101
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Do malaria parasites manipulate the escape behaviour of their avian hosts? An experimental study. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:4493-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4693-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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102
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Perrot‐Minnot M, Maddaleno M, Cézilly F. Parasite‐induced inversion of geotaxis in a freshwater amphipod: a role for anaerobic metabolism? Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthieu Maddaleno
- Université Bourgogne Franche‐Comté UB, CNRS, Biogéosciences UMR6282 F‐21000 Dijon France
| | - Frank Cézilly
- Université Bourgogne Franche‐Comté UB, CNRS, Biogéosciences UMR6282 F‐21000 Dijon France
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103
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Takasuka K, Yasui T, Ishigami T, Nakata K, Matsumoto R, Ikeda K, Maeto K. Host manipulation by an ichneumonid spider ectoparasitoid that takes advantage of preprogrammed web-building behaviour for its cocoon protection. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:2326-32. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.122739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Host manipulation by parasites and parasitoids is a fascinating phenomenon within evolutionary ecology, representing an example of extended phenotypes. To elucidate the mechanism of host manipulation, revealing the origin and function of the invoked actions is essential. Our study focused on the ichneumonid spider ectoparasitoid Reclinervellus nielseni, which turns its host spider (Cyclosa argenteoalba) into a drugged navvy, to modify the web structure into a more persistent cocoon web so that the wasp can pupate safely on this web after the spider's death. We focused on whether the cocoon web originated from the resting web that an unparasitized spider builds before moulting, by comparing web structures, building behaviour and silk spectral/tensile properties. We found that both resting and cocoon webs have reduced numbers of radii decorated by numerous fibrous threads and specific decorating behaviour was identical, suggesting that the cocoon web in this system has roots in the innate resting web and ecdysteroid-related components may be responsible for the manipulation. We also show that these decorations reflect UV light, possibly to prevent damage by flying web-destroyers such as birds or large insects. Furthermore, the tensile test revealed that the spider is induced to repeat certain behavioural steps in addition to resting web construction so that many more threads are laid down for web reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Takasuka
- Laboratory of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yasui
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Ishigami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakata
- Faculty for the Study of Contemporary Society, Kyoto Women's University, Kyoto 605-8501, Japan
| | | | - Kenichi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Stress Cytology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kaoru Maeto
- Laboratory of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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104
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajai Vyas
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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105
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Perrot-Minnot MJ, Sanchez-Thirion K, Cézilly F. Multidimensionality in host manipulation mimicked by serotonin injection. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:20141915. [PMID: 25339729 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulative parasites often alter the phenotype of their hosts along multiple dimensions. 'Multidimensionality' in host manipulation could consist in the simultaneous alteration of several physiological pathways independently of one another, or proceed from the disruption of some key physiological parameter, followed by a cascade of effects. We compared multidimensionality in 'host manipulation' between two closely related amphipods, Gammarus fossarum and Gammarus pulex, naturally and experimentally infected with Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala), respectively. To that end, we calculated in each host-parasite association the effect size of the difference between infected and uninfected individuals for six different traits (activity, phototaxis, geotaxis, attraction to conspecifics, refuge use and metabolic rate). The effects sizes were highly correlated between host-parasite associations, providing evidence for a relatively constant 'infection syndrome'. Using the same methodology, we compared the extent of phenotypic alterations induced by an experimental injection of serotonin (5-HT) in uninfected G. pulex to that induced by experimental or natural infection with P. laevis. We observed a significant correlation between effect sizes across the six traits, indicating that injection with 5-HT can faithfully mimic the 'infection syndrome'. This is, to our knowledge, the first experimental evidence that multidimensionality in host manipulation can proceed, at least partly, from the disruption of some major physiological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank Cézilly
