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Nissimov JN, Das Chaudhuri AB. Hair curvature: a natural dialectic and review. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 89:723-66. [PMID: 24617997 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although hair forms (straight, curly, wavy, etc.) are present in apparently infinite variations, each fibre can be reduced to a finite sequence of tandem segments of just three types: straight, bent/curly, or twisted. Hair forms can thus be regarded as resulting from genetic pathways that induce, reverse or modulate these basic curvature modes. However, physical interconversions between twists and curls demonstrate that strict one-to-one correspondences between them and their genetic causes do not exist. Current hair-curvature theories do not distinguish between bending and twisting mechanisms. We here introduce a multiple papillary centres (MPC) model which is particularly suitable to explain twisting. The model combines previously known features of hair cross-sectional morphology with partially/completely separated dermal papillae within single follicles, and requires such papillae to induce differential growth rates of hair cortical material in their immediate neighbourhoods. The MPC model can further help to explain other, poorly understood, aspects of hair growth and morphology. Separate bending and twisting mechanisms would be preferentially affected at the major or minor ellipsoidal sides of fibres, respectively, and together they exhaust the possibilities for influencing hair-form phenotypes. As such they suggest dialectic for hair-curvature development. We define a natural-dialectic (ND) which could take advantage of speculative aspects of dialectic, but would verify its input data and results by experimental methods. We use this as a top-down approach to first define routes by which hair bending or twisting may be brought about and then review evidence in support of such routes. In particular we consider the wingless (Wnt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways as paradigm pathways for molecular hair bending and twisting mechanisms, respectively. In addition to the Wnt canonical pathway, the Wnt/Ca(2+) and planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways, and others, can explain many alternatives and specific variations of hair bending phenotypes. Mechanisms for hair papilla budding or its division by bisection or fission can explain MPC formation. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) and mesenchymal-to-epithelial (MET) transitions, acting in collaboration with epithelial-mesenchymal communications are also considered as mechanisms affecting hair growth and its bending and twisting. These may be treated as sub-mechanisms of an overall development from neural-crest stem cell (NCSC) lineages to differentiated hair follicle (HF) cell types, thus providing a unified framework for hair growth and development.
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Inokuchi M, Ishikawa S, Furukawa H, Takamura H, Ninomiya I, Kitagawa H, Fushida S, Fujimura T, Ohta T. Treatment of capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome using a topical retinoid: A case report. Oncol Lett 2013; 7:444-448. [PMID: 24396465 PMCID: PMC3881915 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Capecitabine is a chemotherapeutic drug used in patients with breast, colon and gastric cancer. Hand-foot syndrome (HFS) is a type of dermatitis that frequently occurs as a reaction to capecitabine. To date, no effective strategies have been found to prevent or reverse HFS. Furthermore, chemotherapy induces an elevation in the expression of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), and this activation represents a critical mechanism for the induction of chemotherapeutic resistance. Adapalene is a third-generation synthetic retinoid. Topical retinoids are important therapeutic anti-aging agents for managing photodamaged skin, and are known to increase HB-EGF levels, which is important for skin wound healing. Accordingly, the current report focused on the topical retinoids that increase HB-EGF expression in the skin, and we hypothesized that these topical retinoids induce local chemotherapeutic resistance in the skin of patients receiving chemotherapy and consequently, decrease the cutaneous side-effects of chemotherapy. This report presents a case of the successful treatment of refractory HFS induced by capecitabine using the topical application of adapalene. Topical adapalene was applied for 3 months and significantly reduced inflammation and pain following chemotherapy. Topical retinoids may have the potential to effectively treat capecitabine-induced HFS by increasing HB-EGF expression and decreasing cutaneous side-effects. Further studies are required to establish the therapeutic efficacy of topical retinoids on HFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Inokuchi
- Department of Breast Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Satoko Ishikawa
- Department of Breast Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furukawa
- Department of Breast Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takamura
- Department of Breast Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Itasu Ninomiya
- Department of Breast Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Kitagawa
- Department of Breast Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Sachio Fushida
- Department of Breast Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujimura
- Department of Breast Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ohta
- Department of Breast Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
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103
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Puschmann TB, Zandén C, Lebkuechner I, Philippot C, de Pablo Y, Liu J, Pekny M. HB-EGF affects astrocyte morphology, proliferation, differentiation, and the expression of intermediate filament proteins. J Neurochem 2013; 128:878-89. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Till B. Puschmann
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Carl Zandén
- SMIT Center and Bionano Systems Laboratory; Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2); Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Isabell Lebkuechner
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Camille Philippot
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Yolanda de Pablo
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Johan Liu
- SMIT Center and Bionano Systems Laboratory; Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2); Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Parkville Victoria Australia
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104
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Singh B, Coffey RJ. Trafficking of epidermal growth factor receptor ligands in polarized epithelial cells. Annu Rev Physiol 2013; 76:275-300. [PMID: 24215440 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021113-170406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A largely unilamellar epithelial layer lines body cavities and organ ducts such as the digestive tract and kidney tubules. This polarized epithelium is composed of biochemically and functionally separate apical and basolateral surfaces. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is a critical regulator of epithelial homeostasis and is perturbed in a number of epithelial disorders. It is underappreciated that in vivo EGFR signaling is most often initiated by cell-surface delivery and processing of one of seven transmembrane ligands, resulting in release of the soluble form that binds EGFR. In polarized epithelial cells, EGFR is restricted largely to the basolateral surface, and apical or basolateral ligand delivery therefore has important biological consequences. In vitro approaches have been used to study the biosynthesis, cell-surface delivery, proteolytic processing, and release of soluble EGFR ligands in polarized epithelial cells. We review these results, discuss their relevance to normal physiology, and demonstrate the pathophysiological consequences of aberrant trafficking. These studies have uncovered a rich diversity of apico-basolateral trafficking mechanisms among the EGFR ligands, provided insights into the pathogenesis of an inherited magnesium-wasting disorder of the kidney (isolated renal hypomagnesemia), and identified a new mode of EGFR ligand signaling via exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuminder Singh
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; ,
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105
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Losick VP, Fox DT, Spradling AC. Polyploidization and cell fusion contribute to wound healing in the adult Drosophila epithelium. Curr Biol 2013; 23:2224-2232. [PMID: 24184101 PMCID: PMC3898104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reestablishing epithelial integrity and biosynthetic capacity is critically important following tissue damage. The adult Drosophila abdominal epithelium provides an attractive new system to address how postmitotic diploid cells contribute to repair. RESULTS Puncture wounds to the adult Drosophila epidermis close initially by forming a melanized scab. We found that epithelial cells near the wound site fuse to form a giant syncytium, which sends lamellae under the scab to re-epithelialize the damaged site. Other large cells arise more peripherally by initiating endocycles and becoming polyploid, or by cell fusion. Rac GTPase activity is needed for syncytium formation, while the Hippo signaling effector Yorkie modulates both polyploidization and cell fusion. Large cell formation is functionally important because when both polyploidization and fusion are blocked, wounds do not re-epithelialize. CONCLUSIONS Our observations indicate that cell mass lost upon wounding can be replaced by polyploidization instead of mitotic proliferation. We propose that large cells generated by polyploidization or cell fusion are essential because they are better able than diploid cells to mechanically stabilize wounds, especially those containing permanent acellular structures, such as scar tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki P Losick
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Donald T Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, C318 LSRC Box 3813, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Allan C Spradling
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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106
