 cells restored bacterial infectivity. The 3D villi model also exhibited changes in the barrier function compared to the 2D model, manifested by changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability of FITC-dextran. Knockdown of MUC17 resulted in reduction of tight junction protein expression and further increase in permeability, suggesting an important role of MUC17 in the barrier function against pathogens and xenobiotics. Our study suggests that mimicking the 3D tissue architecture of the small intestine induces physiological changes in human intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Korea.
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150
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Stanton MM, Parrillo A, Thomas GM, McGimpsey WG, Wen Q, Bellin RM, Lambert CR. Fibroblast extracellular matrix and adhesion on microtextured polydimethylsiloxane scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 103:861-9. [PMID: 25142015 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immediate physical and chemical surroundings of cells provide important biochemical cues for their behavior. Designing and tailoring biomaterials for controlled cell signaling and extracellular matrix (ECM) can be difficult due to the complexity of the cell-surface relationship. To address this issue, our research has led to the development of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) scaffold with defined microtopography and chemistry for surface driven ECM assembly. When human fibroblasts were cultured on this microtextured PDMS with 2-6 µm wide vertical features, significant changes in morphology, adhesion, actin cytoskeleton, and fibronectin generation were noted when compared with cells cultured on unmodified PDMS. Investigation of cellular response and behavior was performed with atomic force microscopy in conjunction with fluorescent labeling of focal adhesion cites and fibronectin in the ECM. Changes in the surface topography induced lower adhesion, an altered actin cytoskeleton, and compacted units of fibronectin similar to that observed in vivo. Overall, these findings provide critical information of cell-surface interactions with a microtextured, polymer substrate that can be used in the field of tissue engineering for controlling cellular ECM interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M Stanton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts
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