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Page W, Swan R, Patterson SD. The effect of intermittent lower limb occlusion on recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage: A randomized controlled trial. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:729-733. [PMID: 28153608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effectiveness of intermittent lower limb occlusion in augmenting recovery from exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD) in physically active males. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial, double blind. METHODS Sixteen healthy recreationally active male participants were randomly assigned to an intermittent occlusion (OCC; n=8) or control (SHAM; n=8) group. The EIMD protocol comprised of 100 drop-jumps, from a 0.6m box. Indices of muscle damage were creatine kinase (CK), thigh-circumference (TC), muscle soreness (DOMS), counter-movement jump (CMJ) and maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC). Measurements were assessed pre, 24h, 48h and 72h following exercise. RESULTS There was a significant time effect for all indices of muscle damage suggesting EIMD was present following the exercise protocol. The decrease in MIVC was significantly attenuated in the OCC group compared to the SHAM group at 24 (90.4±10.7 vs. 81.5±6.7%), 48 (96.2±6.1 vs. 84.5±7.1%) and 72h (101.1±4.2 vs. 89.7±7.5%). The CK response was reduced in the OCC group at 24 (335±87 vs. 636±300 IU) and 48h (244±70 vs. 393±248 IU), compared to the SHAM group. DOMS was significantly lower in the OCC compared to the SHAM group at 24, 48 and 72h post EIMD. There was no effect of OCC on CMJ or TC. CONCLUSIONS This investigation shows that intermittent lower limb occlusion administered after a damaging bout of exercise reduces indices of muscle damage and accelerates the recovery in physically active males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Page
- School of Sport, Health, and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, UK
| | - Rachael Swan
- School of Sport, Health, and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, UK
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Effect of tart cherry juice on recovery and next day performance in well-trained Water Polo players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:41. [PMID: 27895542 PMCID: PMC5109721 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tart Montmorency cherries contain high concentrations of phytochemicals and anthocyanins, which have recently been linked to improved athletic recovery and subsequent performance. To date however, previous work reporting promising results has focused on land-based endurance sports, with any potential benefits to team sports remaining unknown. As such, this investigation set-out to examine the effect of supplemental tart cherry juice (CJ) on recovery and next day athletic performance in highly-trained water-based team sport athletes over seven days. Methods In a randomised, double-blind, repeated measures, crossover design, nine male Water Polo athletes were supplemented with CJ or a placebo equivalent (PLA) for six consecutive days. Prior to, and at the completion of the supplementation period, water-based performance testing was conducted. On day 6, participants also undertook a fatiguing simulated team game activity. Venous blood samples were collected (Pre-exercise: day 1, 6 and 7; Post-exercise: day 6) to investigate markers of inflammation [Interleukin-6 (IL-6); C-reactive protein (CRP)] and oxidative stress [Uric Acid (UA); F2-Isoprostane (F2-IsoP)]. A daily diary was also completed (total quality of recovery, delayed onset muscle soreness) as a measure of perceptual recovery. Results In both conditions, day 6 post-exercise IL-6 was significantly higher than pre-exercise and day 7 (p < 0.05); CRP was greater on day 7 as compared to day 6 pre- and post-exercise (p < 0.05); F2-IsoP was significantly lower on day 7 as compared to day 1 and day 6 (p < 0.05); UA remained unchanged (p > 0.05). No differences were found for any performance or recovery measures. Conclusions The lack of difference observed in the blood markers between groups may reflect the intermittent, non-weight bearing demands of Water Polo, with such activity possibly unable to create a substantial inflammatory response or oxidative stress (over 7 days) to impede performance; thereby negating any potential beneficial effects associated with CJ supplementation. Trial registration This trial was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR). Registration number: ACTRN12616001080415. Date registered: 11/08/2016, retrospectively registered.
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Clifford T, Allerton DM, Brown MA, Harper L, Horsburgh S, Keane KM, Stevenson EJ, Howatson G. Minimal muscle damage after a marathon and no influence of beetroot juice on inflammation and recovery. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 42:263-270. [PMID: 28165768 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether beetroot juice (BTJ) would attenuate inflammation and muscle damage following a marathon. Using a double blind, independent group design, 34 runners (each having completed ca. ∼16 previous marathons) consumed either BTJ or an isocaloric placebo (PLA) for 3 days following a marathon. Maximal isometric voluntary contractions (MIVC), countermovement jumps (CMJ), muscle soreness, serum cytokines, leucocytosis, creatine kinase (CK), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured pre, post, and 2 days after the marathon. CMJ and MIVC were reduced after the marathon (P < 0.05), but no group differences were observed (P > 0.05). Muscle soreness was increased in the day after the marathon (BTJ; 45 ± 48 vs. PLA; 46 ± 39 mm) and had returned to baseline by day 2, irrespective of supplementation (P = 0.694). Cytokines (interleukin-6; IL-6, interleukin-8, tumour necrosis factor-α) were increased immediately post-marathon but apart from IL-6 had returned to baseline values by day 1 post. No interaction effects were evident for IL-6 (P = 0.213). Leucocytes increased 1.7-fold after the race and remained elevated 2 days post, irrespective of supplement (P < 0.0001). CK peaked at 1 day post marathon (BTJ: 965 ± 967, and PLA: 1141 ± 979 IU·L-1) and like AST and hs-CRP, was still elevated 2 days after the marathon (P < 0.05); however, no group differences were present for these variables. Beetroot juice did not attenuate inflammation or reduce muscle damage following a marathon, possibly because most of these indices were not markedly different from baseline values in the days after the marathon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Clifford
- a Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Dean M Allerton
- a Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Meghan A Brown
- a Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Liam Harper
- a Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Steven Horsburgh
- a Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Karen M Keane
- a Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- b Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- a Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE1 8ST, UK.,c Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ. Insights into the molecular etiology of exercise-induced inflammation: opportunities for optimizing performance. J Inflamm Res 2016; 9:175-186. [PMID: 27799809 PMCID: PMC5085309 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s114635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is of paramount importance not only because it affects athletic performance but also because it is an excellent model to study the mechanisms governing muscle cachexia under various clinical conditions. Although, a large number of studies have investigated EIMD and its associated inflammatory response, several aspects of skeletal muscles responses remain unclear. In the first section of this article, the mechanisms of EIMD are reviewed in an attempt to follow the events that result in functional and structural alterations of skeletal muscle. In the second section, the inflammatory response associated with EIMD is presented with emphasis in leukocyte accumulation through mechanisms that are largely coordinated by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines released either by injured muscle itself or other cells. The practical applications of EIMD and the subsequent inflammatory response are discussed with respect to athletic performance. Specifically, the mechanisms leading to performance deterioration and development of muscle soreness are discussed. Emphasis is given to the factors affecting individual responses to EIMD and the resulting interindividual variability to this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis G Fatouros
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece
| | - Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece
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The Effects of Montmorency Tart Cherry Concentrate Supplementation on Recovery Following Prolonged, Intermittent Exercise. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070441. [PMID: 27455316 PMCID: PMC4963917 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated Montmorency tart cherry concentrate (MC) supplementation on markers of recovery following prolonged, intermittent sprint activity. Sixteen semi-professional, male soccer players, who had dietary restrictions imposed for the duration of the study, were divided into two equal groups and consumed either MC or placebo (PLA) supplementation for eight consecutive days (30 mL twice per day). On day 5, participants completed an adapted version of the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LISTADAPT). Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), 20 m Sprint, counter movement jump (CMJ), agility and muscle soreness (DOMS) were assessed at baseline, and 24, 48 and 72 h post-exercise. Measures of inflammation (IL-1-β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, hsCRP), muscle damage (CK) and oxidative stress (LOOH) were analysed at baseline and 1, 3, 5, 24, 48 and 72 h post-exercise. Performance indices (MVIC, CMJ and agility) recovered faster and muscle soreness (DOMS) ratings were lower in the MC group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the acute inflammatory response (IL-6) was attenuated in the MC group. There were no effects for LOOH and CK. These findings suggest MC is efficacious in accelerating recovery following prolonged, repeat sprint activity, such as soccer and rugby, and lends further evidence that polyphenol-rich foods like MC are effective in accelerating recovery following various types of strenuous exercise.