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Ohyama Y, Kawamoto Y, Chiba T, Kikuchi K, Sakashita H, Imai K. Differential expression of fatty acid-binding proteins and pathological implications in the progression of tongue carcinoma. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 2:19-25. [PMID: 24649302 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2013.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tongue carcinomas are common malignancies of the oral cavity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the disease progression is a prerequisite for improving patient prognosis. Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are cytoplasmic lipid chaperones that affect cellular organization and energy production. Although their aberrant expression is involved in carcinoma progression, its role in the pathology of tongue carcinomas remains unclear. In the present study, the immunohistochemical expression of FABP4 and FABP5 in tongue carcinomas (n=58) and its involvement in the clinicopathological parameters were examined. Normal tongue epithelial cells expressed FABP5, an epidermal-type FABP, but not FABP4, an adipocyte-type FABP. The cytoplasmic staining of FABP5 was increased in carcinomas with advanced T-stage (P<0.05) and clinical stage (P<0.05). Ectopic expression of FABP4 was detected in almost all carcinomas, although its role in disease progression remains undetermined. Upregulation of FABP5 in the wounded skin of genetically normal mice indicated that microenvironmental tissue factors induce FABP5 expression. The results of the present study demonstrated the aberrant expression of FABP4 and FABP5 in tongue carcinomas and suggested the involvement of FABP5 in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Ohyama
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Science, School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakado, Saitama 3500283
| | - Yukihiro Kawamoto
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Science, School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakado, Saitama 3500283
| | - Tadashige Chiba
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo 1028159
| | - Kentaro Kikuchi
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Science, School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakado, Saitama 3500283, Japan
| | - Hideaki Sakashita
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Science, School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakado, Saitama 3500283
| | - Kazushi Imai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo 1028159
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107
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Hiraishi Y, Hirobe S, Iioka H, Quan YS, Kamiyama F, Asada H, Okada N, Nakagawa S. Development of a novel therapeutic approach using a retinoic acid-loaded microneedle patch for seborrheic keratosis treatment and safety study in humans. J Control Release 2013; 171:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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108
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Hassmann-Poznańska E, Taranta A, Bialuk I, Poznańska M, Zajączkiewicz H, Winnicka MM. Analysis of gene expression profiles in tympanic membrane following perforation using PCR Array in rats--preliminary investigation. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77:1753-9. [PMID: 24012216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this work was to identify genes, known to be involved in the skin wound healing, that express differentially in the healthy and injured tympanic membrane (TM), and designate the molecules potentially beneficial for treatment of TM perforation. The molecular mechanisms controlling the course of TM regeneration are far from being elucidated. METHODS Twenty rats had their tympanic membranes perforated, while four served as a control. Animals were sacrificed on either days 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 post injury, and TMs were immediately dissected and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Total TM RNA was isolated and reversely transcribed. qPCR was performed using Rat Wound Healing RT(2) Profiler PCR Array (QIAGEN) containing primers for 84 genes. RESULTS Statistically significant changes in the expression of 42 genes were found in various stages of TM healing. The increased expression of genes taking part in the inflammatory reaction (interleukin 6, granulocyte and macrophage chemotactic proteins) was observed from day 2. The expression of several genes of extracellular matrix components and their remodeling enzymes was also changed. Among growth factor genes: Vegfa, Igf1 and Hbegf showed increased expression at the beginning of the healing process, while Hgf expression was highest on day 3. CONCLUSIONS Several changes in the expression of genes involved in remodeling of extracellular matrix point to important role of connective tissue in TM healing. The molecules accelerating this process, like HbEGF and HGF, seem to be good candidates for further evaluation of their possible use in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Hassmann-Poznańska
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical University of Białystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland.
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109
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EGFR-ras-raf signaling in epidermal stem cells: roles in hair follicle development, regeneration, tissue remodeling and epidermal cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19361-84. [PMID: 24071938 PMCID: PMC3821561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141019361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian skin is the largest organ of the body and its outermost layer, the epidermis, undergoes dynamic lifetime renewal through the activity of somatic stem cell populations. The EGFR-Ras-Raf pathway has a well-described role in skin development and tumor formation. While research mainly focuses on its role in cutaneous tumor initiation and maintenance, much less is known about Ras signaling in the epidermal stem cells, which are the main targets of skin carcinogenesis. In this review, we briefly discuss the properties of the epidermal stem cells and review the role of EGFR-Ras-Raf signaling in keratinocyte stem cells during homeostatic and pathological conditions.
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110
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Epidermal deletion of HIF-2α stimulates wound closure. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:801-808. [PMID: 24037341 PMCID: PMC3877686 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wound closure requires a complex series of micro-environmentally influenced events. A key aspect of wound closure is the migration of keratinocytes across the open wound. It has been found previously that the response to hypoxia via the HIF-1α transcription factor is a key feature of wound closure. The need for hypoxic response is likely due to interrupted wound vasculature, as well as infection, and in this work we investigated the need for a highly related hypoxic response transcription factor, HIF-2α. This factor was deleted tissue specifically in mice, and the resulting mice were found to have an accelerated rate of wound closure. This is correlated with a reduced bacterial load and inflammatory response in these mice. This indicates that manipulating or reducing the HIF-2α response in keratinocytes could be a useful means to accelerate wound healing and tissue repair.
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111
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Immunolocalization of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) as a possible immunotarget in diagnosis of some soft tissue sarcomas. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:719-27. [PMID: 23597914 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), a member of the family of epidermal growth factors (EGFs), is involved in several biological processes and tumor formation. Several lines of evidence show that HB-EGF plays a key role in the acquisition of malignant phenotype. Studies show that HB-EGF expression is essential in oncogenesis of cancer-derived cell lines. HB-EGF is a promising target for cancer therapy. The aim of this study was to find new insights on the biological features of the soft tissue sarcomas, in order to consider the possibility to use HB-EGF as an immuno-target in histotype characterization and to facilitate therapeutic intervention. In our study we did HB-EGF-immunostaining on tissue samples collected from 43 human soft tissue sarcomas. We analyzed HB-EGF immunoexpression in some types of tumors such as clear cell sarcomas, leiomyosarcomas, phyllodes sarcomas, chondrosarcomas and liposarcomas. In relation to the different histotypes, we detected different immunostaining localization. From our results it was evident that pleomorphic cells, a signal of tumor progression, were HB-EGF immunostained, and this was accompanied by an extracellular matrix immunostaining. Moreover statistical analysis showed a correlation between HB-EGF immunostaining and the different types of analyzed soft tissue sarcomas. In conclusion, in some types of soft tissue sarcoma HB-EGF could be considered a useful diagnostic marker for their characterization.
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112
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Low nitric oxide bioavailability upregulates renal heparin binding EGF-like growth factor expression. Kidney Int 2013; 84:1176-88. [PMID: 23760291 PMCID: PMC3796048 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Decreased nitric oxide bioavailability plays an important role in the initiation and progression of diabetic nephropathy, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we found that heparin binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) expression levels increased in the kidneys of both endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) knockout and eNOS knockout diabetic (Lepr db/db) mice as early as 8 weeks of age. Further increases in expression were only seen in eNOS knockout diabetic mice and paralleled the progression of glomerulopathy. HB-EGF expression increased in endothelium, podocytes, and tubular epithelial cells. In cultured glomerular endothelial cells, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or L-N5-(1-Iminoethyl) ornithine increased HB-EGF protein expression. Administration of L-NAME dramatically increased renal HB-EGF expression and urinary HB-EGF excretion in diabetic mice. On the other hand, replenishing nitric oxide with sodium nitrate in eNOS knockout diabetic mice reduced urinary HB-EGF excretion and inhibited the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Furthermore, specific deletion of HB-EGF expression in endothelium attenuated renal injury in diabetic eNOS knockout mice. Thus, our results suggest that decreased nitric oxide bioavailability leads to increased HB-EGF expression, which may be an important mediator of the resulting progressive diabetic nephropathy in eNOS knockout diabetic mice.