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France
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106
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The muscle dwelling myxozoan, Kudoa inornata, enhances swimming performance in the spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2451-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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107
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Hafer N, Milinski M. When parasites disagree: evidence for parasite-induced sabotage of host manipulation. Evolution 2015; 69:611-20. [PMID: 25643621 PMCID: PMC4409835 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host manipulation is a common parasite strategy to alter host behavior in a manner to enhance parasite fitness usually by increasing the parasite's transmission to the next host. In nature, hosts often harbor multiple parasites with agreeing or conflicting interests over host manipulation. Natural selection might drive such parasites to cooperation, compromise, or sabotage. Sabotage would occur if one parasite suppresses the manipulation of another. Experimental studies on the effect of multi-parasite interactions on host manipulation are scarce, clear experimental evidence for sabotage is elusive. We tested the effect of multiple infections on host manipulation using laboratory-bred copepods experimentally infected with the trophically transmitted tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus. This parasite is known to manipulate its host depending on its own developmental stage. Coinfecting parasites with the same aim enhance each other's manipulation but only after reaching infectivity. If the coinfecting parasites disagree over host manipulation, the infective parasite wins this conflict: the noninfective one has no effect. The winning (i.e., infective) parasite suppresses the manipulation of its noninfective competitor. This presents conclusive experimental evidence for both cooperation in and sabotage of host manipulation and hence a proof of principal that one parasite can alter and even neutralize manipulation by another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hafer
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, D-24306 Ploen, Germany.
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108
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Biron DG, Bonhomme L, Coulon M, Øverli Ø. Microbiomes, plausible players or not in alteration of host behavior. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:775. [PMID: 25628614 PMCID: PMC4290534 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David G Biron
- Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement," Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand, France ; CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE Aubière, France
| | - Ludovic Bonhomme
- INRA, UMR 1095, Genetics, Diversity, and Ecophysiology of Cereals Clermont-Ferrand, France ; Department of Biology, UMR Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, Université Blaise Pascal Aubière, France
| | - Marianne Coulon
- Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement," Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand, France ; CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE Aubière, France
| | - Øyvind Øverli
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Aas, Norway
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109
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Animal personality and state-behaviour feedbacks: a review and guide for empiricists. Trends Ecol Evol 2014; 30:50-60. [PMID: 25498413 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An exciting area in behavioural ecology focuses on understanding why animals exhibit consistent among-individual differences in behaviour (animal personalities). Animal personality has been proposed to emerge as an adaptation to individual differences in state variables, leading to the question of why individuals differ consistently in state. Recent theory emphasizes the role that positive feedbacks between state and behaviour can play in producing consistent among-individual covariance between state and behaviour, hence state-dependent personality. We review the role of feedbacks in recent models of adaptive personalities, and provide guidelines for empirical testing of model assumptions and predictions. We discuss the importance of the mediating effects of ecology on these feedbacks, and provide a roadmap for including state-behaviour feedbacks in behavioural ecology research.