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Michalczyk M, Czuba M, Zydek G, Zając A, Langfort J. Dietary Recommendations for Cyclists during Altitude Training. Nutrients 2016; 8:E377. [PMID: 27322318 PMCID: PMC4924218 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of altitude or hypoxic training is a common practice in cycling. However, several strategies for training regimens have been proposed, like "live high, train high" (LH-TH), "live high, train low" (LH-TL) or "intermittent hypoxic training" (IHT). Each of them combines the effect of acclimatization and different training protocols that require specific nutrition. An appropriate nutrition strategy and adequate hydration can help athletes achieve their fitness and performance goals in this unfriendly environment. In this review, the physiological stress of altitude exposure and training will be discussed, with specific nutrition recommendations for athletes training under such conditions. However, there is little research about the nutrition demands of athletes who train at moderate altitude. Our review considers energetic demands and body mass or body composition changes due to altitude training, including respiratory and urinary water loss under these conditions. Carbohydrate intake recommendations and hydration status are discussed in detail, while iron storage and metabolism is also considered. Last, but not least the risk of increased oxidative stress under hypoxic conditions and antioxidant supplementation suggestions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Michalczyk
- Department of Nutrition & Supplementation, the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72A, Katowice 40-065, Poland.
| | - Miłosz Czuba
- Department of Sports Training, the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72A, Katowice 40-065, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Zydek
- Department of Nutrition & Supplementation, the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72A, Katowice 40-065, Poland.
| | - Adam Zając
- Department of Sports Training, the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72A, Katowice 40-065, Poland.
| | - Józef Langfort
- Department of Nutrition & Supplementation, the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72A, Katowice 40-065, Poland.
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Clifford T, Bell O, West DJ, Howatson G, Stevenson EJ. Antioxidant-rich beetroot juice does not adversely affect acute neuromuscular adaptation following eccentric exercise. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:812-819. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1192670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Keane KM, Salicki R, Goodall S, Thomas K, Howatson G. Muscle Damage Response in Female Collegiate Athletes After Repeated Sprint Activity. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:2802-7. [PMID: 25853920 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is a well-investigated area, however there is a paucity of data surrounding the damage response in females. The aim of this study was to examine the damage responses from a sport-specific bout of repeated sprints in female athletes. Eleven well-trained females (mean ± SD; age: 22 ± 3 years; height: 166.6 ± 5.7 cm; mass: 62.7 ± 4.5 kg) in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle completed a repeated sprint protocol designed to induce EIMD (15 × 30 m sprints). Creatine kinase, countermovement jump height, knee extensor maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) force, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), 30-m sprint time, and limb girth were recorded before, after, 24, 48, and 72 hours after exercise. Creatine kinase was elevated at 24, 48, and 72 hours (p ≤ 0.05), peaking at 24 hours (+418%) and returning toward baseline at 72 hours. Countermovement jump height was reduced immediately after, 24, and 48 hours (p ≤ 0.05). Sprint performance was also negatively affected immediately after, 24, 48, and 72 hours after exercise. Muscle soreness peaked at 48 hours (p < 0.01) and remained significantly elevated at 72 hours after exercise (p < 0.01). Limb girth and MVIC did not alter over time. This study provides new information on the EIMD response in trained females after a sport-specific bout of repeated sprints. Importantly, this damage response has the potential to negatively affect performance for several days after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Keane
- 1Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; and 2Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Keane KM, George TW, Constantinou CL, Brown MA, Clifford T, Howatson G. Effects of Montmorency tart cherry (Prunus Cerasus L.) consumption on vascular function in men with early hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:1531-9. [PMID: 27146650 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.123869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tart cherries contain numerous polyphenolic compounds that could potentially improve endothelial function and reduce cardiovascular disease risk. OBJECTIVE We sought to examine the acute effects of Montmorency tart cherry (MC) juice on vascular function in subjects with early hypertension. DESIGN A placebo-controlled, blinded, crossover, randomized Latin square design study with a washout period of ≥14 d was conducted. Fifteen men with early hypertension [systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥130 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥80 mm Hg, or both] received either a 60-mL dose of MC concentrate or placebo. Microvascular reactivity (laser Doppler imaging with iontophoresis), arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity and analysis), blood pressure, and phenolic acid absorption were assessed at baseline and at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 h postconsumption. RESULTS MC consumption significantly lowered SBP (P < 0.05) over a period of 3 h, with peak reductions of mean ± SEM 7 ± 3 mm Hg 2 h after MC consumption relative to the placebo. Improvements in cardiovascular disease risk factors were closely linked to increases in circulating protocatechuic and vanillic acid at 1-2 h. CONCLUSIONS MC intake acutely reduces SBP in men with early hypertension. These benefits may be mechanistically linked to the actions of circulating phenolic acids. This study provides information on a new application of MCs in health maintenance, particularly in positively modulating SBP. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02234648.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Keane
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and
| | - Trevor W George
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and
| | - Costas L Constantinou
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and
| | - Meghan A Brown
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and
| | - Tom Clifford