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113
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Pakyari M, Farrokhi A, Maharlooei MK, Ghahary A. Critical Role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta in Different Phases of Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2013; 2:215-224. [PMID: 24527344 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2012.0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE This review highlights the critical role of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)1-3 within different phases of wound healing, in particular, late-stage wound healing. It is also very important to identify the TGF-β1-controlling factors involved in slowing down the healing process upon wound epithelialization. RECENT ADVANCES TGF-β1, as a growth factor, is a known proponent of dermal fibrosis. Several strategies to modulate or regulate TGF's actions have been thoroughly investigated in an effort to create successful therapies. This study reviews current discourse regarding the many roles of TGF-β1 in wound healing by modulating infiltrated immune cells and the extracellular matrix. CRITICAL ISSUES It is well established that TGF-β1 functions as a wound-healing promoting factor, and thereby if in excess it may lead to overhealing outcomes, such as hypertrophic scarring and keloid. Thus, the regulation of TGF-β1 in the later stages of the healing process remains as critical issue of which to better understand. FUTURE DIRECTIONS One hypothesis is that cell communication is the key to regulate later stages of wound healing. To elucidate the role of keratinocyte/fibroblast cross talk in controlling the later stages of wound healing we need to: (1) identify those keratinocyte-released factors which would function as wound-healing stop signals, (2) evaluate the functionality of these factors in controlling the outcome of the healing process, and (3) formulate topical vehicles for these antifibrogenic factors to improve or even prevent the development of hypertrophic scarring and keloids as a result of deep trauma, burn injuries, and any type of surgical incision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Farrokhi
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada . ; Professional Fire Fighters' Burn & Wound Healing Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mohsen Khosravi Maharlooei
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada . ; Professional Fire Fighters' Burn & Wound Healing Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada
| | - Aziz Ghahary
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada . ; Professional Fire Fighters' Burn & Wound Healing Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada
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114
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Inoue H, Sakaue T, Ozawa T, Higashiyama S. Spatiotemporal visualization of proHB-EGF ectodomain shedding in living cells. J Biochem 2013; 154:67-76. [PMID: 23598347 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the EGF family, each of which is produced as a type I transmembrane precursor. The juxtamembrane domain of proHB-EGF, a precursor of HB-EGF, is cleaved by a disintegrin and metalloproteases. HB-EGF is released into the extracellular space and strongly activates EGF receptor. The relevance of better understanding proHB-EGF shedding relates to the importance of the process in the proliferation, differentiation and survival of various types of cells. Shedding of proHB-EGF is normally evaluated using an alkaline phosphatase-tagged proHB-EGF assay or a western blotting assay that involves multiple cells, which makes it difficult to observe spatiotemporal differences in the activities of the individual cells. In this study, we developed a fluorescent proHB-EGF-based metalloprotease biosensor, named Fluhemb, to visualize spatiotemporal regulation of proHB-EGF shedding in individual cells using a simple method that measures changes in fluorescence ratios. Fluhemb might be very useful for detecting the activity of proHB-EGF shedding in various types of cells under different conditions in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
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115
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Takemura T, Yoshida Y, Kiso S, Saji Y, Ezaki H, Hamano M, Kizu T, Egawa M, Chatani N, Furuta K, Kamada Y, Iwamoto R, Mekada E, Higashiyama S, Hayashi N, Takehara T. Conditional knockout of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor in the liver accelerates carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice. Hepatol Res 2013; 43:384-93. [PMID: 22882498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2012.01074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM We previously demonstrated that heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is induced in response to several liver injuries. Because the HB-EGF knockout (KO) mice die in utero or immediately after birth due to cardiac defects, the loss of function study in vivo is limited. Here, we generated liver-specific HB-EGF conditional knockout mice using the interferon-inducible Mx-1 promoter driven cre recombinase transgene and investigated its role during acute liver injury. METHODS We induced acute liver injury by a single i.p. injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) in HB-EGF KO mice and wild-type mice and liver damage was assessed by biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis. We also used AML12 mouse hepatocyte cell lines to examine the molecular mechanism of HB-EGF-dependent anti-apoptosis and wound-healing process of the liver in vitro. RESULTS HB-EGF KO mice exhibited a significant increase of alanine aminotransferase level and also showed a significant increase in the number of apoptotic hepatocytes assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining at 24 h after CCl4 injection. We also demonstrated that HB-EGF treatment inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α-induced apoptosis of AML12 mouse hepatocytes and promoted the wound-healing response of these cells. CONCLUSION This study showed that HB-EGF plays a protective role during acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayo Takemura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine Department of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Medicine Research Center (ProMRes), Ehime University, Ehime Kansai-Rosai Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
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116
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Oyagi A, Hara H. Essential roles of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor in the brain. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 18:803-10. [PMID: 23006514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the EGF family of growth factors, which interacts with the EGF receptor to exert mitogenic activity for various types of cells. Through its interactions with various molecules, it is involved in diverse biological processes, including wound healing, blast implantation, and tumor formation. At the same time, HB-EGF is widely expressed in the central nervous system, including the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, and is considered to play pivotal roles in the developing and adult nervous system. Because HB-EGF protein levels in the brain are much higher than those of TGF-α and EGF, it is possible that HB-EGF serves as a major physiologic ligand for the EGF receptor (ErbB1) within the central nervous system. Recent studies indicate that HB-EGF contributes to the neuronal survival and proliferation of glial/stem cells. HB-EGF also promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons, an action mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) as well as by the Akt signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the implications of HB-EGF in higher brain functions of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Oyagi
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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117
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A potent anti-HB-EGF monoclonal antibody inhibits cancer cell proliferation and multiple angiogenic activities of HB-EGF. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51964. [PMID: 23251664 PMCID: PMC3522611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the epidermal growth factor family and has a variety of physiological and pathological functions. Modulation of HB-EGF activity might have a therapeutic potential in the oncology area. We explored the therapeutic possibilities by characterizing the in vitro biological activity of anti-HB-EGF monoclonal antibody Y-142. EGF receptor (EGFR) ligand and species specificities of Y-142 were tested. Neutralizing activities of Y-142 against HB-EGF were evaluated in EGFR and ERBB4 signaling. Biological activities of Y-142 were assessed in cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis assays and compared with the anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab, the HB-EGF inhibitor CRM197, and the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody bevacizumab. The binding epitope was determined with alanine scanning. Y-142 recognized HB-EGF as well as the EGFR ligand amphiregulin, and bound specifically to human HB-EGF, but not to rodent HB-EGF. In addition, Y-142 neutralized HB-EGF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR and ERBB4, and blocked their downstream ERK1/2 and AKT signaling. We also found that Y-142 inhibited HB-EGF-induced cancer cell proliferation, endothelial cell proliferation, tube formation, and VEGF production more effectively than cetuximab and CRM197 and that Y-142 was superior to bevacizumab in the inhibition of HB-EGF-induced tube formation. Six amino acids in the EGF-like domain were identified as the Y-142 binding epitope. Among the six amino acids, the combination of F115 and Y123 determined the amphiregulin cross-reactivity and that F115 accounted for the species selectivity. Furthermore, it was suggested that the potent neutralizing activity of Y-142 was derived from its recognition of R142 and Y123 and its high affinity to HB-EGF. Y-142 has a potent HB-EGF neutralizing activity that modulates multiple biological activities of HB-EGF including cancer cell proliferation and angiogenic activities. Y-142 may have a potential to be developed into a therapeutic agent for the treatment of HB-EGF-dependent cancers.
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118
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119
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Acute and impaired wound healing: pathophysiology and current methods for drug delivery, part 2: role of growth factors in normal and pathological wound healing: therapeutic potential and methods of delivery. Adv Skin Wound Care 2012; 25:349-70. [PMID: 22820962 DOI: 10.1097/01.asw.0000418541.31366.a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This is the second of 2 articles that discuss the biology and pathophysiology of wound healing, reviewing the role that growth factors play in this process and describing the current methods for growth factor delivery into the wound bed.