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110
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McElroy EJ, de Buron I. Host Performance as a Target of Manipulation by Parasites: A Meta-Analysis. J Parasitol 2014; 100:399-410. [DOI: 10.1645/13-488.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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111
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Jacquin L, Mori Q, Pause M, Steffen M, Medoc V. Non-specific manipulation of gammarid behaviour by P. minutus parasite enhances their predation by definitive bird hosts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101684. [PMID: 25000519 PMCID: PMC4084987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophically-transmitted parasites often change the phenotype of their intermediate hosts in ways that increase their vulnerability to definitive hosts, hence favouring transmission. As a "collateral damage", manipulated hosts can also become easy prey for non-host predators that are dead ends for the parasite, and which are supposed to play no role in transmission strategies. Interestingly, infection with the acanthocephalan parasite Polymorphus minutus has been shown to reduce the vulnerability of its gammarid intermediate hosts to non-host predators, whose presence triggered the behavioural alterations expected to favour trophic transmission to bird definitive hosts. Whilst the behavioural response of infected gammarids to the presence of definitive hosts remains to be investigated, this suggests that trophic transmission might be promoted by non-host predation risk. We conducted microcosm experiments to test whether the behaviour of P. minutus-infected gammarids was specific to the type of predator (i.e. mallard as definitive host and fish as non-host), and mesocosm experiments to test whether trophic transmission to bird hosts was influenced by non-host predation risk. Based on the behaviours we investigated (predator avoidance, activity, geotaxis, conspecific attraction), we found no evidence for a specific fine-tuned response in infected gammarids, which behaved similarly whatever the type of predator (mallard or fish). During predation tests, fish predation risk did not influence the differential predation of mallards that over-consumed infected gammarids compared to uninfected individuals. Overall, our results bring support for a less sophisticated scenario of manipulation than previously expected, combining chronic behavioural alterations with phasic behavioural alterations triggered by the chemical and physical cues coming from any type of predator. Given the wide dispersal range of waterbirds (the definitive hosts of P. minutus), such a manipulation whose efficiency does not depend on the biotic context is likely to facilitate its trophic transmission in a wide range of aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Jacquin
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; McGill University, Department of Biology & Redpath Museum, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Quentin Mori
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Pause
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Steffen
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Medoc
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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112
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Fredensborg BL. Predictors of Host Specificity among Behavior-Manipulating Parasites. Integr Comp Biol 2014; 54:149-58. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icu051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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113
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Weinersmith K, Faulkes Z. Parasitic manipulation of hosts' phenotype, or how to make a zombie--an introduction to the symposium. Integr Comp Biol 2014; 54:93-100. [PMID: 24771088 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icu028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all animals in nature are infected by at least one parasite, and many of those parasites can significantly change the phenotype of their hosts, often in ways that increase the parasite's likelihood of transmission. Hosts' phenotypic changes are multidimensional, and manipulated traits include behavior, neurotransmission, coloration, morphology, and hormone levels. The field of parasitic manipulation of hosts' phenotype has now accrued many examples of systems where parasites manipulate the phenotypes of their hosts and focus has shifted to answering three main questions. First, through what mechanisms do parasites manipulate the hosts' phenotype? Parasites often induce changes in the hosts' phenotypes that neuroscientists are unable to recreate under laboratory conditions, suggesting that parasites may have much to teach us about links between the brain, immune system, and the expression of phenotype. Second, what are the ecological implications of phenotypic manipulation? Manipulated hosts are often abundant, and changes in their phenotype may have important population, community, and ecosystem-level implications. Finally, how did parasitic manipulation of hosts' phenotype evolve? The selective pressures faced by parasites are extremely complex, often with multiple hosts that are actively resisting infection, both in physiological and evolutionary time-scales. Here, we provide an overview of how the work presented in this special issue contributes to tackling these three main questions. Studies on parasites' manipulation of their hosts' phenotype are undertaken largely by parasitologists, and a major goal of this symposium is to recruit researchers from other fields to the study of these phenomena. Our ability to answer the three questions outlined above would be greatly enhanced by participation from individuals trained in the fields of, for example, neurobiology, physiology, immunology, ecology, evolutionary biology, and invertebrate biology. Conversely, because parasites that alter their hosts' phenotype are widespread, these fields will benefit from such study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Weinersmith
- *Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California Davis, 1005 Wickson Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Biology, The University of Texas-Pan American, 1201 W. University Drive, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Zen Faulkes
- *Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California Davis, 1005 Wickson Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Biology, The University of Texas-Pan American, 1201 W. University Drive, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
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114