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Levers K, Dalton R, Galvan E, Goodenough C, O'Connor A, Simbo S, Barringer N, Mertens-Talcott SU, Rasmussen C, Greenwood M, Riechman S, Crouse S, Kreider RB. Effects of powdered Montmorency tart cherry supplementation on an acute bout of intense lower body strength exercise in resistance trained males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:41. [PMID: 26578852 PMCID: PMC4647629 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to examine whether short-term ingestion of a powdered tart cherry supplement prior to and following intense resistance-exercise attenuates muscle soreness and recovery strength loss, while reducing markers of muscle damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Methods Twenty-three healthy, resistance-trained men (20.9 ± 2.6 yr, 14.2 ± 5.4 % body fat, 63.9 ± 8.6 kg FFM) were matched based on relative maximal back squat strength, age, body weight, and fat free mass. Subjects were randomly assigned to ingest, in a double blind manner, capsules containing a placebo (P, n = 12) or powdered tart cherries [CherryPURE®] (TC, n = 11). Participants supplemented one time daily (480 mg/d) for 10-d including day of exercise up to 48-h post-exercise. Subjects performed ten sets of ten repetitions at 70 % of a 1-RM back squat exercise. Fasting blood samples, isokinetic MVCs, and quadriceps muscle soreness ratings were taken pre-lift, 60-min, 24-h, and 48-h post-lift and analyzed by MANOVA with repeated measures. Results Muscle soreness perception in the vastus medialis (¼) (p = 0.10) and the vastus lateralis (¼) (p = 0.024) was lower in TC over time compared to P. Compared to pre-lift, TC vastus medialis (¼) soreness was significantly attenuated up to 48-h post-lift with vastus lateralis (¼) soreness significantly lower at 24-h post-lift compared to P. TC changes in serum creatinine (p = 0.03, delta p = 0.024) and total protein (p = 0.018, delta p = 0.006) were lower over time and smaller from pre-lift levels over time compared to P Significant TC group reductions from pre-lift levels were found for AST and creatinine 48-h post-lift, bilirubin and ALT 60-min and 48-h post-lift. No significant supplementation effects were observed for serum inflammatory or anti-inflammatory markers. None of the free radical production, lipid peroxidation, or antioxidant capacity markers (NT, TBARS, TAS, SOD) demonstrated significant changes with supplementation. Changes in TC whole blood lymphocyte counts (p = 0.013) from pre-lift were greater compared to P, but TC lymphocyte counts returned to pre-lift values quicker than P. Conclusion Short-term supplementation of Montmorency powdered tart cherries surrounding a single bout of resistance exercise, appears to be an effective dietary supplement to attenuate muscle soreness, strength decrement during recovery, and markers of muscle catabolism in resistance trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Levers
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Ryan Dalton
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Elfego Galvan
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Chelsea Goodenough
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Abigail O'Connor
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Sunday Simbo
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Nicholas Barringer
- United States Military-Baylor University Graduate Program in Nutrition, AMEDD Center and School, Fort Sam Houston, United States Military, San Antonio, TX 78234 USA
| | - Susanne U Mertens-Talcott
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Institute for Obesity Research and Program Evaluation, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Christopher Rasmussen
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Steven Riechman
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Human Countermeasures Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Stephen Crouse
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Applied Exercise Science Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
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The effects of beetroot juice supplementation on indices of muscle damage following eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 116:353-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bloedon T, Vendrame S, Bolton J, Lehnhard R, Riso P, Klimis-Zacas D. The effect of wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) consumption on oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage associated with exercise. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/cep150014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of wild blueberries on oxidative stress, the inflammatory response and DNA damage associated with exercise in untrained individuals. Ten sedentary males, aged 21-26 years, completed two single bouts of treadmill exercise at 70% of their VO2max. One bout occurred prior to, and one occurred following daily consumption of 300 g of wild blueberries for eight weeks. Blood samples were drawn during both exercise bouts and assayed for measures of oxidative stress (manganese-superoxide dismutase: Mn-SOD), inflammation (tumour necrosis factor-alpha: TNF-α and interleukin-6: IL-6) and DNA damage (comet assay). Blood samples were obtained immediately pre-exercise, and post exercise at 0, 30 and 60 min, and 3 and 6 h. A significant interaction between pre- and post-intervention over time was detected in plasma Mn-SOD concentration. Post hoc comparisons showed no significant differences between time points pre- and post-intervention, although plasma Mn-SOD concentration showed a moderate trend 30 min after exercise with wild blueberry consumption (P=0.072). A significant increase in IL-6 was observed for time (at 30 min and 1 h) following exercise, both pre- and post-intervention. No significant differences were seen in DNA damage or TNF-α either with exercise or the intervention. This study demonstrates that a single bout of exercise at 70% of VO2max is sufficient to cause a significant increase in inflammation in untrained individuals. The trend for Mn-SOD concentration to decrease after exercise post-intervention indicates a potential benefit of wild blueberries to increase antioxidant capacity and reduce oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Bloedon
- College of Education and Human Development, Department of Exercise Science and STEM Education, University of Maine, Lengyel Gym 124, Orono, ME 04469-5735, USA
| | - S. Vendrame
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Maine, 232 Hitchner Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - J. Bolton
- University of Maine Cooperative Extension, University of Maine, 105 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - R. Lehnhard
- College of Education and Human Development, Department of Exercise Science and STEM Education, University of Maine, Lengyel Gym 124, Orono, ME 04469-5735, USA
| | - P. Riso