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120
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The roles of receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands in the wound repair process. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:963-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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121
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Liu W, Hsu DK, Chen HY, Yang RY, Carraway KL, Isseroff RR, Liu FT. Galectin-3 regulates intracellular trafficking of EGFR through Alix and promotes keratinocyte migration. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2828-37. [PMID: 22785133 PMCID: PMC3496033 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The EGFR-mediated signaling pathways are important in a variety of cellular processes, including cell migration and wound re-epithelialization. Intracellular trafficking of EGFR is critical for maintaining EGFR surface expression. Galectin-3, a member of an animal lectin family, has been implicated in a number of physiological and pathological processes. Through studies of galectin-3-deficient mice and cells isolated from these mice, we demonstrated that the absence of galectin-3 impairs keratinocyte migration and skin wound re-epithelialization. We have linked this pro-migratory function to a crucial role of cytosolic galectin-3 in controlling intracellular trafficking and cell surface expression of EGFR after EGF stimulation. Without galectin-3, the surface levels of EGFR are markedly reduced, and the receptor accumulates diffusely in the cytoplasm. This is associated with reduced rates of both endocytosis and recycling of the receptor. We have provided evidence that this previously unreported function of galectin-3 may be mediated through interaction with its binding partner Alix, which is a protein component of the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery. Our results suggest that galectin-3 is potentially a critical regulator of a number of important cellular responses through its intracellular control of trafficking of cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis. California 95817, USA
| | - Daniel K. Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis. California 95817, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis. California 95817, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ri-Yao Yang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis. California 95817, USA
| | | | - Roslyn R. Isseroff
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis. California 95817, USA
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis. California 95817, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C
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122
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Johnson NR, Wang Y. Controlled delivery of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor yields fast and comprehensive wound healing. J Control Release 2012; 166:124-9. [PMID: 23154193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a dynamic process that relies on coordinated signaling molecules to succeed. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is proven to accelerate healing, however precise control over its application is necessary to reduce side effects and achieve desired therapeutic benefit. To achieve effective growth factor delivery we designed a bioactive heparin-based coacervate. In vitro, HB-EGF released from the coacervate delivery system displayed enhanced bioactivity and promoted human keratinocyte migration while preserving cell proliferative capability. In a mouse excisional full-thickness wound model, controlled release of HB-EGF within the wound significantly accelerated wound closure more effectively than an equal dosage of free HB-EGF. Healing was induced by rapid re-epithelialization, granulation tissue formation, and accompanied by angiogenesis. Consistent with in vitro results, wounds treated with HB-EGF coacervate exhibited enhanced migration of keratinocytes with retained proliferative potential, forming a confluent layer for regained barrier function within 7 days. Collectively, these results suggest that coacervate-based controlled release of HB-EGF may serve as a new therapy to accelerate healing of cutaneous wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Ray Johnson
- Department of Bioengineering and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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123
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Poumay Y, de Rouvroit CL. HB-EGF, the growth factor that accelerates keratinocyte migration, but slows proliferation. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2129-30. [PMID: 22895444 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Among epidermal growth factors, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is expressed unlike others, and produces unusual effects on keratinocytes. A new report illustrates the development of a motile phenotype characterized by signs of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, reduced proliferation, and altered expression of epidermal markers. We comment on differences between endogenous HB-EGF and recombinant factor, about opportune and inopportune situations of HB-EGF overexpression by epidermal keratinocytes, as well as about the consequences on epidermal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Poumay
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, URPHYM-NARILIS, University of Namur (FUNDP), Namur, Belgium.
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124
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Murawala P, Tanaka EM, Currie JD. Regeneration: the ultimate example of wound healing. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:954-62. [PMID: 23059793 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of wound repair in mammals is often characterized by fibrotic scaring. Vertebrates such as zebrafish, frogs, and salamanders not only heal scarlessly, but also can regenerate lost appendages. Decades of study on the process of animal regeneration has produced key insights into the mechanisms of how complex tissue is restored. By examining our current knowledge of regeneration, we can draw parallels with mammalian wound healing to identify the molecular determinants that produce such differing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prayag Murawala
- Technische Universität Dresden, DFG Center for Regenerative Therapies, Fetscherstrasse 105, Dresden 01307, Germany
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125
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Lian H, Ma Y, Feng J, Dong W, Yang Q, Lu D, Zhang L. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor induces heart interstitial fibrosis via an Akt/mTor/p70s6k pathway. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 22984591 DOI: 10.1371/jour] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is essential for maintaining normal function of the adult heart and is known to play an important role in myocardial remodeling. In the present study, we observed that heart-specific HB-EGF transgenic (TG) mice had systolic dysfunction with decreased fractional shortening (FS%), increased end-systolic diameter (LVIDs) at 5 months of age, increased heart fibrosis, and increased mRNA expression of Col1α1 and Col3α1 at 1, 3, 5 and 7 months of age compared to nontransgenic (NTG) littermates. However, the left ventricular anterior wall thickness at end-systole (LVAWs) of the TG mice was not different than the NTG mice. Phosphorylation levels of Akt, mTor and p70s6k were increased due to HB-EGF expression in TG mice compared with the NTG mice at 3 and 7 months of age. Additionally, activated Akt, mTor and p70s6k were co-localized with vimentin to cardiac fibroblasts isolated from TG mice. Furthermore, HB-EGF significantly increased phosphorylation levels of Akt, mTor and p70s6k and increased expression of type I collagen in cultured primary cardiac fibroblasts. Rapamycin (Rapa) and CRM197, inhibitors of mTor and HB-EGF respectively, could inhibit the expression of type I collagen in the cultured primary cardiac fibroblasts and Rapa suppressed interstitial fibrosis of the heart tissues in vivo. In addition, a BrdU assay showed that HB-EGF increased proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts by 30% compared with cells without HB-EGF treatment. HB-EGF-induced proliferation was completely diminished in the presence of Rapa. These results suggest that HB-EGF induced heart fibrosis and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts occurs through activation of the Akt/mTor/p70s6k pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lian
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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126
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Lian H, Ma Y, Feng J, Dong W, Yang Q, Lu D, Zhang L. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor induces heart interstitial fibrosis via an Akt/mTor/p70s6k pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44946. [PMID: 22984591 PMCID: PMC3440333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is essential for maintaining normal function of the adult heart and is known to play an important role in myocardial remodeling. In the present study, we observed that heart-specific HB-EGF transgenic (TG) mice had systolic dysfunction with decreased fractional shortening (FS%), increased end-systolic diameter (LVIDs) at 5 months of age, increased heart fibrosis, and increased mRNA expression of Col1α1 and Col3α1 at 1, 3, 5 and 7 months of age compared to nontransgenic (NTG) littermates. However, the left ventricular anterior wall thickness at end-systole (LVAWs) of the TG mice was not different than the NTG mice. Phosphorylation levels of Akt, mTor and p70s6k were increased due to HB-EGF expression in TG mice compared with the NTG mice at 3 and 7 months of age. Additionally, activated Akt, mTor and p70s6k were co-localized with vimentin to cardiac fibroblasts isolated from TG mice. Furthermore, HB-EGF significantly increased phosphorylation levels of Akt, mTor and p70s6k and increased expression of type I collagen in cultured primary cardiac fibroblasts. Rapamycin (Rapa) and CRM197, inhibitors of mTor and HB-EGF respectively, could inhibit the expression of type I collagen in the cultured primary cardiac fibroblasts and Rapa suppressed interstitial fibrosis of the heart tissues in vivo. In addition, a BrdU assay showed that HB-EGF increased proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts by 30% compared with cells without HB-EGF treatment. HB-EGF-induced proliferation was completely diminished in the presence of Rapa. These results suggest that HB-EGF induced heart fibrosis and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts occurs through activation of the Akt/mTor/p70s6k pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lian
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanwu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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127
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El Safoury OS, Fawzy MM, Hay RMA, Hassan AS, El Maadawi ZM, Rashed LA. The possible role of trauma in skin tags through the release of mast cell mediators. Indian J Dermatol 2012; 56:641-6. [PMID: 22345761 PMCID: PMC3276887 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.91819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Skin tags (ST) are common benign tumors of the skin but their etiopathogenesis is not well understood. STs arise in sites subjected to trauma. It was proved that mast cells are recruited to sites of skin trauma and increase their tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) content. Aim: STs are linked to obesity and frictional sites, but this has not been studied at the molecular level. We hypothesized that mast cells, TNF-α and its family member, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) might play a role in the pathogenesis of STs as a response to trauma. Materials and Methods: A study was done on 15 patients with STs. Two STs and a snip of normal skin were obtained in each subject. We counted the mast cells after Toluidine blue staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay was used to measure TNF-α level while reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the level of TRAIL mRNA expression. Results: Mast cell count in all STs was significantly higher than that in control (P=0.0355). There was a highly significant increase in the level of TNF-α in all STs as compared to its level in controls (P<0.0001). Expression of TRAIL mRNA was significantly higher in STs as compared to its expression in controls (P<0.0001). Conclusion: Our study suggests that mast cells, TNF-α and TRAIL may play a role in the pathogenesis of STs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar S El Safoury
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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128
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Enhanced keratinocyte proliferation and migration in co-culture with fibroblasts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40951. [PMID: 22911722 PMCID: PMC3401236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is primarily controlled by the proliferation and migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts as well as the complex interactions between these two cell types. To investigate the interactions between keratinocytes and fibroblasts and the effects of direct cell-to-cell contact on the proliferation and migration of keratinocytes, keratinocytes and fibroblasts were stained with different fluorescence dyes and co-cultured with or without transwells. During the early stage (first 5 days) of the culture, the keratinocytes in contact with fibroblasts proliferated significantly faster than those not in contact with fibroblasts, but in the late stage (11(th) to 15(th) day), keratinocyte growth slowed down in all cultures unless EGF was added. In addition, keratinocyte migration was enhanced in co-cultures with fibroblasts in direct contact, but not in the transwells. Furthermore, the effects of the fibroblasts on keratinocyte migration and growth at early culture stage correlated with heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), IL-1α and TGF-β1 levels in the cultures where the cells were grown in direct contact. These effects were inhibited by anti-HB-EGF, anti-IL-1α and anti-TGF-β1 antibodies and anti-HB-EGF showed the greatest inhibition. Co-culture of keratinocytes and IL-1α and TGF-β1 siRNA-transfected fibroblasts exhibited a significant reduction in HB-EGF production and keratinocyte proliferation. These results suggest that contact with fibroblasts stimulates the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes during wound healing, and that HB-EGF plays a central role in this process and can be up-regulated by IL-1α and TGF-β1, which also regulate keratinocyte proliferation differently during the early and late stage.