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Corrêa LL, Souza GTR, Takemoto RM, Ceccarelli PS, Adriano EA. Behavioral changes caused by Austrodiplostomum spp. in Hoplias malabaricus from the São Francisco River, Brazil. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:499-503. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3679-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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115
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Barber I. Sticklebacks as model hosts in ecological and evolutionary parasitology. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:556-66. [PMID: 24145060 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The three-spined stickleback is a small teleost fish, native to coastal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, which has emerged as a key model organism in evolutionary biology and ecology. Sticklebacks possess a well-documented and experimentally amenable parasite fauna, and are well suited to both laboratory and field parasitological investigation. As a consequence, sticklebacks have been extensively used as model hosts in studies of host-parasite interactions, and these studies have provided considerable insight into the roles of parasites in ecology and evolutionary biology. In this review, I discuss key advances in our understanding of host-parasite interactions that have arisen from studies involving stickleback hosts, highlight areas of current research activity, and identify potentially promising areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Barber
- Department of Biology, Adrian Building, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
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116
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117
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Microorganisms that Manipulate Complex Animal Behaviours by Affecting the Host’s Nervous System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40362-013-0013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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118
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Santos E, Santos CP. Parasite-induced and parasite development-dependent alteration of the swimming behavior of fish hosts. Acta Trop 2013; 127:56-62. [PMID: 23545127 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Parasites with complex life cycles have the ability to change the behavior of their intermediate host in a way that increases their transmission rate to the next host. However, the level of behavioral changes can vary considerably, depending on the stage of parasite development and parasite intensity. To investigate the influence of such parameters, we evaluated the locomotory activity of the fish Poecilia vivipara prior to experimental infections, 7 days post-infection (dpi) and 14dpi with cercariae of the digenean Ascocotyle (Phagicola) pindoramensis. The locomotory activity was monitored using an image system, Videomex(®), linked to with a video camera able to record the swimming behavior of the fishes. At the end of the experiments, fishes were dissected and all metacercariae from the gills and mesenteries, the specific sites utilized by A. (P.) pindoramensis, were recovered and counted. There was a significant decrease in the swimming behavior of fishes after 14dpi. Similarly, we found a significant correlation between the swimming behavior of the fishes and parasite intensity in both sites of infection. It is surmised that the decrease in locomotory activity of P. vivipara caused by A. (P.) pindoramensis can disturb its predator-prey relationship in natural environment.
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119
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McConkey GA, Martin HL, Bristow GC, Webster JP. Toxoplasma gondii infection and behaviour - location, location, location? J Exp Biol 2013; 216:113-9. [PMID: 23225873 PMCID: PMC3515035 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.074153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parasite location has been proposed as an important factor in the behavioural changes observed in rodents infected with the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. During the chronic stages of infection, encysted parasites are found in the brain but it remains unclear whether the parasite has tropism for specific brain regions. Parasite tissue cysts are found in all brain areas with some, but not all, prior studies reporting higher numbers located in the amygdala and frontal cortex. A stochastic process of parasite location does not, however, seem to explain the distinct and often subtle changes observed in rodent behaviour. One factor that could contribute to the specific changes is increased dopamine production by T. gondii. Recently, it was found that cells encysted with parasites in the brains of experimentally infected rodents have high levels of dopamine and that the parasite encodes a tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of this neurotransmitter. A mechanism is proposed that could explain the behaviour changes due to parasite regulation of dopamine. This could have important implications for T. gondii infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A McConkey
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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120
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Perrot-Minnot MJ, Cézilly F. Investigating candidate neuromodulatory systems underlying parasitic manipulation: concepts, limitations and prospects. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:134-41. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.074146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Studies addressing the functional basis of parasitic manipulation suggest that alteration of the neuromodulatory system is a common feature of manipulated hosts. Screening of the neuromodulatory system has so far been carried out by performing ethopharmacological analysis, biochemical quantification of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and/or immunocytochemistry. Here, we review the advantages and limitations of such approaches through the analysis of case studies. We further address whether the analysis of candidate neuromodulatory systems fits the current view of manipulation as being multidimensional. The benefits in combining ethopharmacology with more recent molecular tools to investigate candidate neuromodulatory pathways is also emphasized. We conclude by discussing the value of a multidisciplinary study of parasitic manipulation, combining evolutionary (parasite transmission), behavioural (syndrome of manipulation) and neuroimmunological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Jeanne Perrot-Minnot
- Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Frank Cézilly
- Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
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