- University of Milan, DeFENS – Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - D. Klimis-Zacas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Maine, 232 Hitchner Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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Yurcheshen M, Seehuus M, Pigeon W. Updates on Nutraceutical Sleep Therapeutics and Investigational Research. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:105256. [PMID: 26265921 PMCID: PMC4523676 DOI: 10.1155/2015/105256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 50% of the population will suffer from a sleep disorder over the course of their lifetime. There is increasing interest in nutraceuticals for these conditions. The quality of the evidence for the safety and effectiveness of using these supplements to treat sleep disorders varies substantially. In this review, we discuss the data about the effectiveness and safety of six commonly used plant-based sleep therapeutics: caffeine, chamomile, cherries, kava kava, L-tryptophan, marijuana, and valerian. We explore both historical uses of each substance and the current state of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yurcheshen
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Martin Seehuus
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Middlebury College, 14 Old Chapel Road, Burlington, VT 05753, USA
| | - Wilfred Pigeon
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Veterans Administration, 400 Fort Hill Avenue, Canandaigua, NY 14424, USA
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Cook MD, Myers SD, Blacker SD, Willems MET. New Zealand blackcurrant extract improves cycling performance and fat oxidation in cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2357-65. [PMID: 26175097 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blackcurrant intake increases peripheral blood flow in humans, potentially by anthocyanin-induced vasodilation which may affect substrate delivery and exercise performance. We examined the effects of New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract on substrate oxidation, cycling time-trial performance and plasma lactate responses following the time-trial in trained cyclists. METHODS Using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 14 healthy men (age: 38 ± 13 years, height: 178 ± 4 cm, body mass: 77 ± 9 kg, VO2max: 53 ± 6 mL kg(-1) min(-1), mean ± SD) ingested NZBC extract (300 mg day(-1) CurraNZ™ containing 105 mg anthocyanin) or placebo (PL, 300 mg microcrystalline cellulose M102) for 7 days (washout 14 days). On day 7, participants performed 30 min of cycling (3 × 10 min at 45, 55 and 65 % VO2max), followed by a 16.1 km time-trial with lactate sampling during a 20-min passive recovery. RESULTS NZBC extract increased fat oxidation at 65 % VO2max by 27 % (P < 0.05) and improved 16.1 km time-trial performance by 2.4 % (NZBC: 1678 ± 108 s, PL: 1722 ± 131 s, P < 0.05). Plasma lactate was higher with NZBC extract immediately following the time-trial (NZBC: 7.06 ± 1.73 mmol L(-1), PL: 5.92 ± 1.58 mmol L(-1), P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Seven-day intake of New Zealand blackcurrant extract improves 16.1 km cycling time-trial performance and increases fat oxidation during moderate intensity cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew David Cook
- Department of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, PO19 6PE, UK
| | - Stephen David Myers
- Department of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, PO19 6PE, UK
| | - Sam David Blacker
- Department of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, PO19 6PE, UK
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Dimitriou L, Hill JA, Jehnali A, Dunbar J, Brouner J, McHugh MP, Howatson G. Influence of a montmorency cherry juice blend on indices of exercise-induced stress and upper respiratory tract symptoms following marathon running--a pilot investigation. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:22. [PMID: 25983669 PMCID: PMC4432790 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged exercise, such as marathon running, has been associated with an increase in respiratory mucosal inflammation. The aim of this pilot study was to examine the effects of Montmorency cherry juice on markers of stress, immunity and inflammation following a Marathon. Methods Twenty recreational Marathon runners consumed either cherry juice (CJ) or placebo (PL) before and after a Marathon race. Markers of mucosal immunity secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), salivary cortisol, inflammation (CRP) and self-reported incidence and severity of upper respiratory tract symptoms (URTS) were measured before and following the race. Results All variables except secretory IgA and IgG concentrations in saliva showed a significant time effect (P <0.01). Serum CRP showed a significant interaction and treatment effect (P < 0.01). The CRP increase at 24 and 48 h post-Marathon was lower (P < 0.01) in the CJ group compared to PL group. Mucosal immunity and salivary cortisol showed no interaction effect or treatment effect. The incidence and severity of URTS was significantly greater than baseline at 24 h and 48 h following the race in the PL group and was also greater than the CJ group (P < 0.05). No URTS were reported in the CJ group whereas 50 % of runners in the PL group reported URTS at 24 h and 48 h post-Marathon. Conclusions This is the first study that provides encouraging evidence of the potential role of Montmorency cherries in reducing the development of URTS post-Marathon possibly caused by exercise-induced hyperventilation trauma, and/or other infectious and non-infectious factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lygeri Dimitriou
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, Allianz Park, Greenland Way, NW4 1RLE London, UK
| | - Jessica A Hill
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University College, Twickenham, UK
| | | | | | - James Brouner
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, London, UK
| | - Malachy P McHugh
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK ; Water Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Performance Enhancing Diets and the PRISE Protocol to Optimize Athletic Performance. J Nutr Metab 2015; 2015:715859. [PMID: 25949823 PMCID: PMC4408745 DOI: 10.1155/2015/715859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The training regimens of modern-day athletes have evolved from the sole emphasis on a single fitness component (e.g., endurance athlete or resistance/strength athlete) to an integrative, multimode approach encompassing all four of the major fitness components: resistance (R), interval sprints (I), stretching (S), and endurance (E) training. Athletes rarely, if ever, focus their training on only one mode of exercise but instead routinely engage in a multimode training program. In addition, timed-daily protein (P) intake has become a hallmark for all athletes. Recent studies, including from our laboratory, have validated the effectiveness of this multimode paradigm (RISE) and protein-feeding regimen, which we have collectively termed PRISE. Unfortunately, sports nutrition recommendations and guidelines have lagged behind the PRISE integrative nutrition and training model and therefore limit an athletes' ability to succeed. Thus, it is the purpose of this review to provide a clearly defined roadmap linking specific performance enhancing diets (PEDs) with each PRISE component to facilitate optimal nourishment and ultimately optimal athletic performance.