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129
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Kim SW, Zhang HZ, Guo L, Kim JM, Kim MH. Amniotic mesenchymal stem cells enhance wound healing in diabetic NOD/SCID mice through high angiogenic and engraftment capabilities. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41105. [PMID: 22815931 PMCID: PMC3398889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (AMMs) have been recognised as a promising stem cell resource, their therapeutic potential for wound healing has not been widely investigated. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of AMMs using a diabetic mouse wound model. Quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA results revealed that the angiogenic factors, IGF-1, EGF and IL-8 were markedly upregulated in AMMs when compared with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMs) and dermal fibroblasts. In vitro scratch wound assays also showed that AMM-derived conditioned media (CM) significantly accelerated wound closure. Diabetic mice were generated using streptozotocin and wounds were created by skin excision, followed by AMM transplantation. AMM transplantation significantly promoted wound healing and increased re-epithelialization and cellularity. Notably, transplanted AMMs exhibited high engraftment rates and expressed keratinocyte-specific proteins and cytokeratin in the wound area, indicating a direct contribution to cutaneous closure. Taken together, these data suggest that AMMs possess considerable therapeutic potential for chronic wounds through the secretion of angiogenic factors and enhanced engraftment/differentiation capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Whan Kim
- Regional Clinical Center, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
- * E-mail: (SWK); (MHK)
| | - Hong-Zhe Zhang
- Regional Clinical Center, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Longzhe Guo
- Regional Clinical Center, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Moo Hyun Kim
- Regional Clinical Center, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
- * E-mail: (SWK); (MHK)
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130
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Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2148-57. [PMID: 22592159 PMCID: PMC3423535 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that autocrine proliferation of human keratinocytes (KC) is strongly dependent upon amphiregulin (AREG), whereas blockade of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) inhibits KC migration in scratch wound assays. Here we demonstrate that expression of soluble HB-EGF (sHB-EGF) or full-length transmembrane HB-EGF (proHB-EGF), but not proAREG, results in profound increases in KC migration and invasiveness in monolayer culture. Coincident with these changes, HB-EGF significantly decreases mRNA expression of several epithelial markers including keratins 1, 5, 10, and 14, while increasing expression of markers of cellular motility including SNAI1, ZEB1, COX-2 and MMP1. Immunostaining revealed HB-EGF-induced expression of the mesenchymal protein vimentin and decreased expression of E-cadherin as well as nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Suggestive of a trade-off between KC motility and proliferation, overexpression of HB-EGF also reduced KC growth by more than 90%. We also show that HB-EGF is strongly induced in regenerating epidermis after partial thickness wounding of human skin. Taken together, our data suggest that expression of HB-EGF in human KC triggers a migratory and invasive phenotype with many features of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which may be beneficial in the context of cutaneous wound healing.
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131
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Huang G, Besner GE, Brigstock DR. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor suppresses experimental liver fibrosis in mice. J Transl Med 2012; 92:703-12. [PMID: 22330337 PMCID: PMC3338873 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a cytoprotective agent in several organ systems but its roles in liver fibrosis are unclear. We studied the roles of HB-EGF in experimental liver fibrosis in mice and during hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. Thioacetamide (TAA; 100 mg/kg) was administered by intraperitoneal injection three times a week for 4 weeks to wild-type HB-EGF(+/+) or HB-EGF-null (HB-EGF(-/-)) male mice. Livers were examined for histology and expression of key fibrotic markers. Primary cultured HSCs isolated from untreated HB-EGF(+/+) or HB-EGF(-/-) mice were examined for fibrotic markers and/or cell migration either during culture-induced activation or after exogenous HB-EGF (100 ng/ml) treatment. TAA induced liver fibrosis in both HB-EGF(+/+) and HB-EGF(-/-) mice. Hepatic HB-EGF expression was decreased in TAA-treated HB-EGF(+/+) mice by 37.6% (P<0.05) as compared with animals receiving saline alone. HB-EGF(-/-) mice treated with TAA showed increased hepatic α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells and collagen deposition, and, as compared with HB-EGF(+/+) mice, TAA-stimulated hepatic mRNA levels in HB-EGF(-/-) mice were, respectively, 2.1-, 1.7-, 1.8-, 2.2-, 1.2- or 3.3-fold greater for α-smooth muscle actin, α1 chain of collagen I or III (COL1A1 or COL3A1), transforming growth factor-β1, connective tissue growth factor or tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (P<0.05). HB-EGF expression was detectable in primary cultured HSCs from HB-EGF(+/+) mice. Both endogenous and exogenous HB-EGF inhibited HSC activation in primary culture, and HB-EGF enhanced HSC migration. These findings suggest that HB-EGF gene knockout in mice increases susceptibility to chronic TAA-induced hepatic fibrosis and that HB-EGF expression or action is associated with suppression of fibrogenic pathways in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcun Huang
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Gail E. Besner
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA,Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - David R. Brigstock
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA,Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA,Correspondence: David R. Brigstock, PhD, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Research II, Room WA 2020, 700 Children's Dr, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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Nakayama H, Fukuda S, Inoue H, Nishida-Fukuda H, Shirakata Y, Hashimoto K, Higashiyama S. Cell surface annexins regulate ADAM-mediated ectodomain shedding of proamphiregulin. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:1964-75. [PMID: 22438584 PMCID: PMC3350559 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-08-0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectodomain shedding of EGFR ligands by ADAM17 is a key step of transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the downstream signaling network. In this study, we identified cell surface annexins as regulators of ectodomain shedding of amphiregulin precursor. We propose that cell surface annexins act as a shedding platform to determine the substrate selectivity of ADAM17. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) is a family of enzymes involved in ectodomain shedding of various membrane proteins. However, the molecular mechanism underlying substrate recognition by ADAMs remains unknown. In this study, we successfully captured and analyzed cell surface transient assemblies between the transmembrane amphiregulin precursor (proAREG) and ADAM17 during an early shedding phase, which enabled the identification of cell surface annexins as components of their shedding complex. Annexin family members annexin A2 (ANXA2), A8, and A9 interacted with proAREG and ADAM17 on the cell surface. Shedding of proAREG was increased when ANXA2 was knocked down but decreased with ANXA8 and A9 knockdown, because of enhanced and impaired association with ADAM17, respectively. Knockdown of ANXA2 and A8 in primary keratinocytes altered wound-induced cell migration and ultraviolet B–induced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), suggesting that annexins play an essential role in the ADAM-mediated ectodomain shedding of EGFR ligands. On the basis of these data, we propose that annexins on the cell surface function as “shedding platform” proteins to determine the substrate selectivity of ADAM17, with possible therapeutic potential in ADAM-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironao Nakayama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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133
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The cell-penetrating peptide domain from human heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) has anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 419:597-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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134
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Huang S, Lu G, Wu Y, Jirigala E, Xu Y, Ma K, Fu X. Mesenchymal stem cells delivered in a microsphere-based engineered skin contribute to cutaneous wound healing and sweat gland repair. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 66:29-36. [PMID: 22398148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) can contribute to wound healing after skin injury. However, the role of BM-MSCs on repairing skin appendages in renewal tissues is incompletely explored. Moreover, most preclinical studies suggest that the therapeutic effects afforded by BM-MSCs transplantation are short-lived and relatively unstable. OBJECTIVE To assess whether engrafted bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells via a delivery system can participate in cutaneous wound healing and sweat-gland repair in mice. METHODS For safe and effective delivery of BM-MSCs to wounds, epidermal growth factor (EGF) microspheres were firstly developed to both support cells and maintain appropriate stimuli, then cell-seeded microspheres were incorporated with biomimetic scaffolds and thus fabricated an engineered skin construct with epithelial differentiation and proliferative potential. The applied efficacy was examined by implanting them into excisional wounds on both back and paws of hind legs in mice. RESULTS After 3 weeks, BM-MSC-engineered skin (EGF loaded) treated wounds exhibited accelerated healing with increased re-epithelialization rates and less skin contraction. Furthermore, histological and immunofluorescence staining analysis revealed sweat glands-like structures became more apparent in BM-MSC-engineered skin (EGF loaded) treated wounds but the number of implanted BM-MSCs were decreased gradually in later phases of healing progression. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that BM-MSCs delivered by this EGF microspheres-based engineered skin model may be a promising strategy to repair sweat glands and improve cutaneous wound healing after injury and success in this study might provide a potential benefit for BM-MSCs administration clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Huang
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, General Hospital of PLA, 51 Fu Cheng Road, Beijing, PR China
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135
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Honma M, Minami-Hori M, Takahashi H, Iizuka H. Podoplanin expression in wound and hyperproliferative psoriatic epidermis: regulation by TGF-β and STAT-3 activating cytokines, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-22. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 65:134-40. [PMID: 22189341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Podoplanin (PDPN)/T1α/aggrus/PA2.26 antigen, a transmembranous glycoprotein, is a well-known lymphatic endothelial marker. Recent evidence indicates that PDPN is also expressed in keratinocytes especially of sebaceous glands. OBJECTIVE To verify expression-pattern and the regulatory mechanism of PDPN in human epidermal keratinocytes. METHODS PDPN-expression pattern was analyzed in normal and psoriatic epidermis by immunostaining. The regulatory mechanism of PDPN-expression of keratinocytes by cytokines was analyzed using specific inhibitors, siRNA, and adenoviral shRNA of signaling pathways. RESULTS In normal skin, PDPN was expressed on the basal cell layer of sebaceous glands and on the outer root sheath of hair follicles. While no expression was detected in the normal interfollicular epidermis, PDPN was detected in the basal cell layer of wound and hyperproliferative psoriatic epidermis, where the granular layer is lacking. TGF-β1 and IFN-γ independently upregulated PDPN-expression of keratinocytes via TGF-β receptor-Smad pathway and JAK-STAT pathway, respectively. IL-6 and IL-22 also stimulated PDPN-expression of keratinocytes accompanied by STAT-3 phosphorylation. siRNA of STAT-1, inhibitors of STAT-3 signaling, AG490, STAT-3 inhibitor VI, and si/shRNA of STAT-3 inhibited the PDPN-expression of keratinocytes induced by IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-22 but not by TGF-β1. CONCLUSION These results indicate that TGF-β1, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-22 induce PDPN-expression of keratinocytes, which might be significantly involved in the wound healing process as well as in the pathomechanism of hyperproliferative psoriatic epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Honma
- Department of Dermatology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, Japan.
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136
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BAZF, a novel component of cullin3-based E3 ligase complex, mediates VEGFR and Notch cross-signaling in angiogenesis. Blood 2012; 119:2688-98. [PMID: 22279058 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-03-345306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenic homeostasis is maintained by a balance between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Notch signaling in endothelial cells (ECs). We screened for molecules that might mediate the coupling of VEGF signal transduction with down-regulation of Notch signaling, and identified B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma6-associated zinc finger protein (BAZF). BAZF was induced by VEGF-A in ECs to bind to the Notch signaling factor C-promoter binding factor 1 (CBF1), and to promote the degradation of CBF1 through polyubiquitination in a CBF1-cullin3 (CUL3) E3 ligase complex. BAZF disruption in vivo decreased endothelial tip cell number and filopodia protrusion, and markedly abrogated vascular plexus formation in the mouse retina, overlapping the retinal phenotype seen in response to Notch activation. Further, impaired angiogenesis and capillary remodeling were observed in skin-wounded BAZF(-/-) mice. We therefore propose that BAZF supports angiogenic sprouting via BAZF-CUL3-based polyubiquitination-dependent degradation of CBF1 to down-regulate Notch signaling.
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137
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Behm B, Babilas P, Landthaler M, Schreml S. Cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in wound healing. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 26:812-20. [PMID: 22211801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In wound healing, a variety of mediators have been identified throughout the years. The mediators discussed here comprise growth factors, cytokines and chemokines. These mediators act via multiple (specific) receptors to facilitate wound closure. As research in the last years has led to many new findings, there is a need to give an overview on what is known, and on what might possibly play a role as a molecular target for future wound therapy. This review aims to keep the reader up to date with selected important and novel findings regarding growth factors, cytokines and chemokines in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Behm
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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138
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Wang X, Tredget EE, Wu Y. Dynamic signals for hair follicle development and regeneration. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:7-18. [PMID: 21787229 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair follicles form during embryonic development and, after birth, undergo recurrent cycling of growth, regression, and relative quiescence. As a functional mini-organ, the hair follicle develops in an environment with dynamic and alternating changes of diverse molecular signals. Over the past decades, genetically engineered mouse models have been used to study hair follicle morphogenesis and significant advances have been made toward the identification of key signaling pathways and the regulatory genes involved. In contrast, much less is understood in signals regulating hair follicle regeneration. Like hair follicle development, hair follicle regeneration probably relies on populations of stem cells that undergo a highly coordinated and stepwise program of differentiation to produce the completed structure. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of the molecular signals underlying hair follicle morphogenesis and regeneration, with a focus on the initiation of the primary hair follicle structure placode. Knowledge about hair follicle morphogenesis may help develop novel therapeutic strategies to enhance cutaneous regeneration and improve wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Wang
- Life Science Division, Tsinghua University Graduate School at Shenzhen, China
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139
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Helsper JPFG, Ruyter-Spira CP, Kwakman PHS, Bleeker WK, Keizer LCP, Bade JB, Te Velde AA, Zaat SAJ, Verbeek M, Creemers-Molenaar J. Accumulation of human EGF in nectar of transformed plants of Nicotiana langsdorffii x N. sanderae and transfer to honey by bees. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2011; 13:740-6. [PMID: 21815978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Honey has been used successfully in wound healing for thousands of years. The peptide hormone human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) is also known to have a beneficial effect in various wound healing processes via mechanisms that differ from those for honey. In this study, we show that hEGF can be incorporated into honey via nectar. Plants of Nicotiana langsdorffii x N. sanderae were transformed with the gene for hEGF, equipped with a nectary-targeted promoter and a signal sequence for secretion to nectar. These plants accumulated hEGF in the nectar. The maximum hEGF concentration recorded with ELISA in these plants is 2.5 ng·ml⁻¹. There is a significant linear relationship (P<0.001) between hEGF concentration and induction of hEGF-receptor phosphorylation. Since the flower morphology of these plants did not allow production of honey from their nectar, we used feeding solutions, spiked with synthetic hEGF, to study transfer of this peptide into honey through bee activity. Transfer of hEGF from a feeding solution to honey by bees occurred with retention of the hEGF concentration and the capacity to induce hEGF-receptor phosphorylation. These observations indicate that plants can function as a production platform for honey containing biologically active peptides, which may enhance wound healing and other biological processes.