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Bell PG, Walshe IH, Davison GW, Stevenson EJ, Howatson G. Recovery facilitation with Montmorency cherries following high-intensity, metabolically challenging exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:414-23. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The impact of Montmorency tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) concentrate (MC) on physiological indices and functional performance was examined following a bout of high-intensity stochastic cycling. Trained cyclists (n = 16) were equally divided into 2 groups (MC or isoenergetic placebo (PLA)) and consumed 30 mL of supplement, twice per day for 8 consecutive days. On the fifth day of supplementation, participants completed a 109-min cycling trial designed to replicate road race demands. Functional performance (maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), cycling efficiency, 6-s peak cycling power) and delayed onset muscle soreness were assessed at baseline, 24, 48, and 72 h post-trial. Blood samples collected at baseline, immediately pre- and post-trial, and at 1, 3, 5, 24, 48, and 72 h post-trial were analysed for indices of inflammation (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)), oxidative stress (lipid hydroperoxides), and muscle damage (creatine kinase). MVIC (P < 0.05) did not decline in the MC group (vs. PLA) across the 72-h post-trial period and economy (P < 0.05) was improved in the MC group at 24 h. IL-6 (P < 0.001) and hsCRP (P < 0.05) responses to the trial were attenuated with MC (vs. PLA). No other blood markers were significantly different between MC and PLA groups. The results of the study suggest that Montmorency cherry concentrate can be an efficacious functional food for accelerating recovery and reducing exercise-induced inflammation following strenuous cycling exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip G. Bell
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Ian H. Walshe
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Gareth W. Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Emma J. Stevenson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
- Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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Abstract
Supplement use among athletes is widespread, including non-traditional and biological compounds. Despite increasing research, a comprehensive and critical review on polyphenol supplementation and exercise is still lacking. This review is relevant for researchers directly involved in the topic, as well as those with a broad interest in athletic performance enhancement and sports nutrition. The purpose of this review is to present background information on groups of polyphenols and their derivatives because their differing chemical structures influence mechanisms of action; to discuss the potential of plant, fruit and vegetable-based biological supplements, high in polyphenol content, to affect exercise performance and biomarkers of oxidative stress and exercise-induced muscle damage; and to critically discuss the exercise studies and biomarkers used. Subjects in the studies reviewed were either sedentary, healthy individuals, or active, recreationally trained or well-trained athletes. Polyphenol supplementation in exercise studies included mainly extracts (multicomponent or purified), juices, infusions or an increased intake of polyphenol-rich foods. This review includes details of supplement doses and exercise test protocols. Many studies considered only the performance or one or two selected biomarkers of antioxidant capacity instead of a comprehensive choice of biomarkers to assess damage to lipids or proteins. Evidence is insufficient to make recommendations for or against the use of polyphenol supplementation (neither specific polyphenols nor specific doses) for either recreational, competitive or elite athletes. Polyphenols have multiple biological effects, and future exercise studies must be designed appropriately and specifically to determine physiological interactions between exercise and the selected supplement, rather than considering performance alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn H Myburgh
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa,
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120
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Slattery K, Bentley D, Coutts AJ. The Role of Oxidative, Inflammatory and Neuroendocrinological Systems During Exercise Stress in Athletes: Implications of Antioxidant Supplementation on Physiological Adaptation During Intensified Physical Training. Sports Med 2014; 45:453-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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121
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Montmorency tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) concentrate lowers uric acid, independent of plasma cyanidin-3-O-glucosiderutinoside. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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122
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A pilot sweet cherry feeding study in overweight men: Tolerance, safety, and anthocyanin exposure. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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123
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Effects of Differing Dosages of Pomegranate Juice Supplementation after Eccentric Exercise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/271959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with pomegranate juice improves isometric strength recovery after unaccustomed eccentric exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a dose response effect of pomegranate juice supplementation after eccentric exercise isometric strength recovery. Forty-five nonresistance trained, recreationally active men were assigned once-daily pomegranate juice, twice-daily pomegranate juice, or placebo supplementation. On day four of supplementation, 20 min of downhill running and 40 maximal eccentric elbow flexion repetitions were performed. Isometric knee extensor and elbow flexor strength, muscular soreness, and serum myoglobin concentrations were measured prior to exercise and 2, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after exercise. Throughout the postexercise time period, while isometric knee extensor and elbow flexor strength were similar between once-daily and twice-daily pomegranate juice supplementation groups, isometric strength was significantly higher in pomegranate juice groups than placebo. Knee extensor soreness, elbow flexor soreness, and myoglobin increased in response to exercise but were similar between groups. It is apparent that pomegranate juice supplementation improves strength recovery in leg and arm muscles following eccentric exercise; however, no dose response effect was present. We conclude that once-daily pomegranate juice supplementation is not different from twice-daily supplementation in regards to strength recovery after eccentric exercise.
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124
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Hutchison AT, Flieller EB, Dillon KJ, Leverett BD. Black Currant Nectar Reduces Muscle Damage and Inflammation Following a Bout of High-Intensity Eccentric Contractions. J Diet Suppl 2014; 13:1-15. [PMID: 25153307 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2014.952864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This investigation determined the efficacy of black currant nectar (BCN) in reducing symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Sixteen college students were randomly assigned to drink either 16 oz of BCN or a placebo (PLA) twice a day for eight consecutive days. A bout of eccentric knee extensions (3 × 10 sets @ 115% of 1RM) was performed on the fourth day. Outcome measures included muscle soreness (subjective scale from 0 to 10) and blood markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase, CK), inflammation (interleukin-6, IL-6), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Although there were no differences in reported soreness between groups, consumption of BCN reduced CK levels at both 48 (PLA = 82.13% vs. BCN = -6.71%, p = .042) and 96 h post exercise (PLA = 74.96% vs. BCN = -12.11%, p = .030). The change in IL-6 was higher in the PLA group (PLA = 8.84% vs. BCN = -6.54%, p = .023) at 24 h post exercise. The change in ORAC levels was higher in the treatment group (BCN = 2.68% vs. PLA = -6.02%, p = .039) at 48 h post exercise. Our results demonstrate that consumption of BCN prior to and after a bout of eccentric exercise attenuates muscle damage and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Hutchison