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140
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Oh ST, Cho BK, Schramme A, Gutwein P, Tilgen W, Reichrath J. Hair-cycle dependent differential expression of ADAM 10 and ADAM 12: An immunohistochemical analysis in human hair follicles in situ. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 1:46-53. [PMID: 20046589 DOI: 10.4161/derm.1.1.7497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ADAM proteases play important roles in processes of development and differentiation. However, no report has been found in the literature addressing the expression and function of ADAM proteases during hair cycling. RESULTS Cytoplasmic expression pattern of ADAM 10, 12 was similar between normal epidermis and hair infundibulum. In addition, cytoplasmic expression of ADAM 10 was observed in the hair bulb keratinocytes and fibroblasts of dermal papilla in anagen I-III hair follicles. In contrast, decreased ADAM 10 expression was observed in the hair matrix keratinocytes as compared to the hair bulb keratinocytes in anagen I-III hair follicles. Interestingly, ADAM 10 immunoreactivity was expressed weakly in the lower portion of outer root sheath (ORS) of anagen VI hair follicles, and strong ADAM 10 expression was detected in the ORS of catagen and telogen hair follicles. By contrast, ADAM 12 expression was not detected in the hair bulb keratinocytes of anagen I-III hair follicles. ADAM 12 immunoreactivity firstly appeared in the inner root sheath ( IRS ) of anagen IV-V hair follicles and was down-regulated in the IRS and hair cortex and medulla of catagen hair follicles, Strong ADAM 12 immunoreactivity was observed in the ORS of catagen and telogen hair follicles. MATERIAL AND METHODS Samples of normal human skin (n = 30) were used. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using ADAM 10, 12 specific polyclonal antibodies and a sensitive streptavidin-peroxidase technique. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates a comparable staining pattern of decreased ADAM 10 immunoreactivity in hair matrix keratinocytes and the basal cell layer of normal epidermis and hair infundibulum. Expression of ADAM 10 in dermal papilla cells may imply a role in the induction and development of anagen hair follicles. In addition, expression of ADAM 10 in the ORS and hair bulb assume the involvment of ADAM 10 in the downward migration of anagen hair follicles. Furthermore ADAM 12 expression in the IRS may indicate a role in the differentiation of anagen hair follicles. Downregulation of ADAM 12 upon the onset of catagen hair stage suggests that ADAM 12 may play an important role of ADAM 12 in the apoptosis of hair follicle keratinocytes. In summary our findings suggest that ADAM 10 and 12 may be of importance for the regulation of hair cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Taek Oh
- Department of Dermatology; The Saarland University Hospital; Homburg/Saar, Germany
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141
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Terao M, Ishikawa A, Nakahara S, Kimura A, Kato A, Moriwaki K, Kamada Y, Murota H, Taniguchi N, Katayama I, Miyoshi E. Enhanced epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like phenotype in N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V transgenic mouse skin promotes wound healing. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28303-11. [PMID: 21697088 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.220376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) catalyzes the β1,6 branching of N-acetylglucosamine on N-glycans. GnT-V expression is elevated during malignant transformation in various types of cancer. However, the mechanism by which GnT-V promotes cancer progression is unclear. To characterize the biological significance of GnT-V, we established GnT-V transgenic (Tg) mice, in which GnT-V is regulated by a β-actin promoter. No spontaneous cancer was detected in any organs of the GnT-V Tg mice. However, GnT-V expression was up-regulated in GnT-V Tg mouse skin, and cultured keratinocytes derived from these mice showed enhanced migration, which was associated with changes in E-cadherin localization and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Further, EMT-associated factors snail, twist, and N-cadherin were up-regulated, and cutaneous wound healing was accelerated in vivo. We further investigated the detailed mechanisms of EMT by assessing EGF signaling and found up-regulated EGF receptor signaling in GnT-V Tg mouse keratinocytes. These findings indicate that GnT-V overexpression promotes EMT and keratinocyte migration in part through enhanced EGF receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Terao
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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142
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Brief treatment with heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor, but not with EGF, is sufficient to accelerate epithelial wound healing. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:875-8. [PMID: 21640162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) contains, in contrast to EGF, a domain that binds to negatively charged glycans on cell surfaces and in extracellular matrix. We speculated that a short exposure to HB-EGF induces prolonged biological effects such as healing of wounds after immobilization in tissues. METHODS Epithelial cell sheets in tissue and corneas in organ culture were treated briefly with HB-EGF or EGF and binding of the growth factors, time course of activation of the EGF receptor, and healing of wounds were compared. RESULTS Treating human corneal epithelial cells for 2 min with HB-EGF resulted in 8h of detectable activation of the EGF receptor, but activation was much shorter after EGF treatment. A brief treatment with HB-EGF, but not with EGF, induced significant acceleration of healing in wounds in epithelial sheets in tissue and organ culture. Bound HB-EGF was detectable up to 16 h after brief treatments. Neutralizing antibodies added after HB-EGF treatment blocked acceleration of healing, demonstrating the role of bound HB-EGF in accelerating healing. CONCLUSIONS A brief exposure to HB-EGF, but not to EGF, is sufficient to induce prolonged activation of the EGF receptor and to enhance healing. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Bound HB-EGF can serve as a pool that induces prolonged activation of the EGF receptor. EGF has been used experimentally to treat poorly healing wounds, but the frequent applications that are necessary have hampered its use clinically. The findings imply that HB-EGF may be a useful long-acting alternative to EGF.