- a 1 University of the Incarnate Word, School of Math, Science, & Engineering, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Emily B Flieller
- b 2 University of the Incarnate Word, School of Nursing & Health Professions, Department of Athletic Training, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Kimber J Dillon
- c 3 University of the Incarnate Word, School of Math, Science, & Engineering, Department of Nutrition, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Betsy D Leverett
- d 4 University of the Incarnate Word, School of Math, Science, & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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125
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Outlaw JJ, Wilborn CD, Smith-Ryan AE, Hayward SE, Urbina SL, Taylor LW, Foster CA. Effects of a pre-and post-workout protein-carbohydrate supplement in trained crossfit individuals. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:369. [PMID: 25110627 PMCID: PMC4125607 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose was to assess effects of a pre- and a post-workout protein-carbohydrate supplement on CrossFit-specific performance and body composition. METHODS In an open label randomized study, 13 male and 16 female trained Crossfit participants (mean ± SD; age: 31.87 ± 7.61 yrs, weight: 78.68 ± 16.45 kg, percent body fat: 21.97 ± 9.02) were assessed at 0 and 6 weeks for body composition, VO2max, Wingate peak (WPP) and mean power (WMP), in addition to sport-specific workouts (WOD1: 500 m row, 40 wall balls, 30 push-ups, 20 box jumps, 10 thrusters for time; WOD2: 15 minutes to complete an 800 m run "buy in", followed by as many rounds as possible (AMRAP) of 5 burpees, 10 Kettlebell swings, 15 air squats). The supplement (SUP) group consisted of 19 g of a pre-workout drink (extracts of pomegranate, tart cherry, green and black tea) taken 30 minutes before and a post-workout protein (females: 20 g; males: 40 g) and carbohydrate (females: 40 g; males: 80 g) supplement consumed immediately after each workout. The control (CTL) group consumed only water one hour before or after workouts. Participants completed three (minimum) varied workouts per week at a CrossFit gym as typical to habitual training throughout the six week study. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA (p <0 .05), 95% Confidence Intervals, and Magnitude Inferences. RESULTS There were no time × group interactions for body composition, WMP, or WOD1 based on ANOVA statistics. VO2MAX, WPP, and WOD2 results revealed that the pre/post supplements were likely beneficial after 95% Confidence Intervals and Magnitude Inferences analysis. CONCLUSION The combination of proprietary supplements taken for 6 weeks may provide benefits during certain sport-specific performance in trained CrossFit athletes but not others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Outlaw
- Human Performance Lab, Exercise and Sport Science Department, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, 900 College Street, Belton, TX 76513 USA
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Human Performance Lab, Exercise and Sport Science Department, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, 900 College Street, Belton, TX 76513 USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB# 8700, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Sara E Hayward
- Human Performance Lab, Exercise and Sport Science Department, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, 900 College Street, Belton, TX 76513 USA
| | - Stacie L Urbina
- Human Performance Lab, Exercise and Sport Science Department, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, 900 College Street, Belton, TX 76513 USA
| | - Lem W Taylor
- Human Performance Lab, Exercise and Sport Science Department, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, 900 College Street, Belton, TX 76513 USA
| | - Cliffa A Foster
- Human Performance Lab, Exercise and Sport Science Department, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, 900 College Street, Belton, TX 76513 USA
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126
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Xin L, Hyldahl RD, Chipkin SR, Clarkson PM. A contralateral repeated bout effect attenuates induction of NF-κB DNA binding following eccentric exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:1473-80. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00133.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the existence of contralateral repeated bout effect and tested if the attenuation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB; an important regulator of muscle inflammation) induction following eccentric exercise is a potential mechanism. Thirty-one healthy men performed two bouts of knee extension eccentric exercise, initially with one leg and then with the opposite leg 4 wk later. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies of both exercised and control legs were taken 3 h postexercise. Knee extension isometric and isokinetic strength (60°/sec and 180°/sec) were measured at baseline, pre-exercise, immediately postexercise, and 1/day for 5 days postexercise. Serum creatine kinase (CK) activity and muscle soreness were assessed at baseline and 1/day for 5 days postexercise. NF-κB (p65) DNA-binding activity was measured in the muscle biopsies. Isometric strength loss was lower in bout 2 than in bout 1 at 24, 72, and 96 h postexercise ( P < 0.05). Isokinetic strength (60°/s and 180°/s) was reduced less in bout 2 than in bout 1 at 72 h postexercise ( P < 0.01). There were no significant differences between bouts for postexercise CK activity or muscle soreness. p65 DNA-binding activity was increased following eccentric exercise (compared with the control leg) in bout 1 (122.9% ± 2.6%; P < 0.001) and bout 2 (109.1% ± 3.0%; P < 0.05). Compared with bout 1, the increase in NF-κB DNA-binding activity postexercise was attenuated after bout 2 ( P = 0.0008). Repeated eccentric exercise results in a contralateral repeated bout effect, which could be due to the attenuated increase in NF-κB activity postexercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xin
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts; and
| | - Robert D. Hyldahl
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Stuart R. Chipkin
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts; and
| | - Priscilla M. Clarkson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts; and
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127
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Bell PG, Walshe IH, Davison GW, Stevenson E, Howatson G. Montmorency cherries reduce the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses to repeated days high-intensity stochastic cycling. Nutrients 2014; 6:829-43. [PMID: 24566440 PMCID: PMC3942735 DOI: 10.3390/nu6020829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation examined the impact of Montmorency tart cherry concentrate (MC) on physiological indices of oxidative stress, inflammation and muscle damage across 3 days simulated road cycle racing. Trained cyclists (n = 16) were divided into equal groups and consumed 30 mL of MC or placebo (PLA), twice per day for seven consecutive days. A simulated, high-intensity, stochastic road cycling trial, lasting 109 min, was completed on days 5, 6 and 7. Oxidative stress and inflammation were measured from blood samples collected at baseline and immediately pre- and post-trial on days 5, 6 and 7. Analyses for lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1-β), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and creatine kinase (CK) were conducted. LOOH (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.05) and hsCRP (p < 0.05) responses to trials were lower in the MC group versus PLA. No group or interaction effects were found for the other markers. The attenuated oxidative and inflammatory responses suggest MC may be efficacious in combating post-exercise oxidative and inflammatory cascades that can contribute to cellular disruption. Additionally, we demonstrate direct application for MC in repeated days cycling and conceivably other sporting scenario's where back-to-back performances are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip G Bell
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Ian H Walshe
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Emma Stevenson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
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Sousa M, Teixeira VH, Soares J. Dietary strategies to recover from exercise-induced muscle damage. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 65:151-63. [PMID: 24180469 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.849662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exhaustive or unaccustomed intense exercise can cause exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and its undesirable consequences may decrease the ability to exercise and to adhere to a training programme. This review briefly summarises the muscle damage process, focusing predominantly on oxidative stress and inflammation as contributing factors, and describes how nutrition may be positively used to recover from EIMD. The combined intake of carbohydrates and proteins and the use of antioxidants and/or anti-inflammatory nutrients within physiological ranges are interventions that may assist the recovery process. Although the works studying food instead of nutritional supplements are very scarce, their results seem to indicate that food might be a favourable option as a recovery strategy. To date, the only tested foods were milk, cherries, blueberries and pomegranate with promising results. Other potential solutions are foods rich in protein, carbohydrates, antioxidants and/or anti-inflammatory nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Sousa
- Faculdade de Desporto, Centro de Investigação, Formação, Intervenção e Inovação em Desporto (CIFI2D)
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129
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Urso ML. Anti-inflammatory interventions and skeletal muscle injury: benefit or detriment? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:920-8. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00036.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise, eccentric contractions, acute trauma, and disease are all causal mechanisms of skeletal muscle injury. After skeletal muscle is injured, it undergoes sequential phases of degeneration, inflammation, regeneration, and fibrosis. Events that occur in response to inflammation trigger regenerative processes. However, since inflammation causes pain, decreases skeletal muscle function, has a negative effect on performance, and contributes to fibrosis, which is one of the leading causes of delayed regeneration, the general practice has been to reduce inflammation. The problem with this approach is that preventing inflammation may hinder recovery. Current treatment options for inflammation are not necessarily effective and, in some cases, they may be unsafe. This review focuses on the question of whether the most beneficial course of treatment should be to block inflammation or if it is sensible to allow inflammatory processes to progress naturally. If blocking inflammation is perceived as a beneficial approach, it is not yet known at what time point during the inflammatory response it is most sensible to interfere. To address these issues, this review evaluates the effects of various anti-inflammatory agents on recovery processes in response to exercise-induced, traumatic, and disease-associated models of skeletal muscle injury. A collective analysis such as this should lay the foundation for future work that systematically manipulates the inflammatory response to most effectively promote regeneration and functional recovery in injured skeletal muscle, while reducing the negative effects of inflammatory processes such as pain and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Urso
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Performance Division, Natick, Massachusetts
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130
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Nieman DC, Gillitt ND, Knab AM, Shanely RA, Pappan KL, Jin F, Lila MA. Influence of a polyphenol-enriched protein powder on exercise-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in athletes: a randomized trial using a metabolomics approach. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72215. [PMID: 23967286 PMCID: PMC3744465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Polyphenol supplementation was tested as a countermeasure to inflammation and oxidative stress induced by 3-d intensified training. Methods Water soluble polyphenols from blueberry and green tea extracts were captured onto a polyphenol soy protein complex (PSPC). Subjects were recruited, and included 38 long-distance runners ages 19–45 years who regularly competed in road races. Runners successfully completing orientation and baseline testing (N = 35) were randomized to 40 g/d PSPC (N = 17) (2,136 mg/d gallic acid equivalents) or placebo (N = 18) for 17 d using double-blinded methods and a parallel group design, with a 3-d running period inserted at day 14 (2.5 h/d, 70% VO2max). Blood samples were collected pre- and post-14 d supplementation, and immediately and 14 h after the third day of running in subjects completing all aspects of the study (N = 16 PSPC, N = 15 placebo), and analyzed using a metabolomics platform with GC-MS and LC-MS. Results Metabolites characteristic of gut bacteria metabolism of polyphenols were increased with PSPC and 3 d running (e.g., hippurate, 4-hydroxyhippurate, 4-methylcatechol sulfate, 1.8-, 1.9-, 2.5-fold, respectively, P<0.05), an effect which persisted for 14-h post-exercise. Fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis were induced by exercise in both groups, with more ketones at 14-h post-exercise in PSPC (3-hydroxybutyrate, 1.8-fold, P<0.05). Established biomarkers for inflammation (CRP, cytokines) and oxidative stress (protein carbonyls) did not differ between groups. Conclusions PSPC supplementation over a 17-d period did not alter established biomarkers for inflammation and oxidative stress but was linked to an enhanced gut-derived phenolic signature and ketogenesis in runners during recovery from 3-d heavy exertion. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Institutes of Health, identifier:
NCT01775384
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America.
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131
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(-)-Epicatechin rich cocoa mediated modulation of oxidative stress regulators in skeletal muscle of heart failure and type 2 diabetes patients. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:3982-3990. [PMID: 23870648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and heart failure (HF) are associated with high levels of skeletal muscle (SkM) oxidative stress (OS). Health benefits attributed to flavonoids have been ascribed to antioxidation. However, for flavonoids with similar antioxidant potential, end-biological effects vary widely suggesting other mechanistic venues for reducing OS. Decreases in OS may follow the modulation of key regulatory pathways including antioxidant levels (e.g. glutathione) and enzymes such as mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and catalase. METHODS We examined OS-related alterations in SkM in T2D/HF patients (as compared vs. healthy controls) and evaluated the effects of three-month treatment with (-)-epicatechin (Epi) rich cocoa (ERC). To evidence Epi as the mediator of the improved OS profile we examined the effects of pure Epi (vs. water) on SkM OS regulatory systems in a mouse model of insulin resistance and contrasted results vs. normal mice. RESULTS There were severe alterations in OS regulatory systems in T2D/HF SkM as compared with healthy controls. Treatment with ERC induced recovery in glutathione levels and decreases in the nitrotyrosilation and carbonylation of proteins. With treatment, key transcriptional factors translocate into the nucleus leading to increases in SOD2 and catalase protein expression and activity levels. In insulin resistant mice, there were alterations in muscle OS and pure Epi replicated the beneficial effects of ERC found in humans. CONCLUSIONS Major perturbations in SkM OS can be reversed with ERC in T2D/HF patients. Epi likely mediates such effects and may provide an effective means to treat conditions associated with tissue OS.