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143
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Kawaguchi M, Hearing VJ. The Roles of ADAMs Family Proteinases in Skin Diseases. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:482498. [PMID: 21423681 PMCID: PMC3057028 DOI: 10.4061/2011/482498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) are members of a new gene family of transmembrane and secreted proteins, which belong to the zinc proteinase superfamily. These molecules are involved in various biological events such as cell adhesion, cell fusion, cell migration, membrane protein shedding, and proteolysis. Growing evidence now attests to the potential involvement of ADAMs proteinases in diverse processes such as skin wound healing, inflammation, pigmentation, tumor development, cell proliferation, and metastasis. This paper focuses on the roles of ADAMs proteinases in a wide variety of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Kawaguchi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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144
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Abstract
The zinc finger transcription factor Slug (Snai2) serves a wide variety of functions in the epidermis, with roles in skin development, hair growth, wound healing, skin cancer, and sunburn. Slug is expressed in basal keratinocytes and hair follicles where it is important in maintaining epidermal homeostasis. Slug also helps coordinate the skin response to exogenous stimuli. Slug is rapidly induced by a variety of growth factors and injurious agents and Slug controls, directly or indirectly, a variety of keratinocyte responses, including changes in differentiation, adhesion, motility, and production of inflammatory mediators. Slug thus modulates the interactions of the keratinocyte with its environment and with surrounding cells. The function of Slug in the epidermis appears to be distinct from that of the closely related Snail transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H Shirley
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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145
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Hatakeyama H, Cheng H, Wirth P, Counsell A, Marcrom SR, Wood CB, Pohlmann PR, Gilbert J, Murphy B, Yarbrough WG, Wheeler DL, Harari PM, Guo Y, Shyr Y, Slebos RJ, Chung CH. Regulation of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor by miR-212 and acquired cetuximab-resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12702. [PMID: 20856931 PMCID: PMC2938338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We hypothesized that chronic inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by cetuximab, a monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody, induces up-regulation of its ligands resulting in resistance and that microRNAs (miRs) play an important role in the ligand regulation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methodology/Principal Findings Genome-wide changes in gene and miR expression were determined in cetuximab-sensitive cell line, SCC1, and its resistant derivative 1Cc8 using DNA microarrays and RT-PCR. The effects of differentially expressed EGFR ligands and miRs were examined by MTS, colony formation, ELISA, and western blot assays. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and its regulator, miR-212, were differentially expressed with statistical significance when SCC1 and 1Cc8 were compared for gene and miR expression. Stimulation with HB-EGF induced cetuximab resistance in sensitive cell lines. Inhibition of HB-EGF and the addition of miR-212 mimic induced cetuximab sensitivity in resistant cell lines. MicroRNA-212 and HB-EGF expression were inversely correlated in an additional 33 HNSCC and keratinocyte cell lines. Six tumors and 46 plasma samples from HNSCC patients were examined for HB-EGF levels. HB-EGF plasma levels were lower in newly diagnosed HNSCC patients when compared to patients with recurrent disease. Conclusions/Significance Increased expression of HB-EGF due to down-regulation of miR-212 is a possible mechanism of cetuximab resistance. The combination of EGFR ligand inhibitors or miR modulators with cetuximab may improve the clinical outcome of cetuximab therapy in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Hatakeyama
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Haixia Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pamela Wirth
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ashley Counsell
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Samuel R. Marcrom
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Carey Burton Wood
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paula R. Pohlmann
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jill Gilbert
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Barbara Murphy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wendell G. Yarbrough
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Deric L. Wheeler
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Harari
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yan Guo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robbert J. Slebos
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christine H. Chung
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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146
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Iwamoto R, Mine N, Kawaguchi T, Minami S, Saeki K, Mekada E. HB-EGF function in cardiac valve development requires interaction with heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Development 2010; 137:2205-14. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.048926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HB-EGF, a member of the EGF family of growth factors, plays an important role in cardiac valve development by suppressing mesenchymal cell proliferation. Here, we show that HB-EGF must interact with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) to properly function in this process. In developing valves, HB-EGF is synthesized in endocardial cells but accumulates in the mesenchyme by interacting with HSPGs. Disrupting the interaction between HB-EGF and HSPGs in an ex vivo model of endocardial cushion explants resulted in increased mesenchymal cell proliferation. Moreover, homozygous knock-in mice (HBΔhb/Δhb) expressing a mutant HB-EGF that cannot bind to HSPGs developed enlarged cardiac valves with hyperproliferation of mesenchymal cells; this resulted in a phenotype that resembled that of Hbegf-null mice. Interestingly, although Hbegf-null mice had abnormal heart chambers and lung alveoli, HBΔhb/Δhb mice did not exhibit these defects. These results indicate that interactions with HSPGs are essential for the function of HB-EGF, especially in cardiac valve development, in which HB-EGF suppresses mesenchymal cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Iwamoto
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoki Mine
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taichiro Kawaguchi
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Seigo Minami
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuko Saeki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Eisuke Mekada
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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147
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Prince RN, Schreiter ER, Zou P, Wiley HS, Ting AY, Lee RT, Lauffenburger DA. The heparin-binding domain of HB-EGF mediates localization to sites of cell-cell contact and prevents HB-EGF proteolytic release. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:2308-18. [PMID: 20530570 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.058321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a ligand for EGF receptor (EGFR) and possesses the ability to signal in juxtacrine, autocrine and/or paracrine mode, with these alternatives being governed by the degree of proteolytic release of the ligand. Although the spatial range of diffusion of released HB-EGF is restricted by binding heparan-sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in the extracellular matrix and/or cellular glycocalyx, ascertaining mechanisms governing non-released HB-EGF localization is also important for understanding its effects. We have employed a new method for independently tracking the localization of the extracellular EGF-like domain of HB-EGF and the cytoplasmic C-terminus. A striking observation was the absence of the HB-EGF transmembrane pro-form from the leading edge of COS-7 cells in a wound-closure assay; instead, this protein localized in regions of cell-cell contact. A battery of detailed experiments found that this localization derives from a trans interaction between extracellular HSPGs and the HB-EGF heparin-binding domain, and that disruption of this interaction leads to increased release of soluble ligand and a switch in cell phenotype from juxtacrine-induced growth inhibition to autocrine-induced proliferation. Our results indicate that extracellular HSPGs serve to sequester the transmembrane pro-form of HB-EGF at the point of cell-cell contact, and that this plays a role in governing the balance between juxtacrine versus autocrine and paracrine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin N Prince
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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148
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Shirakata Y. Regulation of epidermal keratinocytes by growth factors. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 59:73-80. [PMID: 20570492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal keratinocytes are the main component cells of the epidermis and their function is regulated by various kinds of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. Of these, members of the epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor families, as wells as hepatocyte growth factor and insulin-like growth factor, play central roles in keratinocyte proliferation, while transforming growth factor-beta, vitamin D3, and interferon-gamma are important inhibitors of keratinocyte growth. Keratinocytes are known to produce many of the currently identified growth factors, cytokines and chemokines. Keratinocyte-derived growth factors and cytokines regulate immune and inflammatory responses, and play important roles in pathological skin conditions. This review focuses on the regulation of keratinocytes by growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Shirakata
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa 454, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
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149
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Block ER, Tolino MA, Lozano JS, Lathrop KL, Sullenberger RS, Mazie AR, Klarlund JK. Free edges in epithelial cell sheets stimulate epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:2172-81. [PMID: 20462956 PMCID: PMC2893982 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-12-1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia tend to migrate when edges are present, for instance, after wounding or during development. Using a new tissue culture model, we found that the existence of free edges is in itself a signal that causes activation of the epidermal growth factor and cell motility. The ability of epithelia to migrate and cover wounds is essential to maintaining their functions as physical barriers. Wounding induces many cues that may affect the transition to motility, including the immediate mechanical perturbation, release of material from broken cells, new interactions with adjacent extracellular matrix, and breakdown of physical separation of ligands from their receptors. Depending on the exact nature of wounds, some cues may be present only transiently or insignificantly. In many epithelia, activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a central event in induction of motility, and we find that its continuous activation is required for progression of healing of wounds in sheets of corneal epithelial cells. Here, we examine the hypothesis that edges, which are universally and continuously present in wounds, are a cue. Using a novel culture model we find that their presence is sufficient to cause activation of the EGFR and increased motility of cells in the absence of other cues. Edges that are bordered by agarose do not induce activation of the EGFR, indicating that activation is not due to loss of any specific type of cell–cell interaction but rather due to loss of physical constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R Block
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Research Center, Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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150
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Kioka N, Ito T, Yamashita H, Uekawa N, Umemoto T, Motoyoshi S, Imai H, Takahashi K, Watanabe H, Yamada M, Ueda K. Crucial role of vinexin for keratinocyte migration in vitro and epidermal wound healing in vivo. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1728-38. [PMID: 20361963 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the process of tissue injury and repair, epithelial cells rapidly migrate and form epithelial sheets. Vinexin is a cytoplasmic molecule of the integrin-containing cell adhesion complex localized at focal contacts in vitro. Here, we investigated the roles of vinexin in keratinocyte migration in vitro and wound healing in vivo. Vinexin knockdown using siRNA delayed migration of both HaCaT human keratinocytes and A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells in scratch assay but did not affect cell proliferation. Induction of cell migration by scratching the confluent monolayer culture of these cells activated both EGFR and ERK, and their inhibitors AG1478 and U0126 substantially suppressed scratch-induced keratinocyte migration. Vinexin knockdown in these cells inhibited the scratch-induced activation of EGFR, but not that of ERK, suggesting that vinexin promotes cell migration via activation of EGFR. We further generated vinexin (-/-) mice and isolated their keratinocytes. They similarly showed slow migration in scratch assay. Furthermore, vinexin (-/-) mice exhibited a delay in cutaneous wound healing in both the back skin and tail without affecting the proliferation of keratinocytes. Together, these results strongly suggest a crucial role of vinexin in keratinocyte migration in vitro and cutaneous wound healing in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kioka
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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