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132
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Bell PG, McHugh MP, Stevenson E, Howatson G. The role of cherries in exercise and health. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013; 24:477-90. [PMID: 23710994 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, cherries and cherry products have received growing attention within the literature with regard to their application in both exercise and clinical paradigms. Reported to be high in anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative capacity, cherries and their constituents are proposed to provide a similar but natural alternative akin to over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or analgesics. Within exercise paradigms, concern has been raised with regard to the use of products, which inhibit such inflammatory or oxidative actions, because of the possibility of the blunting of physiological training adaptations. Despite this, numerous scenarios exist both within exercise and clinical populations where a goal of optimal recovery time is more important than physiological adaptation. This review critically evaluates and discusses the use of cherries as a supplementation strategy to enhance recovery of muscle function, inhibit exercise-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and pain primarily; furthermore, the potential application of cherries to clinical populations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Bell
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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133
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Borsa PA, Kaiser KL, Martin JS. Oral consumption of electrokinetically modified water attenuates muscle damage and improves postexercise recovery. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1736-42. [PMID: 23580602 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00083.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of consuming electrokinetically modified water (EMW) on attenuating muscle damage and improving functional recovery following a single bout of isokinetic resistance exercise. Subjects were randomly assigned to an EMW (n = 20) or a placebo control (n = 20) group. Subjects consumed EMW or placebo water daily for 23 days. On day 19 subjects completed an exercise protocol for the biceps brachii to induce muscle damage. The protocol consisted of three sets of 20 repetitions using concentric and eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors. Blood draw and clinical measurements were performed preexercise as well as 24, 48, and 96 h postexercise. Clinical measures included maximal isometric strength, muscle soreness, pain with elbow extension, relaxed elbow angle (RANG), and self-report arm disability. Plasma samples were analyzed to determine concentrations of creatine kinase (CK) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). Pain with elbow extension and self-report arm disability were significantly higher in the placebo group compared with the EMW group at 48 h (P < 0.01) and 96 h (P < 0.01) after exercise, while RANG was significantly higher in the EMW group compared with placebo at 48 h (P < 0.01) and 96 h (P < 0.01) after exercise. Similarly, plasma concentrations for hsCRP and CK were significantly lower in the EMW group compared with placebo at 48 h (P < 0.05) and 96 h (P < 0.01) after exercise. Oral consumption of EMW significantly reduced exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation and improved functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Borsa
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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134
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Peluso I, Raguzzini A, Serafini M. Effect of flavonoids on circulating levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:784-801. [PMID: 23471810 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological or in vitro evidence suggests a potential role for flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents; we investigated the effect of flavonoids-rich foods or supplements on tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in long-term placebo-controlled human intervention trials. From 110 human intervention studies selected (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CHORANE, and FSTA databases), 32 long-term placebo-controlled trials were suitable for meta-analysis. After sensitivity analysis, seven studies imputed of bias were excluded and 25 studies were analyzed (TNF-α, n = 2404; IL-6, n = 2174). Levels of TNF-α decreased after flavonoid consumption in the fixed model only (mean difference (MD) (95% CI): -0.098 (-0.188, -0.009), p = 0.032), but metaregression results showed that neither higher dose, nor a longer duration of intervention were associated with a greater effect size. Subgroup analysis did not reveal any significant effect for quercetin and soy, but other sources (red wine, pomegranate, and tea extracts) showed a significant effect size both in fixed (MD (95% CI): TNF-α -0.449 (-0.619, -0.280), p < 0.001; IL-6 -0.346 (-0.612, -0.079), p = 0.011) and random (MD (95% CI): TNF-α -0.783 (-1.476, -0.090), p = 0.027; IL-6, -0.556 (-1.062, -0.050), p = 0.031) effect models. High-quality placebo-controlled trials are needed in order to identify flavonoids as the active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Peluso
- Agricultural Research Council (CRA), Ex National Institute for Food and Nutrition Research (INRAN), Rome, Italy
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135
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McLeay Y, Barnes MJ, Mundel T, Hurst SM, Hurst RD, Stannard SR. Effect of New Zealand blueberry consumption on recovery from eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2012; 9:19. [PMID: 22564864 PMCID: PMC3583121 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-9-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is accompanied by localized oxidative stress / inflammation which, in the short-term at least, is associated with impaired muscular performance. Dietary antioxidants have been shown to reduce excessive oxidative stress; however, their effectiveness in facilitating recovery following EIMD is not clear. Blueberries demonstrate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study we examine the effect of New Zealand blueberries on EIMD after strenuous eccentric exercise. Methods In a randomized cross-over design, 10 females consumed a blueberry smoothie or placebo of a similar antioxidant capacity 5 and 10 hours prior to and then immediately, 12 and 36 hours after EIMD induced by 300 strenuous eccentric contractions of the quadriceps. Absolute peak and average peak torque across the knee, during concentric, isometric, and eccentric actions were measured. Blood biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and inflammation were assessed at 12, 36 and 60 hours post exercise. Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA. Results A significant (p < 0.001) decrease in isometric, concentric and eccentric torque was observed 12 hours following exercise in both treatment groups. During the 60 hour recovery period, a significant (p = 0.047) interaction effect was seen for peak isometric tension suggesting a faster rate of recovery in the blueberry intervention group. A similar trend was observed for concentric and eccentric strength. An increase in oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers was also observed in both treatment groups following EIMD. Although a faster rate of decrease in oxidative stress was observed in the blueberry group, it was not significant (p < 0.05) until 36 hours post-exercise and interestingly coincided with a gradual increase in plasma antioxidant capacity, whereas biomarkers for inflammation were still elevated after 60 hours recovery. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the ingestion of a blueberry smoothie prior to and after EIMD accelerates recovery of muscle peak isometric strength. This effect, although independent of the beverage’s inherent antioxidant capacity, appears to involve an up-regulation of adaptive processes, i.e. endogenous antioxidant processes, activated by the combined actions of the eccentric exercise and blueberry consumption. These findings may benefit the sporting community who should consider dietary interventions that specifically target health and performance adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanita McLeay
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J Barnes
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Toby Mundel
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Suzanne M Hurst
- Food and Wellness Group, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Private Bag 11030, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Roger D Hurst
- Food and Wellness Group, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Private Bag 11030, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Stephen R Stannard
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Peternelj TT, Coombes JS. Antioxidant supplementation during exercise training: beneficial or detrimental? Sports Med 2012; 41:1043-69. [PMID: 22060178 DOI: 10.2165/11594400-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in skeletal muscle during exercise have been associated with muscle damage and impaired muscle function. Supporting endogenous defence systems with additional oral doses of antioxidants has received much attention as a noninvasive strategy to prevent or reduce oxidative stress, decrease muscle damage and improve exercise performance. Over 150 articles have been published on this topic, with almost all of these being small-scale, low-quality studies. The consistent finding is that antioxidant supplementation attenuates exercise-induced oxidative stress. However, any physiological implications of this have yet to be consistently demonstrated, with most studies reporting no effects on exercise-induced muscle damage and performance. Moreover, a growing body of evidence indicates detrimental effects of antioxidant supplementation on the health and performance benefits of exercise training. Indeed, although ROS are associated with harmful biological events, they are also essential to the development and optimal function of every cell. The aim of this review is to present and discuss 23 studies that have shown that antioxidant supplementation interferes with exercise training-induced adaptations. The main findings of these studies are that, in certain situations, loading the cell with high doses of antioxidants leads to a blunting of the positive effects of exercise training and interferes with important ROS-mediated physiological processes, such as vasodilation and insulin signalling. More research is needed to produce evidence-based guidelines regarding the use of antioxidant supplementation during exercise training. We recommend that an adequate intake of vitamins and minerals through a varied and balanced diet remains the best approach to maintain the optimal antioxidant status in exercising individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina-Tinkara Peternelj
- School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Effect of tart cherry juice (Prunus cerasus) on melatonin levels and enhanced sleep quality. Eur J Nutr 2011; 51:909-16. [PMID: 22038497 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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